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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Field gun / howitzer</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> 25-pounder Short Mark I </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:25_pounder_Short_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short in 1944"><img alt="An artillery gun mounted on a wheeled gun carriage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/25_pounder_Short_1944.jpg/300px-25_pounder_Short_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/25_pounder_Short_1944.jpg/450px-25_pounder_Short_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/25_pounder_Short_1944.jpg/600px-25_pounder_Short_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="422" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short in 1944</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Field gun / howitzer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Australia / United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1943–1946<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_50_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis_50-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designed</th><td class="infobox-data">1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Unit cost</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">£</a>3,300<sup id="cite_ref-ABS_1066_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABS_1066-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">1943–1944<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_239-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> built</th><td class="infobox-data">213</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,315 kg (2,900 lb) gun and carriage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> length</th><td class="infobox-data">49.8 inches (1.26 m) (14.45 calibres)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various, with normal (3 charges) and super charge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">Shell</a> weight</th><td class="infobox-data">25 pounds (11.3 kg)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Calibre</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.45 inches (87.6 mm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">Breech</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vertical-<a href="/wiki/Rifled_breech_loader#The_sliding_block" title="Rifled breech loader">sliding-wedge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_recoil_mechanism" title="Hydraulic recoil mechanism">Hydro-pneumatic</a>, variable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Carriage</th><td class="infobox-data">Two wheel, <a href="/wiki/Gun_carriage#Modern_gun_carriages" title="Gun carriage">box trail</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(ballistics)" title="Elevation (ballistics)">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">-5° to +40°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_laying" title="Gun laying">Traverse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4° on carriage</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3-4 rpm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Muzzle velocity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,230 ft/s (375 m/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Effective firing range</th><td class="infobox-data">10,200 yd (9,300 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Maximum firing range</th><td class="infobox-data">11,500 yd (10,500 m) using super charge<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_238-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short</b> was an Australian variant of the British <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 25 pounder">Ordnance QF 25-pounder</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field gun</a>/<a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a>. The gun was developed by modifying the 25-pounder's design to improve its mobility during <a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">jungle warfare</a>. Development began in 1942, and the weapon first entered service with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> the next year. It was used by several <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Australian_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery">Royal Australian Artillery</a> regiments during fighting in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific Area</a>, before being declared obsolete in 1946. </p><p>The development of the Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short was an important achievement for Australia's defence industry, and provided the Army with a weapon suited to conditions in the South West Pacific. Nevertheless, the gun's performance was inferior to that of the standard 25-pounder, and it received a mixed reception from artillerymen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Australian Army began to be equipped with British-built 25-pounder guns in 1940. The gun proved successful, and was the standard equipment of Australian field batteries by 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_48_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis_48-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1940, the Australian Government approved a proposal to build 25-pounders in Australia. A Government-owned factory was constructed at <a href="/wiki/Maribyrnong,_Victoria" title="Maribyrnong, Victoria">Maribyrnong</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and commercial industry was contracted to produce additional guns. Almost all the guns' components were manufactured in Australia, with almost 200 firms providing parts. The first Australian-built 25-pounder was completed in May 1941 and 1,527 guns were delivered before production ceased at the end of 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 25-pounder was well suited to the open conditions the Army experienced in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean,_Middle_East_and_African_theatres_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East theatres</a> but proved difficult to deploy in <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle</a> terrain. While the developed road network in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> allowed it to be moved by vehicles during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">Malayan Campaign</a>, the extremely rugged terrain and limited transport infrastructure in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> meant that the guns could only be moved away from coastal plains and airfields by manhandling.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_49_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis_49-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Australian infantry often had no artillery support heavier than <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_ML_3_inch_Mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance ML 3 inch Mortar">3 inch mortars</a> during the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="New Guinea Campaign">New Guinea Campaign</a> in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_40_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difficulty of deploying artillery in New Guinea led to a need for a gun which could be broken down into light parts and transported by aircraft or jeeps.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_40_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army had only a small number of British <a href="/wiki/3.7-inch_mountain_howitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="3.7-inch mountain howitzer">3.7-inch mountain howitzers</a>, and Australia's request for United States <a href="/wiki/M116_howitzer" title="M116 howitzer">M116 75mm pack howitzers</a> was not immediately filled.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_and_short_25pdr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two artillery guns mounted on wheeled gun carriages photographed inside of a building. The weapons have a large plate mounted about halfway down the length of their barrels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Standard_and_short_25pdr.jpg/220px-Standard_and_short_25pdr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Standard_and_short_25pdr.jpg/330px-Standard_and_short_25pdr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Standard_and_short_25pdr.jpg/440px-Standard_and_short_25pdr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Standard (left) and Short (right) 25-pounders. This is the prototype, which was fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Gun_shield" title="Gun shield">gun shield</a> that was later removed.</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1942, the Army's Director of Artillery, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/John_William_Alexander_O%27Brien" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Alexander O'Brien">John O'Brien</a>, suggested that a variant of the 25-pounder be developed to meet this requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_40_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was approved, and all development work was conducted in Australia by the Army, the Ordnance Production Directorate and Charles Ruwolt Pty Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_238-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Brien produced the early design diagrams himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Grey_109_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grey_109-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three organisations cooperated closely as they were strongly motivated to provide the Army with a useful light artillery piece as quickly as possible. Design work began in September 1942, and an acceptable weapon was ready by January the next year. Preparations to manufacture the gun commenced while it was still being designed. This violated the Army's usual procedures for fielding new weapons, but proved successful.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period the 25-pounder Short was under development, the Army received thirty-eight 75mm pack howitzers and deployed some to New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new gun used as many standard 25-pounder parts as possible, but included a number of major differences to reduce the weapon's weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Gower_92_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gower_92-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_V._Hogg" title="Ian V. Hogg">Ian V. Hogg</a> described these changes as "radical surgery".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogg199826_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogg199826-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modifications included shortening the gun's <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">barrel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">recuperator</a>, making the trail lighter, fitting smaller wheels, replacing the platform which allowed the gun to be rotated with a large spade and incorporating the new recoil system which had been developed to allow 25-pounders to be mounted in the Australian-designed <a href="/wiki/Sentinel_tank" title="Sentinel tank">Sentinel tank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_238-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogg199826_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogg199826-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During testing it was found that the shortened barrel meant that the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_flash" title="Muzzle flash">muzzle flash</a> burned the recoil system. A <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">flash shroud</a> was added to the muzzle of the gun to solve this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogg199826_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogg199826-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The QF 25-pounder Short could use three standard charges to obtain a range of up to 10,400 yards (9,500 m). This range could be extended to 11,500 yards (10,500 m) if a super charge was used, though standing instructions warned against doing so except in emergencies due to the strain they placed on the gun carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_238-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gun could fire the same variety of ammunition as the standard 25-pounder; namely high explosive, armour piercing, smoke, gas, propaganda and illumination shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_50_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis_50-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the prototype gun was fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Gun_shield" title="Gun shield">gun shield</a>, this was later removed and not incorporated into the production weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Gower_92_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gower_92-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The QF 25-pounder Short incorporated a number of features to increase its mobility. The gun could be broken down into 13 or 14 parts in under two minutes, allowing it to be air-dropped from aircraft or packed into <a href="/wiki/Willys_MB" title="Willys MB">Willys MB</a> "jeeps".<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_238-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henry_40_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gower_92_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gower_92-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these parts, only the <a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">recuperator</a> and front trail weighted over 135 kilograms (300 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Gower_92_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gower_92-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assembled guns could also be towed by a Jeep, which was advantageous as it was possible to transport these vehicles inside of aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_238-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbers and caissons (military)">gun carriage</a> was very different from that in the standard 25-pounder, and included a new cradle, trail and axles. The guns were initially fitted with stabilisers to reduce stress on their wheels when firing, but these were later removed as they caused problems when reversing or running up the guns in action.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_40_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial testing of the prototype QF 25-pounder Short was completed in early December 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_239-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2/1st_Field_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2/1st Field Regiment (Australia)">2/1st Field Regiment</a> also trialled the gun in New Guinea during early 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Horner_355_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner_355-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the design and testing work was completed, the production variant of the QF 25-pounder Short guns weighed 1.25 tons, had a 49.825 inches (1,266 mm) long barrel and a maximum range which was approximately 87 percent that of the standard gun.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_238-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henry_40_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-scale production began in early 1943, and the Army placed an initial order for 112 guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_239-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gower_92_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gower_92-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second order was later placed for 100 more. This lot incorporated the Mark II carriage, which had larger wheels and tyres to prevent the problem with wheel bounce encountered by the first lot. Altogether, 213 guns were manufactured by the time production ceased in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As completed, the gun's full designation was Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short (Aust) Mark I, but it was nicknamed the 'snort' by Australian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_40_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Army evaluated the QF 25-pounder Short and a similar design was ordered. It had a different recoil system to the Australian guns to allow super charge to be used, and was designated the Ordnance QF 25-pounder Mark IV. Design work was completed in May 1945, by which time there was no longer a need for the gun. One or two were produced and the British Army declared the type obsolete in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogg199831_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogg199831-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service">Service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Short_25_pdr_Balikpapan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rear view of an artillery gun mounted on a wheeled carriage. Palm trees, damaged buildings and smoke are visible in front of the gun's barrel. Three shirtless men are working on the gun while another three shirtless men are standing in a line to its left each holding a single artillery shell." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Short_25_pdr_Balikpapan.jpg/220px-Short_25_pdr_Balikpapan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Short_25_pdr_Balikpapan.jpg/330px-Short_25_pdr_Balikpapan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Short_25_pdr_Balikpapan.jpg/440px-Short_25_pdr_Balikpapan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Gunners of the 2/4th Field Regiment fire a 25-pounder Short at Japanese positions during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">Battle of Balikpapan</a> in July 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>QF 25-pounder Short guns were first issued to front line artillery regiments in August 1943 as part of the reorganisation of the Australian Army's fighting units to the "<a href="/wiki/Jungle_division" title="Jungle division">Jungle division</a>" structure. Under this structure, one of each field regiment's three batteries was re-equipped with the new guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_40_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field batteries equipped with the guns normally consisted of a headquarters and two troops each with four guns, seven jeeps and a <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_D6" title="Caterpillar D6">D6 tractor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_41_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the standard 25-pounder, each gun had a crew of six men.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_50_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis_50-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Force" title="New Guinea Force">New Guinea Force</a>'s artillery, Brigadier L.E.S. Barker, preferred the 75mm pack howitzer to the 25-pounder Short, and tried to prevent the new gun being issued. He was overruled by O'Brien.<sup id="cite_ref-Horner_355_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner_355-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barker accepted this decision.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The guns were first used by the <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">7th Division</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Nadzab" title="Landing at Nadzab">landing at Nadzab</a>, when a 32-man detachment of the <a href="/wiki/2/4th_Field_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2/4th Field Regiment (Australia)">2/4th Field Regiment</a> was dropped by <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> from five C-47 transports with two guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_239-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One gun was assembled and ready to fire within an hour, but the buffer and recuperator of the other took two days to locate in the long grass.<sup id="cite_ref-Gower_94_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gower_94-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guns did not see action during this operation as no Japanese were in the Nadzab area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner1995371_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner1995371-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">9th Division's</a> <a href="/wiki/2/7th_Field_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2/7th Field Regiment (Australia)">2/7th Field Regiment</a> employed the 25-pounder Short in combat for the first time during the <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Lae" title="Landing at Lae">Landing at Lae</a> and subsequent operation to capture Lae township. The guns were disliked by some of the gunners due to their inaccuracy and strong muzzle blast. The 9th Division's staff officers regarded the weapon as a success, as it could be readily transported on small vehicles, boats and sledges. Jeeps proved to be unsuitable as gun tractors, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner1995366–367_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner1995366–367-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From June 1944 the artillery complement of each of the jungle divisions was increased from one to two field regiments. Each regiment continued to comprise two batteries equipped with standard 25-pounders and one with short 25-pounders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner1995377_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner1995377-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The QF 25-pounder Short was used by some Australian artillery units in New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Borneo until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGower1981200_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGower1981200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pearl_Ridge" title="Battle of Pearl Ridge">Battle of Pearl Ridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a> a battery of eight 25-pounder Shorts from the <a href="/wiki/4th_Field_Regiment_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Field Regiment (Australia)">4th Field Regiment</a> supported the advice until the infantry advanced beyond the range of these guns. They were then replaced by standard 25-pounders which the personnel of the regiment's three batteries crewed in rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner1995400_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner1995400-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A battery of QF 25-pounder Shorts was the first artillery ashore during the 7th Division's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">landing at Balikpapan</a> in Borneo on 1 July 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorner1995419_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorner1995419-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The QF 25-pounder Short was declared obsolete in 1946 and removed from service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGower1981200_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGower1981200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army's regular units continued to use the standard QF 25-pounder until the early 1960s and reserve units retained the guns until 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments">Assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The QF 25-pounder Short received a mixed reception from gunners. It was particularly unpopular among members of AIF artillery units which had used the standard 25-pounder during the fighting in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Threlfall_198_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threlfall_198-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of a gun shield and the shortened barrel exposed gun crews to a severe <a href="/wiki/Backblast_area" title="Backblast area">backblast</a> each time the gun was fired. As a result, gunners often suffered mild <a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">concussions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nosebleed" title="Nosebleed">nosebleeds</a> by the end of fire missions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guns were sometimes put out of action by damage caused by the absorption of violent recoil. The gun also had a tendency to tilt at low elevation; this was remedied by its crew standing on the trails, an expedient that had previously been used with the <a href="/wiki/QF_4.5_inch_Howitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 4.5 inch Howitzer">QF 4.5 inch Howitzer</a>. Other limitations included a low rate of fire (three or four rounds per minute) and difficulties towing the weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-Gower_94_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gower_94-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns were also raised over the quality of workmanship, and the commander of the 2/4th Field Regiment rejected a batch of Short 25-pounders sent to his unit before the Nadzab operation in the belief that they had been poorly manufactured. Inspectors subsequently concluded that most of his criticisms were unfounded, however.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important deficiency compared to the regular 25-pounder was the shorter range. As a result of its experience with the gun, the <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">9th Division</a> recommended that they be pooled and reserved for their special role rather than be employed in a day-to-day role alongside the regular 25 pounder.<sup id="cite_ref-Gower_94_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gower_94-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-war assessments of the gun's performance are generally positive. The Australian <a href="/wiki/Official_history" title="Official history">official history</a> acknowledged the QF 25-pounder Short's limitations, but argued that these were the result of it being developed to perform a specialised role for which some trade-offs in performance were needed, and that on balance it was a successful weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_239-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian and retired Major General <a href="/wiki/Steve_Gower" title="Steve Gower">Steve Gower</a> has assessed the gun as being "undoubtedly one of the more significant Australian weapon developments of the Second World War" as it represented a success in adapting a foreign-designed weapon to meet the Australian Army's requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-Gower_92_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gower_92-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Australian historian Adrian Threlfall noted the shortcomings of the gun, but stated that its rapid development and introduction into service provides an example of the Army's success in adapting to the demands of jungle warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Threlfall_199_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Threlfall_199-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Grey" title="Jeffrey Grey">Jeffrey Grey</a> also judged that the gun "was not a perfect weapon, but a compromise born of an urgent situation".<sup id="cite_ref-Grey_109_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grey_109-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British historian Chris Henry has written that the QF 25-pounder Short "gave good service, and was robust enough to survive life in the jungle even though many modifications were needed".<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_40_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_examples">Surviving examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surviving examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short_at_the_Australian_War_Memorial_October_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short_at_the_Australian_War_Memorial_October_2016.jpg/220px-Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short_at_the_Australian_War_Memorial_October_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short_at_the_Australian_War_Memorial_October_2016.jpg/330px-Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short_at_the_Australian_War_Memorial_October_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short_at_the_Australian_War_Memorial_October_2016.jpg/440px-Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short_at_the_Australian_War_Memorial_October_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="2770" /></a><figcaption>The QF 25-pounder Short on display at the Australian War Memorial in 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Several QF 25-pounder Shorts remain existent. One is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two form part of a war memorial in <a href="/wiki/Mordialloc,_Victoria" title="Mordialloc, Victoria">Mordialloc</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples are preserved at <a href="/wiki/Manly,_New_South_Wales" title="Manly, New South Wales">Manly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eugowra,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugowra, New South Wales">Eugowra, New South Wales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Army_Museum_Bandiana" title="The Army Museum Bandiana">The Army Museum Bandiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyah,_Victoria" title="Nyah, Victoria">Nyah, Victoria</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Armour_and_Artillery_Museum" title="Australian Armour and Artillery Museum">Australian Armour and Artillery Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dennis_50-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_50_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_50_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_50_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis et al. (2008), p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS_1066-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABS_1066_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (1947), p. 1066</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellor_239-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_239_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor (1958), p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gower (1981), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellor_238-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_238_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor (1958), p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis_48-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_48_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis et al. (2008), p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor (1958), pp. 234–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis_49-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_49_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis et al. (2008), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry_40-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_40_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_40_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_40_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_40_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_40_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_40_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_40_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_40_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henry_40_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry (2002), p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gower (1981), pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grey_109-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grey_109_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grey_109_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey (2017), p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross (1995), pp. 398–399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gower (1981), pp. 90–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gower_92-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gower_92_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gower_92_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gower_92_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gower_92_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gower_92_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gower_92_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gower (1981), p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogg199826-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogg199826_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogg199826_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogg199826_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogg1998">Hogg 1998</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horner_355-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horner_355_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horner_355_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horner (1995), p. 355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gower (1981), pp. 92–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogg199831-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogg199831_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogg1998">Hogg 1998</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston (2008), p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Threlfall (2014), pp. 183, 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry_41-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henry_41_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry (2002), p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGower2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gower, S.N. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barker-lewis-ernest-stephen-12175">"Barker, Lewis Ernest Stephen (1895–1981)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collection&rft.atitle=25+pounder+Field+Gun+Mk+2+gun%2C+Q.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC246529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Threlfall_198-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Threlfall_198_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Threlfall (2014), p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cecil (1992), p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston (1996), p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Threlfall_199-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Threlfall_199_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Threlfall (2014), p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://localhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au/articles/459">"Mordialloc's 25 Pounder Short Guns"</a>. <i>Kingston Local History</i>. City of Kingston<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kingston+Local+History&rft.atitle=Mordialloc%27s+25+Pounder+Short+Guns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flocalhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au%2Farticles%2F459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artilleryhistory.org/artillery_register/nsw/gun_manly_qf_25pdr_sna160.html">"QF 25 Pounder Short on Mark II Carriage"</a>. <i>Artillery Register</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artillery+Register&rft.atitle=QF+25+Pounder+Short+on+Mark+II+Carriage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartilleryhistory.org%2Fartillery_register%2Fnsw%2Fgun_manly_qf_25pdr_sna160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artilleryhistory.org/artillery_register/nsw/gun_eugowra_qf25pdr_short.html">"QF 25 Pounder Short (Australia) Mark I on Carriage Light (Australia) Mark"</a>. <i>Artillery Register</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artillery+Register&rft.atitle=QF+25+Pounder+Short+%28Australia%29+Mark+I+on+Carriage+Light+%28Australia%29+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartilleryhistory.org%2Fartillery_register%2Fnsw%2Fgun_eugowra_qf25pdr_short.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cutlerresearchcentre.com/qryLstMasterArtyRegByStateLocality.php?operation=printpage&partitionpage=&page=20">"Artillery register by state"</a>. <i>Sir Roden Cutler VC Australian Artillery Research Centre</i>. Royal Australian Artillery Historical Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sir+Roden+Cutler+VC+Australian+Artillery+Research+Centre&rft.atitle=Artillery+register+by+state&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcutlerresearchcentre.com%2FqryLstMasterArtyRegByStateLocality.php%3Foperation%3Dprintpage%26partitionpage%3D%26page%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ausarmour.com/exhibits/">"Exhibits"</a>. Australian Armour and Artillery Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibits&rft.pub=Australian+Armour+and+Artillery+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausarmour.com%2Fexhibits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_consulted">Works consulted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works consulted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short">Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecil1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cecil, Michael K. (1992). "Australian Military Equipment Profiles: Volume 1 Field Artillery, 1939 to 1945". <i>Australian Military Equipment Profiles</i>. Box Hill, Victoria. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1038-1740">1038-1740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Military+Equipment+Profiles&rft.atitle=Australian+Military+Equipment+Profiles%3A+Volume+1+Field+Artillery%2C+1939+to+1945&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=1038-1740&rft.aulast=Cecil&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommonwealth_Bureau_of_Census_and_Statistics1947" class="citation book cs1">Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1301.01944-45?OpenDocument"><i>Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 36 — 1944 and 1945</i></a>. Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Year+Book+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Australia+No.+36+%E2%80%94+1944+and+1945&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Government+Printer&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Commonwealth+Bureau+of+Census+and+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FDetailsPage%2F1301.01944-45%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; et al. (2008). <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History</i> (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Australia+%26+New+Zealand&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551784-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGower1981" class="citation book cs1">Gower, S. N. (1981). <i>Guns of the Regiment</i>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-89688-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-89688-7"><bdi>0-642-89688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns+of+the+Regiment&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-642-89688-7&rft.aulast=Gower&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Grey" title="Jeffrey Grey">Grey, Jeffrey</a> (2017). "The Soldier as Technocrat: Brigadier John William Alexander O'Brien". In Stockings, Craig; Connor, John (eds.). <i>The Shadow Men: the Leaders Who Shaped the Australian Army from the Veldt to Vietnam</i>. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing. pp. 105–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-474-8"><bdi>978-1-74223-474-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Soldier+as+Technocrat%3A+Brigadier+John+William+Alexander+O%27Brien&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+Men%3A+the+Leaders+Who+Shaped+the+Australian+Army+from+the+Veldt+to+Vietnam&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=105-117&rft.pub=NewSouth+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-74223-474-8&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2002" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Chris (2002). <i>The 25-pounder Field Gun 1939–72</i>. New Vanguard No. 48. Botley: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-350-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-350-0"><bdi>1-84176-350-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+25-pounder+Field+Gun+1939%E2%80%9372&rft.place=Botley&rft.series=New+Vanguard+No.+48&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84176-350-0&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_V._Hogg" title="Ian V. Hogg">Hogg, Ian V.</a> (1998). <i>Allied Artillery of World War Two</i>. Ramsbury, United Kingdom: Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-165-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-165-6"><bdi>978-1-86126-165-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allied+Artillery+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=Ramsbury%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-86126-165-6&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Ian+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Horner" title="David Horner">Horner, David</a> (1995). <i>The Gunners: A History of Australian Artillery</i>. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-917-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-917-3"><bdi>1-86373-917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunners%3A+A+History+of+Australian+Artillery&rft.place=St+Leonards&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-86373-917-3&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1996" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Mark (1996). <i>At the Front Line. Experiences of Australian Soldiers in World War II</i>. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56037-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56037-3"><bdi>0-521-56037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Front+Line.+Experiences+of+Australian+Soldiers+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56037-3&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Mark (2008). <i>The Proud 6th: An Illustrated History of the 6th Australian Division 1939-45</i>. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51411-8"><bdi>978-0-521-51411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proud+6th%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+6th+Australian+Division+1939-45&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51411-8&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor1958" class="citation book cs1">Mellor, D.P. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070217/"><i>The Role of Science and Industry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_War_of_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Australia in the War of 1939–1945">Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil - Volume V</a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Science+and+Industry&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+4+%E2%80%93+Civil+-+Volume+V&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070217%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1995" class="citation book cs1">Ross, A.T. (1995). <i>Armed & Ready: The Industrial Development & Defence of Australia, 1900–1945</i>. Sydney: Turton & Armstrong. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908031-63-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-908031-63-7"><bdi>0-908031-63-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+%26+Ready%3A+The+Industrial+Development+%26+Defence+of+Australia%2C+1900%26ndash%3B1945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Turton+%26+Armstrong&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-908031-63-7&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=A.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrelfall2014" class="citation book cs1">Threlfall, Adrian (2014). <i>Jungle Warriors : From Tobruk to Kokoda and beyond, How the Australian Army Became the World's Most Deadly Jungle Fighting Force</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742372204" title="Special:BookSources/9781742372204"><bdi>9781742372204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jungle+Warriors+%3A+From+Tobruk+to+Kokoda+and+beyond%2C+How+the+Australian+Army+Became+the+World%27s+Most+Deadly+Jungle+Fighting+Force&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781742372204&rft.aulast=Threlfall&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+QF+25-pounder+Short" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWIIBritishCommGuns" title="Template:WWIIBritishCommGuns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWIIBritishCommGuns" title="Template talk:WWIIBritishCommGuns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIIBritishCommGuns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWIIBritishCommGuns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Commonwealth_artillery_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tank guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 2-pounder">QF 2-pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OQF_3-pounder_gun" title="OQF 3-pounder gun">QF 3-pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 6-pounder">QF 6-pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_75_mm" title="Ordnance QF 75 mm">QF 75 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_3-inch_howitzer" title="Ordnance QF 3-inch howitzer">QF 3-inch howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 17-pounder">QF 17-pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17-pounder#77_mm_HV" title="Ordnance QF 17-pounder">77 mm HV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">QF 25-pounder Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_95_mm_howitzer" title="Ordnance QF 95 mm howitzer">QF 95 mm howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_32-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 32-pounder">QF 32-pounder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Anti-tank guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 2-pounder">QF 2-pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 6-pounder">QF 6-pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 17-pounder">QF 17-pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_3-inch_20_cwt" title="QF 3-inch 20 cwt">QF 3-inch 16 cwt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Field guns and howitzers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/75_mm_Gun_M1917" class="mw-redirect" title="75 mm Gun M1917">75 mm Gun M1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_18-pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 18-pounder">QF 18-pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 25-pounder">25-pounder Gun-Howitzer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">25-pounder Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_4.5-inch_howitzer" title="QF 4.5-inch howitzer">QF 4.5-inch howitzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Medium and heavy <br />guns and howitzers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BL_4.5-inch_medium_field_gun" title="BL 4.5-inch medium field gun">BL 4.5-inch medium field gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_60-pounder_gun" title="BL 60-pounder gun">BL 60-pounder gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_5.5-inch_medium_gun" title="BL 5.5-inch medium gun">BL 5.5-inch medium gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_6-inch_26_cwt_howitzer" title="BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer">BL 6-inch howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_6-inch_gun_Mk_XIX" title="BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX">BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/155_mm_Long_Tom" class="mw-redirect" title="155 mm Long Tom">155 mm Long Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_7.2-inch_howitzer" title="BL 7.2-inch howitzer">BL 7.2-inch howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_8-inch_howitzer_Mk_VI_%E2%80%93_VIII" title="BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII">BL 8-inch howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_9.2-inch_howitzer" title="BL 9.2-inch howitzer">BL 9.2-inch howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/240_mm_howitzer_M1" title="240 mm howitzer M1">240 mm howitzer M1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Mountain guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M116_howitzer" title="M116 howitzer">75mm Pack howitzer M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_mountain_howitzer" title="QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer">3.7-inch mountain howitzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-inch_mortar" title="Two-inch mortar">SBML 2-inch mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_3-inch_mortar" title="ML 3-inch mortar">ML 3-inch mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_4.2-inch_mortar" title="ML 4.2-inch mortar">ML 4.2-inch mortar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Anti-aircraft weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z_Battery" title="Z Battery">Z Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon">20 mm Oerlikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_mm_Polsten" title="20 mm Polsten">20 mm Polsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COW_37_mm_gun" title="COW 37 mm gun">QF 1½-pounder Mk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_2-pounder_naval_gun" title="QF 2-pounder naval gun">QF 2-pounder naval gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60">Bofors 40 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_3-inch_20_cwt" title="QF 3-inch 20 cwt">QF 3-inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_AA_gun" title="QF 3.7-inch AA gun">QF 3.7-inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_4.5-inch_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_V_naval_gun#Land_service" title="QF 4.5-inch Mk I – V naval gun">QF 4.5-inch Mk II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_5.25-inch_naval_gun#Land_service" title="QF 5.25-inch naval gun">QF 5.25-inch Mk II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coast defence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QF_6-pounder_10_cwt_gun" title="QF 6-pounder 10 cwt gun">QF 6-pounder 10 cwt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_12-pounder_12_cwt_naval_gun" title="QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun">QF 12-pounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV">QF 4.7-inch Mk I–IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_6-inch_Mk_VII_naval_gun" title="BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun">BL 6-inch Mk VII & Mk XXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_7.5-inch_Mk_VI_naval_gun" title="BL 7.5-inch Mk VI naval gun">BL 7.5-inch Mk VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_8-inch_Mk_VIII_naval_gun" title="BL 8-inch Mk VIII naval gun">BL 8-inch Mk VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_9.2-inch_Mk_IX_%E2%80%93_X_naval_gun" title="BL 9.2-inch Mk IX – X naval gun">BL 9.2-inch Mk X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_14-inch_Mk_VII_naval_gun" title="BL 14-inch Mk VII naval gun">BL 14-inch Mk VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_15-inch_Mk_I_naval_gun" title="BL 15-inch Mk I naval gun">BL 15-inch Mk I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Railway artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BL_9.2-inch_railway_gun" title="BL 9.2-inch railway gun">BL 9.2-inch Mk XIII railway gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_12-inch_railway_howitzer" title="BL 12-inch railway howitzer">BL 12-inch Mk V railway howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_13.5-inch_Mk_V_naval_gun#Railway_guns" title="BL 13.5-inch Mk V naval gun">BL 13.5-inch Mk V railway gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_18-inch_railway_howitzer" title="BL 18-inch railway howitzer">BL 18-inch railway howitzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&oldid=1209029387">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short&oldid=1209029387</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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