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Sciences and Exploration Directorate
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data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" color="#2d5273" class="ml-1 svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right fa-w-14" data-v-cbef2158><path fill="currentColor" d="M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z" data-v-cbef2158></path></svg></span></button></a> <!----></div></div></div> <div aria-label="Slideshow" class="vueperslides no-shadow vueperslides--fixed-height vueperslides--slide-multiple vueperslides--bullets-outside vueperslides--no-animation" style="height:190px;width:100%;"><!----><div class="vueperslides__inner"><div aria-live="polite" class="vueperslides__parallax-wrapper" style="padding-bottom:25%;"><div class="vueperslides__track"><div class="vueperslides__track-inner" style="transition-duration:0ms;transform:translate3d(0%, 0, 0);will-change:auto;"><div target="_self" aria-hidden="false" class="vueperslide vueperslide--visible" style="width:32.666666666666664%;margin-right:1%;"><!----><!----><div class="v-card v-sheet theme--light elevation-0" style="background:none;"><div class="d-flex flex-no-wrap"><div class="v-avatar ma-0 mt-0 rounded-0" style="height:140px;min-width:120px;width:120px;"><time datetime="2024-12-03" class="icon" style="color:#2d5273;"><em>Tuesday</em> <strong style="background-color:#2d5273;box-shadow:0 2px 0 #2d5273;">December</strong> <span>03</span></time></div> <div class="mt-0" style="max-width:280px;"><div class="v-card__subtitle event-sub-title py-0">Tuesday, December 03, 2024</div> <div class="v-card__subtitle event-time event-sub-title pb-2 mt-0 pt-0">10:00 AM - 11:00 AM</div> <div class="v-card__title event-title py-0 my-1 mt-0 event-text-truncate" style="overflow:hidden;max-height:35px;line-height:18px;word-break:break-word;"> Virtual Chat with the Code 600 Director</div> <div class="v-card__text event-content"><div class="event-text-truncate" style="height:70px;overflow:hidden;">Everyone is Welcome!<br> <b>ACTUAL TIME: 10:10–10:55 a.m.</b><br></div> <a>Read more about this event <i aria-hidden="true" class="v-icon notranslate mdi mdi-arrow-right-circle theme--light" style="font-size:14px;color:#2d5273;caret-color:#2d5273;"></i></a></div></div></div></div><!----></div><div target="_self" aria-hidden="false" class="vueperslide vueperslide--visible" style="width:32.666666666666664%;margin-right:1%;"><!----><!----><div class="v-card v-sheet theme--light elevation-0" style="background:none;"><div class="d-flex flex-no-wrap"><div class="v-avatar ma-0 mt-0 rounded-0" style="height:140px;min-width:120px;width:120px;"><time datetime="2024-12-09" class="icon" style="color:#2d5273;"><em>Monday</em> <strong style="background-color:#2d5273;box-shadow:0 2px 0 #2d5273;">December</strong> <span>09</span></time></div> <div class="mt-0" style="max-width:280px;"><div class="v-card__subtitle event-sub-title py-0">Monday, December 09, 2024</div> <div class="v-card__subtitle event-time event-sub-title pb-2 mt-0 pt-0">08:00 AM - 05:00 PM</div> <div class="v-card__title event-title py-0 my-1 mt-0 event-text-truncate" style="overflow:hidden;max-height:35px;line-height:18px;word-break:break-word;"> AGU meeting</div> <div class="v-card__text event-content"><div class="event-text-truncate" style="height:70px;overflow:hidden;">AGU24: annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.</div> <a>Read more about this event <i aria-hidden="true" class="v-icon notranslate mdi mdi-arrow-right-circle theme--light" style="font-size:14px;color:#2d5273;caret-color:#2d5273;"></i></a></div></div></div></div><!----></div><div target="_self" aria-hidden="false" class="vueperslide vueperslide--visible" style="width:32.666666666666664%;margin-right:1%;"><!----><!----><div class="v-card v-sheet theme--light elevation-0" style="background:none;"><div class="d-flex flex-no-wrap"><div class="v-avatar ma-0 mt-0 rounded-0" style="height:140px;min-width:120px;width:120px;"><time datetime="2024-12-10" class="icon" style="color:#2d5273;"><em>Tuesday</em> <strong style="background-color:#2d5273;box-shadow:0 2px 0 #2d5273;">December</strong> <span>10</span></time></div> <div class="mt-0" style="max-width:280px;"><div class="v-card__subtitle event-sub-title py-0">Tuesday, December 10, 2024</div> <div class="v-card__subtitle event-time event-sub-title pb-2 mt-0 pt-0">08:00 AM - 05:00 PM</div> <div class="v-card__title event-title py-0 my-1 mt-0 event-text-truncate" style="overflow:hidden;max-height:35px;line-height:18px;word-break:break-word;"> AGU meeting</div> <div class="v-card__text event-content"><div class="event-text-truncate" style="height:70px;overflow:hidden;">AGU24: annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.</div> <a>Read more about this event <i aria-hidden="true" class="v-icon notranslate mdi mdi-arrow-right-circle theme--light" style="font-size:14px;color:#2d5273;caret-color:#2d5273;"></i></a></div></div></div></div><!----></div><div target="_self" aria-hidden="true" class="vueperslide" style="width:32.666666666666664%;margin-right:1%;"><!----><!----><div class="v-card v-sheet theme--light elevation-0" style="background:none;"><div class="d-flex flex-no-wrap"><div class="v-avatar ma-0 mt-0 rounded-0" style="height:140px;min-width:120px;width:120px;"><time datetime="2024-12-11" class="icon" style="color:#2d5273;"><em>Wednesday</em> <strong style="background-color:#2d5273;box-shadow:0 2px 0 #2d5273;">December</strong> <span>11</span></time></div> <div class="mt-0" style="max-width:280px;"><div class="v-card__subtitle event-sub-title py-0">Wednesday, December 11, 2024</div> <div class="v-card__subtitle event-time event-sub-title pb-2 mt-0 pt-0">08:00 AM - 05:00 PM</div> <div class="v-card__title event-title py-0 my-1 mt-0 event-text-truncate" style="overflow:hidden;max-height:35px;line-height:18px;word-break:break-word;"> AGU meeting</div> <div class="v-card__text event-content"><div class="event-text-truncate" style="height:70px;overflow:hidden;">AGU24: annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.</div> <a>Read more about this event <i aria-hidden="true" class="v-icon notranslate mdi mdi-arrow-right-circle theme--light" style="font-size:14px;color:#2d5273;caret-color:#2d5273;"></i></a></div></div></div></div><!----></div><div target="_self" aria-hidden="true" class="vueperslide" style="width:32.666666666666664%;margin-right:1%;"><!----><!----><div class="v-card v-sheet theme--light elevation-0" style="background:none;"><div class="d-flex flex-no-wrap"><div class="v-avatar ma-0 mt-0 rounded-0" style="height:140px;min-width:120px;width:120px;"><time datetime="2024-12-12" class="icon" style="color:#2d5273;"><em>Thursday</em> <strong style="background-color:#2d5273;box-shadow:0 2px 0 #2d5273;">December</strong> <span>12</span></time></div> <div class="mt-0" style="max-width:280px;"><div class="v-card__subtitle event-sub-title py-0">Thursday, December 12, 2024</div> <div class="v-card__subtitle event-time event-sub-title pb-2 mt-0 pt-0">08:00 AM - 05:00 PM</div> <div class="v-card__title event-title py-0 my-1 mt-0 event-text-truncate" style="overflow:hidden;max-height:35px;line-height:18px;word-break:break-word;"> AGU meeting</div> <div class="v-card__text event-content"><div class="event-text-truncate" style="height:70px;overflow:hidden;">AGU24: annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.</div> <a>Read more about this event <i aria-hidden="true" class="v-icon notranslate mdi mdi-arrow-right-circle theme--light" style="font-size:14px;color:#2d5273;caret-color:#2d5273;"></i></a></div></div></div></div><!----></div><div target="_self" aria-hidden="true" class="vueperslide" style="width:32.666666666666664%;margin-right:1%;"><!----><!----><div class="v-card v-sheet theme--light elevation-0" style="background:none;"><div class="d-flex flex-no-wrap"><div class="v-avatar ma-0 mt-0 rounded-0" style="height:140px;min-width:120px;width:120px;"><time datetime="2024-12-12" class="icon" style="color:#2d5273;"><em>Thursday</em> <strong style="background-color:#2d5273;box-shadow:0 2px 0 #2d5273;">December</strong> <span>12</span></time></div> <div class="mt-0" style="max-width:280px;"><div class="v-card__subtitle event-sub-title py-0">Thursday, December 12, 2024</div> <div class="v-card__subtitle event-time event-sub-title pb-2 mt-0 pt-0">12:00 PM - 01:00 PM</div> <div class="v-card__title event-title py-0 my-1 mt-0 event-text-truncate" style="overflow:hidden;max-height:35px;line-height:18px;word-break:break-word;"> SED Director’s Seminar</div> <div class="v-card__text event-content"><div class="event-text-truncate" style="height:70px;overflow:hidden;">Please join us 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Learn a bit about some of the wonderful \u003Cbr\u003E \r\nand interesting people working at Goddard!\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n",img:"\u002Fcontent\u002FuploadFiles\u002Forganization_slides\u002Fecss4.webp"}],localNews:[],events:[{EventID:9438,EventDate:"2024-12-03",Eventname:"Virtual Chat with the Code 600 Director",EventDescription:"Everyone is Welcome!\u003Cbr\u003E\r\n\u003Cb\u003EACTUAL TIME: 10:10–10:55 a.m.\u003C\u002Fb\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E",CategoryID:a,Location:"Teams",StartTime:"10:00",STAMPM:ak,EndTime:"11:00",ETAMPM:ak,Contact:"Ellie Jeffries",Phone:b,Email:dB,Website:"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002F",Recurring:aC,org_code:a,signup:d,public:c,f_researchers:l,f_everyone:l,f_aboutus:e,special:l,created_date:"2024-02-13 14:21:13",last_update_date:"2024-11-04 13:01:07",last_update_user:bz,created_user:al,mil_eventstartdatetime:"2024-12-03T10:00:00",mil_eventenddatetime:"2024-12-03T11:00:00"},{EventID:9982,EventDate:"2024-12-09",Eventname:aV,EventDescription:aW,CategoryID:a,Location:aX,StartTime:aY,STAMPM:ak,EndTime:aZ,ETAMPM:am,Contact:a,Phone:a,Email:a,Website:a_,Recurring:aC,org_code:a,signup:d,public:c,f_researchers:l,f_everyone:l,f_aboutus:e,special:l,created_date:a$,last_update_date:a,last_update_user:a,created_user:al,mil_eventstartdatetime:"2024-12-09T08:00:00",mil_eventenddatetime:"2024-12-09T17:00:00"},{EventID:9983,EventDate:"2024-12-10",Eventname:aV,EventDescription:aW,CategoryID:a,Location:aX,StartTime:aY,STAMPM:ak,EndTime:aZ,ETAMPM:am,Contact:a,Phone:a,Email:a,Website:a_,Recurring:aC,org_code:a,signup:d,public:c,f_researchers:l,f_everyone:l,f_aboutus:e,special:l,created_date:a$,last_update_date:a,last_update_user:a,created_user:al,mil_eventstartdatetime:"2024-12-10T08:00:00",mil_eventenddatetime:"2024-12-10T17:00:00"},{EventID:9984,EventDate:"2024-12-11",Eventname:aV,EventDescription:aW,CategoryID:a,Location:aX,StartTime:aY,STAMPM:ak,EndTime:aZ,ETAMPM:am,Contact:a,Phone:a,Email:a,Website:a_,Recurring:aC,org_code:a,signup:d,public:c,f_researchers:l,f_everyone:l,f_aboutus:e,special:l,created_date:a$,last_update_date:a,last_update_user:a,created_user:al,mil_eventstartdatetime:"2024-12-11T08:00:00",mil_eventenddatetime:"2024-12-11T17:00:00"},{EventID:9985,EventDate:fH,Eventname:aV,EventDescription:aW,CategoryID:a,Location:aX,StartTime:aY,STAMPM:ak,EndTime:aZ,ETAMPM:am,Contact:a,Phone:a,Email:a,Website:a_,Recurring:aC,org_code:a,signup:d,public:c,f_researchers:l,f_everyone:l,f_aboutus:e,special:l,created_date:a$,last_update_date:a,last_update_user:a,created_user:al,mil_eventstartdatetime:"2024-12-12T08:00:00",mil_eventenddatetime:"2024-12-12T17:00:00"},{EventID:10086,EventDate:fH,Eventname:"SED Director’s Seminar",EventDescription:"Please join us for the SED Director’s Seminar hosted by the Observational Cosmology Laboratory, Code 665!\u003Cbr\u003E\u003Cbr\u003E\r\nMore information to come!",CategoryID:a,Location:"B34, W305 & Microsoft Teams",StartTime:"12:00",STAMPM:am,EndTime:"01:00",ETAMPM:am,Contact:"Dayna Jamison",Phone:a,Email:"Dayna.R.Jamison@nasa.gov",Website:a,Recurring:a,org_code:a,signup:d,public:c,f_researchers:l,f_everyone:l,f_aboutus:e,special:l,created_date:"2024-09-04 14:52:58",last_update_date:a,last_update_user:a,created_user:bA,mil_eventstartdatetime:"2024-12-12T12:00:00",mil_eventenddatetime:"2024-12-12T13:00:00"}],contacts:[],press:[{highlight_id:14576,highlight_type_code:Z,title:fI,release_text:a,highlight_date:fJ,highlight_desc_short:a,highlight_desc:"In 1936, astronomers saw a puzzling event in the constellation Orion: the young star FU Orionis (FU Ori) became a hundred times brighter in a matter of months. 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That’s why researchers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, are investigating the use of […]",url_full_story:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002F?p=692955",highlight_org_code:by,highlight_byline:a,created_date:fR,last_update_date:fR,last_update_user:al,display_to_date:"2025-02-03 00:00:00",sort_order:a,conference_name:a,location:a,presentation_date:a,author_uupic:a,f_researchers:e,f_everyone:e,f_aboutus:e,image_name:"HighLightID_14339.jpg",image_path:"images\u002Fhighlight_thumbs\u002FHighLightID_14339.jpg",document_name:a,document_path:a,image_alt_text:"Artist's conception of ExoMars mission's Rosalind Franklin rover on the surface of Mars",sec_url_full_story:a,category_list:a,created_by:ba,display_on_cv:d,document_name_text:a,sec_url_full_story_text:a,month:a,year:a,day:a,fw_view:d,is_press_release:l,org_pool:V},{highlight_id:14577,highlight_type_code:Z,title:fS,release_text:a,highlight_date:fO,highlight_desc_short:a,highlight_desc:"This NASA\u002FESA Hubble Space Telescope image features a spiral galaxy, named UGC 10043. 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This edge-on […]",url_full_story:"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.nasa.gov\u002Fmissions\u002Fhubble\u002Fhubble-captures-an-edge-on-spiral-with-curve-appeal\u002F",highlight_org_code:fK,highlight_byline:a,created_date:fT,last_update_date:fT,last_update_user:bA,display_to_date:"2025-05-23 00:00:00",sort_order:a,conference_name:a,location:a,presentation_date:a,author_uupic:a,f_researchers:e,f_everyone:e,f_aboutus:e,image_name:"HighLightID_14577.jpg",image_path:"images\u002Fhighlight_thumbs\u002FHighLightID_14577.jpg",document_name:a,document_path:a,image_alt_text:fS,sec_url_full_story:a,category_list:a,created_by:ba,display_on_cv:d,document_name_text:a,sec_url_full_story_text:a,month:a,year:a,day:a,fw_view:d,is_press_release:l,org_pool:P},{highlight_id:14404,highlight_type_code:Z,title:"NASA, ESA Missions Help Scientists Uncover How Solar Wind Gets Energy",release_text:a,highlight_date:"2024-08-30 00:00:00",highlight_desc_short:a,highlight_desc:"Since the 1960s, astronomers have wondered how the Sun’s supersonic “solar wind,” a stream of energetic particles that flows out into the solar system, continues to receive energy once it leaves the Sun. Now, thanks to a lucky lineup of a NASA and an ESA (European Space Agency)\u002FNASA spacecraft both currently studying the Sun, they […]",url_full_story:"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.nasa.gov\u002Fscience-research\u002Fnasa-esa-missions-help-scientists-uncover-how-solar-wind-gets-energy\u002F",highlight_org_code:"672,670",highlight_byline:a,created_date:fU,last_update_date:fU,last_update_user:fQ,display_to_date:"2025-02-28 00:00:00",sort_order:a,conference_name:a,location:a,presentation_date:a,author_uupic:a,f_researchers:e,f_everyone:e,f_aboutus:e,image_name:"HighLightID_14404.gif",image_path:"images\u002Fhighlight_thumbs\u002FHighLightID_14404.gif",document_name:a,document_path:a,image_alt_text:b,sec_url_full_story:a,category_list:a,created_by:ba,display_on_cv:d,document_name_text:a,sec_url_full_story_text:a,month:a,year:a,day:a,fw_view:d,is_press_release:l,org_pool:X}],featured:a,youtube:a,apod:{date:"2024-11-23",explanation:"In an interplanetary first, on July 19, 2013 Earth was photographed on the same day from two other worlds of the Solar System, innermost planet Mercury and ringed gas giant Saturn. Pictured on the left, Earth is the pale blue dot just below the rings of Saturn, as captured by the robotic Cassini spacecraft then orbiting the outermost gas giant. On that same day people across planet Earth snapped many of their own pictures of Saturn. On the right, the Earth-Moon system is seen against the dark background of space as captured by the sunward MESSENGER spacecraft, then in Mercury orbit. MESSENGER took its image as part of a search for small natural satellites of Mercury, moons that would be expected to be quite dim. In the MESSENGER image, the brighter Earth and Moon are both overexposed and shine brightly with reflected sunlight. Destined not to return to their home world, both Cassini and MESSENGER have since retired from their missions of Solar System exploration.",hdurl:"https:\u002F\u002Fapod.nasa.gov\u002Fapod\u002Fimage\u002F2411\u002Fearth_cassinimessenger_1799.jpg",media_type:"image",service_version:"v1",title:fV,url:fW,"sed-cache-hit":j},apodData:{title:fV,image:fW,link:b},eo:{title:["Signs of Sea Level Rise in the Bahamas"],link:[fX],"media:thumbnail":[{$:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Feoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002Fimages\u002Fimagerecords\u002F153000\u002F153568\u002Fandrosisland_oli2_20240515_th.jpg"}}],description:["Rising seas have redistributed cyanobacterial mats blanketing part of Andros Island and restructured the island’s marshes and mudflats."],"content:encoded":["\n \n \u003Cp\u003E\n \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002Fimages\u002F153568\u002Fsigns-of-sea-level-rise-in-the-bahamas\"\u003E\u003Cimg\n src=\"https:\u002F\u002Feoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002Fimages\u002Fimagerecords\u002F153000\u002F153568\u002Fandrosisland_oli2_20240515_th.jpg\"\n border=\"0\" alt=\"Signs of Sea Level Rise in the Bahamas\"\u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\n Rising seas have redistributed cyanobacterial mats blanketing part of Andros Island and restructured the island’s marshes and mudflats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002Fimages\u002F153568\u002Fsigns-of-sea-level-rise-in-the-bahamas\"\u003ERead More...\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \n "],"dc:creator":[" NASA Earth Observatory "],pubDate:["Mon, 18 Nov 2024 00:00:00 -0500"],categories:[{category:["Land,Water"]}],guid:[fX],"georss:point":["-78.154044518104 25.020085493777"],"sed-cache-hit":j}},highlights:{highlights:[],imageGallery:G,currentYear:m},tooltips:{cachedPersonnelData:[]},calendar:{event:{id:d,title:b,description:b,date:b,startTime:b,endTime:b,location:b,website:b,eventType:b},pickerDate:b,modal:G,pickerModal:G,calTextSearch:b},management:{managment:[]},localnews:{localNews:[],localNewsCount:d},stafflist:{stafflist:[],alphabet:[{letter:n,count:d},{letter:bC,count:d},{letter:bD,count:d},{letter:bE,count:d},{letter:bF,count:d},{letter:bG,count:d},{letter:bH,count:d},{letter:bI,count:d},{letter:bJ,count:d},{letter:bK,count:d},{letter:bL,count:d},{letter:bM,count:d},{letter:bN,count:d},{letter:bb,count:d},{letter:bO,count:d},{letter:bP,count:d},{letter:bQ,count:d},{letter:bR,count:d},{letter:bS,count:d},{letter:bT,count:d},{letter:bU,count:d},{letter:bV,count:d},{letter:bW,count:d},{letter:bX,count:d},{letter:p,count:d},{letter:bY,count:d}],recordcount:d,screenWidth:d},bio:{loading:j,bio:{}},missions:{featuredMissions:[{id:fY,code:bc,disp:fZ,acronym:f_,desc_short:f$,desc:a,url_home:ga,url_epo:gb,url_staff:a,org_codes:q,launch_year:gc,launch_month:bZ,launch_day:bd,image:gd,image_alt:ge,status:I,instruments:[],staff:[{role_disp:b_,org_code:q,uupic:gf,prx_first_name:gg,prx_last_name:gh,prx_mid_name:aD,pb_last_name:gi,pb_first_name:gj,pb_mid_name:aD,p_org_code:q,phonebook_id:gk,bio:gl},{role_disp:b$,org_code:q,uupic:gm,prx_first_name:be,prx_last_name:bf,prx_mid_name:a,pb_last_name:bf,pb_first_name:be,pb_mid_name:b,p_org_code:q,phonebook_id:gn,bio:go}]},{id:ca,code:W,disp:gp,acronym:gq,desc_short:gr,desc:a,url_home:gs,url_epo:gt,url_staff:a,org_codes:q,launch_year:a,launch_month:a,launch_day:a,image:gu,image_alt:gv,status:I,instruments:[],staff:[{role_disp:cb,org_code:q,uupic:cc,prx_first_name:cd,prx_last_name:ce,prx_mid_name:an,pb_last_name:bg,pb_first_name:cf,pb_mid_name:an,p_org_code:q,phonebook_id:cg,bio:ch}]},{id:gw,code:W,disp:gx,acronym:gy,desc_short:gz,desc:a,url_home:gA,url_epo:a,url_staff:a,org_codes:ao,launch_year:gB,launch_month:gC,launch_day:ci,image:gD,image_alt:gE,status:I,instruments:[],staff:[]},{id:499,code:W,disp:"Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics",acronym:"ATHENA",desc_short:"ATHENA is an ESA large mission that is slated to launch in the early 2030s. 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The project is led by the University of Wisconsin, Madison.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe XQC is the first broadband nondispersive, high-resolution spectrometer to probe the entire X-ray-emitting range, from M-shell Fe emission at 70 eV up to 2 keV where the diffuse emission becomes dominated by unresolved extragalactic sources. In addition, the XQC payload is the first—and currently, the only—X-ray calorimeter array that has flown in space.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe spectrometer was built to differentiate the spectral components that are thought to make up the ubiquitous soft X-ray background, including emission from the Local Bubble, the Galactic halo, and solarwind charge exchange in the exo-atmosphere and the heliosphere. The superposition of these temporally and spatially variable sources can create a complicated spectral picture that requires high-resolution spectroscopy to unwind. Detailed spatial maps first were made with sounding rockets, then with ROSAT, and the first high-resolution spectra in the 0.25 keV band were made with the DXS shuttle-attached payload that used a scanning dispersive spectrometer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe most recent launch of XQC occurred on Nov. 3, 2013. Data analysis from the flight is ongoing, led by University of Wisconsin graduate students. The larger-than-expected (by an order of magnitude) launch vibrations due to a second-stage motor instability caused a significant detector temperature drift during observation and new analysis tools are required to correct the data. The final results are expected in 2015. 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This waveband is essential for studying the roles of solar wind charge exchange vs. thermal emission and the 8 eV FWHM resolution of the current-generation XQC array is inadequate to resolve the majority of the emission lines in this crowded region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\t\t\t\t\t",url_home:a,url_epo:a,url_staff:a,org_codes:q,launch_year:"1995",launch_month:a,launch_day:a,image:"images\u002Fmission_thumbs\u002FXQC.jpg",image_alt:"The XQC payload uses a 6 × 6 pixel X-ray calorimeter ar- ray develop and produced at GSFC.",status:I,status_display:_,class:[{project_class_type_code:gS,project_class_type_disp:gT,project_class_type_desc:gU,last_update_date:aq,last_update_user:ar}],instruments:[],staff:[]},{id:380,code:bc,disp:"X-ray Spectral Fitting Package",acronym:"XSPEC",desc_short:"XSPEC is a command-driven, interactive, X-ray spectral-fitting program. 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The key features of the XRT are its excellent PSF (2.5 arc-seconds half-power diameter), large effective area (1,800 cm2 at 1 keV), and large field of view (1 deg2), making it more than an order of magnitude more capable and more sensitive than Chandra and Swift\u002FXRT to conduct survey and to find and study transient sources. The UVT has a 30-cm aperture with 5 filters covering the 160nm to 340nm band, providing simultaneous spectral coverage with the XRT and enabling reverberation mapping of accretion disk geometries around black holes. The SC is highly autonomous and is capable of fast slewing, enabling efficient raster scans and time-domain surveys. In particular, in combination with a state-of-the-art mission operations center at the University of Colorado, the SC can respond to targets of opportunity within 2 hours 90% of the time. With its nearly equatorial low-earth orbit, STAR-X’s telescopes will have low particle background, enabling them to have unprecedented sensitivity for measuring faint diffuse emissions from clusters of galaxies. STAR-X is a timely response to Astro2020’s recommendation for a space-based, sustaining time-domain and multi-messenger program. 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The telescope will allow scientists to explore fundamental questions about the universe, such as what happens at the edge of a black hole, the nature of the mysterious \"dark energy\" pulling apart the universe, and what powered the Big Bang. ","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nustar.caltech.edu\u002F","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nustar.caltech.edu\u002Feducation-outreach","images\u002Fmission_thumbs\u002Fnustar_rotated.jpg","artist concept of nustar telescope",482,"X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission","XRISM","The X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) is a JAXA\u002FNASA collaborative mission, with ESA participation. Equipped with an X-ray micro-calorimeter and X-ray CCD camera, identical to those on Hitomi, specializing in soft X-ray imaging spectroscopy. XRISM's aim is to develop the world of high resolution X-ray spectroscopy. ","http:\u002F\u002Fxrism.isas.jaxa.jp\u002Fen\u002F","2023","9","images\u002Fmission_thumbs\u002FScreen Shot 2020-06-05 at 2.04.00 PM.png","Artist's conception of XRISM spacecraft","X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission","XMM-Newton","The X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM-Newton) mission is a joint project of the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA. XMM-Newton is designed to observe high-energy X-rays emitted by exotic astronomical objects such as pulsars, black holes, and active galaxies. The observatory collects both images and spectra. This means it can measure the energy of the X-rays emitted by an astronomical object, which allows scientists to determine many of its physical characteristics. Besides having funded elements of the XMM-Newton instrument package, NASA also provides the NASA Guest Observer Facility (GOF) for XMM Newton at Goddard Space Flight Center. ESA launched the mission in December 1999. ","http:\u002F\u002Fxmm.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002F","1999","images\u002Fmission_thumbs\u002Fnewxmm.jpg","Artists conception of XMM-Newton satellite in space",484,"HaloSat was designed to survey the distribution of hot gas in the Milky Way and constrain the mass and geometry of the Galactic halo. ","https:\u002F\u002Fheasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002Fdocs\u002Fhalosat\u002F","21","images\u002Fmission_thumbs\u002FHaloSat-600px.jpg","ISS photograph of HaloSat being deployed. Solar panels in the upper right are panels on the ISS.","instrument","Instrument","Instrument description","Software","Edmund","Hodges-Kluck","775116114","Dmitrievich","B. Cairns",5133,"Cairns, Brian (GISS-6110)","Brian Cairns","brian.cairns-1@nasa.gov","212.678.5625","212.678.5552","bcairns","bcairns, GS037188, na6r8g9o","GS037188","brian.cairns@nasa.gov","Anchukaitis","Jean",11043,"BENJAMIN","ISSAC","COOK","Cook, Benjamin I. 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