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<li id="toc-Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garden_cities:_the_spread_of_an_idea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden_cities:_the_spread_of_an_idea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Garden cities: the spread of an idea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garden_cities:_the_spread_of_an_idea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_garden_cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_garden_cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>New garden cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_garden_cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagrams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagrams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diagrams</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagrams-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagrams subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagrams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diagrams_from_the_1898_edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagrams_from_the_1898_edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Diagrams from the 1898 edition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagrams_from_the_1898_edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagrams_from_the_1922_edition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagrams_from_the_1922_edition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Diagrams from the 1922 edition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagrams_from_the_1922_edition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Den-en_Toshi_(Garden_City)"_Tokyo:_Hakubunkan,_1907" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Den-en_Toshi_(Garden_City)"_Tokyo:_Hakubunkan,_1907"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>"Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Den-en_Toshi_(Garden_City)"_Tokyo:_Hakubunkan,_1907-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garden_suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden_suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Garden suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garden_suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_urban_design_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_urban_design_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Related urban design concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_urban_design_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Garden city movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuinstad" title="Tuinstad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tuinstad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نظرية المدينة الحدائقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية المدينة الحدائقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat_jard%C3%AD" title="Ciutat jardí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutat jardí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahradn%C3%AD_m%C4%9Bsto" title="Zahradní město – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zahradní město" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haveby" title="Haveby – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haveby" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartenstadt" title="Gartenstadt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gartenstadt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedlinn" title="Aedlinn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aedlinn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_jard%C3%ADn" title="Ciudad jardín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad jardín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cardena_urbo" title="Ĝardena urbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝardena urbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorategi-hiri" title="Lorategi-hiri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lorategi-hiri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="طرح باغ‌شهر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طرح باغ‌شهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9-jardin" title="Cité-jardin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cité-jardin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_xard%C3%ADn" title="Cidade xardín – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cidade xardín" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9B%90%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C" title="전원도시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전원도시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_kota_kebun_(teori)" title="Gerakan kota kebun (teori) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan kota kebun (teori)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_giardino" title="Città giardino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città giardino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיר גנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיר גנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98-%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ქალაქი-ბაღნარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქალაქი-ბაღნარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuinstad" title="Tuinstad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tuinstad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="田園都市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="田園都市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hageby" title="Hageby – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hageby" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasto_ogr%C3%B3d" title="Miasto ogród – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miasto ogród" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade-jardim_(teoria)" title="Cidade-jardim (teoria) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade-jardim (teoria)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Город-сад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Город-сад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Garden city movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1hradn%C3%A9_mesto" title="Záhradné mesto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Záhradné mesto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Вртни град – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вртни град" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puutarhakaupunki" title="Puutarhakaupunki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puutarhakaupunki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rdsstad" title="Trädgårdsstad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trädgårdsstad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Garden City movement">Garden City movement</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a method of urban planning. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Movement_(band)" title="Garden City Movement (band)">Garden City Movement (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Garden town" and "Garden Cities" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Garden_town_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Garden town (disambiguation)">Garden town (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Garden City (disambiguation)">Garden City (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of garden cities, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_cities" title="List of garden cities">List of garden cities</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Urban planning movement</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard-three-magnets.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Howard-three-magnets.png/220px-Howard-three-magnets.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Howard-three-magnets.png/330px-Howard-three-magnets.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Howard-three-magnets.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a>'s three magnets diagram, which addressed the question, "Where will the people go?", with three choices being: "Town", "Country", or "Town-Country".</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorategi-hiriaren_diagrama_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ebenezer Howard's "Diagram illustrating correct principle of a city's growth"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lorategi-hiriaren_diagrama_1902.jpg/250px-Lorategi-hiriaren_diagrama_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Lorategi-hiriaren_diagrama_1902.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Ebenezer Howard's "Diagram illustrating correct principle of a city's growth"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>garden city movement</b> was a 20th century <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> movement promoting satellite communities surrounding the central city and separated with <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">greenbelts</a>. These Garden Cities would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a> first posited the idea in 1898 as a way to capture the primary benefits of the countryside and the city while avoiding the disadvantages presented by both. In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Letchworth" title="Letchworth">Letchworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brentham_Garden_Suburb" title="Brentham Garden Suburb">Brentham Garden Suburb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a> were built in or near London according to Howard's concept and many other garden cities inspired by his <a href="/wiki/Model" title="Model">model</a> have since been built all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conception">Conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Howard's diagram illustrating the Garden City concept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg/250px-Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg/375px-Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg/500px-Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1565" /></a><figcaption>Howard's diagram illustrating the Garden City concept</figcaption></figure> <p>Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>'s work <i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i>, Howard published the book <i>To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform</i> in 1898 (reissued in 1902 as <i><a href="/wiki/Garden_Cities_of_To-morrow" title="Garden Cities of To-morrow">Garden Cities of To-morrow</a></i>). His idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 9,000 acres (3,600 ha). Howard's diagrams presented such a city in a <a href="/wiki/Concentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric">concentric</a> pattern with open spaces, <a href="/wiki/Parks_and_gardens_of_Barcelona" title="Parks and gardens of Barcelona">public parks</a>, and six radial <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a>, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre, although he made it clear that the actual site planning should be left to experts. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as <a href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite town">satellites</a> of a central city of 58,000 people, linked by road and rail.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howard's <i>To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform</i> sold enough copies to warrant a second edition, now titled <i>Garden Cities of To-morrow</i>. This success of this book provided him the support necessary to pursue the chance to bring his vision into reality. Howard believed that all people agreed the overcrowding and deterioration of cities was one of the troubling issues of their time. He quotes a number of respected thinkers and their disdain of cities. Howard's garden city concept combined the town and country in order to provide the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> an alternative to working on farms or in "crowded, unhealthy cities".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_developments">First developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To build a garden city, Howard needed money to buy land. He decided to get funding from "gentlemen of responsible position and undoubted probity and honour".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200342_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200342-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the Garden City Association (later known as the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Association" title="Town and Country Planning Association">Town and Country Planning Association</a> or TCPA), which created First Garden City, Ltd. in 1899 to create the garden city of <a href="/wiki/Letchworth" title="Letchworth">Letchworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy19994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy19994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these donors would collect interest on their investment if the garden city generated profits through rents or, as Fishman calls the process, "philanthropic land speculation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200343_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200343-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howard tried to include working class <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> organisations, which included over two million members, but could not win their financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200346_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200346-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because he had to rely only on the wealthy investors of First Garden City, Howard had to make concessions to his plan, such as eliminating the cooperative ownership scheme with no landlords, short-term rent increases, and hiring architects who did not agree with his rigid design plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200347_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200347-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a>, a noted architect and town planner, and his partner <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Parker" title="Richard Barry Parker">Barry Parker</a>, won the competition run by First Garden City Ltd. to plan Letchworth, an area 34 miles outside London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200268_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200268-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unwin and Parker planned the town in the centre of the Letchworth estate with Howard's large agricultural greenbelt surrounding the town, and they shared Howard's notion that the working class deserved better and more affordable housing. However, the architects ignored Howard's symmetric design, instead replacing it with a more 'organic' design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200348_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200348-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it brought in manufacturers through low taxes, low rents, and more space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200350_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200350-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Howard's best efforts, the home prices in this garden city could not remain affordable for <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a> workers to live in. The populations comprised mostly skilled <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> workers. After a decade, the First Garden City became profitable and started paying dividends to its investors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2002100_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2002100-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many viewed Letchworth as a success, it did not immediately inspire government investment into the next line of garden cities. </p><p>In reference to the lack of government support for garden cities, Frederic James Osborn, a colleague of Howard and his eventual successor at the Garden City Association, recalled him saying, "The only way to get anything done is to do it yourself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallWard199845–7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallWard199845–7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likely in frustration, Howard bought land at <a href="/wiki/Welwyn" title="Welwyn">Welwyn</a> to house the second garden city in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy19998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy19998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purchase was at auction, with money Howard desperately and successfully borrowed from friends. The <a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a> Corporation was formed to oversee the construction. But Welwyn did not become self-sustaining because it was only 20 miles from London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallWard199846_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallWard199846-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even until the end of the 1930s, Letchworth and Welwyn remained as the only existing garden cities in the United Kingdom. However, the movement did succeed in emphasizing the need for urban planning policies that eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/New_Town_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Town movement">New Town movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallWard199852–3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallWard199852–3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garden_cities:_the_spread_of_an_idea">Garden cities: the spread of an idea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Garden cities: the spread of an idea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Howard organised the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Association" title="Town and Country Planning Association">Garden City Association</a> in 1899. Two garden cities were built using Howard's ideas: <a href="/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Letchworth Garden City">Letchworth Garden City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a>, both in the county of <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, England, United Kingdom. Howard's successor as chairman of the Garden City Association was <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Osborn" title="Frederic Osborn">Sir Frederic Osborn</a>, who extended the movement to regional planning.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garden City principles greatly influenced the design of colonial and post-colonial capitals during the early part of the 20th century. This is the case for New Delhi (designed as the new capital of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> after World War I), of <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> (capital of Australia established in 1913) and of <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> (established in 1939, <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">capital of the Philippines</a> from 1948 to 1976). </p><p>Outside the British empire, the ideas quickly spread as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_examples">Early examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_cities" title="List of garden cities">List of garden cities</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Morocco</b>. <a href="/wiki/Ifrane" title="Ifrane">Ifrane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (est. 1929).</li> <li><b>South Africa</b>. The Garden City movement was able to take root in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, with the development of the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Pinelands,_Cape_Town" title="Pinelands, Cape Town">Pinelands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgemead" title="Edgemead">Edgemead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Durbanville" title="Durbanville">Durbanville</a> near Cape Town.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Israel</b>. The Garden City movement also influenced the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> urbanist Sir <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a> in the planning of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, in the 1920s, during the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a>. Geddes started his Tel Aviv plan in 1925 and submitted the final version in 1927, so all growth of this garden city during the 1930s was merely "based" on the Geddes Plan. Changes were inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in the 1920s, German-born Jewish architect <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kauffmann" title="Richard Kauffmann">Richard Kauffman</a> designed several neighborhoods under Garden City influence, including <a href="/wiki/Beit_HaKerem,_Jerusalem" title="Beit HaKerem, Jerusalem">Beth HaKerem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehavia" title="Rehavia">Rehavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayit_VeGan" title="Bayit VeGan">Bayit ve-Gan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Moshe" title="Kiryat Moshe">Kiryat Moshe</a> in Jerusalem, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hadar_HaCarmel" title="Hadar HaCarmel">Hadar HaCarmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat_Galim" title="Bat Galim">Bat Galim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nave_Sha%27anan,_Haifa" title="Nave Sha'anan, Haifa">Newe Shaanan</a>, and Central and Western Carmel in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> as well as the historical center of <a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a>. He referred to these neighborhoods as "Garden Suburbs."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Japan</b>. In Japan, several towns were inspired by the Garden City movement in the early 1900s,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Den-en-chofu" class="mw-redirect" title="Den-en-chofu">Den-en-chofu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamato Village,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Omiya_Bonsai_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Omiya Bonsai Village">Omiya Bonsai Village</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with many Garden Cities, despite goals of creating classless societies, each of these examples became increasingly exclusive and populated primarily by wealthy statesmen and celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Vietnam</b>. The garden city model was also applied to many colonial hill stations, such as <a href="/wiki/Da_Lat" title="Da Lat">Da Lat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (est. 1907).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zlin-Letna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zlin-Letna.JPG/220px-Zlin-Letna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zlin-Letna.JPG/330px-Zlin-Letna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zlin-Letna.JPG/440px-Zlin-Letna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An attempt at a garden city: <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a> (architect: <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Lydie_Gahura" title="František Lydie Gahura">František Lydie Gahura</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Akatemia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Akatemia_1.jpg/220px-Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Akatemia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Akatemia_1.jpg/330px-Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Akatemia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Akatemia_1.jpg/440px-Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Akatemia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3282" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>The Workers Academy in <a href="/wiki/Kauniainen" title="Kauniainen">Kauniainen</a>, the garden city of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Belgium</b>. In Belgium the Garden City movement started early,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but took roots in the 1910s, directly connected to industrial development, especially that of the <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early examples are Tuinwijk <a href="/wiki/Beringen_coal_preparation_plant" title="Beringen coal preparation plant">Beringen-Mijn</a> (1908), Tuinwijk van <a href="/wiki/Zwartberg" title="Zwartberg">Zwartberg</a> (1910), and <a href="/wiki/Eisden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisden">Eisden</a>-Tuinwijk (1911). After the First World War, there was a huge need for new housing, and the principles were widely applied. Social housing associations were created, often linked to political movements. In Brussels, Antwerp and Ghent new extensions of the city were built. The houses in these areas are still very popular among residents and classified as historical heritage.</li> <li><b>Czechia</b>. In the former <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, all industrial cities founded or reconstructed by the <a href="/wiki/Bata_Shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bata Shoes">Bata Shoes</a> company (<a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svit" title="Svit">Svit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partiz%C3%A1nske" title="Partizánske">Partizánske</a>) were influenced by the conception of the Garden City.</li> <li><b>Finland</b>. <a href="/wiki/Kauniainen" title="Kauniainen">Kauniainen</a> is an early example, which was founded by a corporation in 1906, AB Grankulla.</li> <li><b>France</b>. The Garden City movement was very influential in France. The concept of garden city (<i>cité jardin</i>), was closely related to the concept of the 'workers city' (<i>cité ouvrière</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All over the country settlements were established accordingly.</li> <li><b>Germany</b>. Along with the UK, Germany was at the forefront of the Garden Cities movement, starting in the late 19th century, part of a broader discourse on social renewal.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific projects were typically the results of private initiatives.</li> <li><b>Hungary</b>. Originally built in <a href="/wiki/Kispest" title="Kispest">Kispest</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>) in 1908, <a href="/wiki/Wekerletelep" title="Wekerletelep">Wekerletelep</a> is a prime example of the garden city concept</li> <li><b>Poland</b>. Located on the south-west outskirts of Warsaw, both Komorów (<a href="/wiki/Komor%C3%B3w,_Pruszk%C3%B3w_County" title="Komorów, Pruszków County">Komorów, Pruszków County</a>), as well, as <a href="/wiki/Podkowa_Le%C5%9Bna" title="Podkowa Leśna">Podkowa Leśna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brwin%C3%B3w" title="Brwinów">Brwinów</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan%C3%B3wek" title="Milanówek">Milanówek</a> are based on Howard's garden-city concept.</li> <li><b>Netherlands</b>. The concept of the Garden City was widely applied in different parts of the country, mainly as 'garden villages', such as <a href="/wiki/Vreewijk" title="Vreewijk">Tuindorp Vreewijk</a> in Rotterdam, Tuindorp 't Lansink in <a href="/wiki/Hengelo" title="Hengelo">Hengelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuindorp_Oostzaan" title="Tuindorp Oostzaan">Tuindorp Oostzaan</a> in Amsterdam, and <a href="/wiki/Betondorp" title="Betondorp">Tuindorp Watergraafsmeer (Betondorp)</a> in Amsterdam. In most cases, private industrial companies took the initiative. The development continued on a bigger scale after the Second World War, now initiated and controlled by municipalities, with examples such as the <a href="/wiki/Westelijke_Tuinsteden" title="Westelijke Tuinsteden">Westelijke Tuinsteden</a> (a part of Amsterdam).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>United Kingdom</b> – Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City (see History above)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Canada</b>. The <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> towns of <a href="/wiki/Don_Mills" title="Don Mills">Don Mills</a> (now incorporated into the City of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Walkerville,_Ontario" title="Walkerville, Ontario">Walkerville</a> (now incorporated into the City of <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>) are, in part, garden cities, as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Kingsway,_Toronto" title="The Kingsway, Toronto">The Kingsway, Toronto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal,_Quebec" title="Mount Royal, Quebec">Mount Royal</a>. The historic Townsite of <a href="/wiki/Powell_River,_British_Columbia" title="Powell River, British Columbia">Powell River, British Columbia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Hydrostone" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hydrostone">the Hydrostone</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, are recognized as <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites of Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built upon the Garden City Movement. In Montreal, la Cité-jardin du Tricentenaire is a classic form of Garden City located near the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)" title="Olympic Stadium (Montreal)">Olympic Stadium</a>. All streets are <a href="/wiki/Cul-de-sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cul-de-sac">cul-de-sacs</a> and are linked via pedestrian paths to the community park.</li> <li><b>United States</b>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Residence_Park_(New_Rochelle,_New_York)" title="Residence Park (New Rochelle, New York)">Residence Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle, New York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Boston#Woodbourne" title="Forest Hills, Boston">Woodbourne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>; <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia's</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Village" title="Hilton Village">Hilton Village</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Village" title="Chatham Village">Chatham Village</a>; <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City, New York</a> (parenthetically, the name "Garden City", as it applied to the Stewart-designed city on Long Island, incorporated in 1869, pre-dates that of the garden city movement, which was established some years later near the end of the nineteenth century); <a href="/wiki/Sunnyside,_Queens" title="Sunnyside, Queens">Sunnyside</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Heights,_Queens" title="Jackson Heights, Queens">Jackson Heights</a>; <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Hills Gardens">Forest Hills Gardens</a>, in the borough of Queens, New York; <a href="/wiki/Radburn,_New_Jersey" title="Radburn, New Jersey">Radburn, New Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt,_Maryland" title="Greenbelt, Maryland">Greenbelt, Maryland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wright_(landscape_architect)#Buckingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Wright (landscape architect)">Buckingham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Lakeshore/Lake_Vista,_New_Orleans" title="Lakeshore/Lake Vista, New Orleans">Lake Vista</a> neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norris,_Tennessee" title="Norris, Tennessee">Norris, Tennessee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Hills_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin Hills Village">Baldwin Hills Village</a> in Los Angeles; <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotunda West, Florida">Rotunda West</a> near <a href="/wiki/Punta_Gorda,_Florida" title="Punta Gorda, Florida">Punta Gorda, Florida</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio">Parma</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaker Heights">Shaker Heights</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greendale,_Wisconsin" title="Greendale, Wisconsin">Greendale, Wisconsin</a> is one of three "greenbelt" towns planned beginning in 1935 under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Rexford_Guy_Tugwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexford Guy Tugwell">Rexford Guy Tugwell</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" title="Resettlement Administration">United States Resettlement Administration</a>, under authority of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Relief_Appropriation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Relief Appropriation Act">Emergency Relief Appropriation Act</a>. The two other greenbelt towns are <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt,_Maryland" title="Greenbelt, Maryland">Greenbelt, Maryland</a> (near Washington, D.C.), and <a href="/wiki/Greenhills,_Ohio" title="Greenhills, Ohio">Greenhills, Ohio</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>). The greenbelt towns not only provided work and affordable housing, but also served as a laboratory for experiments in innovative urban planning. Greendale's plan was designed between 1936 and 1937 by a staff headed by Joseph Crane, Elbert Peets, Harry Bentley, and Walter C. Thomas for a site that had formerly consisted of 3,400 acres (14 km<sup>2</sup>) of farmland.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Australia</b>. The Dacey Garden Suburb (now <a href="/wiki/Daceyville" title="Daceyville">Daceyville</a>) was established in 1912 based on Garden City principles.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suburb of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Light_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Light Gardens">Colonel Light Gardens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide, South Australia">Adelaide, South Australia</a> was also designed according to Garden City principles.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So too the town of <a href="/wiki/Sunshine,_Victoria" title="Sunshine, Victoria">Sunshine</a> which is now a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and the suburb of Lalor, also in Melbourne. The Peter Lalor Estate in Lalor takes its name from a leader of the Eureka Stockade and remains today in its original form. However it is under threat from developers and Whittlesea Council.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lalor:Peter Lalor Home Building Cooperative 1946-2012 Scollay, Moira. Pre-dating these was the garden suburb of Haberfield in 1901 by Richard Stanton, organised on a vertical integrated model from land subdivision, mortgage financing, house and interior designs and site landscaping.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>New Zealand.</b> Garden city ideals were employed in the original town planning of <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>. Prior to the earthquakes of <a href="/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake" title="2010 Canterbury earthquake">2010</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake" title="2011 Christchurch earthquake">2011</a>, the city infrastructure and homes were well integrated into green spaces. The rebuild blueprint rethought the garden city concept and how it would best suit the city. Greenbelts and urban greenspaces have been redesigned to incorporate more living spaces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Argentina</b>. An example is <i><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Jard%C3%ADn_Lomas_del_Palomar" title="Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar">Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar</a></i>, declared by the influential Argentinian professor of engineering, Carlos María della Paolera, founder of "Día Mundial del Urbanismo" (<a href="/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a>), as the first Garden City in South America.</li> <li><b>Brazil</b>. In <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo, Brazil">São Paulo</a>, several neighbourhoods were planned as Garden Cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Jardins" title="Jardins">Jardim América</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardim_Europa_(bairro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardim Europa (bairro de São Paulo) (page does not exist)">Jardim Europa (bairro de São Paulo)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardim_Europa_(bairro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" class="extiw" title="pt:Jardim Europa (bairro de São Paulo)">pt</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alto_da_Lapa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alto da Lapa (page does not exist)">Alto da Lapa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_da_Lapa" class="extiw" title="pt:Alto da Lapa">pt</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Alto_de_Pinheiros_(district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alto de Pinheiros (district of São Paulo)">Alto de Pinheiros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butant%C3%A3_(district_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" title="Butantã (district of São Paulo)">Butantã</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interlagos" title="Interlagos">Interlagos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardim_da_Sa%C3%BAde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardim da Saúde (page does not exist)">Jardim da Saúde</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cidade_Jardim_(bairro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cidade Jardim (bairro de São Paulo) (page does not exist)">Cidade Jardim (bairro de São Paulo)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_Jardim_(bairro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" class="extiw" title="pt:Cidade Jardim (bairro de São Paulo)">pt</a>]</span> (Garden City in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia" title="Goiânia">Goiânia</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a> state, and <a href="/wiki/Maring%C3%A1" title="Maringá">Maringá</a> are also examples of Garden Cities.</li> <li><b>Peru</b>. In Peru, there is a long tradition in urban design<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that has been reintroduced in its architecture more recently. In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Residencial_San_Felipe" title="Residencial San Felipe">Residencial San Felipe</a> in Lima's district of Jesus Maria was built using the Garden City concept.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While garden cities were praised for being an alternative to overcrowded and industrial cities, along with greater sustainability, garden cities were often criticized for damaging the economy, being destructive of the beauty of nature, and being inconvenient. According to A. Trystan Edwards, garden cities engender desecration of the countryside by trying to recreate countryside suburbs that could spread on their own; however, this was not a possible feat due to the limited space that they had (except at their outermost edges).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the environmental movement's embrace of <a href="/wiki/Urban_density" title="Urban density">urban density</a> has offered an "implicit critique" of the garden city movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward2005_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way the critique of the concept resembles critiques of other suburbanization models, though author Stephen Ward has argued that critics often do not adequately distinguish between true garden cities and more mundane <a href="/wiki/Dormitory_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormitory city">dormitory city</a> plans.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward2005_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is often referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban-design</a> experiment which is typified by failure due to the laneways used as common entries and exits to the houses, thereby helping to ghettoise communities and encourage crime; it has ultimately triggered efforts to 'de-Radburn'-ize, or to partially demolish American-Radburn-designed public housing areas.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH1231004105780_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH1231004105780-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Radburn, as used here, is not previously mentioned in the text (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When interviewed in 1998, the architect responsible for introducing the design to public housing in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Cox" title="Philip Cox">Philip Cox</a>, was reported to have admitted with regards to an American-Radburn-designed estate in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Villawood,_New_South_Wales" title="Villawood, New South Wales">Villawood</a>, "everything that could go wrong in a society went wrong," and "it became the centre of drugs, it became the centre of violence and, eventually, the police refused to go into it. It was hell."<sup id="cite_ref-SMH1231004105780_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH1231004105780-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the Garden City was adopted again in the UK after World War II, when the <a href="/wiki/New_Towns_Act_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="New Towns Act 1946">New Towns Act</a> spurred the development of many new communities based on Howard's egalitarian ideas. It also affected town planning in other countries, such as Italy; the INA-Casa plan – a national public housing plan from the 1950s and '60s – designed several suburbs according to Garden City principles: examples are found in many cities and towns of the country, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isolotto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isolotto (page does not exist)">Isolotto</a> suburb in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Falchera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falchera (page does not exist)">Falchera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harar_(Milan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harar (Milan) (page does not exist)">Harar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesate_Villaggio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesate Villaggio (page does not exist)">Cesate Villaggio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cesate" title="Cesate">Cesate</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Milan" title="Metropolitan City of Milan">Metropolitan City of Milan</a>), etc. </p><p>More recent application of the principles can be found in different contexts across the world. In <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>'s capital city <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, for example, the new plan, following the Principles of Intelligent Urbanism, is an organic response to the fragile ecology. Using sustainable concepts, it is a contemporary response to the garden city concept. The <a href="/wiki/Epcot_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Epcot Center">Epcot Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bay_Lake,_Florida" title="Bay Lake, Florida">Bay Lake, Florida</a>, took some influence from Howard's Garden City concept while the park was still under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore, a tropical city, has over time incorporated various facets of the Garden City concept in its town plans to try and make the country a unique City in a Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, the country started including concepts in its town plans to ensure that building codes and land use plans made adequate provisions for greenery and nature to become part of community development, thereby providing a great living environment. In 1996, the National Parks Board was given the mandate to spearhead the development and maintenance of greenery and bring the island's green spaces and parks to the community.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary town-planning charters like <i><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Principles of Intelligent Urbanism</a></i> originated with this movement. Today there are many garden cities in the world, but most of them have devolved to <a href="/wiki/Dormitory_suburb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormitory suburb">dormitory suburbs</a>, which completely differ from what Howard aimed to create.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Association" title="Town and Country Planning Association">Town and Country Planning Association</a> marked its 108th anniversary by calling for Garden City and Garden Suburb principles to be applied to the present <a href="/wiki/New_Towns" class="mw-redirect" title="New Towns">New Towns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eco-towns_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-towns (UK)">Eco-towns</a> in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign continued in 2013 with the publication in March of that year of "Creating Garden Cities and Suburbs Today - a guide for councils".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2013, Lord <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wolfson" title="Simon Wolfson">Simon Wolfson</a> announced that he would award the <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_Economics_Prize" title="Wolfson Economics Prize">Wolfson Economics Prize</a> for the best ideas on how to create a new garden city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2014 The Letchworth Declaration<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published which called for a body to accredit future garden cities in the UK. The declaration has a strong focus on the visible (architecture and layout) and the invisible (social, ownership and governance) architecture of a settlement. One result was the creation of the New Garden Cities Alliance as a <a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">community interest company</a>. Its aim is to be complementary to groups like the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Association" title="Town and Country Planning Association">Town and Country Planning Association</a> and it has adopted TCPA garden city principles as well as those from other groups, including those from Cabannes and Ross's booklet <i>21st Century Garden Cities of To-morrow</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_garden_cities_and_towns">New garden cities and towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: New garden cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">George Osborne</a> announced plans for a new garden city to be built at <a href="/wiki/Ebbsfleet_Valley" title="Ebbsfleet Valley">Ebbsfleet Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, in early 2014, with a second also planned as an expansion of <a href="/wiki/Bicester" title="Bicester">Bicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom government announced further plans for garden towns in 2015, supporting both the development of new communities in North <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> and support for sustainable and environmentally-friendly town development in <a href="/wiki/Didcot" title="Didcot">Didcot</a>, Oxfordshire.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "<a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> Garden City" was announced in 2016 with plans to build 45,000 new homes in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> on brownfield sites.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 January 2017, plans for new garden villages, each with between 1,500 and 10,000 homes, and garden towns each with more than 10,000 houses were announced by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These smaller projects have been proposed due to opposition of "<a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>" in the garden city projects, as well as such quick expansion to small communities. The first wave of villages to be approved by ministers are to be located in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Marston,_Warwickshire" title="Long Marston, Warwickshire">Long Marston, Warwickshire</a></li> <li>Oxfordshire Cotswold, Oxfordshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deenethorpe,_Northamptonshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Deenethorpe, Northamptonshire">Deenethorpe</a></li> <li>Culm, Devon</li> <li>Welborne, Hampshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Austell_and_Clay_Country_Eco-town" title="St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town">West Carclaze, Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunton_Wayletts" title="Dunton Wayletts">Dunton Hills, Essex</a></li> <li>Spitalgate Heath, Lincolnshire</li> <li>Halsnead, Merseyside</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcross" title="Longcross">Longcross, Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailrigg" title="Bailrigg">Bailrigg, Lancashire</a></li> <li>Infinity Garden Village, Derbyshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert_Without" title="St Cuthbert Without">St Cuthberts, Cumbria</a></li> <li>North Cheshire, Cheshire</li></ul> <p>The approved garden towns are to be located in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton" title="Taunton">Taunton, Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gilston" title="Gilston">Gilston</a>, Essex-Hertfordshire</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagrams">Diagrams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diagrams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagrams_from_the_1898_edition">Diagrams from the 1898 edition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diagrams from the 1898 edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard,_Ebenezer,_To-morrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform."><img alt="Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.jpg/81px-Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.jpg/122px-Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.jpg/162px-Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="2295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_No.1_(Howard,_Ebenezer,_To-morrow.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.1: The Three Magnets (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)"><img alt="Diagram No.1: The Three Magnets (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diagram_No.1_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/82px-Diagram_No.1_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diagram_No.1_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/123px-Diagram_No.1_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diagram_No.1_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/164px-Diagram_No.1_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="4118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.1: The Three Magnets (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_No.2_(Howard,_Ebenezer,_To-morrow.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)"><img alt="Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Diagram_No.2_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/120px-Diagram_No.2_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Diagram_No.2_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/180px-Diagram_No.2_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Diagram_No.2_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/240px-Diagram_No.2_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4118" data-file-height="2813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_No.3_(Howard,_Ebenezer,_To-morrow.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)"><img alt="Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Diagram_No.3_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/120px-Diagram_No.3_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Diagram_No.3_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/180px-Diagram_No.3_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Diagram_No.3_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/240px-Diagram_No.3_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4118" data-file-height="2813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_No.4_(Howard,_Ebenezer,_To-morrow.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.4 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)"><img alt="Diagram No.4 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diagram_No.4_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/82px-Diagram_No.4_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diagram_No.4_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/123px-Diagram_No.4_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diagram_No.4_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/164px-Diagram_No.4_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="4118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.4 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_No.5_(Howard,_Ebenezer,_To-morrow.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.5 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)"><img alt="Diagram No.5 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Diagram_No.5_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/82px-Diagram_No.5_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Diagram_No.5_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/123px-Diagram_No.5_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Diagram_No.5_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/164px-Diagram_No.5_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="4118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.5 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_No.6_(Howard,_Ebenezer,_To-morrow.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.6 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)"><img alt="Diagram No.6 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Diagram_No.6_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/82px-Diagram_No.6_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Diagram_No.6_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/123px-Diagram_No.6_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Diagram_No.6_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/164px-Diagram_No.6_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2813" data-file-height="4118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.6 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_No.7_(Howard,_Ebenezer,_To-morrow.).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.7 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)"><img alt="Diagram No.7 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Diagram_No.7_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/87px-Diagram_No.7_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Diagram_No.7_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/131px-Diagram_No.7_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Diagram_No.7_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg/175px-Diagram_No.7_%28Howard%2C_Ebenezer%2C_To-morrow.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2942" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.7 (Ebenezer Howard, To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagrams_from_the_1922_edition">Diagrams from the 1922 edition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diagrams from the 1922 edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow."><img alt="Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-01.jpg/81px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-01.jpg/121px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-01.jpg/162px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="3059" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow."><img alt="Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-02.jpg/80px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-02.jpg/120px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-02.jpg/160px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="2809" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow."><img alt="Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-03.jpg/76px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-03.jpg/114px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-03.jpg/152px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1959" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.1 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)"><img alt="Diagram No.1 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-04.jpg/82px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-04.jpg/123px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-04.jpg/165px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="4209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.1 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)"><img alt="Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-05.jpg/120px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-05.jpg/180px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-05.jpg/240px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4274" data-file-height="2931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.2 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)"><img alt="Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-06.jpg/120px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-06.jpg/180px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-06.jpg/240px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4039" data-file-height="2719" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.3 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.4 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)"><img alt="Diagram No.4 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-07.jpg/120px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-07.jpg/180px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-07.jpg/240px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%80%8E%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F3%E7%89%88-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4221" data-file-height="2894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.4 (Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow.)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Den-en_Toshi_(Garden_City)"_Tokyo:_Hakubunkan,_1907"><span id=".22Den-en_Toshi_.28Garden_City.29.22_Tokyo:_Hakubunkan.2C_1907"></span>"Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907."><img alt=""Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F01.jpg/91px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F01.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F01.jpg/137px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F01.jpg/183px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> "Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907."><img alt=""Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F02.jpg/81px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F02.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F02.jpg/122px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F02.jpg/162px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="3587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> "Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.1 ("Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907.)"><img alt="Diagram No.1 ("Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F03.jpg/120px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F03.jpg/180px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F03.jpg/240px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="1986" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.1 ("Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram No.2 ("Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907.)"><img alt="Diagram No.2 ("Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F04.jpg/120px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F04.jpg/180px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F04.jpg/240px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2578" data-file-height="1985" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Diagram No.2 ("Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907."><img alt=""Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F05.jpg/72px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F05.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F05.jpg/108px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F05.jpg/144px-%E5%86%85%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%B1%80%E7%B7%A8%E3%80%8E%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E3%80%8F05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2109" data-file-height="3514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> "Den-en Toshi (Garden City)" Tokyo: Hakubunkan, 1907.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garden_suburbs">Garden suburbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Garden suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of garden cities is to produce relatively economically independent cities with short commute times and the preservation of the countryside. Garden suburbs arguably do the opposite. Garden suburbs are built on the outskirts of large cities with no sections of industry. They are therefore dependent on reliable transport allowing workers to commute into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallWard199841_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallWard199841-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>, one of Howard's disciples, explained the difference as "The Garden City, as Howard defined it, is not a suburb but the antithesis of a suburb: not a rural retreat, but a more integrated foundation for an effective urban life."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The planned garden suburb emerged in the late 19th century as a by-product of new types of transportation were embraced by a newly prosperous merchant class. The first garden villages were built by English estate owners, who wanted to relocate or rebuild villages on their lands. It was in these cases that architects first began designing small houses. Early examples include <a href="/wiki/Harewood,_West_Yorkshire" title="Harewood, West Yorkshire">Harewood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Abbas" title="Milton Abbas">Milton Abbas</a>. Major innovations that defined early garden suburbs and subsequent suburban town planning include linking villa-like homes with landscaped public spaces and roads.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the emergence of the garden suburb in England, the typology flowered in the second half of the 19th century in United States. There were generally two garden suburb typologies, the garden village and the garden enclave. The garden villages are spatially independent of the city but remain connected to the city by railroads, streetcars, and later automobiles. The villages often included shops and civic buildings. In contrast, garden enclaves are typically strictly residential and emphasize natural and private space, instead of public and community space. The urban form of the enclaves was often coordinated through the use of early land use controls typical of modern zoning, including controlled setbacks, landscaping, and materials.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garden suburbs were not part of Howard's plan<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were actually a hindrance to garden city planning—they were in fact almost the antithesis of Howard's plan, what he tried to prevent. The suburbanisation of London was an increasing problem which Howard attempted to solve with his garden city model, which attempted to end urban sprawl by the sheer inhibition of land speculation due to the land being held in trust, and the inclusion of agricultural areas on the city outskirts.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a>, one of Howard's early collaborators on the <a href="/wiki/Letchworth_Garden_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Letchworth Garden City">Letchworth Garden City</a> project in 1907, became very influential in formalizing the garden city principles in the design of suburbs through his work <i>Town Planning in Practice: An Introduction to the Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs</i> (1909).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2002110–12_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2002110–12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book strongly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Town_Planning_Act_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing and Town Planning Act 1909">Housing and Town Planning Act of 1909</a>, which provided municipalities the power to develop urban plans for new suburban communities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller developments were also inspired by the garden city philosophy and were modified to allow for residential "garden suburbs" without the commercial and industrial components of the garden city.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were built on the outskirts of cities, in rural settings. Some notable examples being, in London, <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Garden_Suburb" title="Hampstead Garden Suburb">Hampstead Garden Suburb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_areas_in_Sutton,_London#The_Sutton_Garden_Suburb_Conservation_Area" title="Conservation areas in Sutton, London">Sutton Garden Suburb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benhilton" title="Benhilton">Benhilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinner" title="Pinner">Pinner</a>'s Pinnerwood conversation area and the <a href="/wiki/Romford_Garden_Suburb" title="Romford Garden Suburb">Romford Garden Suburb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gidea_Park" title="Gidea Park">Gidea Park</a> and, in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wavertree" title="Wavertree">Wavertree</a> Garden Suburb. The Gidea Park estate in particular was built during two main periods of activity, 1911 and 1934. Both resulted in some good examples of domestic architecture, by such architects as <a href="/wiki/Wells_Coates" title="Wells Coates">Wells Coates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Lubetkin" title="Berthold Lubetkin">Berthold Lubetkin</a>. Thanks to such strongly conservative local residents' associations as the Civic Society, both Hampstead and Gidea Park retain much of their original character. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bournville_Village_Trust" title="Bournville Village Trust">Bournville Village Trust</a> in Birmingham, UK, is an important residential development which was associated with the growth of 'Cadbury's Factory in a Garden'. Here garden city principles are a fundamental part of the Trust's activity. There are tight restrictions applying to the properties here such as no stonewall cladding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenida_Amsterdam_-_Colonia_Condesa_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Avenida_Amsterdam_-_Colonia_Condesa_2.JPG/220px-Avenida_Amsterdam_-_Colonia_Condesa_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Avenida_Amsterdam_-_Colonia_Condesa_2.JPG/330px-Avenida_Amsterdam_-_Colonia_Condesa_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Avenida_Amsterdam_-_Colonia_Condesa_2.JPG/440px-Avenida_Amsterdam_-_Colonia_Condesa_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Park median in Avenida Ámsterdam, the "grand avenue" of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> subdivision <a href="/wiki/Condesa" title="Condesa">Colonia Hipódromo de la Condesa</a>, designed in 1926 and inspired in part by Ebenezer Howard's Garden City</figcaption></figure> <p>Howard's influence reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, where architect <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Cuevas_(architect)" title="José Luis Cuevas (architect)">José Luis Cuevas</a> was influenced by the garden city concept in the design of two of the most iconic inner-city subdivisions, <a href="/wiki/Condesa" title="Condesa">Colonia Hipódromo de la Condesa</a> (1926) and <a href="/wiki/Lomas_de_Chapultepec" title="Lomas de Chapultepec">Lomas de Chapultepec</a> (1928-9):<sup id="cite_ref-sanchez_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanchez-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In 1926, Colonia Hipódromo<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a.k.a. Hipódromo de la Condesa), in what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Condesa" title="Condesa">Condesa</a> area, including its iconic parks <a href="/wiki/Parque_M%C3%A9xico" title="Parque México">Parque México</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parque_Espa%C3%B1a_(Mexico_City)" title="Parque España (Mexico City)">Parque España</a></li> <li>In 1928–29, <a href="/wiki/Lomas_de_Chapultepec" title="Lomas de Chapultepec">Lomas de Chapultepec</a></li></ul> <p>The subdivisions were based on the principles of the garden city as promoted by <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a>, including ample <a href="/wiki/Parks_and_gardens_of_Barcelona" title="Parks and gardens of Barcelona">parks and other open spaces</a>, park islands in the middle of "grand avenues", such as Avenida Amsterdam in colonia Hipódromo.<sup id="cite_ref-sanchez_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanchez-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One unique example of a garden suburb is the <a href="/wiki/Humberstone_Garden_Suburb" class="mw-redirect" title="Humberstone Garden Suburb">Humberstone Garden Suburb</a> in the United Kingdom by the Humberstone Anchor Tenants' Association in <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, and it is the only garden suburb ever to be built by the members of a workers' co-operative; it remains intact to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887 the workers of the Anchor Shoe Company in Humberstone formed a workers' cooperative and built 97 houses. </p><p>American architects and partners, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mahony_Griffin" title="Marion Mahony Griffin">Marion Mahony Griffin</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were proponents of the movement and after their arrival in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to design the national capital <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, they produced a number of garden suburb estates, most notably at <a href="/wiki/Eaglemont,_Victoria" title="Eaglemont, Victoria">Eaglemont</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Glenard_Estate,_Eaglemont" title="Glenard Estate, Eaglemont">Glenard</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mount Eagle Estates<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Ranelagh and Milleara Estates in Victoria. </p><p>The idea of garden suburbs was implemented by the Jewish settlers in <a href="/wiki/Mandate_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate Palestine">Mandate Palestine</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, as well as in British and French colonial urban areas in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Reade_(town_planner)" title="Charles Reade (town planner)">Charles Reade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_buildings" title="Garden buildings">Garden buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_city_movements" title="Greater city movements">Greater city movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_architecture" title="Utopian architecture">Utopian architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_urban_design_concepts">Related urban design concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Related urban design concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_urbanism" title="Ecological urbanism">Ecological urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPCOT_(concept)" title="EPCOT (concept)">EPCOT (concept)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Urban_Renaissance" title="European Urban Renaissance">European Urban Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Green belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_urbanism" title="Green urbanism">Green urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Principles of Intelligent Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_urban_planning_ideologies_of_the_1920s" title="Soviet urban planning ideologies of the 1920s">Soviet urban planning ideologies of the 1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_reclamation" title="Street reclamation">Street reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_Homesteads_Division" title="Subsistence Homesteads Division">Subsistence Homesteads Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_Oriented_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit Oriented Development">Transit Oriented Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_Towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition Towns">Transition Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples being the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a> (20 km<sup>2</sup> (7.7 sq mi), 850 AD) in Trujillo, north of Lima, and the 12th-century Inca city of <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>. Peru's modern capital, Lima, was designed in 1535 by Spanish Conquistadors to replace its ancient past as a religious sanctuary with 37 pyramids.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodall1987" class="citation cs2">Goodall, B (1987), <i>Dictionary of Human Geography</i>, London: Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Human+Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Goodall&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1902" class="citation cs2">Howard, E (1902), <i>Garden Cities of To-morrow</i> (2nd ed.), London: S. Sonnenschein & Co, pp. 2–7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garden+Cities+of+To-morrow&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2-7&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=S.+Sonnenschein+%26+Co&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200342-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200342_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFainsteinCampbell2003">Fainstein & Campbell 2003</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy19994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy19994_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy1999">Hardy 1999</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200343-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200343_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFainsteinCampbell2003">Fainstein & Campbell 2003</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200346-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200346_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFainsteinCampbell2003">Fainstein & Campbell 2003</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200347-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFainsteinCampbell200347_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFainsteinCampbell2003">Fainstein & Campbell 2003</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200268-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200268_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2002">Hall 2002</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Garden+cities+in+the+Jewish+Yishuv+of+Palestine%3A+Zionist+ideology+and+practice+1905%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-14&rft.date=2016-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02665433.2015.1039051&rft.issn=0266-5433&rft.aulast=Zaidman&rft.aufirst=Miki&rft.au=Kark%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F02665433.2015.1039051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOshima1996" class="citation journal cs1">Oshima, Ken Tadashi (1996-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Editions Mardaga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87009-082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87009-082-4"><bdi>978-2-87009-082-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525072719/https://books.google.com/books?id=vzT7ORDLuCcC&dq=cites+jardins&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=cites%20jardins&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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La Découverte (réédition numérique FeniXX). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-348-01090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-348-01090-3"><bdi>978-2-348-01090-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525072720/https://books.google.com/books?id=7u1XDwAAQBAJ&dq=cites+jardins+france&pg=PT3">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Van+Eesteren+Museum&rft.atitle=Western+Garden+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvaneesterenmuseum.nl%2Fen%2Fgarden-cities%2Fwestern-city-gardens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://powellrivertownsite.com/">"{title}"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808040849/http://powellrivertownsite.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%7Btitle%7D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpowellrivertownsite.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=10728&pid=0">"{title}"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010715/http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=10728&pid=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%7Btitle%7D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicplaces.ca%2Fen%2Frep-reg%2Fplace-lieu.aspx%3Fid%3D10728%26pid%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorley1998" class="citation book cs1">Horley, Robert (1998). <i>The Best Kept Secrets of Parma, "The Garden City"</i>. 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Trystan Edwards (January 1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2290955">"A Further Criticism of the Garden City Movement"</a>. <i>The Town Planning Review</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 312–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Ftpr.4.4.30717076162801hu">10.3828/tpr.4.4.30717076162801hu</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40100071">40100071</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122620/https://zenodo.org/record/2290955">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. pp. 205–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-82895-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-82895-0"><bdi>978-1-135-82895-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+City%3A+Past%2C+present+and+future&rft.pages=205-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft.isbn=978-1-135-82895-0&rft.au=Stephen+Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtidAYVFXSkC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMH1231004105780-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMH1231004105780_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH1231004105780_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDylan_Welch2009" class="citation news cs1">Dylan Welch (2009-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/demolition-orders/2009/01/07/1231004105780.html">"Demolition ordered for Rosemeadow estate"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201654/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/demolition-orders/2009/01/07/1231004105780.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Demolition+ordered+for+Rosemeadow+estate&rft.date=2009-01-08&rft.au=Dylan+Welch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fdemolition-orders%2F2009%2F01%2F07%2F1231004105780.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Rowland, Michelle (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2346/"><i>Manifestations of Ebenezer Howard in Disneyland</i></a> (MA thesis). University of South Florida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103721/http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2346/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Manifestations+of+Ebenezer+Howard+in+Disneyland&rft.inst=University+of+South+Florida&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F2346%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914115135/http://www.mnd.gov.sg/MNDAPPImages/About%20Us/From%20Garden%20City%20to%20City%20in%20a%20Garden.pdf">"City in a Garden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnd.gov.sg/MNDAPPImages/About%20Us/From%20Garden%20City%20to%20City%20in%20a%20Garden.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+in+a+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnd.gov.sg%2FMNDAPPImages%2FAbout%2520Us%2FFrom%2520Garden%2520City%2520to%2520City%2520in%2520a%2520Garden.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nparks.gov.sg/about-us/mission-and-history">"National Parks Board"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226150152/https://www.nparks.gov.sg/about-us/mission-and-history">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Parks+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nparks.gov.sg%2Fabout-us%2Fmission-and-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcpa.org.uk/pages/garden-cities.html">Garden Cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812190922/http://www.tcpa.org.uk/pages/garden-cities.html">Archived</a> 2013-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Town and Country Planning Association</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcpa.org.uk/pages/creating-garden-cities-and-suburbs-today-a-guide-for-councils.html">"Creating Garden Cities and Suburbs Today - a guide for councils"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706101153/http://www.tcpa.org.uk/pages/creating-garden-cities-and-suburbs-today-a-guide-for-councils.html">Archived</a> 2013-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gardencities.info/the-letchworth-declaration/The">"Letchworth Declaration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525072720/https://gardencities.info/the-letchworth-declaration/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letchworth+Declaration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgardencities.info%2Fthe-letchworth-declaration%2FThe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabannesRoss2015" class="citation book cs1">Cabannes, Yves; Ross, Philip (2015-02-13). <i>21st Century Garden Cities of To-morrow: A manifesto</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lulu.com" title="Lulu.com">Lulu.com</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-291-47827-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-291-47827-3"><bdi>978-1-291-47827-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Garden+Cities+of+To-morrow%3A+A+manifesto&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.isbn=978-1-291-47827-3&rft.aulast=Cabannes&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Ross%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (September 2021)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/georgeosborne/10701163/Ebbsfleet-Britains-first-new-garden-city.html">"Ebbsfleet: Britain's first new garden city"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920044610/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/georgeosborne/10701163/Ebbsfleet-Britains-first-new-garden-city.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Ebbsfleet%3A+Britain%27s+first+new+garden+city&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fgeorgeosborne%2F10701163%2FEbbsfleet-Britains-first-new-garden-city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30287273">"Bicester chosen as new garden city with 13,000 homes"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717221624/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30287273">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bicester+chosen+as+new+garden+city+with+13%2C000+homes&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-30287273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-garden-towns-to-create-thousands-of-new-homes">"New garden towns to create thousands of new homes"</a>. <i>Gov.uk</i>. United Kingdom Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917174611/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-garden-towns-to-create-thousands-of-new-homes">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=New+garden+towns+to+create+thousands+of+new+homes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fnew-garden-towns-to-create-thousands-of-new-homes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-35787001">"Black Country Garden City to get 45,000 new homes"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001114337/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-35787001">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Black+Country+Garden+City+to+get+45%2C000+new+homes&rft.date=2016-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-birmingham-35787001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann2017" class="citation news cs1">McCann, Kate (2 January 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/02/new-garden-towns-villages-provide-200000-homes-ease-housing/">"New garden towns and villages to provide 200,000 homes to ease housing shortage"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116151645/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/02/new-garden-towns-villages-provide-200000-homes-ease-housing/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=New+garden+towns+and+villages+to+provide+200%2C000+homes+to+ease+housing+shortage&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F01%2F02%2Fnew-garden-towns-villages-provide-200000-homes-ease-housing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallWard199841-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallWard199841_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallWard1998">Hall & Ward 1998</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternFishmanTilove2013" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Robert A.M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bdvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Paradise Planned: The Garden Suburb and the Modern City</i></a>. The Monacelli Press. pp. 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580933261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580933261"><bdi>978-1580933261</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525072720/https://books.google.com/books?id=8bdvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Planned%3A+The+Garden+Suburb+and+the+Modern+City&rft.pages=17-19&rft.pub=The+Monacelli+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1580933261&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.M.&rft.au=Fishman%2C+David&rft.au=Tilove%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bdvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternFishmanTilove2013" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Robert A.M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2013). <i>Paradise Planned: The Garden Suburb and the Modern City</i>. The Monacelli Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580933261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580933261"><bdi>978-1580933261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Planned%3A+The+Garden+Suburb+and+the+Modern+City&rft.pub=The+Monacelli+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1580933261&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.M.&rft.au=Fishman%2C+David&rft.au=Tilove%2C+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternFishmanTilove2013" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Robert A.M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bdvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Paradise Planned: The Garden Suburb and the Modern City</i></a>. The Monacelli Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580933261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580933261"><bdi>978-1580933261</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525072720/https://books.google.com/books?id=8bdvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Planned%3A+The+Garden+Suburb+and+the+Modern+City&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=The+Monacelli+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1580933261&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.M.&rft.au=Fishman%2C+David&rft.au=Tilove%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bdvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1996" class="citation cs2">Hall, Peter (1996), "4", <i>Cities of Tomorrow</i>, Oxford: BlackWell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=Cities+of+Tomorrow&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=BlackWell&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Design on the Land</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+on+the+Land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2002110–12-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall2002110–12_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2002">Hall 2002</a>, pp. 110–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternFishmanTilove2013" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Robert A.M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bdvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214"><i>Paradise Planned: The Garden Suburb and the Modern City</i></a>. The Monacelli Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580933261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580933261"><bdi>978-1580933261</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525073223/https://books.google.com/books?id=8bdvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+Planned%3A+The+Garden+Suburb+and+the+Modern+City&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=The+Monacelli+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1580933261&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.M.&rft.au=Fishman%2C+David&rft.au=Tilove%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bdvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollow2011" class="citation web cs1">Hollow, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1593132">"Suburban Ideals on England's Interwar Council Estates"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811103753/http://www.academia.edu/1593132/Suburban_Ideals_on_Englands_Interwar_Council_Estates">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suburban+Ideals+on+England%27s+Interwar+Council+Estates&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hollow&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1593132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanchez-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanchez_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanchez_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel_Sánchez_de_Carmona" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manuel Sánchez de Carmona; et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200323/http://148.206.107.15/biblioteca_digital/estadistica.php?id_host=6&tipo=ARTICULO&id=7769&archivo=11-546-7769mik.pdf"><i>El trazo de Las Lomas y de la Hipódromo Condesa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://148.206.107.15/biblioteca_digital/estadistica.php?id_host=6&tipo=ARTICULO&id=7769&archivo=11-546-7769mik.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-10-29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+trazo+de+Las+Lomas+y+de+la+Hip%C3%B3dromo+Condesa&rft.au=Manuel+S%C3%A1nchez+de+Carmona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F148.206.107.15%2Fbiblioteca_digital%2Festadistica.php%3Fid_host%3D6%26tipo%3DARTICULO%26id%3D7769%26archivo%3D11-546-7769mik.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaeh.edu.mx/docencia/P_Lectura/icbi/asignatura/HistoriaMex2_7.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Histoira de la Arquitectura Mexicana", Gabriela Piña Olivares, Autonomous University of Hidalgo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183752/http://www.uaeh.edu.mx/docencia/P_Lectura/icbi/asignatura/HistoriaMex2_7.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Histoira+de+la+Arquitectura+Mexicana%22%2C+Gabriela+Pi%C3%B1a+Olivares%2C+Autonomous+University+of+Hidalgo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaeh.edu.mx%2Fdocencia%2FP_Lectura%2Ficbi%2Fasignatura%2FHistoriaMex2_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/pages/Leicester%20Garden%20suburb.htm">"Humberstone Garden Suburb"</a>. UK: Utopia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718205515/http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/pages/Leicester%20Garden%20suburb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humberstone+Garden+Suburb&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Utopia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utopia-britannica.org.uk%2Fpages%2FLeicester%2520Garden%2520suburb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoad2012" class="citation book cs1">Goad, Philip (2012). <i>The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Australian+Architecture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Goad&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/14277">"Victorian Heritage Database"</a>. <i>vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au</i>. January 5, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514073826/http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/14277">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Victorian+Heritage+Database&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au%2Fplaces%2F14277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/11115">"Victorian Heritage Database"</a>. <i>vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au</i>. January 5, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116093307/http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/11115">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Victorian+Heritage+Database&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au%2Fplaces%2F11115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yossi_Katz_(geographer)" title="Yossi Katz (geographer)">Yossi Katz</a>), "The Extension of Ebenezer Howard's Ideas on Urbanization outside the British Isles: The Example of Palestine", <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41146338">41146338</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiora_BigonYossi_Katz2014" class="citation book cs1">Liora Bigon; <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Katz_(geographer)" title="Yossi Katz (geographer)">Yossi Katz</a>, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XLSkDAAAQBAJ">"From metropolitan to colonial planning: Dakar between garden city and cité-jardin"</a>. <i>Garden Cities and Colonial Planning</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0678-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0678-0"><bdi>978-1-5261-0678-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525073244/https://books.google.com/books?id=XLSkDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+metropolitan+to+colonial+planning%3A+Dakar+between+garden+city+and+cit%C3%A9-jardin&rft.btitle=Garden+Cities+and+Colonial+Planning&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-0678-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXLSkDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFainsteinCampbell2003" class="citation cs2">Fainstein, S; Campbell, S (2003), <i>Readings in planning theory</i>, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+planning+theory&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Fainstein&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Campbell%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2002" class="citation cs2">Hall, P (2002), <i>Cities of Tomorrow</i> (3rd ed.), Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+Tomorrow&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallWard1998" class="citation cs2">———; Ward, C (1998), <i>Sociable Cities: the Legacy of Ebenezer Howard</i>, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociable+Cities%3A+the+Legacy+of+Ebenezer+Howard&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Ward%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1999" class="citation cs2">Hardy, D (1999), <i>1899–1999</i>, London, England: Town and Country Planning Association</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1899%E2%80%931999&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Town+and+Country+Planning+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bigon, Liora. "Garden Cities." in <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies</i> (2019) pp: 1-6.</li> <li>Bigon, Liora, and Y. Katz, eds. <i>Garden Cities and Colonial Planning: Transnationality and Urban Ideas in Africa and Palestine</i> (Manchester University Press, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanafrica.net/review/review-garden-cities-colonial-planning-transnationality-urban-ideas-africa-palestine/">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623232057/http://www.urbanafrica.net/review/review-garden-cities-colonial-planning-transnationality-urban-ideas-africa-palestine/">Archived</a> 2015-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Clevenger, Samuel M., and David L. Andrews. "Regenerating the ‘Stock’ of the Empire: Biopower and Physical Culture in English Garden City Planning Discourse, 1898-1903." <i>International Journal of the History of Sport</i> (2021): 1-20.</li> <li>Freestone, Robert. "The garden city idea in Australia." <i>Australian Geographical Studies</i> 20.1 (1982): 24-48.</li> <li>Geertse, Michel. "The International Garden City campaign: transnational negotiations on town planning methods 1913-1926." <i>Journal of Urban History</i> 42.4 (2016): 733-752.</li> <li>Jones, Karen R. "'The Lungs of the City': Green Space, Public Health and Bodily Metaphor in the Landscape of Urban Park History." <i>Environment and History</i> 24.1 (2018): 39-58 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/whp/eh/2018/00000024/00000001/art00005?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123165053/https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/whp/eh/2018/00000024/00000001/art00005?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf">Archived</a> 2022-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Knight, Frances. "The Victorian city and the Christian imagination: from gothic city to garden city." <i>Urban History</i> 48.1 (2021): 37-53 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/2346225/Urban%20History%20finally%20accepted%20_.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123164230/https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/2346225/Urban%20History%20finally%20accepted%20_.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Kolankiewicz, Victoria, David Nichols, and Robert Freestone. "The tribulations of Walter Burley Griffin’s final Australian plan: Milleara as ‘the garden city of the future’ 1925–1965." <i>Planning Perspectives</i> 34.5 (2019): 911-923; on Melbourne suburbs.</li> <li>Lewis, John. "Preserving and maintaining the concept of Letchworth Garden City." <i>Planning perspectives</i> 30.1 (2015): 153-163.</li> <li>Meacham, Standish. <i>Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement</i> (1999).</li> <li>Miller, Mervyn. "Commemorating and celebrating Raymond Unwin (1863–1940)." <i>Planning Perspectives</i> 30.1 (2015): 129-140.</li> <li>Nikologianni, Anastasia, and Peter J. Larkham. "The Urban Future: Relating Garden City Ideas to the Climate Emergency." <i>Land</i> 11.2 (2022): 147+.</li> <li>Purdom, Charles Benjamin. <i>The Garden City: a study in the development of a modern town</i> (JM Dent & sons Limited, 1913), on Letchworth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YEUpkkm2MGkC&dq=green+town+garden+city&pg=PR1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630221114/https://books.google.com/books?id=YEUpkkm2MGkC&dq=green+town+garden+city&pg=PR1">Archived</a> 2023-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Reade, Charles C. "A defence of the Garden City movement." <i>The Town Planning Review</i> 4.3 (1913): 245-251, a primary source; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40100058">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123172357/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40100058">Archived</a> 2022-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossCabannes2012" class="citation cs2">Ross, P; Cabannes, Y (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newgardencitymovement.org.uk/"><i>21st Century Garden Cities of To-morrow - How to become a Garden City</i></a>, Letchworth Garden City: New Garden City Movement, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823141401/http://newgardencitymovement.org.uk/">archived</a> from the original on 2013-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Garden+Cities+of+To-morrow+-+How+to+become+a+Garden+City&rft.place=Letchworth+Garden+City&rft.pub=New+Garden+City+Movement&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Cabannes%2C+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newgardencitymovement.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarden+city+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Stern, Robert A. M., David Fishman, and Jacob Tilove, eds. <i>Paradise planned: the garden suburb and the modern city</i> (Monacelli Press, 2013).</li> <li>van Rooijen, Maurits. "Garden city versus green town: The case of Amsterdam 1910–1935." <i>Planning Perspective</i> 5.3 (1990): 285-293.</li> <li>Ward, Stephen. <i>The garden city: Past, present and future</i> (Routledge, 2005).</li> <li>Wilson, Matthew. "A new civic spirit for garden city-states: on the lifework of Sybella Gurney." <i>Journal of Planning History</i> 17.4 (2018): 320-344. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/62304002/Wilson__Mattthew__Gurney__Journal_of_Planning_History__201820200307-125442-1eojlyf.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_city_movement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rickmansworthherts.com/howard1.htm">Sir Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City Movement</a> Norman Lucey 1973</li> <li>Patrick Barkham <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/oct/01/britains-housing-crisis-are-gaden-cities-the-answer-ebbsfleet-kent-green-belt">Britain's housing crisis: are garden cities the answer?</a> 2 October 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.pl/en/article/nature-meets-culture-polands-garden-cities">Nature Meets Culture: Poland's Garden Cities</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_urban_planning" title="Outline of urban planning">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission" title="Planning and zoning commission">Planning and zoning commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_area" title="Labor market area">Labor market area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a> (Eur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_development" title="Preservation development">Preservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Rural housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_design_statement" title="Village design statement">Village design statement</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="YIMBY movement">YIMBY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_community" title="Mining community">Mining community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_village" title="Pit village">Pit village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_camp" title="Man camp">Man camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEED-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="LEED-ND">LEED-ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/<br />practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_planning_institutes" title="Category:Professional planning institutes">Professional organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning_in_Serbia" title="Spatial planning in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Barcelona" title="Urban planning of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Shanghai" title="Urban planning of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Sydney" title="Urban planning of Sydney">Sydney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Africa" title="Urban planning in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Communist countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Urban planning in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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