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.MuiGrid-item { padding: 0.75rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-4 { width: calc(100% + 2rem); margin: -1rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-4 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 1rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-5 { width: calc(100% + 2.5rem); margin: -1.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-5 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 1.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-6 { width: calc(100% + 3rem); margin: -1.5rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-6 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 1.5rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-7 { width: calc(100% + 3.5rem); margin: -1.75rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-7 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 1.75rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-8 { width: calc(100% + 4rem); margin: -2rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-8 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 2rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-9 { width: calc(100% + 4.5rem); margin: -2.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-9 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 2.25rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-10 { width: calc(100% + 5rem); margin: -2.5rem; } .MuiGrid-spacing-xs-10 > .MuiGrid-item { padding: 2.5rem; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } @media (min-width:600px) { .MuiGrid-grid-sm-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-sm-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } } @media (min-width:960px) { .MuiGrid-grid-md-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-md-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } } @media (min-width:1280px) { .MuiGrid-grid-lg-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-lg-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } } @media (min-width:1920px) { .MuiGrid-grid-xl-auto { flex-grow: 0; max-width: none; flex-basis: auto; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-true { flex-grow: 1; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 0; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-1 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 8.333333%; flex-basis: 8.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-2 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 16.666667%; flex-basis: 16.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-3 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 25%; flex-basis: 25%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-4 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 33.333333%; flex-basis: 33.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-5 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 41.666667%; flex-basis: 41.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-6 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 50%; flex-basis: 50%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-7 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 58.333333%; flex-basis: 58.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-8 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 66.666667%; flex-basis: 66.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-9 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 75%; flex-basis: 75%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-10 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 83.333333%; flex-basis: 83.333333%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-11 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 91.666667%; flex-basis: 91.666667%; } .MuiGrid-grid-xl-12 { flex-grow: 0; max-width: 100%; flex-basis: 100%; } } .jss2 { color: #fff; z-index: 1300; position: relative; padding-top: 1.5rem; padding-bottom: 1.5rem; background-color: #0d224c; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss3 { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss3 { flex-shrink: 0; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss4 { margin-top: 1.5rem; flex-shrink: 0; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss5 { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss6 { margin-right: 1.5rem; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss7 { margin-top: 1.5rem; flex-shrink: 0; margin-right: 1rem; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss7 { margin-right: 1.5rem; } } .jss8 { margin-top: 1rem; } .jss1 { clip: rect(0 0 0 0); color: #000; width: 1px; height: 1px; display: block; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; clip-path: inset(50%); padding-top: 0.5rem; white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; text-decoration: unset; background-color: #fd6; } .jss1:focus { clip: unset; width: unset; height: unset; outline: .25rem solid transparent; overflow: unset; position: unset; clip-path: unset; white-space: unset; } .jss34 > * { box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto; } .jss35 { padding-top: 1.5rem; padding-bottom: 2.5rem; } .jss36 { padding-top: 2.5rem; padding-bottom: 2.5rem; } .jss37 { padding-top: 1.5rem; padding-bottom: 2.5rem; } .jss38 { color: #fff; } .jss39 { background-color: #4c4c4c; } .jss40 { background-color: #404040; } .jss41 { background-color: #333; } .jss42 { display: inline; } .jss43:link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .jss43:visited { color: #fff; } .jss43:focus { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss43:hover { color: #d9d9d9; transition: color .2s ease; text-decoration: underline; } .jss43:focus:hover { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss43:active { color: #fff; } .jss43:focus:active { color: #fff; outline: none; box-shadow: none; text-decoration: underline; background-color: transparent; } .jss44 { margin: 0; display: inline; padding: 0; list-style: none; } .jss45 { display: inline-block; font-size: .875rem; margin-top: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss45 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss45 strong { font-weight: bolder; } .jss45:not(:last-child) { margin-right: 1rem; } .jss46::before { content: ">"; margin-right: 1rem; } .jss47 { width: calc(100% + 1.5rem); margin-left: -0.75rem; margin-right: -0.75rem; } .jss47 .MuiGrid-item { padding-left: 0.75rem; padding-right: 0.75rem; } @media (max-width:959.95px) { .jss47 { width: calc(100% + 1rem); margin-left: -0.5rem; margin-right: -0.5rem; } .jss47 .MuiGrid-item { padding-left: 0.5rem; padding-right: 0.5rem; } } .jss48 { padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .jss49 { font-size: .875rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; padding-top: 1rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss49 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss49 strong { font-weight: bolder; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss49 { border-top: .0625rem solid #707070; padding-top: 1.5rem; } } .jss50 { list-style: none; margin-top: 1.5rem; padding-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss51 { margin-top: 3rem; } } .jss52 { font-size: 1rem; font-family: "Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } @media (min-width:960px) { .jss52 { font-size: 1.25rem; line-height: 2rem; } } .jss52 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss52 strong { font-weight: bolder; } .jss53 { font-size: .875rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss53 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss53 strong { font-weight: bolder; } .jss53:not(:first-child) { margin-top: 1rem; } .jss54 { margin-right: 0.5rem; } .jss55 { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; list-style: none; margin-top: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .jss56 { margin-bottom: 0; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss56 { margin-bottom: 1.5rem; } } .jss57 { font-size: .875rem; margin-top: 1rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss57 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss57 strong { font-weight: bolder; } .jss57:not(:last-child) { margin-right: 1.5rem; } .jss58 { font-size: .875rem; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.428571428571429rem; padding-top: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss58 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss58 strong { font-weight: bolder; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss58 { border-top: .0625rem solid #707070; } } .jss59:link { color: #fff; text-decoration: underline; } .jss59:visited { color: #d9d9d9; } .jss59:focus { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss59:hover { color: #d9d9d9; transition: color .2s ease; text-decoration: underline; } .jss59:focus:hover { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss59:active { color: #fff; } .jss59:focus:active { color: #fff; outline: none; box-shadow: none; text-decoration: underline; background-color: transparent; } .jss23 { display: none; align-items: center; margin-left: auto; justify-content: center; } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss23 { gap: 8px; display: flex; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss23 { margin-top: 0.5rem; } } .jss24 { color: #069; width: 36px; border: none; height: 36px; justify-content: center; background-color: #e4e9ec; } .jss24:hover { color: #fff; cursor: pointer; background-color: #069; } .jss24:focus { color: #fff; outline: .25rem solid #fd6; outline-offset: -2px; background-color: #069; } .jss25 { display: flex; position: relative; align-items: center; margin-left: auto; } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss25 { top: 100%; right: 0; display: none; padding: 1.8rem; position: absolute; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); background-color: #fff; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); } } @media (max-width: 400px) { .jss25 { left: 0; } } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss25.visible { display: block; } } .jss26 { color: #666; display: block; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: unset; } .jss26:hover { color: #004777; text-decoration: underline; } .jss26:focus { color: #000; outline: transparent solid 0.25rem; box-shadow: rgb(255 221 102) 0px 0.25rem 0px 0px, rgb(255 221 102) 0px -0.25rem 0px 0px; text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(255, 221, 102); } .jss27 { top: 100%; right: 0; width: 600px; display: none; padding: 20px 30px; position: absolute; border-top: 2px solid #00557f; box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); text-align: center; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); background-color: #fff; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 5px 4px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss27 { display: none; } } .jss28 { top: 50%; color: #2c3841; right: 1.8rem; width: 32px; border: none; bottom: 0; cursor: pointer; height: 32px; display: flex; position: absolute; transform: translateY(-50%); align-items: center; justify-content: center; background-color: transparent; } @media (min-width: 757px) { .jss28 { right: 10px; } } .jss28:hover { opacity: 0.5; } .jss28:focus { outline: .25rem solid #fd6; background-color: #fff; } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss29 { width: 100%; } } @media (min-width: 757px) { .jss29:focus-within #predictive-results.visible { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 757px) { .jss30 { padding: 10px 10px; position: relative; margin-right: -10px; } .jss30.has-search-term:focus-within { box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom,#e4e9ec 0%,#fff 100%); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%); } } .jss31 { width: 210px; border: 2px solid #E4E9EC; display: block; padding: 5px 32px 4px 9px; min-height: 31px; background-color: #fff; } .jss31:focus { outline: .25rem solid #fd6; background-color: #fff; } .jss31::-webkit-search-cancel-button, .jss31::-webkit-search-decoration, .jss31 -webkit-search-results-button, .jss31 -webkit-search-results-decoration { display: none; } .jss31::-ms-clear { width: 0; height: 0; display: none; } .jss31::-ms-reveal { width: 0; height: 0; display: none; } .jss31:-webkit-autofill, .jss31:-webkit-autofill:hover, .jss31:-webkit-autofill:active, .jss31:-webkit-autofill:focus { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 0px 1000px #fff inset; } @media (max-width: 757px) { .jss31 { width: 100%; } } .jss32 span { clip: rect(0 0 0 0); width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; clip-path: inset(50%); white-space: nowrap; } .jss9 { z-index: 1100; position: relative; } .jss10 { color: #666; background-color: #fff; } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss10 { padding-top: 0.5rem; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss11::before { content: ''; display: table; } .jss11::after { clear: both; content: ''; display: table; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss11 { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss12 { float: left; } } .jss13 { display: flex; } .jss14 { line-height: 0; } .jss15 { margin-left: 16px; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss15 { margin-top: 1rem; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss15 { margin-top: .625rem; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss16 { font-size: 1rem; font-family: "Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.5rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss16 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss16 strong { font-weight: bolder; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss16 { font-size: 1.25rem; font-family: "Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2rem; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss16 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss16 strong { font-weight: bolder; } } .jss17 { margin-right: 3px; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss18 { display: none; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss18 { font-size: 1.25rem; font-family: "Roboto", "Helvetica", "Arial", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 2rem; margin-left: 3px; letter-spacing: unset; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } .jss18 b { font-weight: bolder; } .jss18 strong { font-weight: bolder; } } .jss19:link { color: #666; text-decoration: unset; } .jss19:visited { color: #666; } .jss19:focus { color: #000; outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: 0 .25rem 0 0 #fd6, 0 -.25rem 0 0 #fd6; text-decoration: none; background-color: #fd6; } .jss19:focus:not(:focus-visible) { outline: .25rem solid transparent; box-shadow: unset; text-decoration: underline; background-color: unset; } .jss19:hover { color: #004777; text-decoration: underline; } .jss19:active { color: #000; text-decoration: underline; } @media (hover: none) { .jss19:hover { color: #666; } } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss20 { width: 2.5rem; height: 2.5rem; } } @media (min-width:600px) { .jss20 { width: 3.25rem; height: 3.25rem; } } .jss21 { display: inline-block; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss21 { margin-top: 0.5rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; } } .jss21:focus { outline: .25rem solid #fd6; } .jss21:focus:not(:focus-visible) { outline: none; } .jss21:hover { opacity: 0.7; } .jss21:active { opacity: 1; } @media (hover: none) { .jss21:hover { opacity: 1; } } .jss22 { margin-left: 8px; } @media (max-width:599.95px) { .jss22 { float: right; margin-top: .625rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; } }</style><style 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class="box-border block w-full px-2 md:px-3 " data-testclass="grid-item"><div class="pb-3 border-t-0 border-b border-solid border-x-0 border-jiscAlto"><section data-testid="author-brief" class="flex flex-col flex-wrap"><div class="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-start font-sans antialiased"><div class="mr-5"><img class="border-[1px] border-solid border-jiscAlto flex-wrap" width="58px" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602im_/https://jisc-ac-uk-static-assets-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media/original_images/web-author-avatar-purple-400x400.jpg"/></div>by<div class="mx-1">Clare Stonebridge</div><time datetime="2024-06-24T09:38:35.209825Z">24 June 2024</time></div></section></div><p class=" mt-8 mb-8 font-sans antialiased text-[1.25rem] font-light leading-[2rem] md:text-[1.5rem] text-jiscMineShaft" data-component="typography--custom">How can universities and colleges keep services running smoothly during critical periods like clearing and enrolment?</p><img class=" block object-cover w-full" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602im_/https://jisc-ac-uk-static-assets-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media/original_images/fifth-july-cyber-blog-feature.jpg" alt="Worried woman looking at a laptop."/><div class="mt-8 "><div class=" clearfix | prose | antialiased | font-sans | max-w-full | prose-h2:text-[2rem] prose-h2:font-normal prose-h2:leading-[3.0rem] prose-h2:sm:text-[2.25rem] prose-h2:md:text-[2.5rem] prose-h2:md:leading-[3.5rem] | prose-h2:mt-10 prose-h2:mb-6 first:prose-h2:mt-0 last:prose-h2:mb-0 prose-h3:text-[1.5rem] prose-h3:font-medium prose-h3:leading-[2rem] first:prose-h3:mt-0 last:prose-h3:mb-0 prose-h3:mt-10 prose-h3:mb-6 prose-h3:sm:text-[1.75rem] prose-h3:sm:leading-[2.5rem] prose-h3:md:text-[2rem] prose-h3:md:leading-[3rem] | prose-h4:text-[1.25rem] prose-h4:font-normal prose-h4:leading-[2rem] first:prose-h4:mt-0 last:prose-h4:mb-0 prose-h4:mt-10 prose-h4:mb-6 prose-h4:md:text-[1.5rem] prose-h4:md:leading-[2rem] | 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first:prose-ol:mt-0 last:prose-ol:mb-0 prose-ol:my-6 prose-ol:pl-8 prose-ol:leading-[1.5rem] | first:prose-ul:mt-0 last:prose-ul:mb-0 prose-ul:my-6 prose-ul:pl-8 prose-ul:leading-[1.5rem] | prose-table:leading-[1.5rem] | prose-table:mt-[unset] prose-table:mb-[unset] | prose-table:border-collapse | prose-p:prose-td:text-[0.875rem] | prose-p:prose-th:text-[0.875rem] | prose-li:prose-th:text-[0.875rem] | prose-li:prose-td:text-[0.875rem] | prose-td:border-solid prose-td:border-l-[0rem] prose-td:border-r-[0rem] prose-td:border-jiscAlto | prose-td:border-b-[0.0625rem] prose-td:border-t-[0.0625rem] | prose-td:p-4 prose-td:align-middle prose-td:leading-[1.5rem]| prose-th:border-solid prose-th:border-l-[0rem] prose-th:border-r-[0rem] prose-th:border-jiscAlto | prose-th:border-b-[0.0625rem] prose-th:border-t-[0.0625rem] prose-th:border-b-jiscAlto prose-th:border-t-jiscAlto | prose-th:p-4 prose-th:align-middle prose-th:leading-[1.5rem] | prose-th:font-medium | prose-tr:border-b-jiscAlto prose-tr:border-t-jiscAlto | prose-img:block prose-img:max-w-full prose-img:h-auto prose-img:my-6 prose-img:leading-none | prose-a:font-normal prose-a:text-jiscBahamaBlue prose-a:underline | visited:prose-a:text-jiscPurple | focus:prose-a:text-jiscBlack focus:prose-a:bg-jiscDandelion focus:prose-a:outline focus:prose-a:outline-4 focus:prose-a:outline-transparent focus:prose-a:no-underline focus:prose-a:shadow-[0_.25rem_0_0_#fd6,_0_-.25rem_0_0_#fd6] | hover:prose-a:text-jiscRegalBlue | active:prose-a:text-jiscBlack | focus:active:prose-a:underline focus:active:prose-a:bg-transparent focus:active:prose-a:shadow-none | prose-strong:prose-a:text-jiscBahamaBlue | prose-strong:visited:prose-a:text-jiscPurple | prose-strong:focus:prose-a:text-jiscBlack | prose-strong:hover:prose-a:text-jiscRegalBlue | prose-strong:active:prose-a:text-jiscBlack || prose-blockquote:border-l-jiscAlto || marker:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-blockquote:text-jiscDoveGrey | prose-headings:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-li:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-ol:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-p:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-strong:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-table:text-jiscMineShaft | prose-ul:text-jiscMineShaft | | |"><p data-block-key="pevzi">A cyber incident can be disastrous at any time, but there are some days in the year when a website or email failure will be much more damaging than others. One of those key periods for higher and further education is fast approaching now.</p><p data-block-key="e110q">Because this year, clearing starts on 5th July.</p><p data-block-key="7lp1h">For students, clearing is a time of anticipation, excitement and celebration.</p><p data-block-key="6t1nq">For universities and colleges, it’s a stressful time when IT systems need to work without a hitch.</p><p data-block-key="9qth3">And for cyber criminals, it’s an open invitation.</p><p data-block-key="5uo5f">So what can universities and colleges do to prepare their cyber security defences and reduce the risks they will inevitably face when clearing begins?</p><h2 id="start-now-a8es0" data-block-key="a8es0">Start now</h2><p data-block-key="1e9ch">Every year at around this time, thousands of prospective students apply - either online or by phone - to multiple institutions, making this the busiest day of the year for their IT and communications infrastructures.</p><p data-block-key="3fjir">And cyber criminals know that.</p><p data-block-key="396ql">Disparate departments, external people logging into networks from personal devices at all times of the day and night, an expanded attack surface - all combine to make institutions particularly vulnerable. Threat actors see them as lucrative targets because, especially during this period, they hold a wealth of valuable data in the form of personal information.</p><p data-block-key="dgo1n">Anxious applicants are easy prey, likely to fall for a phishing email. Institutions’ infrastructures are dealing with high levels of external communications, making it easier to break into the network and steal a treasure trove of information. And a ransomware attack at this vital juncture will be especially damaging and therefore potentially more effective.</p><p data-block-key="3vrs1">Although some recent high-profile incidents have prompted universities and colleges to harden their defences, now is not the time to get complacent.</p><p data-block-key="f64le">By starting now, institutions can ensure that all their external internet-facing systems such as websites, virtual private networks (VPNs) and comms systems run smoothly and without interruption throughout this high-risk period.</p><h2 id="guard-against-ddos-attacks-195oh" data-block-key="195oh">Guard against DDoS attacks</h2><p data-block-key="7kak9">The underlying domain name system (DNS) infrastructure that supports all these functions is critical for business continuity.</p><p data-block-key="d0j0a">So everyone needs to be extra vigilant during clearing, and again when the new term begins - especially when it comes to opening messages and clicking on links. Phishing emails account for 90% of initial compromises globally, and all it takes for a breach to happen is for one person to unwittingly click on a malicious link in a phishing email.</p><p data-block-key="5kh87">This can trigger a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack whereby cyber criminals attempt to disrupt the institution’s computer and internet resources by flooding the network with data. These attacks have increased in scale and sophistication over recent years and continue to cause significant disruption and financial repercussions.</p><p data-block-key="8vo40">At Jisc we’ve seen a significant spike in DNS flood attacks, a type of DDoS attack whereby a threat actor sends a large number of rapid requests to deliberately disrupt name resolution for that domain. If an institution’s primary DNS infrastructure goes down, it can prevent access to websites or email systems - and that’s the last thing anyone wants, especially during clearing and enrolment.</p><p data-block-key="b54pq">The <a href="/web/20240704114602/https://jisc.ac.uk/ddos-mitigation-services/">foundation DDoS mitigation</a> service included in Jisc membership protects systems against DDoS attacks on the Janet connection, helping to maintain connectivity to the online world.</p><p data-block-key="7ok47">Also included in membership is access to Jisc’s full incident response capability, with dedicated CSIRT experts who have gained certification to <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602/https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/schemes/cyber-incident-response">NCSC Cyber Incident Response (CIR) Level 2</a> and can provide advice and guidance in the event of an attack.</p><h2 id="ensure-24/7/365-cyber-protection-–-even-if-it’s-just-at-critical-times-42k14" data-block-key="42k14">Ensure 24/7/365 cyber protection – even if it’s just at critical times</h2><p data-block-key="1ehmm">We offer the option to upgrade to <a href="/web/20240704114602/https://jisc.ac.uk/ddos-mitigation-services/">Foundation Plus</a>, which provides 24/7 automated protection against Jisc-detected volumetric DDoS attacks, and <a href="/web/20240704114602/https://jisc.ac.uk/critical-services-protection/">critical services protection,</a> which provides an additional layer of automated protection 24/7/365 to safeguard business-critical services such as web, DNS and VPN.</p><p data-block-key="d8b4t">Alternatively, a four-month critical services protection package, specifically designed to maintain the availability of key systems throughout clearing and enrolment, gives extra DDoS security and peace of mind when it matters most.</p><p data-block-key="21fhg">Flexible annual or discounted multi-year options are also available.</p><h2 id="get-the-basics-right-3mist" data-block-key="3mist">Get the basics right</h2><p data-block-key="3rbls">As well as taking advantage of the cyber security services that Jisc offers as part of membership, there are basic steps any institution can take to strengthen their <a href="/web/20240704114602/https://jisc.ac.uk/cyber-security/">cyber security posture</a> between now and July 5th.</p><p data-block-key="a8ci6">Make sure there’s a patching process. Switch on multi-factor authentication, insist on a strong password policy and restrict admin access. Segment business-critical systems and back-up servers so that, if an attacker cracks into the system, they cannot migrate through it and damage can be contained.</p><p data-block-key="da0kk">Regular rehearsals, exercises and tests are key to an institution’s ability to respond to cyber security threats and incidents. Make sure everyone in your organisation knows what to do in the event of a serious security incident. Regularly rehearse scenarios with a view to continual improvement, remembering to reflect changes in the threat landscape and technology.</p><p data-block-key="3bud2">And keep updated by joining the <a href="/web/20240704114602/https://jisc.ac.uk/get-involved/cyber-security-community-group/">Jisc cyber community group</a>. With more than 2,000 members, it’s a forum for sharing knowledge, best practice and <a href="/web/20240704114602/https://jisc.ac.uk/blog/shared-threat-intelligence-is-a-game-changer-for-uk-education-and-research/">threat intelligence</a> for the benefit of the whole education and research sector.</p><h2 id="find-out-more-9hpcf" data-block-key="9hpcf">Find out more</h2><p data-block-key="3u071">Explore the latest cyber security technologies, innovations and future insights from both a national and international perspective at <a href="/web/20240704114602/https://jisc.ac.uk/security-conference/">Jisc’s Security Conference 2024</a>, 26-27 November, ICC Wales, and 28 November online.</p></div></div><div class="mt-5"><section data-testid="author-bio" class="flex flex-col font-sans antialiased border-0 border-t-[.0625rem] border-solid border-jiscAlto mt-10"><h2 class="mt-10 mb-6">About the author</h2><div class="flex pb-5" id="Clare-Stonebridge"><div class="mr-5"><img class="border-[1px] border-solid border-jiscAlto" width="58px" src="http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602im_/https://jisc-ac-uk-static-assets-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media/original_images/web-author-avatar-purple-400x400.jpg"/></div><div class="flex flex-col "><div class="mb-1 text-xl font-light break-all">Clare Stonebridge</div><div class="mb-3 text-sm text-[#2c3841] break-all">Network security services manager, Jisc</div><div class="text-base"></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div></div></article></main><footer aria-labelledby="site-footer" class="jss34"><div class="jss38 jss35 jss39"><div class="MuiContainer-root MuiContainer-maxWidthMd"><div class="MuiGrid-root jss47 MuiGrid-container"><div class="MuiGrid-root jss48 MuiGrid-item MuiGrid-grid-xs-12 MuiGrid-grid-sm-9"><h2 class="MuiTypography-root MuiTypography-srOnly" id="site-footer">Site footer</h2><div class=""><nav aria-label="Breadcrumb" class="jss42"><ul class="jss44"><li class="jss45"><a aria-label="Jisc homepage" 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type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"path":["blog","beware-the-5th-of-july-the-worst-day-of-the-year-for-a-cyber-attack"],"pageData":{"id":2661,"meta":{"type":"base.BlogPage","detail_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602/http://backend:8000/api/v2/pages/2661/","html_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602/https://www.jisc.ac.uk/blog/beware-the-5th-of-july-the-worst-day-of-the-year-for-a-cyber-attack/","slug":"beware-the-5th-of-july-the-worst-day-of-the-year-for-a-cyber-attack","show_in_menus":false,"seo_title":"Beware the 5th of July – the worst day of the year for a cyber attack","search_description":"How can universities and colleges keep services running smoothly during critical periods like clearing and enrolment?","first_published_at":"2024-06-24T09:38:35.209825Z","alias_of":null,"parent":{"id":1030,"meta":{"type":"base.BlogsListingPage","detail_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602/http://backend:8000/api/v2/pages/1030/","html_url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602/https://www.jisc.ac.uk/blog/"},"title":"Blog"}},"title":"Beware the 5th of July – the worst day of the year for a cyber attack","authors":[{"id":161,"meta":{"type":"base.BlogAuthorsOrderable"},"first_name":"Clare","last_name":"Stonebridge","job_title":"Network security services manager, Jisc","bio_link":null,"summary":"","image":{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602/https://jisc-ac-uk-static-assets-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media/original_images/web-author-avatar-purple-400x400.jpg","title":"web-author-avatar-purple","id":61},"image_alt_text":null}],"breadcrumbs":[{"id":1,"name":"Root","url":null},{"id":3,"name":"Jisc","url":"/"},{"id":1030,"name":"Blog","url":"/blog/"},{"id":2661,"name":"Beware the 5th of July – the worst day of the year for a cyber attack","url":"/blog/beware-the-5th-of-july-the-worst-day-of-the-year-for-a-cyber-attack/"}],"categories":[{"id":3,"name":"Cyber security"}],"featured_image":{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20240704114602/https://jisc-ac-uk-static-assets-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media/original_images/fifth-july-cyber-blog-feature.jpg","title":"Fifth july cyber blog feature","width":710,"height":351},"featured_image_alt":"Worried woman looking at a laptop.","open_graph_image":null,"open_graph_image_alt":"","summary":"How can universities and colleges keep services running smoothly during critical periods like clearing and enrolment?","page_body":[{"type":"content_block","value":"\u003cp data-block-key=\"pevzi\"\u003eA cyber incident can be disastrous at any time, but there are some days in the year when a website or email failure will be much more damaging than others. One of those key periods for higher and further education is fast approaching now.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"e110q\"\u003eBecause this year, clearing starts on 5th July.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7lp1h\"\u003eFor students, clearing is a time of anticipation, excitement and celebration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"6t1nq\"\u003eFor universities and colleges, it’s a stressful time when IT systems need to work without a hitch.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"9qth3\"\u003eAnd for cyber criminals, it’s an open invitation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5uo5f\"\u003eSo what can universities and colleges do to prepare their cyber security defences and reduce the risks they will inevitably face when clearing begins?\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"start-now-a8es0\" data-block-key=\"a8es0\"\u003eStart now\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1e9ch\"\u003eEvery year at around this time, thousands of prospective students apply - either online or by phone - to multiple institutions, making this the busiest day of the year for their IT and communications infrastructures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3fjir\"\u003eAnd cyber criminals know that.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"396ql\"\u003eDisparate departments, external people logging into networks from personal devices at all times of the day and night, an expanded attack surface - all combine to make institutions particularly vulnerable. Threat actors see them as lucrative targets because, especially during this period, they hold a wealth of valuable data in the form of personal information.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"dgo1n\"\u003eAnxious applicants are easy prey, likely to fall for a phishing email. Institutions’ infrastructures are dealing with high levels of external communications, making it easier to break into the network and steal a treasure trove of information. And a ransomware attack at this vital juncture will be especially damaging and therefore potentially more effective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3vrs1\"\u003eAlthough some recent high-profile incidents have prompted universities and colleges to harden their defences, now is not the time to get complacent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"f64le\"\u003eBy starting now, institutions can ensure that all their external internet-facing systems such as websites, virtual private networks (VPNs) and comms systems run smoothly and without interruption throughout this high-risk period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"guard-against-ddos-attacks-195oh\" data-block-key=\"195oh\"\u003eGuard against DDoS attacks\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7kak9\"\u003eThe underlying domain name system (DNS) infrastructure that supports all these functions is critical for business continuity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d0j0a\"\u003eSo everyone needs to be extra vigilant during clearing, and again when the new term begins - especially when it comes to opening messages and clicking on links. Phishing emails account for 90% of initial compromises globally, and all it takes for a breach to happen is for one person to unwittingly click on a malicious link in a phishing email.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"5kh87\"\u003eThis can trigger a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack whereby cyber criminals attempt to disrupt the institution’s computer and internet resources by flooding the network with data. These attacks have increased in scale and sophistication over recent years and continue to cause significant disruption and financial repercussions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"8vo40\"\u003eAt Jisc we’ve seen a significant spike in DNS flood attacks, a type of DDoS attack whereby a threat actor sends a large number of rapid requests to deliberately disrupt name resolution for that domain. If an institution’s primary DNS infrastructure goes down, it can prevent access to websites or email systems - and that’s the last thing anyone wants, especially during clearing and enrolment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"b54pq\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"/ddos-mitigation-services/\"\u003efoundation DDoS mitigation\u003c/a\u003e service included in Jisc membership protects systems against DDoS attacks on the Janet connection, helping to maintain connectivity to the online world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"7ok47\"\u003eAlso included in membership is access to Jisc’s full incident response capability, with dedicated CSIRT experts who have gained certification to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/schemes/cyber-incident-response\"\u003eNCSC Cyber Incident Response (CIR) Level 2\u003c/a\u003e and can provide advice and guidance in the event of an attack.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"ensure-24/7/365-cyber-protection-–-even-if-it’s-just-at-critical-times-42k14\" data-block-key=\"42k14\"\u003eEnsure 24/7/365 cyber protection – even if it’s just at critical times\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"1ehmm\"\u003eWe offer the option to upgrade to \u003ca href=\"/ddos-mitigation-services/\"\u003eFoundation Plus\u003c/a\u003e, which provides 24/7 automated protection against Jisc-detected volumetric DDoS attacks, and \u003ca href=\"/critical-services-protection/\"\u003ecritical services protection,\u003c/a\u003e which provides an additional layer of automated protection 24/7/365 to safeguard business-critical services such as web, DNS and VPN.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"d8b4t\"\u003eAlternatively, a four-month critical services protection package, specifically designed to maintain the availability of key systems throughout clearing and enrolment, gives extra DDoS security and peace of mind when it matters most.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"21fhg\"\u003eFlexible annual or discounted multi-year options are also available.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"get-the-basics-right-3mist\" data-block-key=\"3mist\"\u003eGet the basics right\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3rbls\"\u003eAs well as taking advantage of the cyber security services that Jisc offers as part of membership, there are basic steps any institution can take to strengthen their \u003ca href=\"/cyber-security/\"\u003ecyber security posture\u003c/a\u003e between now and July 5th.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"a8ci6\"\u003eMake sure there’s a patching process. Switch on multi-factor authentication, insist on a strong password policy and restrict admin access. Segment business-critical systems and back-up servers so that, if an attacker cracks into the system, they cannot migrate through it and damage can be contained.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"da0kk\"\u003eRegular rehearsals, exercises and tests are key to an institution’s ability to respond to cyber security threats and incidents. Make sure everyone in your organisation knows what to do in the event of a serious security incident. Regularly rehearse scenarios with a view to continual improvement, remembering to reflect changes in the threat landscape and technology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3bud2\"\u003eAnd keep updated by joining the \u003ca href=\"/get-involved/cyber-security-community-group/\"\u003eJisc cyber community group\u003c/a\u003e. With more than 2,000 members, it’s a forum for sharing knowledge, best practice and \u003ca href=\"/blog/shared-threat-intelligence-is-a-game-changer-for-uk-education-and-research/\"\u003ethreat intelligence\u003c/a\u003e for the benefit of the whole education and research sector.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"find-out-more-9hpcf\" data-block-key=\"9hpcf\"\u003eFind out more\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp data-block-key=\"3u071\"\u003eExplore the latest cyber security technologies, innovations and future insights from both a national and international perspective at \u003ca href=\"/security-conference/\"\u003eJisc’s Security Conference 2024\u003c/a\u003e, 26-27 November, ICC Wales, and 28 November online.\u003c/p\u003e","id":"1a4364c4-e4c0-4352-a024-c3f36723b474"}],"redirect_url":""}},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/[...path]","query":{"path":["blog","beware-the-5th-of-july-the-worst-day-of-the-year-for-a-cyber-attack"]},"buildId":"338e67b8c1732c42f9e7cf79c803ba14dd01fb50","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>