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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kinds of law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kinds_of_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kinds of law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kinds_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Natural law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eternal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eternal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eternal law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eternal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Thomas Aquinas treatise. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Aquinas" title="Category:Thomas Aquinas">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino,_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg/180px-Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg/270px-Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg/360px-Verheerlijking_van_de_Heilige_Thomas_van_Aquino%2C_RP-P-1908-2123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="5488" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">Beatific vision</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus essendi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Primum Movens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_sacramental_theology" title="Thomistic sacramental theology">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">Correspondence theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">Hylomorphism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form"><span class="wrap">Substantial form</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect"><span class="wrap">Principle of double effect</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">Aristotelian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">Concupiscence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_finality" title="Intrinsic finality">Intrinsic finality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of works by Thomas Aquinas">Works</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treatise on Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_contra_Gentiles" title="Summa contra Gentiles">Summa contra Gentiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_Errores_Graecorum" title="Contra Errores Graecorum">Contra Errores Graecorum</a></li> <li><span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Aristotle" title="Commentaries on Aristotle">Commentaries on Aristotle</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_Disputatae_de_Veritate" title="Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate">Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catena_aurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Catena aurea">Catena aurea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Hymns and prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoro_te_devote" title="Adoro te devote">Adoro te devote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_ineffabilis" title="Creator ineffabilis">Creator ineffabilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauda_Sion" title="Lauda Sion">Lauda Sion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_sacrum_convivium" title="O sacrum convivium">O sacrum convivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pange_lingua_gloriosi_corporis_mysterium" title="Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium">Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo" title="Tantum ergo">Tantum ergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacris_solemniis" title="Sacris solemniis">Sacris solemniis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panis_angelicus" title="Panis angelicus">Panis angelicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbum_supernum_prodiens" title="Verbum supernum prodiens">Verbum supernum prodiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_salutaris_hostia" title="O salutaris hostia">O salutaris hostia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Influences</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">St. Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">St. Albertus Magnus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thomist_writers_(13th%E2%80%9318th_centuries)" title="List of Thomist writers (13th–18th centuries)">Classical Thomists</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Cantimpr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Cantimpré">Cantimpré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_St_Cher" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh of St Cher">Saint-Cher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Beauvais" title="Vincent of Beauvais">Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Penyafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_de_Lessines" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles de Lessines">Lessines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_de_Piperno" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald de Piperno">Piperno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke" title="William of Moerbeke">Moerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Marti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Marti">Martí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Trilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Trilia">Trilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Hotun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard of Hotun">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_of_Apolda" title="Dietrich of Apolda">Apolda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Sutton" title="Thomas of Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Auvergne" title="Peter of Auvergne">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Winterburn" title="Walter of Winterburn">Winterburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gidius_Colonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ægidius Colonna">Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Paris_(inquisitor)" title="William of Paris (inquisitor)">Ymbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Bologna" title="Gerard of Bologna">di Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Lucca" title="Ptolemy of Lucca">Fiadoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Guidonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Guidonis">Guidonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalis_Hervieus" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalis Hervieus">Nédellec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Palude" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus de Palude">Paludanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bradwardin">Bradwardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holkott" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Holkott">Holkott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Naples_(14th_century)" title="John of Naples (14th century)">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bromyard" title="John Bromyard">Bromyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Kydones" title="Demetrios Kydones">Kydones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eymerich" title="Nicholas Eymerich">Eymerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Calecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Calecas">Calecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dominici" title="John Dominici">Dominici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Gorkum" title="Henry of Gorkum">Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sabunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Sabunde">Sabunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_of_Flanders" title="Dominic of Flanders">de Flandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_of_Florence" title="Antoninus of Florence">Pierozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Torquemada_(cardinal)" title="Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)">Torquemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarion" title="Bessarion">Bessarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanus_de_Rupe" title="Alanus de Rupe">de Rupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bergamo" title="Peter of Bergamo">Almadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_de_Mirabilibus" title="Nicolaus de Mirabilibus">Mirabilibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Savonarola" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Savonarola">Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Faber">Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakub_of_Gostynin" title="Jakub of Gostynin">Gostynin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="John of Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tetzel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tetzel">Tetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Deza" title="Diego de Deza">Deza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mazzolini" title="Sylvester Mazzolini">Mazzolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Silvestro_di_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Silvestro di Ferrara">di Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Vio_Cajetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Vio Cajetan">Gaetanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Koellin" title="Conrad Koellin">Koellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santes_Pagnino" title="Santes Pagnino">Pagnino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Catherinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosius Catherinus">Catherinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ory" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Ory">Ory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Cano" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Pelargus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose Pelargus">Pelargus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtus_of_Siena" title="Sixtus of Siena">Senensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Faber" title="Johann Faber">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldonatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maldonatus">Maldonatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Granada" title="Louis of Granada">de Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_of_Braga" title="Bartholomew of Braga">Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_B%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Domingo Báñez">Báñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafino_Porrecta" title="Serafino Porrecta">Porrecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Davy_Duperron" title="Jacques Davy Duperron">Duperron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Medices" title="Hieronymus Medices">Medices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lessius">Lessius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Becanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Becanus">Verbeeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvenda">Malvenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Lemos" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Lemos">Lemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Alvarez_(theologian)" title="Diego Alvarez (theologian)">Álvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Anthony of the Mother of God">Oliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Matthew_Rispoli" title="John Matthew Rispoli">Rispoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Riccardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Riccardi">Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Gravina" title="Dominic Gravina">Gravina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Thomas" title="John of St. Thomas">Poinsot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Ripalda" title="Juan Martínez de Ripalda">Ripada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Molinier" title="Étienne de Molinier">Molinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Torres" title="Cristóbal de Torres">Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Vallgornera" title="Thomas de Vallgornera">Vallgornera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza_Pallavicino" title="Francesco Sforza Pallavicino">Pallavicino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicola%C3%AF" title="Jean Nicolaï">Nicolaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lynch" title="Dominic Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Ferre" title="Vicente Ferre">Ferre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gonet" title="Jean Baptiste Gonet">Gonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bancel_(theologian)" title="Louis Bancel (theologian)">Bancel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9tif" class="mw-redirect" title="Quétif">Quétif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Massouli%C3%A9" title="Antoine Massoulié">Massoulié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalis_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalis Alexander">Alexandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_%C3%89chard" title="Jacques Échard">Échard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacintha_Serry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacintha Serry">Serry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Plessis_d%27Argentr%C3%A9" title="Charles du Plessis d'Argentré">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Louis_Gotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Louis Gotti">Gotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Leocata" title="Jerome Leocata">Leocata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniello_Concina" title="Daniello Concina">Concina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Rubeis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rubeis">De Rubeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Burgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Burgo">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Boxadors" title="Juan Tomás de Boxadors">de Boxadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamachi">Mamachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maria_Gazzaniga" title="Pietro Maria Gazzaniga">Gazzaniga</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_A._Aertsen" title="Jan A. Aertsen">Aertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimio_de_Anqu%C3%ADn" title="Nimio de Anquín">Anquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Arintero" title="Juan González Arintero">Arintero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Ashley" title="Benedict Ashley">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bouquillon" title="Thomas Bouquillon">Bouquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bourke" title="Vernon Bourke">Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Canals_Vidal" title="Francisco Canals Vidal">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Coffey" title="Peter Coffey">Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerich_Coreth" title="Emerich Coreth">Coreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Daujat" title="Jean Daujat">Daujat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_De_Wulf" title="Maurice De Wulf">De Wulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Fabro" title="Cornelio Fabro">Fabro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.R._Fairweather" title="E.R. Fairweather">Fairweather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Farrer" title="Austin Farrer">Farrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gardet" title="Louis Gardet">Gardet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Gauthier" title="René-Antoine Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Grenier" title="Henri Grenier">Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._J._B._Hawkins" title="D. J. B. Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Carl_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Friedrich-Carl Henckel von Donnersmarck">von Donnersmarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Henle" title="Robert J. Henle">Henle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Hugon" title="Édouard Hugon">Hugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ryosuke_Inagaki" title="Bernard Ryosuke Inagaki">Inagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Jolivet" title="Régis Jolivet">Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kleutgen" title="Joseph Kleutgen">Kleutgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._X._Knasas" title="John F. X. Knasas">Knasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Komar" title="Milan Komar">Komar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_De_Koninck" title="Charles De Koninck">Koninck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Albert_Kr%C4%85piec" title="Mieczysław Albert Krąpiec">Krąpiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Lira" title="Osvaldo Lira">Lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Marshall" title="Taylor Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lionel_Mascall" title="Eric Lionel Mascall">Mascall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McInerny" title="Ralph McInerny">McInerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mill%C3%A1n-Puelles" title="Antonio Millán-Puelles">Millán-Puelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Pace" title="Dominic Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Charles_Pegis" title="Anton Charles Pegis">Pegis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Piolanti" title="Antonio Piolanti">Piolanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Pirotta" title="Angelo Pirotta">Pirotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mar%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Dulanto" title="Santiago María Ramírez Ruíz de Dulanto">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie_R%C3%A9gis" title="Louis-Marie Régis">Régis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Ripperger" title="Chad Ripperger">Ripperger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Russo" title="Nicholas Russo">Russo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Ryan" title="Columba Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Sertillanges" title="Antonin Sertillanges">Sertillanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Simon_(philosopher)" title="Yves Simon (philosopher)">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Smith" title="Wolfgang Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Tanaka_(judge)" title="Kōtarō Tanaka (judge)">Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Torre" title="Joseph de Torre">Torre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_U%C5%A1eni%C4%8Dnik" title="Aleš Ušeničnik">Ušeničnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_White" title="Thomas Joseph White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wilhelmsen" title="Frederick Wilhelmsen">Wilhelmsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Wippel" title="John F. Wippel">Wippel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Woodbury" title="Austin Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Zigliara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">History</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Canonization of Thomas Aquinas">Canonization of Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_de_Auxiliis" title="Congregatio de Auxiliis">Congregatio de Auxiliis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris" title="Aeterni Patris">Æterni Patris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Editio_Leonina" title="Editio Leonina">Editio Leonina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Universities_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="International Council of Universities of Saint Thomas Aquinas">ICUSTA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Scholarship</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquinas_(journal)" title="Aquinas (journal)">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciencia_Tomista" title="Ciencia Tomista">Ciencia Tomista</a></li> <li><span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_for_the_Study_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="European Journal for the Study of Thomas Aquinas">EJSTA</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Thomisticus" title="Index Thomisticus">Index Thomisticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_et_Vetera" title="Nova et Vetera">Nova et Vetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_thomiste" title="Revue thomiste">Revue thomiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Aquinas" title="The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas">The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Aquinas" title="The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas">The Oxford Handbook of Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thomist" title="The Thomist">The Thomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_Dictionary" title="Thomas Aquinas Dictionary">Thomas Aquinas Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1476_Altarpiece" title="1476 Altarpiece">1476 Altarpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carafa_Chapel" title="Carafa Chapel">Carafa Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Madonna,_Saint_Dominic_and_Thomas_Aquinas,_Charles_Bridge" title="Statues of Madonna, Saint Dominic and Thomas Aquinas, Charles Bridge">Charles Bridge statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortona_Triptych" title="Cortona Triptych">Cortona Triptych</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enthroned_Madonna_and_Child_with_Saints" title="Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saints">Enthroned Madonna and Child with Saints</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiesole_Altarpiece" title="Fiesole Altarpiece">Fiesole Altarpiece</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St_Dominic_and_St_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Madonna and Child with St Dominic and St Thomas Aquinas">Madonna and Child with<br />St Dominic and St Thomas Aquinas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_Martire_Triptych" title="San Pietro Martire Triptych">San Pietro Martire Triptych</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas">The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_Fray_Lauterio" title="The Vision of Fray Lauterio">The Vision of Fray Lauterio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_St._Thomas_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Temptation of St. Thomas (Velázquez)">Temptation of St. Thomas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas_(Lipo_Memmi)" title="Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Lipo Memmi)">Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;font-size:110%;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.1em;padding-right:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_named_after_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of institutions named after Thomas Aquinas">List of institutions named after Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Thomas Aquinas Church (disambiguation)">Saint Thomas Aquinas Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:none;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomism" title="Template:Thomism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomism" title="Template talk:Thomism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Treatise on Law</b></i> is <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>' major work of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">legal philosophy</a>. It forms questions 90–108 of the <i>Prima Secundæ</i> ("First [Part] of the Second [Part]") of the <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica"><i>Summa Theologiæ</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas' masterwork of <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">philosophical theology</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelianism</a>, it forms the basis not only for the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">legal theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Catholic canon law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but provides a model for <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> theories generally. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aquinas'_notion_of_law"><span id="Aquinas.27_notion_of_law"></span>Aquinas' notion of law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aquinas' notion of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquinas defines a law as "an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has care of the community, and promulgated."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Law is an ordinance of reason because it must be reasonable<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or based in reason and not merely in the will of the legislator.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is for the common good because the end or <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telos (philosophy)">telos</a></i> of law is the good of the community it binds, and not merely the good of the lawmaker or a special interest group.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is made by the proper authority who has "care of the community", and not arbitrarily imposed by outsiders. It is promulgated so that the law can be known. </p><p> He says: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus from the four preceding articles [of Question 90], the definition of law may be gathered; and it is nothing else than an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has care of the community, and promulgated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Strictly speaking, this is a definition of human law.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "law" as used by Aquinas is equivocal, meaning that the primary meaning of law is "human law", but other, analogous concepts are expressed with the same term.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinds_of_law">Kinds of law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kinds of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Treatise+on+Law%22">"Treatise on Law"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Treatise+on+Law%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Treatise+on+Law%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Treatise+on+Law%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Treatise+on+Law%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Treatise+on+Law%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p>The Treatise on Law deals with Aquinas view’s on the objective ethical aspect of human decision-making. Aquinas presents a question and then puts each question into article raising specific questions he has. The first three questions are broken down in four topics concerning the essence of law, the effects of law, and the eternal law. </p><p> The first question (Question 90 of the larger <i>Summa</i>) is on the essence of law. Aquinas breaks the question down into four articles. The first article is on law's relation to reason. Aquinas believes that reason is the first thing human acts upon; “the source in any kind of thing is the measure and rule of that kind of thing…and so we conclude that law belongs to reason.” The second is on law's relation to the common good. He states that we cannot find common good without reason; it guides us to common happiness through law. The third article is concerned with whether any person's reason is enough to make laws. The fourth article is concerned with whether promulgation is essential to law. Promulgation is important so that the law can achieve force. By the end of the fourth article Aquinas comes up with his definition on law, “Law is an ordination of reason for the common good by one who has care for the community, and promulgated.” </p><p> Question 91 is on the different kinds of law. Aquinas establishes four types of laws: eternal law, natural law, human law, and divine law. He states that eternal law, or God's providence, "rules the world… his reason evidently governs the entire community in the universe.” Aquinas believes that eternal law is all God’s doing. Natural law is the participation in the eternal law by rational creatures. Natural law allows us to decide between good and evil. Next we have Human Law; particular applications of law resulting by reason. “Human law originally sprang from nature.” The last is Divine law which is important because “it belongs to any law to be directed to the common good at its end.” These laws all go together and the relationship must be presented to comprehend them individually. </p><p> Question 92 is the effects of laws. The first article asks "Is the Effect of Law to Make Human Beings Good?" Aquinas feels in order for law to make people good that law needs to guide people to their right virtue. “Therefore, since virtue makes those possessing it good, the proper effect of law is consequently to make its subject good, either absolutely or in some respect.” The second article of Question 92 is "Whether the acts of law are suitably assigned?" This article focuses on what acts consist of; namely, “commanding, forbidding, permitting, and punishing.” Aquinas believes that some human acts are good and some are evil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_law">Natural law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></div> <p>Natural law or the law of nature refers to normative properties that are inherent by virtue of human nature and universally cognizable through human reason. Historically, natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze both social and personal human nature to deduce binding rules of moral behavior. The law of nature, being determined by nature, is universal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eternal_law">Eternal law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eternal law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p> Question 93 focuses on the Eternal as a whole. Aquinas is asking, <i>is the eternal law the supreme plan in God</i>? Aquinas argues whether or not if the eternal law is a plan of God. He says “God made each thing with its own nature. Therefore, the eternal law is not the same as divine plan.” (93.1) Augustine contradicts this idea by stating “the eternal law is the supreme plan that we should always obey.” Aquinas believes that the eternal law “is simply the plan of divine wisdom that directs all the actions and movements of created things.” (93.1) He says that God is above all else. That he creates everything in the universe. Human beings participate in eternal law in two ways: by action and by cognition. “The virtuous are completely subjects to the eternal law, as they always act in accord with.” Aquinas believes people who are truthful act according to the eternal law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_law">Human law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></div> <p>For Aquinas, human law is only valid if it conforms to natural law. If a law is unjust, then it is not actually a law, but a "perversion of law".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout">Layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SummaTheologiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/220px-SummaTheologiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/330px-SummaTheologiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/SummaTheologiae.jpg/440px-SummaTheologiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>Summa theologica</i>, Pars secunda, prima pars. (copy by Peter Schöffer, 1471)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Treatise on Law</i> (as part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>) is divided into Articles (or broad topics) and Questions (or specific topics). The Questions each argue for a single thesis and defend it against objections. The division is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>1. IN GENERAL</b> </p> <dl><dd>Q. 90: Of the Essence of Law (the rationality, end, cause, and promulgation of law)</dd> <dd>Q. 91: Of the Various Kinds of Law (eternal, natural, human, divine, sin laws)</dd> <dd>Q. 92: Of the Effects of Law</dd></dl> <p><b>2. IN PARTICULAR</b> </p> <dl><dd>Q. 93: Of the Eternal Law</dd> <dd>Q. 94: Of the Natural Law</dd> <dd>Q. 95: Of Human Law</dd> <dd>Q. 96: Of the Power of Human Law</dd> <dd>Q. 97: Of Change in Laws</dd> <dd>Q. 98: Of the Old Law</dd> <dd>Q. 99: Of the Precepts of the Old Law</dd> <dd>Q. 100: Of the Moral Precepts of the Old Law</dd> <dd>Q. 101: Of the Ceremonial Precepts in Themselves</dd> <dd>Q. 102: Of the Causes of the Ceremonial Precepts</dd> <dd>Q. 103: Of the Duration of the Ceremonial Precepts</dd> <dd>Q. 104: Of the Judicial Precepts</dd> <dd>Q. 105: Of the Reason for the Judicial Precepts</dd> <dd>Q. 106: Of the Law of the Gospel, Called the New Law, Considered in Itself</dd> <dd>Q. 107: Of the New Law as Compared with the Old</dd> <dd>Q. 108: Of Those Things That Are Contained in the New Law</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_S._Brewbaker_III" title="William S. Brewbaker III">William S. Brewbaker III</a> has called it "perhaps the most famous of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> legal texts”,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert M. Hutchins</a> declared it “that greatest of all books on the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">philosophy of law</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utm.edu/staff/jfieser/vita/research/aqu.htm">THE LOGIC OF NATURAL LAW IN AQUINAS'S "TREATISE ON LAW"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016223414/http://www.utm.edu/staff/jfieser/vita/research/aqu.htm">Archived</a> 2013-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />James Fieser<br />Journal of Philosophical Research, 1992, Vol. 17, pp. 147–164.<br />accessed Dec-17-2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dr._Edward_N._Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Edward N. Peters">Dr. Edward N. Peters</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canonlaw.info/">CanonLaw.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928005444/http://www.canonlaw.info/">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed Dec-17-2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summa Theologiae, Treatise on Law Q90, Article 4 Paragraph F</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law of Christ I, pg. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Budziszewski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undergroundthomist.org/sites/default/files/related-documents/1-2Q90Art1.pdf"><i>Commentary on Treatise on Law</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219121116/http://www.undergroundthomist.org/sites/default/files/related-documents/1-2Q90Art1.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed Dec-19-2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gateway Edition, pg. 2 (<i>Summa,</i> Ia–IIæ, Q.90, A.1, Obj.3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summa Theologiae, Treatise on Law Q90, Article 4 Paragraph F</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gateway Edition, pg. viii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gateway Edition, pg. x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2095.htm">Summa I–II, q95, a2, 'dicendum quod<i></i></a><i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109214550/http://newadvent.org/summa/2095.htm">Archived</a> 2011-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/natlaw/#H1">"Natural Law"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316052718/http://www.iep.utm.edu/natlaw/">Archived</a> 2017-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed Dec-20-2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Law">"Summa Theologica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219002500/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treatise_on_Law">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FTreatise_on_Law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreatise+on+Law" class="Z3988"></span>, accessed Dec-17-2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewbaker, Metaphysics of Law, 575.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchins, <i>St. Thomas and the World State</i>, pp. 38.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aquinas, St. Thomas. <i>Treatise on Law (</i>Summa Theologica, <i>Questions 90–97): With a New Introduction by Ralph McInerny, University of Notre Dame</i>. (Washington, D.C.: Gateway Editions, Regnery Publishing, Inc. ©1956; 2001 printing).</li> <li>Brewbaker, William S., III. <i>Thomas Aquinas and the Metaphysics of Law</i> (Alabama Law Review, Vol. 58 [2007], pg. 575); U of Alabama Public Law Research Paper No. 898941; Social Science Research Network: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=898941">http://ssrn.com/abstract=898941</a>. Accessed 28 March 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_H%C3%A4ring" title="Bernhard Häring">Häring, Bernard, C.SS.R.</a> <i>The Law of Christ, Vol. I</i>. Translated by Edwin G. Kaiser, C.PP.S. (Westminster, Maryland: The Newman Press ©1961, Second Printing November 1961).</li> <li>Hutchins, Robert M. <i>Aquinas Lecture 1949: St. Thomas and the World State</i> (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1949).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Graecorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_Disputatae_de_Veritate" title="Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate">Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologiae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treatise on Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_contra_Gentiles" title="Summa contra Gentiles">Summa contra Gentiles</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/60px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" decoding="async" 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angelorum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_sacrum_convivium" title="O sacrum convivium">O sacrum convivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pange_lingua_gloriosi_corporis_mysterium" title="Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium">Pange lingua gloriosi corporis mysterium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo" title="Tantum ergo">Tantum ergo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacris_solemniis" title="Sacris solemniis">Sacris solemniis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panis_angelicus" title="Panis angelicus">Panis angelicus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbum_supernum_prodiens" title="Verbum supernum prodiens">Verbum supernum prodiens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_salutaris_hostia" title="O salutaris hostia">O salutaris hostia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actus_Essendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Actus Essendi">Actus Essendi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomistic_sacramental_theology" title="Thomistic sacramental theology">View on the Sacraments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Canonization of Thomas Aquinas">Canonization of Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editio_Leonina" title="Editio Leonina">Editio Leonina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_Dictionary" title="Thomas Aquinas Dictionary">Thomas Aquinas Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of works by Thomas Aquinas">List of works by Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_named_after_Thomas_Aquinas" title="List of institutions named after Thomas Aquinas">Institutional namesakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Universities_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="International Council of Universities of Saint Thomas Aquinas">International Council of Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas_(Lipo_Memmi)" title="Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Lipo Memmi)">Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></i> (1323 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas">The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas</a></i> (1631 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_St._Thomas_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Temptation of St. Thomas (Velázquez)">Temptation of St. Thomas</a></i> (1632 painting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 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theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_legal_studies" title="Critical legal studies">Critical legal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Economic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal norms">Legal norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="International legal theory">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology of law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexy" title="Robert Alexy">Alexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Austin (legal philosopher)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Bobbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartosz_Bro%C5%BCek" title="Bartosz Brożek">Brożek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ehrlich" title="Eugen Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_L._Fuller" title="Lon L. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Gurvitch" title="Georges Gurvitch">Gurvitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_H%C3%A4gerstr%C3%B6m" title="Axel Hägerström">Hägerström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Jellinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Jhering" title="Rudolf von Jhering">Jhering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Leoni" title="Bruno Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn" title="Karl Llewellyn">Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Olivecrona" title="Karl Olivecrona">Olivecrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Petra%C5%BCycki" title="Leon Petrażycki">Petrażycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Reinach" title="Adolf Reinach">Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Renner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Ross" title="Alf Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Scaevola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_jurisprudence" title="Category:Books about jurisprudence">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 355 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law" title="Pure Theory of Law">Pure Theory of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law" title="The Concept of Law">The Concept of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Empire" title="Law's Empire">Law's Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_law" title="Category:Theories of law">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_jurisprudence" title="Analytical jurisprudence">Analytical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretivism_(legal)" title="Interpretivism (legal)">Interpretivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_moralism" title="Legal moralism">Legal moralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence" title="Virtue jurisprudence">Virtue jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa (concept)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_without_the_state" title="Law without the state">Law without the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_legal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country legal systems">Legal system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-Fiqh">Usul al-Fiqh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss 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href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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