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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Related languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences_and_workshops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences_and_workshops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Conferences and workshops </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences_and_workshops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Haskell</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%84" title="هاسكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاسكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili)" title="Haskell (proqramlaşdırma dili) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Haskell (proqramlaşdırma dili)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="হ্যাসকেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যাসকেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Haskell (programovací jazyk) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Haskell (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programmeringssprog)" title="Haskell (programmeringssprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haskell (programmeringssprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(Programmiersprache)" title="Haskell (Programmiersprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haskell (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(komputillingvo)" title="Haskell (komputillingvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haskell (komputillingvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programazio_lengoaia)" title="Haskell (programazio lengoaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haskell (programazio lengoaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%84_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="هسکل (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسکل (زبان برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%8A%A4%EC%BC%88" title="하스켈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하스켈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2" title="हैस्कल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैस्कल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programski_jezik)" title="Haskell (programski jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Haskell (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programifo-linguo)" title="Haskell (programifo-linguo) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Haskell (programifo-linguo)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(forritunarm%C3%A1l)" title="Haskell (forritunarmál) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Haskell (forritunarmál)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(linguaggio_di_programmazione)" title="Haskell (linguaggio di programmazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Haskell (linguaggio di programmazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Мәтінді автоматты өңдеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәтінді автоматты өңдеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(Programm%C3%A9iersprooch)" title="Haskell (Programméiersprooch) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Haskell (Programméiersprooch)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Haskell (programozási nyelv) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Haskell (programozási nyelv)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="ഹാസ്കൽ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാസ്കൽ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിങ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="हॅस्केल (प्रोग्रॅमिंग भाषा) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅस्केल (प्रोग्रॅमिंग भाषा)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programmeertaal)" title="Haskell (programmeertaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haskell (programmeertaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਹੈਸਕਲ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਸਕਲ (ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Haskell (linguagem de programação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haskell (linguagem de programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Haskell (programovací jazyk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Haskell (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskel_(programski_jezik)" title="Haskel (programski jezik) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Haskel (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haskell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Functional programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Haskell (disambiguation)">Haskell (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Haskell</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of Haskell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/250px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/375px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/500px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="80" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">Purely functional</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a>, Dave Barton, Brian Boutel, Warren Burton, Joseph Fasel, Kevin Hammond, Ralf Hinze, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hudak" title="Paul Hudak">Paul Hudak</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Hughes (computer scientist)">John Hughes</a>, Thomas Johnsson, Mark Jones, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peyton_Jones" title="Simon Peyton Jones">Simon Peyton Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Launchbury" title="John Launchbury">John Launchbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Meijer_(computer_scientist)" title="Erik Meijer (computer scientist)">Erik Meijer</a>, John Peterson, Alastair Reid, Colin Runciman, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Wadler" title="Philip Wadler">Philip Wadler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1990; 35 years ago (1990)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler2007-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">Haskell 2010<a href="#cite_note-2010ann-2">[2]</a> / July 2010; 14 years ago (2010-07)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;"> Haskell 2020 announced<a href="#cite_note-2020committee-3">[3]</a> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">Inferred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.hs, .lhs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haskell.org">haskell.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">GHC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugs_(interpreter)" title="Hugs (interpreter)">Hugs</a>, NHC, JHC, <a href="/wiki/Yhc" title="Yhc">Yhc</a>, UHC</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Gofer_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gofer (software)">Gofer</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Clean_(programming_language)" title="Clean (programming language)">Clean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/FP_(programming_language)" title="FP (programming language)">FP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gofer_(programming_language)" title="Gofer (programming language)">Gofer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hope_(programming_language)" title="Hope (programming language)">Hope</a> and Hope+,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Id_(programming_language)" title="Id (programming language)">Id</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISWIM" title="ISWIM">ISWIM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kent_Recursive_Calculator" title="Kent Recursive Calculator">KRC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(programming_language)" title="Miranda (programming language)">Miranda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orwell_(programming_language)" title="Orwell (programming language)">Orwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/SASL_(programming_language)" title="SASL (programming language)">SASL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/SISAL" title="SISAL">SISAL</a><a href="#cite_note-haskell-report-influences-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)" title="Agda (programming language)">Agda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bluespec" title="Bluespec">Bluespec</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712–38,_43-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>/<a href="/wiki/Concepts_(C%2B%2B)" title="Concepts (C++)">Concepts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>/<a href="/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query" title="Language Integrated Query">LINQ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-meijer2012-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> CAL,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayenne (programming language)">Cayenne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clean_(programming_language)" title="Clean (programming language)">Clean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Curry_(programming_language)" title="Curry (programming language)">Curry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigram_(programming_language)" title="Epigram (programming language)">Epigram</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Escher_(programming_language)" title="Escher (programming language)">Escher</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hack_(programming_language)" title="Hack (programming language)">Hack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_(proof_assistant)" title="Isabelle (proof assistant)">Isabelle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>/<a href="/wiki/Generics_in_Java" title="Generics in Java">Generics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(programming_language)" title="Mercury (programming language)">Mercury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9mega" title="Ωmega">Ωmega</a>, <a href="/wiki/PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lattner2014-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic 9.0</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712-45–46-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-meijer2012-9">[9]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Haskell (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhæskəl/</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">statically typed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">purely functional</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> with <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy evaluation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyton_Jones2003-27">[27]</a> Designed for teaching, research, and industrial applications, Haskell pioneered several programming language <a href="#Features">features</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Type_class" title="Type class">type classes</a>, which enable <a href="/wiki/Type_safety" title="Type safety">type-safe</a> <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">operator overloading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">monadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (IO). It is named after <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logician</a> <a href="/wiki/Haskell_Curry" title="Haskell Curry">Haskell Curry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler2007-1">[1]</a> Haskell's main implementation is the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a> (GHC). Haskell's <a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">semantics</a> are historically based on those of the <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(programming_language)" title="Miranda (programming language)">Miranda</a> programming language, which served to focus the efforts of the initial Haskell working group.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The last formal specification of the language was made in July 2010, while the development of GHC continues to expand Haskell via language extensions. Haskell is used in academia and industry.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> As of May 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit">[update]</a>, Haskell was the 28th most popular programming language by <a href="/wiki/Google_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google search">Google searches</a> for tutorials,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and made up less than 1% of active users on the <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> source code repository.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> After the release of <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(programming_language)" title="Miranda (programming language)">Miranda</a> by Research Software Ltd. in 1985, interest in lazy functional languages grew. By 1987, more than a dozen non-<a href="/wiki/Strict_function" title="Strict function">strict</a>, purely functional programming languages existed. Miranda was the most widely used, but it was <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>. At the conference on <a href="/wiki/Functional_Programming_Languages_and_Computer_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture">Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture</a> (FPCA '87) in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, there was a strong consensus that a committee be formed to define an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a> for such languages. The committee's purpose was to consolidate existing <a href="/wiki/Functional_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional languages">functional languages</a> into a common one to serve as a basis for future research in functional-language design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyton_Jones2003Preface-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haskell_1.0_to_1.4">Haskell 1.0 to 1.4</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Haskell 1.0 to 1.4">edit</a>]</div> Haskell was developed by a committee, attempting to bring together off the shelf solutions where possible. <a href="/wiki/Type_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Type classes">Type classes</a>, which enable <a href="/wiki/Type_safety" title="Type safety">type-safe</a> <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">operator overloading</a>, were first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Wadler" title="Philip Wadler">Philip Wadler</a> and Stephen Blott to address the ad-hoc handling of equality types and arithmetic overloading in languages at the time.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In early versions of Haskell up until and including version 1.2, user interaction and <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (IO) were handled by both streams based and continuation based mechanisms which were widely considered unsatisfactory.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In version 1.3, <a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">monadic</a> IO was introduced, along with the generalisation of type classes to higher kinds (type constructors). Along with "do notation", which provides syntactic sugar for the Monad type class, this gave Haskell an effect system that maintained referential transparency and was convenient. Other notable changes in early versions were the approach to the 'seq' function, which creates a data dependency between values, and is used in lazy languages to avoid excessive memory consumption; with it moving from a type class to a standard function to make refactoring more practical. The first version of Haskell ("Haskell 1.0") was defined in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler2007-1">[1]</a> The committee's efforts resulted in a series of language definitions (1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Base-classes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Base-classes.svg/220px-Base-classes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Base-classes.svg/330px-Base-classes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Base-classes.svg/440px-Base-classes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Type_class" title="Type class">type classes</a> in the Haskell prelude as of GHC 7.10. The inclusion of Foldable and Traversable (with corresponding changes to the type signatures of some functions), and of Applicative as intermediate between Functor and Monad, are deviations from the Haskell 2010 standard.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haskell_98">Haskell 98</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Haskell 98">edit</a>]</div> In late 1997, the series culminated in Haskell 98, intended to specify a stable, minimal, portable version of the language and an accompanying standard <a href="/wiki/Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">library</a> for teaching, and as a base for future extensions. The committee expressly welcomed creating extensions and variants of Haskell 98 via adding and incorporating experimental features.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyton_Jones2003Preface-34">[34]</a> In February 1999, the Haskell 98 language standard was originally published as The Haskell 98 Report.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyton_Jones2003Preface-34">[34]</a> In January 2003, a revised version was published as Haskell 98 Language and Libraries: The Revised Report.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyton_Jones2003-27">[27]</a> The language continues to evolve rapidly, with the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a> (GHC) implementation representing the current de facto standard.<a href="#cite_note-HaskellWikiImpl-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haskell_2010">Haskell 2010</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Haskell 2010">edit</a>]</div> In early 2006, the process of defining a successor to the Haskell 98 standard, informally named Haskell Prime, began.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> This was intended to be an ongoing incremental process to revise the language definition, producing a new revision up to once per year. The first revision, named Haskell 2010, was announced in November 2009<a href="#cite_note-2010ann-2">[2]</a> and published in July 2010. Haskell 2010 is an incremental update to the language, mostly incorporating several well-used and uncontroversial features previously enabled via compiler-specific flags. <ul><li>Hierarchical module names. Module names are allowed to consist of dot-separated sequences of capitalized identifiers, rather than only one such identifier. This lets modules be named in a hierarchical manner (e.g., <code>Data.List</code> instead of <code>List</code>), although technically modules are still in a single monolithic namespace. This extension was specified in an addendum to Haskell 98 and was in practice universally used.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">foreign function interface</a> (FFI) allows bindings to other programming languages. Only bindings to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> are specified in the Report, but the design allows for other language bindings. To support this, data type declarations were permitted to contain no constructors, enabling robust nonce types for foreign data that could not be constructed in Haskell. This extension was also previously specified in an Addendum to the Haskell 98 Report and widely used.</li> <li>So-called n+k patterns (definitions of the form <code>fact (n+1) = (n+1) * fact n</code>) were no longer allowed. This <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> had misleading semantics, in which the code looked like it used the <code>(+)</code> operator, but in fact desugared to code using <code>(-)</code> and <code>(>=)</code>.</li> <li>The rules of <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a> were relaxed to allow more programs to type check.</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> issues (changes in the formal grammar) were fixed: <a href="/wiki/Pattern_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattern guard">pattern guards</a> were added, allowing pattern matching within guards; resolution of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">operator fixity</a> was specified in a simpler way that reflected actual practice; an edge case in the interaction of the language's <a href="/wiki/Lexical_syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical syntax">lexical syntax</a> of operators and comments was addressed, and the interaction of do-notation and if-then-else was tweaked to eliminate unexpected syntax errors.</li> <li>The <code>LANGUAGE</code> <a href="/wiki/Directive_(programming)" title="Directive (programming)">pragma</a> was specified. By 2010, dozens of extensions to the language were in wide use, and GHC (among other compilers) provided the <code>LANGUAGE</code> pragma to specify individual extensions with a list of identifiers. Haskell 2010 compilers are required to support the <code>Haskell2010</code> extension and are encouraged to support several others, which correspond to extensions added in Haskell 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_standards">Future standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Future standards">edit</a>]</div> The next formal specification had been planned for 2020.<a href="#cite_note-2020committee-3">[3]</a> On 29 October 2021, with GHC version 9.2.1, the GHC2021 extension was released. While this is not a formal language spec, it combines several stable, widely-used GHC extensions to Haskell 2010.<a href="#cite_note-ghc9,2,1-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haskell_features" title="Haskell features">Haskell features</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler#Extensions_to_Haskell" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler § Extensions to Haskell</a></div> Haskell features <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy evaluation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">lambda expressions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_class" title="Type class">type classes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_polymorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Type polymorphism">type polymorphism</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">purely functional programming</a> language, which means that functions generally have no <a href="/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)" title="Side effect (computer science)">side effects</a>. A distinct construct exists to represent side effects, <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal#Computer_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> to the type of functions. A pure function can return a side effect that is subsequently executed, modeling the <a href="/wiki/Pure_function#Impure_functions" title="Pure function">impure functions</a> of other languages. Haskell has a <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Static_type#Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static type">static</a> type system based on <a href="/wiki/Hindley%E2%80%93Milner_type_inference" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindley–Milner type inference">Hindley–Milner type inference</a>. Its principal innovation in this area is type classes, originally conceived as a principled way to add <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">overloading</a> to the language,<a href="#cite_note-wadler89-41">[41]</a> but since finding many more uses.<a href="#cite_note-hallgren01-42">[42]</a> The construct that represents side effects is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">monad</a>: a general framework which can model various computations such as error handling, <a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_algorithm" title="Nondeterministic algorithm">nondeterminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parsing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_transactional_memory" title="Software transactional memory">software transactional memory</a>. They are defined as ordinary datatypes, but Haskell provides some <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> for their use. Haskell has an open, published specification,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeyton_Jones2003-27">[27]</a> and <a href="#Implementations">multiple implementations exist</a>. Its main implementation, the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a> (GHC), is both an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">native-code</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> that runs on most platforms. GHC is noted for its rich type system incorporating recent innovations such as <a href="/wiki/Generalized_algebraic_data_type" title="Generalized algebraic data type">generalized algebraic data types</a> and type families. <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game" title="The Computer Language Benchmarks Game">The Computer Language Benchmarks Game</a> also highlights its high-performance implementation of <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallelism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shootout-43">[43]</a> An active, growing community exists around the language, and more than 5,400 third-party open-source libraries and tools are available in the online package repository Hackage.<a href="#cite_note-hackage-stats-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_examples">Code examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Code examples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haskell_features#Examples" title="Haskell features">Haskell features § Examples</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a> in Haskell (only the last line is strictly necessary): <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>module Main (main) where -- not needed in interpreter, is the default in a module file main :: IO () -- the compiler can infer this type definition main = putStrLn "Hello, World!" </pre></div> The <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> function in Haskell, defined in a few different ways (the first line is the <a href="/wiki/Type_signature" title="Type signature">type annotation</a>, which is optional and is the same for each implementation): <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>factorial :: (Integral a) => a -> a -- Using recursion (with the "ifthenelse" expression) factorial n = if n < 2 then 1 else n * factorial (n - 1) -- Using recursion (with pattern matching) factorial 0 = 1 factorial n = n * factorial (n - 1) -- Using recursion (with guards) factorial n | n < 2 = 1 | otherwise = n * factorial (n - 1) -- Using a list and the "product" function factorial n = product [1..n] -- Using fold (implements "product") factorial n = foldl (*) 1 [1..n] -- Point-free style factorial = foldr (*) 1 . enumFromTo 1 </pre></div> Using Haskell's <a href="/wiki/Fixed-point_combinator" title="Fixed-point combinator">Fixed-point combinator</a> allows this function to be written without any explicit recursion. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>import Data.Function (fix) factorial = fix fac where fac f x | x < 2 = 1 | otherwise = x * f (x - 1) </pre></div> As the Integer type has <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary-precision">arbitrary-precision</a>, this code will compute values such as <code>factorial 100000</code> (a 456,574-digit number), with no loss of precision. An implementation of an algorithm similar to <a href="/wiki/Quick_sort" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick sort">quick sort</a> over lists, where the first element is taken as the pivot: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-haskell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>-- Type annotation (optional, same for each implementation) quickSort :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -- Using list comprehensions quickSort [] = [] -- The empty list is already sorted quickSort (x:xs) = quickSort [a | a <- xs, a < x] -- Sort the left part of the list ++ [x] ++ -- Insert pivot between two sorted parts quickSort [a | a <- xs, a >= x] -- Sort the right part of the list -- Using filter quickSort [] = [] quickSort (x:xs) = quickSort (filter (<x) xs) ++ [x] ++ quickSort (filter (>=x) xs) </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implementations">edit</a>]</div> All listed implementations are distributed under <a href="/wiki/Open_source_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source license">open source licenses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-implementations-45">[45]</a> Implementations that fully or nearly comply with the Haskell 98 standard include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a> (GHC) compiles to native code on many different processor architectures, and to <a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">ANSI C</a>, via one of two <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate language">intermediate languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/C--" title="C--">C--</a>, or in more recent versions, <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> (formerly Low Level Virtual Machine) bitcode.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> GHC has become the de facto standard Haskell dialect.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> There are libraries (e.g., bindings to <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a>) that work only with GHC. GHC was also distributed with the <a href="/wiki/Haskell_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell platform">Haskell platform</a>. GHC features an asynchronous runtime that also schedules threads across multiple CPU cores similar to <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">the Go runtime</a>.</li> <li>Jhc, a Haskell compiler written by John Meacham, emphasizes speed and efficiency of generated programs and exploring new program transformations. <ul><li>Ajhc is a fork of Jhc.</li></ul></li> <li>The Utrecht Haskell Compiler (UHC) is a Haskell implementation from <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> It supports almost all Haskell 98 features plus many experimental extensions. It is implemented using <a href="/wiki/Attribute_grammar" title="Attribute grammar">attribute grammars</a> and is primarily used for research on generated type systems and language extensions.</li></ul> Implementations no longer actively maintained include: <ul><li>The Haskell User's Gofer System (<a href="/wiki/Hugs_(interpreter)" title="Hugs (interpreter)">Hugs</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> interpreter. It was once one of the implementations used most widely, alongside the GHC compiler,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler200712–22-50">[50]</a> but has now been mostly replaced by GHCi. It also comes with a graphics library.</li> <li>HBC is an early implementation supporting Haskell 1.4. It was implemented by <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a> in, and based on, <a href="/wiki/Lazy_ML" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazy ML">Lazy ML</a>. It has not been actively developed for some time.</li> <li>nhc98 is a bytecode compiler focusing on minimizing memory use. <ul><li>The York Haskell Compiler (<a href="/wiki/Yhc" title="Yhc">Yhc</a>) was a fork of nhc98, with the goals of being simpler, more portable and efficient, and integrating support for Hat, the Haskell tracer. It also had a <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> backend, allowing users to run Haskell programs in <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> Implementations not fully Haskell 98 compliant, and using a variant Haskell language, include: <ul><li>Eta and Frege are dialects of Haskell targeting the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofer_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gofer (software)">Gofer</a> is an educational dialect of Haskell, with a feature called constructor classes, developed by Mark Jones. It is supplanted by Haskell User's Gofer System (Hugs).</li> <li>Helium, a newer dialect of Haskell. The focus is on making learning easier via clearer error messages by disabling type classes as a default.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_applications">Notable applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable applications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)" title="Agda (programming language)">Agda</a> is a proof assistant written in Haskell.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal_(software)" title="Cabal (software)">Cabal</a> is a tool for <a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">building</a> and packaging Haskell libraries and programs.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcs" title="Darcs">Darcs</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Revision_control_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control system">revision control system</a> written in Haskell, with several innovative features, such as more precise control of patches to apply.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a> (GHC) is also often a testbed for advanced functional programming features and optimizations in other programming languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Git-annex" title="Git-annex">Git-annex</a> is a tool to manage (big) data files under <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> version control. It also provides a distributed file synchronization system (git-annex assistant).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linspire" title="Linspire">Linspire</a> Linux chose Haskell for system tools development.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandoc" title="Pandoc">Pandoc</a> is a tool to convert one markup format into another.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugs_(compiler)" title="Pugs (compiler)">Pugs</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> then named <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> 6, but since renamed <a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a> is a domain special language for live coding musical patterns, embedded in Haskell.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmonad" title="Xmonad">Xmonad</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">window manager</a> for the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, written fully in Haskell.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>GarganText<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> is a collaborative tool to map through semantic analysis texts on any <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, written fully in Haskell and <a href="/wiki/PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a>, which is used for instance in the research community to draw up state-of-the-art reports and roadmaps.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluespec" title="Bluespec">Bluespec</a> <a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">SystemVerilog</a> (BSV) is a language extension of Haskell, for designing <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>. It is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific language</a> embedded into Haskell. Further, Bluespec, Inc.'s tools are implemented in Haskell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptol" title="Cryptol">Cryptol</a>, a language and toolchain for developing and verifying <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> algorithms, is implemented in Haskell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> implements its anti-spam programs<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> in Haskell, maintaining the underlying data access library as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano blockchain platform</a> is implemented in Haskell.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> implemented <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_(software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantic (software) (page does not exist)">Semantic</a>, an open-source library for analysis, diffing, and interpretation of untrusted source code, in Haskell.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a>'s financial modelling language Mu is syntactic Haskell running on a strict runtime.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeL4" class="mw-redirect" title="SeL4">seL4</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">formally verified</a> <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-klein-sosp09-63">[63]</a> used Haskell as a prototyping language for the OS developer.<a href="#cite_note-klein-sosp09-63">[63]</a>: p.2  At the same time, the Haskell code defined an executable specification with which to reason, for automatic translation by the theorem-proving tool.<a href="#cite_note-klein-sosp09-63">[63]</a>: p.3  The Haskell code thus served as an intermediate prototype before final <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> refinement.<a href="#cite_note-klein-sosp09-63">[63]</a>: p.3 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target</a> stores' supply chain optimization software is written in Haskell.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co%E2%80%93Star" title="Co–Star">Co–Star</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Technologies" title="Mercury Technologies">Mercury Technologies</a>' back end is written in Haskell.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Web">edit</a>]</div> Notable <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a> written for Haskell include:<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <ul><li>IHP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_(web_framework)" title="Servant (web framework)">Servant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(web_framework)" title="Snap (web framework)">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesod_(web_framework)" title="Yesod (web framework)">Yesod</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Jan-Willem Maessen, in 2002, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peyton_Jones" title="Simon Peyton Jones">Simon Peyton Jones</a>, in 2003, discussed problems associated with lazy evaluation while also acknowledging the theoretical motives for it.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In addition to purely practical considerations such as improved performance,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> they note that lazy evaluation makes it more difficult for programmers to reason about the performance of their code (particularly its space use). Bastiaan Heeren, Daan Leijen, and Arjan van IJzendoorn in 2003 also observed some stumbling blocks for Haskell learners: "The subtle syntax and sophisticated type system of Haskell are a double edged sword—highly appreciated by experienced programmers but also a source of frustration among beginners, since the generality of Haskell often leads to cryptic error messages."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> To address the error messages researchers from Utrecht University developed an advanced interpreter called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium_(Haskell)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helium (Haskell) (page does not exist)">Helium</a>, which improved the user-friendliness of error messages by limiting the generality of some Haskell features. In particular it disables type classes by default.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Ben Lippmeier designed Disciple<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Evaluation_strategy" title="Evaluation strategy">strict-by-default</a> (lazy by explicit annotation) dialect of Haskell with a type-and-effect system, to address Haskell's difficulties in reasoning about lazy evaluation and in using traditional data structures such as mutable arrays.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> He argues (p. 20) that "destructive update furnishes the programmer with two important and powerful tools ... a set of efficient array-like data structures for managing collections of objects, and ... the ability to broadcast a new value to all parts of a program with minimal burden on the programmer." <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harper_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Harper (computer scientist)">Robert Harper</a>, one of the authors of Standard ML, has given his reasons for not using Haskell to teach introductory programming. Among these are the difficulty of reasoning about resource use with non-strict evaluation, that lazy evaluation complicates the definition of datatypes and inductive reasoning,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and the "inferiority" of Haskell's (old) class system compared to ML's module system.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Haskell's build tool, <a href="/wiki/Cabal_(software)" title="Cabal (software)">Cabal</a>, has historically been criticized for poorly handling multiple versions of the same library, a problem known as "Cabal hell". The Stackage server and <a href="/wiki/Stack_(Haskell)" title="Stack (Haskell)">Stack</a> build tool were made in response to these criticisms.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Cabal itself has since addressed this problem by borrowing ideas from <a href="/wiki/Nix_package_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Nix package manager">Nix</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> with the new approach becoming the default in 2019. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_languages">Related languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Related languages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Clean_(programming_language)" title="Clean (programming language)">Clean</a> is a close, slightly older relative of Haskell. Its biggest deviation from Haskell is in the use of <a href="/wiki/Uniqueness_type" title="Uniqueness type">uniqueness types</a> instead of monads for <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (I/O) and side effects. A series of languages inspired by Haskell, but with different type systems, have been developed, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)" title="Agda (programming language)">Agda</a>, a functional language with <a href="/wiki/Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">dependent types</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayenne (programming language)">Cayenne</a>, with dependent types.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a>, a functional language to create web front-end apps, no support for user-defined or higher-<a href="/wiki/Kind_(type_theory)" title="Kind (type theory)">kinded</a> <a href="/wiki/Type_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Type classes">type classes</a> or instances.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram_(programming_language)" title="Epigram (programming language)">Epigram</a>, a functional language with dependent types suitable for proving properties of programs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a>, a general purpose functional language with dependent types, developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a> transpiles to JavaScript.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9mega" title="Ωmega">Ωmega</a>, a strict language that allows introduction of new <a href="/wiki/Kind_(type_theory)" title="Kind (type theory)">kinds</a>, and programming at the type level.</li></ul> Other related languages include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curry_(programming_language)" title="Curry (programming language)">Curry</a>, a functional/logic programming language based on Haskell.</li></ul> Notable Haskell variants include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming#Generic_Haskell" title="Generic programming">Generic Haskell</a>, a version of Haskell with type system support for <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_(programming_language)" title="Hume (programming language)">Hume</a>, a strict functional language for <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> based on processes as stateless automata over a sort of tuples of one element mailbox channels where the state is kept by feedback into the mailboxes, and a mapping description from outputs to channels as box wiring, with a Haskell-like expression language and syntax.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conferences_and_workshops">Conferences and workshops</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conferences and workshops">edit</a>]</div> The Haskell community meets regularly for research and development activities. The main events are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Functional_Programming" title="International Conference on Functional Programming">International Conference on Functional Programming</a> (ICFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_Symposium" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell Symposium">Haskell Symposium</a> (formerly the Haskell Workshop)</li> <li>Haskell Implementors Workshop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Users_of_Functional_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Users of Functional Programming">Commercial Users of Functional Programming</a> (CUFP)</li> <li>ZuriHac,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> kind of <a href="/wiki/Hackathon" title="Hackathon">Hackathon</a> held every year in <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></li></ul> Starting in 2006, a series of organized hackathons has occurred, the Hac series, aimed at improving the programming language tools and libraries.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler2007-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler2007_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler2007_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler2007_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler2007">Hudak et al. 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2010ann-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010ann_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010ann_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGPLAN workshop on Haskell. pp. 62–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F871895.871902">10.1145/871895.871902</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1581137583" title="Special:BookSources/1581137583"><bdi>1581137583</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11986908">11986908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helium%2C+for+learning+Haskell&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2003+ACM+SIGPLAN+workshop+on+Haskell&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11986908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F871895.871902&rft.isbn=1581137583&rft.aulast=Heeren&rft.aufirst=Bastiaan&rft.au=Leijen%2C+Daan&rft.au=van+IJzendoorn%2C+Arjan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.uu.nl%2F~bastiaan%2Fheeren-helium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Helium4Haskell/helium/blob/master/COMPILERDOCS.md">"Helium Compiler Docs"</a>. GitHub. Retrieved 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helium+Compiler+Docs&rft.pub=GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FHelium4Haskell%2Fhelium%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2FCOMPILERDOCS.md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/DDC">"DDC – HaskellWiki"</a>. Haskell.org. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DDC+%E2%80%93+HaskellWiki&rft.pub=Haskell.org&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haskell.org%2Fhaskellwiki%2FDDC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Ben Lippmeier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahelp.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/lippmeier-impure-world.pdf">Type Inference and Optimisation for an Impure World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> (2010) PhD thesis, chapter 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Harper2011" class="citation web cs1">Robert Harper (25 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://existentialtype.wordpress.com/2011/04/24/the-real-point-of-laziness/">"The point of laziness"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+point+of+laziness&rft.date=2011-04-25&rft.au=Robert+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexistentialtype.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F04%2F24%2Fthe-real-point-of-laziness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Harper2011" class="citation web cs1">Robert Harper (16 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://existentialtype.wordpress.com/2011/04/16/modules-matter-most/">"Modules matter most"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modules+matter+most.&rft.date=2011-04-16&rft.au=Robert+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexistentialtype.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F04%2F16%2Fmodules-matter-most%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yesodweb.com/blog/2012/11/solving-cabal-hell">"Solving Cabal Hell"</a>. www.yesodweb.com. Retrieved 11 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yesodweb.com&rft.atitle=Solving+Cabal+Hell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yesodweb.com%2Fblog%2F2012%2F11%2Fsolving-cabal-hell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.ezyang.com/2016/05/announcing-cabal-new-build-nix-style-local-builds/">"Announcing cabal new-build: Nix-style local builds"</a>. Retrieved 1 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+cabal+new-build%3A+Nix-style+local+builds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.ezyang.com%2F2016%2F05%2Fannouncing-cabal-new-build-nix-style-local-builds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zfoh.ch/">https://zfoh.ch/</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haskell.org/haskellwiki/Hackathon">"Hackathon – HaskellWiki"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hackathon+%E2%80%93+HaskellWiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaskell.org%2Fhaskellwiki%2FHackathon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Reports</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyton_Jones2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Peyton_Jones" title="Simon Peyton Jones">Peyton Jones, Simon</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haskell.org/onlinereport/">Haskell 98 Language and Libraries: The Revised Report</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521826143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521826143"><bdi>978-0521826143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haskell+98+Language+and+Libraries%3A+The+Revised+Report&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521826143&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaskell.org%2Fonlinereport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlow2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Marlow" title="Simon Marlow">Marlow, Simon</a>, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haskell.org/definition/haskell2010.pdf">Haskell 2010 Language Report</a> (PDF). Haskell.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haskell+2010+Language+Report&rft.pub=Haskell.org&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haskell.org%2Fdefinition%2Fhaskell2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Textbooks</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavie1992" class="citation book cs1">Davie, Antony (1992). An Introduction to Functional Programming Systems Using Haskell. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25830-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25830-2"><bdi>978-0-521-25830-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Functional+Programming+Systems+Using+Haskell&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25830-2&rft.aulast=Davie&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Bird, Richard</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/publications/books/functional/">Introduction to Functional Programming using Haskell</a> (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-484346-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-484346-9"><bdi>978-0-13-484346-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Functional+Programming+using+Haskell&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-13-484346-9&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ox.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Ffunctional%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudak2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hudak" title="Paul Hudak">Hudak, Paul</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/hudak/SOE/">The Haskell School of Expression: Learning Functional Programming through Multimedia</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521643382" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521643382"><bdi>978-0521643382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haskell+School+of+Expression%3A+Learning+Functional+Programming+through+Multimedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0521643382&rft.aulast=Hudak&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.yale.edu%2Fhomes%2Fhudak%2FSOE%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2007" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Graham (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~gmh/book.html">Programming in Haskell</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521692694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521692694"><bdi>978-0521692694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Haskell&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521692694&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.nott.ac.uk%2F~gmh%2Fbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'SullivanStewartGoerzen2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, Bryan; Stewart, Don; Goerzen, John (2008). Real World Haskell. Sebastopol: O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51498-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51498-3"><bdi>978-0-596-51498-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+World+Haskell&rft.place=Sebastopol&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-596-51498-3&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Don&rft.au=Goerzen%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/">Real World Haskell</a> (full text).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2011" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Simon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haskellcraft.com/">Haskell: The Craft of Functional Programming</a> (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201882957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201882957"><bdi>978-0201882957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haskell%3A+The+Craft+of+Functional+Programming&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0201882957&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haskellcraft.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipovača2011" class="citation book cs1">Lipovača, Miran (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learnyouhaskellf00lipo_0">Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!</a>. San Francisco: No Starch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-283-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-283-8"><bdi>978-1-59327-283-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+You+a+Haskell+for+Great+Good%21&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2011-04&rft.isbn=978-1-59327-283-8&rft.aulast=Lipova%C4%8Da&rft.aufirst=Miran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flearnyouhaskellf00lipo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnyouahaskell.com/chapters">full text</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Bird, Richard</a> (2014). Thinking Functionally with Haskell. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-45264-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-45264-0"><bdi>978-1-107-45264-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Functionally+with+Haskell&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-45264-0&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdGibbons2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Bird, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gibbons" title="Jeremy Gibbons">Gibbons, Jeremy</a> (July 2020). Algorithm Design with Haskell. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49161-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49161-7"><bdi>978-1-108-49161-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algorithm+Design+with+Haskell&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-07&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49161-7&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tutorials</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudakPetersonFasel2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hudak" title="Paul Hudak">Hudak, Paul</a>; Peterson, John; Fasel, Joseph (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haskell.org/tutorial/">"A Gentle Introduction To Haskell, Version 98"</a>. Haskell.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haskell.org&rft.atitle=A+Gentle+Introduction+To+Haskell%2C+Version+98&rft.date=2000-06&rft.aulast=Hudak&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Peterson%2C+John&rft.au=Fasel%2C+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaskell.org%2Ftutorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Learn You a Haskell for Great Good! - A community version (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learnyouahaskell.github.io">learnyouahaskell.github.io</a>). An up-to-date community maintained version of the renowned "Learn You a Haskell" (LYAH) guide.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaumé" class="citation book cs1">Daumé, Hal III. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saksagan.ceng.metu.edu.tr/courses/ceng242/documents/haskell/yetanothertutorial.pdf">Yet Another Haskell Tutorial</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yet+Another+Haskell+Tutorial&rft.aulast=Daum%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Hal+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaksagan.ceng.metu.edu.tr%2Fcourses%2Fceng242%2Fdocuments%2Fhaskell%2Fyetanothertutorial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"> Assumes far less prior knowledge than official tutorial.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorgey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yorgey, Brent (12 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haskell.org/wikiupload/8/85/TMR-Issue13.pdf">"The Typeclassopedia"</a> (PDF). The Monad.Reader (13): 17–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monad.Reader&rft.atitle=The+Typeclassopedia&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft.aulast=Yorgey&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haskell.org%2Fwikiupload%2F8%2F85%2FTMR-Issue13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2018" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, Sandy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thinkingwithtypes.com/">Thinking with Types: Type-Level Programming in Haskell</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+with+Types%3A+Type-Level+Programming+in+Haskell&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthinkingwithtypes.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudakHughesPeyton_JonesWadler2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hudak" title="Paul Hudak">Hudak, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Hughes (computer scientist)">Hughes, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peyton_Jones" title="Simon Peyton Jones">Peyton Jones, Simon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Wadler" title="Philip Wadler">Wadler, Philip</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/~simonpj/papers/history-of-haskell/history.pdf">"A history of Haskell"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages. pp. 12–1–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1238844.1238856">10.1145/1238844.1238856</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-766-7"><bdi>978-1-59593-766-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52847907">52847907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+history+of+Haskell&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+third+ACM+SIGPLAN+conference+on+History+of+programming+languages&rft.pages=12-1-55&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52847907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1238844.1238856&rft.isbn=978-1-59593-766-7&rft.aulast=Hudak&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hughes%2C+John&rft.au=Peyton+Jones%2C+Simon&rft.au=Wadler%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2F~simonpj%2Fpapers%2Fhistory-of-haskell%2Fhistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, Naomi (19 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/261007/a-z_programming_languages_haskell/">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: Haskell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=The+A-Z+of+Programming+Languages%3A+Haskell&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com.au%2Farticle%2F261007%2Fa-z_programming_languages_haskell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaskell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haskell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Haskell">Haskell</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Write_Yourself_a_Scheme_in_48_Hours" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours">Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haskell.org">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34010#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/17px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/25px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haskell_programming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haskell programming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haskell_programming539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haskell</a> programming</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haskell_features" title="Haskell features">features</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming#Generic_Haskell" title="Generic programming">Generic Haskell</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Haskell_Compiler" title="Glasgow Haskell Compiler">Glasgow Haskell Compiler</a>° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template_Haskell" title="Template Haskell">Template Haskell</a>°</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofer_(programming_language)" title="Gofer (programming language)">Gofer</a>° → <a href="/wiki/Hugs_(interpreter)" title="Hugs (interpreter)">Hugs</a>°</li> <li>York Haskell Compiler° (<a href="/wiki/Yhc" title="Yhc">Yhc</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)" title="Agda (programming language)">Agda</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptol" title="Cryptol">Cryptol</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_(programming_language)" title="Curry (programming language)">Curry</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_(programming_language)" title="Hume (programming language)">Hume</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A9mega" title="Ωmega">Ωmega</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_(programming_language)" title="Orwell (programming language)">Orwell</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugs_(compiler)" title="Pugs (compiler)">Pugs</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(programming_language)" title="Ur (programming language)">Ur</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(programming_language)" title="Atom (programming language)">Atom</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluespec" title="Bluespec">Bluespec</a> <a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">SystemVerilog</a> (BSV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Haskell" title="Concurrent Haskell">Concurrent Haskell</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_Platform" title="Haskell Platform">Haskell Platform</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_(parser)" title="Parsec (parser)">Parsec</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickCheck" title="QuickCheck">QuickCheck</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabal_(software)" title="Cabal (software)">Cabal</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(Haskell)" title="Stack (Haskell)">Stack</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">Windowing systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fudgets" title="Fudgets">Fudgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WxHaskell" title="WxHaskell">wxHaskell</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmonad" title="Xmonad">xmonad</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servant_(web_framework)" title="Servant (web framework)">Servant</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_(web_framework)" title="Snap (web framework)">Snap</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesod_(web_framework)" title="Yesod (web framework)">Yesod</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcs" title="Darcs">Darcs</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Git-annex" title="Git-annex">git-annex</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock_(software)" title="Haddock (software)">Haddock</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaXml" title="HaXml">HaXml</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_(operating_system)" title="House (operating system)">House</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Haskell" title="Liquid Haskell">Liquid Haskell</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOLITA" title="LOLITA">LOLITA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandoc" title="Pandoc">Pandoc</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_(theorem_prover)" title="Paradox (theorem prover)">Paradox</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQream_DB" title="SQream DB">SQream DB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/150px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/200px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="80" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_World_Haskell" title="Real World Haskell">Real World Haskell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eponym10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponym</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_Curry" title="Haskell Curry">Haskell Curry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_(computer_scientist)" title="Arvind (computer scientist)">Arvind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson" title="Lennart Augustsson">Lennart Augustsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Richard Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gibbons" title="Jeremy Gibbons">Jeremy Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_D._Gordon" title="Andrew D. Gordon">Andrew D. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hudak" title="Paul Hudak">Paul Hudak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Hughes (computer scientist)">John Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Launchbury" title="John Launchbury">John Launchbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacFarlane_(philosopher)" title="John MacFarlane (philosopher)">John MacFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Marlow" title="Simon Marlow">Simon Marlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_McBride" title="Conor McBride">Conor McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Meijer_(computer_scientist)" title="Erik Meijer (computer scientist)">Erik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Peyton_Jones" title="Simon Peyton Jones">Simon Peyton Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roundy" title="David Roundy">David Roundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Stoy" title="Joe Stoy">Joe Stoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Tang" title="Audrey Tang">Audrey Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thompson_(professor)" title="Simon Thompson (professor)">Simon Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wadler" title="Philip Wadler">Philip Wadler</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics = discontinued <li>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_book_class2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia book"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Haskell">Book</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Haskell_programming_language_family" title="Category:Haskell programming language family">Category:Family</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Haskell_software" title="Category:Haskell software">Category:Software</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haskell_Curry607" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haskell_Curry" title="Template:Haskell Curry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Haskell_Curry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Haskell Curry (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haskell_Curry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haskell Curry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haskell_Curry607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Haskell_Curry" title="Haskell Curry">Haskell Curry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesakes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curry%E2%80%93Howard_correspondence" title="Curry–Howard correspondence">Curry–Howard correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currying" title="Currying">Currying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry%27s_paradox" title="Curry's paradox">Curry's paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BrookGPU" title="BrookGPU">Brook</a>°</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_(programming_language)" title="Curry (programming language)">Curry</a>°</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haskell</a>°</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/150px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/225px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg/300px-Logo_of_the_Haskell_programming_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="80" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Italics = discontinued</li> <li>° = <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mathematics" title="Category:Philosophers of mathematics">Category:Mathematical philosophers</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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