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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%85%DA%A9:%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کؤمک:آلمان دیلی‌نین بین‌الخلق فونتیکا الیفباسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کؤمک:آلمان دیلی‌نین بین‌الخلق فونتیکا الیفباسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:বাংলা ভাষায় জার্মান শব্দের প্রতিবর্ণীকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:বাংলা ভাষায় জার্মান শব্দের প্রতিবর্ণীকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A6:IPA/Standard_German" title="मदद:IPA/Standard German – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मदद:IPA/Standard German" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_fonetik_etrebroadel_evit_an_alamaneg" title="Lizherenneg fonetik etrebroadel evit an alamaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg fonetik etrebroadel evit an alamaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuda:AFI/Alem%C3%A1n" title="Ayuda:AFI/Alemán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ayuda:AFI/Alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90:IPA_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1" title="დახმარება:IPA გერმანულისთვის – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დახმარება:IPA გერმანულისთვის" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AEkar%C3%AE:IPA_ji_bo_alman%C3%AE" title="Alîkarî:IPA ji bo almanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alîkarî:IPA ji bo almanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:AFA/Jerman_Baku" title="Bantuan:AFA/Jerman Baku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bantuan:AFA/Jerman Baku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AE:IPA_for_German" title="အကူအညီ:IPA for German – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အကူအညီ:IPA for German" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_IPA" title="ਮਦਦ:ਜਰਮਨ ਲਈ IPA – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਦਦ:ਜਰਮਨ ਲਈ IPA" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:AFI_para_alem%C3%A3o" title="Wikipédia:AFI para alemão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:AFI para alemão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94:IPA/Standard_German" title="උදවු:IPA/Standard German – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උදවු:IPA/Standard German" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Help:IPA/Standard German" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Транскрипција са немачког језика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Транскрипција са немачког језика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Довідка:МФА/Німецька – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довідка:МФА/Німецька" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے جرمن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے جرمن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E5%98%85%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E8%AE%80%E9%9F%B3" title="Help:德文嘅國際音標讀音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Help:德文嘅國際音標讀音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:德语国际音标 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Help:德语国际音标" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></td><td class="mbox-text">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of Standard German on Wikipedia.<div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Standard German in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help talk:IPA/Standard German">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-DE&redirect=no">H:IPA-DE</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPAG&redirect=no">H:IPAG</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Standard German</div> The charts below show the way <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a> represents Standard <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">Template:IPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation#Entering_IPA_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard German phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_orthography#Grapheme-to-phoneme_correspondences" title="German orthography">German orthography § Grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences</a> for a more thorough look at the sounds of German. <table style="background:none"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a> <abbr title="Germany German">DEU</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a> <abbr title="Austria German">AUT</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></a> <abbr title="Switzerland German">CH</abbr> </th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></big> </td> <td>bei;<a href="#cite_note-fortislenis-1">[1]</a> ab (<abbr title="Austrian Standard German">AT</abbr>, <abbr title="Swiss Standard German">CH</abbr>)<a href="#cite_note-devoicing-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>ball </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></big> </td> <td>nach<a href="#cite_note-dorsalfricatives-3">[3]</a> </td> <td>Scottish loch </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></big> </td> <td>ich, durch;<a href="#cite_note-dorsalfricatives-3">[3]</a> China, Leipzig (<abbr title="German Standard German">DE</abbr>) </td> <td>hue </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></big> </td> <td>dann; Kleid (<abbr title="Austrian Standard German">AT</abbr>, <abbr title="Swiss Standard German">CH</abbr>)<a href="#cite_note-devoicing-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>done </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></big> </td> <td>für, von, Phänomen </td> <td>fuss </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></big> </td> <td>gut; Tag, Leipzig (<abbr title="Austrian Standard German">AT</abbr>, <abbr title="Swiss Standard German">CH</abbr>)<a href="#cite_note-devoicing-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>guest </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></big> </td> <td>hat </td> <td>hut </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></big> </td> <td>Jahr, Yo-Yo </td> <td>yard </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></big> </td> <td>kann, cremen, sechs; Tag (<abbr title="German Standard German">DE</abbr>);<a href="#cite_note-devoicing-2">[2]</a> China (<abbr title="Austrian Standard German">AT</abbr>, <abbr title="Swiss Standard German">CH</abbr>) </td> <td>cold </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></big> </td> <td>Leben </td> <td>last </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">l̩</a></big> </td> <td>Mantel </td> <td>bottle </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></big> </td> <td>Mann </td> <td>must </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">m̩</a></big> </td> <td>großem </td> <td>rhythm </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></big> </td> <td>Name </td> <td>not </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">n̩</a></big> </td> <td>beiden </td> <td>sudden </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></big> </td> <td>lang </td> <td>long </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></big> </td> <td>Person, ab (<abbr title="German Standard German">DE</abbr>)<a href="#cite_note-devoicing-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>puck </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">pf</a></big> </td> <td>Pfeffer </td> <td>cupful </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></big> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></big> </td> <td>reden<a href="#cite_note-r-allophones-4">[4]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="German Standard German">DE</abbr>: French rouge <abbr title="Austrian Standard German">AT</abbr>, <abbr title="Swiss Standard German">CH</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a> red </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></big> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></big> </td> <td>Sie, diese<a href="#cite_note-fortislenis-1">[1]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="Standard German">DE</abbr>: zebra <abbr title="Austrian Standard German">AT</abbr>, <abbr title="Swiss Standard German">CH</abbr>: soup </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></big> </td> <td>lassen, groß, Haus </td> <td>fast </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></big> </td> <td>schon, Stadt, spitz, Champagner, Ski </td> <td>shall </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></big> </td> <td>Tag, Stadt; Kleid (<abbr title="German Standard German">DE</abbr>)<a href="#cite_note-devoicing-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>tall </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></big> </td> <td>Matsch, Cello </td> <td>match </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></big> </td> <td>was, Vase<a href="#cite_note-fortislenis-1">[1]</a> </td> <td>vanish </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></big> </td> <td>Zeit, Platz, Potsdam, Celle </td> <td>cats </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></big> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:gray"> </td> <td>beamtet [bəˈʔamtət]<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>uh-oh! </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Non-native consonants </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></big> </td> <td>Dschungel, Pidgin<a href="#cite_note-fortislenis-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-postalveolarlenis-6">[6]</a> </td> <td>jungle </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></big> </td> <td>Genie, Entourage<a href="#cite_note-fortislenis-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-postalveolarlenis-6">[6]</a> </td> <td>pleasure </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></big> </td> <td>Spray<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td> <td>rice </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></big> </td> <td>Motherboard<a href="#cite_note-th-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>this </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></big> </td> <td>Thatcherismus<a href="#cite_note-th-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>think </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></big> </td> <td>Web, Whiskey, Squash<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>web </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">ˈ</a></big> </td> <td rowspan="2">Bahnhofstraße [ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə] </td> <td rowspan="2">battleship <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Secondary_stress" title="Secondary stress">ˌ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">Syllable break</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">.</a></big> </td> <td>Ephraim [ˈeːfra.ɪm] </td> <td>flower <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈflaʊ.ər/</a> (contrasting with flour <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈflaʊər/</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a> <abbr title="Germany German">DEU</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></a> <abbr title="Austria German">AUT</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></a> <abbr title="Switzerland German">CH</abbr> </th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></big> </td> <td>alles, Kalender </td> <td>pasta </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a></big> </td> <td>aber, sah, Staat </td> <td>father </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></big> </td> <td>Ende, hätte </td> <td>bet </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></big> </td> <td>spät, wählen<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a> hair </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></big> </td> <td>eben, gehen, Meer </td> <td>mate </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></big> </td> <td>ist </td> <td>sit </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></big> </td> <td>liebe, Berlin, ihm </td> <td>seed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></big> </td> <td>kommen </td> <td>off </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></big> </td> <td>oder, hohe, Boot </td> <td>story </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></big> </td> <td>öffnen </td> <td>somewhat like hurt; <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a> ugh </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a></big> </td> <td>Österreich, Möhre, adieu </td> <td>somewhat like heard </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></big> </td> <td>und </td> <td>pull </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></big> </td> <td>Hut, Kuh </td> <td>tool </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></big> </td> <td>müssen, Ypsilon </td> <td>somewhat like cute </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></big> </td> <td>über, Mühe, psychisch </td> <td>somewhat like few </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>aɪ</big> </td> <td>ein, Kaiser, Haydn, Verleih, Speyer </td> <td>high </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>aʊ</big> </td> <td>auf </td> <td>vow </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>ɔʏ</big> </td> <td>Euro, Häuser </td> <td>choice </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">Reduced vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>ər</big> </td> <td>immer<a href="#cite_note-r-allophones-4">[4]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="German Standard German">DE</abbr>, <abbr title="Austrian Standard German">AT</abbr>: frustration <abbr title="Swiss Standard German">CH</abbr>: Scottish letter<a href="#cite_note-schwas-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></big> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></big> </td> <td>Name </td> <td><abbr title="German Standard German">DE</abbr>: balance (but not sofa)<a href="#cite_note-schwas-11">[11]</a> <abbr title="Austrian Standard German">AT</abbr>, <abbr title="Swiss Standard German">CH</abbr>: bet<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><big>ɐ̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>r</big> </td> <td>Uhr<a href="#cite_note-r-allophones-4">[4]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="German Standard German">DE</abbr>, <abbr title="Austrian Standard German">AT</abbr>: sofa <abbr title="Swiss Standard German">CH</abbr>: Scottish far </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i̯</a></big> </td> <td>Studie, Italien </td> <td>yard </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o̯</a></big> </td> <td>Pointe<a href="#cite_note-semivowels-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>quite </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u̯</a></big> </td> <td>Linguist, Gouache<a href="#cite_note-semivowels-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>would </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y̑</a></big> </td> <td>Etui<a href="#cite_note-semivowels-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>somewhat like evaluation </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Shortened vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></big> </td> <td>Element<a href="#cite_note-shorttense-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>roughly like dress </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></big> </td> <td>Italien<a href="#cite_note-shorttense-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>seat </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></big> </td> <td>originell<a href="#cite_note-shorttense-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>story, but short </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></big> </td> <td>Ökonomie<a href="#cite_note-shorttense-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>roughly like hurt </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></big> </td> <td>Universität, Souvenir<a href="#cite_note-shorttense-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>cesspool </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></big> </td> <td>Psychologie<a href="#cite_note-shorttense-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>like meet, but with the lips rounded </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Non-native vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>ãː</big> </td> <td>Gourmand, Engagement, Restaurant, Chance<a href="#cite_note-nasalV-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>French Provence </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>ɛ̃ː</big> </td> <td>Pointe<a href="#cite_note-nasalV-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>French quinze </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>ɛɪ</big> </td> <td>Mail<a href="#cite_note-middiphthongs-16">[16]</a> </td> <td>face </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>õː</big> </td> <td>Garçon<a href="#cite_note-nasalV-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>French Le Monde </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>ɔː</big> </td> <td>stalken, Motherboard<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>ɔʊ</big> </td> <td>Code<a href="#cite_note-middiphthongs-16">[16]</a> </td> <td>goal </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big>œ̃ː</big> </td> <td>Parfum<a href="#cite_note-nasalV-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>French emprunte </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><big>œːɐ̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><big>øːr</big> </td> <td>surfen, Flirt<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td> <td>roughly like <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a> bird </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Shortened vowels (Non-native vowels) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></big> </td> <td>engagieren<a href="#cite_note-nasalV-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>French chanson </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></big> </td> <td>impair<a href="#cite_note-nasalV-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>French vingt-et-un </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a></big> </td> <td>foncé<a href="#cite_note-nasalV-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>French Mont Blanc </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">œ̃</a></big> </td> <td>Lundist<a href="#cite_note-nasalV-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>French vingt-et-un </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Standard_German&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Category:Pages with German IPA</a> (8,983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Austrian_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Austrian German IPA">Category:Pages with Austrian German IPA</a> (118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Swiss_Standard_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Swiss Standard German IPA">Category:Pages with Swiss Standard German IPA</a> (80)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Standard_German&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fortislenis-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fortislenis_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fortislenis_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fortislenis_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fortislenis_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fortislenis_1-4">e</a> In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced, and /s/ is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis and lenis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-devoicing-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-devoicing_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoicing_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoicing_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoicing_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoicing_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoicing_2-5">f</a> In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable. </li> <li id="cite_note-dorsalfricatives-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dorsalfricatives_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dorsalfricatives_3-1">b</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed /x/. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and /a, aː/ and it may instead be uvular [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>], depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with ⟨x⟩. </li> <li id="cite_note-r-allophones-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r-allophones_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r-allophones_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r-allophones_4-2">c</a> Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a> is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]. Also, in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">southern Germany</a>, /ɐ/ is alternatively realized as [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The glottal stop occurs in <a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a>. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a> does not have glottal stops (<a href="#CITEREFKrech_et_al.2009">Krech et al. 2009</a>, pp. 236, 262). </li> <li id="cite_note-postalveolarlenis-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolarlenis_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-postalveolarlenis_6-1">b</a> Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (<a href="#CITEREFHall2003">Hall 2003</a>, p. 42). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers. </li> <li id="cite_note-th-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-th_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-th_8-1">b</a> /ð/ and /θ/, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of /d, z, v/ and /t, s, f/, respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Often replaced with /v/. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">northern Germany</a>, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ into [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-schwas-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schwas_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwas_11-1">b</a> As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] and open [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Standard German [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed /ʌ/ in words such as frustration and justiciable is a perfect replacement for Standard German [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]. Also, especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">southern Germany</a>, /ɐ/ often merges with /ə/ into [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> In Austria and Switzerland, the most common realization of syllable-final /ə/ is [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a>] (<a href="#CITEREFKrech_et_al.2009">Krech et al. 2009</a>, p. 246), here transcribed as [ɛ] for simplicity. </li> <li id="cite_note-semivowels-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semivowels_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowels_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowels_13-2">c</a> /o̯, u̯, y̑/ only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords. </li> <li id="cite_note-shorttense-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shorttense_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shorttense_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shorttense_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shorttense_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shorttense_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shorttense_14-5">f</a> [e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (<a href="#CITEREFMangold2005">Mangold 2005</a>, p. 65). </li> <li id="cite_note-nasalV-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasalV_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalV_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalV_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalV_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalV_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalV_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalV_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasalV_15-7">h</a> The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilated</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (<a href="#CITEREFMangold2005">Mangold 2005</a>, p. 65). </li> <li id="cite_note-middiphthongs-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middiphthongs_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-middiphthongs_16-1">b</a> The diphthongs /ɛɪ, ɔʊ/ occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as okay. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to [eː, oː] (or [e, o] in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word okay can be pronounced as either [ɔʊˈkɛɪ] or [oˈkeː]. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The long vowel /ɔː/ occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short /ɔ/ or long /oː/, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> [œːɐ̯] or [øːr] is the German rendering of the English <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>NURSE vowel <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɜːr/</a> and sometimes the French stressed <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[œʁ]</a> (<a href="#CITEREFKrech_et_al.2009">Krech et al. 2009</a>, pp. 64, 142), when it is not realized as [øːɐ̯]/[øːr]. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references" data-mw-thread-id="h-General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Standard_German&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHall2003" class="citation cs2">Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6689-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6689-1"><bdi>0-7190-6689-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+German+pronunciation%3A+An+introduction+for+speakers+of+English&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7190-6689-1&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FStandard+German" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrech_et_al.2009" class="citation cs2">Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018202-6"><bdi>978-3-11-018202-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EDeutsches+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018202-6&rft.aulast=Krech&rft.aufirst=Eva+Maria&rft.au=Stock%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=Hirschfeld%2C+Ursula&rft.au=Anders%2C+Lutz-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FStandard+German" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangold2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Max_Mangold" title="Max Mangold">Mangold, Max</a> (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Duden, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3411040667" title="Special:BookSources/978-3411040667"><bdi>978-3411040667</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EDas+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Duden&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3411040667&rft.aulast=Mangold&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FStandard+German" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">Australian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Berber" title="Help:IPA/Berber">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Insular_Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Insular Catalan">Insular</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Wu_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Corsican" title="Help:IPA/Corsican">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Fijian" title="Help:IPA/Fijian">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">Colognian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greenlandic" title="Help:IPA/Greenlandic">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inuktitut" title="Help:IPA/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inupiaq" title="Help:IPA/Inupiaq">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Central_Italian" title="Help:IPA/Central Italian">Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lakota" title="Help:IPA/Lakota">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mauritian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English pronunciation respellings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Introductory guides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Introduction" title="Help:IPA/Introduction">For English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Manual of Style: Pronunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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