CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en">  <head> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <title>Physics</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"268ac6ae9b",applicationID:"4850779"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>b,xN:()=>v});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources";var a=r(993);const s=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var c=r(614),u=r(944),l=r(384),d=r(122);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:a.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:c.wk,inactiveMs:c.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){s(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,u.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){s(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,u.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,u.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},p={},m="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(m);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);p[e]=(0,d.a)(t,g());const r=(0,l.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(969),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),A=r(434);const R=new Map;function _(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[A.Jt]||t[r];return R.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>R.get(c))),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var R="api-",E=R+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(R,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),_(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(R,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(R,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(R,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(R,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(E+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(E,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(E,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(R,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var S=r(284);const O=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(O(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",S.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.281.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-zqOtfbjYsGTkQScey1O8Hh9fA1+m2RFxLpfv7BWqqTivgQ6iM13v6QJ4d5xykyDwx1GoMFmngC4SKpFn6VciYg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(908),_=i(843),E=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,_.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,E.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(969);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <LINK REL='SHORTCUT ICON' HREF='/favicon.ico'><meta name="sercmodulelist" content="2657 end"> <meta name="sercmodulename" content="SISL"> <meta name="sercmodulepeers" content=""> <meta name="longtitle" content="Physics"> <meta name="shorttitle" content="Physics"> <meta name="sercvocabs" content="455:1 455:19 455:27 end 61:1 end 674:1 end "> <meta name="vocab_page_for" content=""> <meta name="serckeywords" content=""> <meta name="sercvocabkeywords" content="Teach the Earth Incorporating Societal Issues Sustainability, Page, Content Page, "> <meta name="keywords" content=" Teach the Earth Incorporating Societal Issues Sustainability, Page, Content Page, "> <meta name="page_id" content="74277"> <meta name="datemodified" content="20241220"> <meta name="datemodifiedminutes" content="1223"> <meta name="datecreated" content="20130822"> <meta name="datecreatedminutes" content="1138"> <meta name="datecreated_solr_dt" content="2013-08-22T16:38:00Z"> <meta name="news_date_expires" content="2030121"> <meta name="news_date_stale" content="2030121"> <meta name="datepublished" content="20130822"> <meta name="datepublishedminutes" content="1138"> <meta name="serctype" content="page live natural_home"> <meta name="boost" content="1 1"> <meta name="page_type_boost" content="2"> <meta name="quality_boost" content="0"> <meta name="popularity_boost" content="4"> <meta name="thumburl" content="https://cdn.serc.carleton.edu/images/sisl/nasa_upper_atmosphere_research.webp_crops/a40dd93b08102b49e806041b0150a99c_80.webp"> <meta name="thumbwidth" content="80"> <meta name="thumbheight" content="60"> <meta name="thumbid" content="39991"> <meta name="sercviewprivs" content=" public "> <meta name="sercsearchablefiles" content=""> <meta name="sort_string" content=""> <meta property="og:title" content="Physics"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SISL"> <meta property="og:description" content=""> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://serc.carleton.edu/sisl/sustain_in_physics.html"> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2024-12-20T12:23:19-0600"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="357747647995292"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.serc.carleton.edu/images/sisl/nasa_upper_atmosphere_research.webp_crops/b5b5f167ab2b126421e88b5bff603518.webp"> <link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' media='screen' href='//cdn.serc.carleton.edu/compiledstyles/sisl-stem.v1725917852.css'> <link rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' media='print' href='//cdn.serc.carleton.edu/styles/print.v1731709179.css'> <script type='text/javascript' src='/scripts/js-cookie/src/js.cookie.v1731709179.js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='/scripts/modernizr.custom.10-18-11.v1731709179.js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' defer src='/scripts/local/base_vanilla.v1731709179.js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' defer src='/scripts/local/web_socket_functions.v1731709179.js'></script> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-355624-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script async src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-F9CF6JM8MS'></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-F9CF6JM8MS'); </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='/scripts/local/chrome_specific/default.v1731709179.js'></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', (event) => { let class_name_list_string = "nagt_not_member not_logged_in "; let class_name_array = class_name_list_string.split(" "); class_name_array.map(function (element) { if(element != ""){ document.body.classList.add(element.trim()); } }); });</script> </head> <body class='claro' > <div id="skip"><a href="#content">Skip to Main Content</a><a href="#nav">Skip to Navigation</a></div> <div id='serc-account-bar'> <div id='serc-account-link'> <div id='account-menu'><a id='accountMenuTitle' href='https://serc.carleton.edu/account/loginout.php?return_url=https://serc.carleton.edu/sisl/sustain_in_physics.html'>Login</a></div> </div> <div id='serc-quick-links'> <a class='ajax-toggle' targetid='serc-quick-links' autotoggle='true' data-silent-load='true' href='/admin/ajax/ajax_handler.php?action=serc_quick_links&url=https://serc.carleton.edu/sisl/sustain_in_physics.html'></a> </div> </div><header id='header'><a class='headerimagelink' href='/sisl'><img src='/images/sisl/banner.jpg' alt='Sustainability Improves Student Learning in STEM' border='0'></a> <div id='titlebar'></div></header> <nav id='crumbs' aria-label='Breadcrumb'><a href='/sisl/index.html'>SISL</a> > <a href='/sisl/discipline.html'>Disciplinary Perspectives</a> > <span aria-current='page'>Physics</span></nav> <div id='serc-contentwrapper'><main id="content" class="serc-content"><a name="content"></a><h1>Teaching Sustainability in Physics</h1><div class='serc-editable' id='contentId3362021'><p> <div id='image-39991' class='narrowimage rightfloat image-right-margin modal-display small'> <img class='main-image shadow border ' src="https://cdn.serc.carleton.edu/images/sisl/nasa_upper_atmosphere_research_456.webp" alt="NASA upper atmosphere research satellite" crossorigin="anonymous" data-h='637' data-w='500' data-full='https://cdn.serc.carleton.edu/images/sisl/nasa_upper_atmosphere_research.webp'> <div id='modal-39991'> <div class='underlay'></div> <div class='contents' style='height: 637px; width: 500px;'> <div class='modal-exit'><span class='exit-click'>×</span> </div> </div> </div>  </div></p> <p><div class="bigfirstline">Sustainability in physics can be a great way to link standard physics concepts to topics applicable to the real world and of interest to students.</div></p> <p>Sustainability issues are inherently interdisciplinary. See the <a href='resource_discus.html' >Resources & Discussions</a> page for resources that span multiple disciplines and the <a href='discipline.html' >Disciplinary Perspectives</a> pages.</p> <div class='pullquote context3'><em>Jump to:</em> <a href='#curr' ><em>Undergraduate Curriculum</em></a> <em>|</em> <a href='#physicists' ><em>Physicists Teaching Sustainability</em></a> <em>|</em> <a href='#institutes' ><em>Organizations and Institutes</em></a> <em>|</em> <a href='#continue' ><em>Continuing Education</em></a></div> </div> <h2>Exploring Sustainability through Physics</h2><div class='serc-editable' id='contentId3362022'><ul> <li>Energy and Work - Foundations for Sustainability Issues</li> <li>Thermodynamics - Issues of Heat, Entropy, and Energy Use</li> <li>Electricity and Magnetism - Commercial power and use</li> <li>Nuclear Physics - Commercial power generation and waste</li> <li>Electronics - Energy transport</li> </ul> <p><span id='curr' class='inpageanchortarget'></span></p> </div> <h2>Sustainability and Physics for the Undergraduate Curriculum</h2><div class='serc-editable' id='contentId3362023'><h3>Activities</h3> <blockquote> <p><a href='http://phet.colorado.edu/en/contributions/view/3622' ><strong>PhET Simulation: Greenhouse gases - sense making by observing photons</strong></a><br /> This simulation-based activity illustrates how different gases and clouds affect the earth's temperature. Students are guided through an exploration of connections between temperature and the microscopic properties of molecules in the atmosphere. The qualitative nature of the simulation makes the activity suitable for a wide range of classes. Students can extend the activity to determine the changes that can cause an ice age or extensive global warming.</p> <p><a href='http://sites.saintmarys.edu/~rtarara/ENERGY.html' ><strong>St. Marys College: Energy Management Simulators</strong></a><br /> This web page provides a series of simulators for energy supply, demand, production, and waste. These are suitable for a wide range of student explorations. Related is an example <a href='http://sites.saintmarys.edu/~rtarara/ENERGY_PROJECT/ENERGY2100.htm' >Energy 2100 class project</a> for exploring global energy production and demand in an introductory general physics course. <br /> <div class='pullquote context3'><em>For more resources on teaching sustainability across many disciplines, see the</em> <a href='/serc/site_guides/sustainability.html' ><em><strong>SERC Sustainability Site Guide</strong></em></a><em>. This site guide contains annotated links to hundreds of teaching activities, course descriptions, visualizations, and articles compiled through a number of projects.</em></div></p> </blockquote> <h3>Textbooks and Other Resources</h3> <blockquote> <p>[link https://portal.aapt.org/portal/Store/portal/Store/StoreLayouts/Store_List2.aspx?#/wsp-13 <strong>'Teaching About Energy']</strong></p> </blockquote> <strong> <blockquote> <p>AAPT/PTRA teaching manual on Energy</p> <p><a href='https://islandpress.org/book/foundations-of-environmental-physics' ><strong>Foundations of Environmental Physics</strong></a><br /> Textbook for a course on environmental issues studied through the use of physics-related concepts</p> <p><a href='http://fire.pppl.gov/sustainability_mackay_red.pdf' ><strong>Sustainable Energy - without the hot air</strong></a><br /> A constructive, educational, and quantitative review of energy, environmental, and climate issues.</p> <p><strong>C21: Physics Teaching for the 21st Century</strong><br /> A collection of activities, videos, and other teaching resources that incorporate 21st Century problems into physics courses. Of particular interest are the active student explorations in the Take-Home Experiments section of the site.</p> <p><a href='http://www.albartlett.org/index.html' ><strong>Al Bartlett: The Essential Exponential</strong></a><br /> This web site is dedicated to the work of Al Bartlett on issues of sustainability, population, energy, and economics. Information about his book <em>The Essential Exponential</em> and several of his presentations are available.</p> </blockquote> <h3>Journal Articles</h3> <blockquote> <p>The AAPT Resource Letters in the American Journal of Physics, focused on a particular topic in physics, or connections between physics and other disciplines or topics. Each Letter provides a brief introduction to the topic and a bibliography of articles, books, websites, and other resources. These topical introductions are well-suited for those interested in teaching the topic in some depth. For topics where active research is ongoing and the field is changing, multiple letters may be created.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong><div id='c660308' class='hiddenversion ' aria-hidden='false' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='f660308' ><a href="javascript:swapDiv(660308,true, 'block')" style='text-decoration:none;'><img src='/images/twiddle-right.gif' height='10' width='12' alt=''>Show AAPT Resource Letters</a></div> <div id='e660308' class='shownversion' aria-hidden='true' aria-expanded='true' aria-controls='f660308' ><div class='showntitle'><a href="javascript:swapDiv(660308,false, 'block')"><img src='/images/twiddle-down.gif' height='10' width='12' alt=''>Hide</a></div></div><div id='f660308' class='shownversion' aria-hidden='true' ><div class='shownbody'></strong></p> <blockquote> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3446850' >FuNP-1: The Future of Nuclear Power</a> <br /> George Flanagan, George Kulynych, and Cecil Parks, 2010</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2894511' >GW-2: Global Warming</a> <br /> Michael D. Mastrandrea and Stephen H. Schneider, 2008</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2410019' >PSEn-1: Physics and Society: Energy</a><br /> Art Hobson, 2007 (Also available <a href='http://libraries.uark.edu/physics/physpubs/details.asp?id=263' >here</a>)</p> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17560' >GW-1: Global Warming</a><br /> John W. Firor, 1994</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.13000' >SE-2: Solar Energy</a> <br /> Laurent Hodges, 1982</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.11260' >ENC-1: Environmental Noise Control</a> <br /> Thomas D. Rossing, 1978</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.10433' >SE-1: Solar Energy</a> <br /> D. K. McDaniels and M. J. Throop, 1976</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1987671' >PE-1: Physics and the Environment</a> <br /> John I. Shonle, 1974</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1986677' >ERPEE-1: Energy: Resources, Production, and Environmental Effects</a> <br /> R. H. Romer, 1972</p> </blockquote> </div></div> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4818380' ><strong>Incorporating Sustainability and 21st-Century Problem Solving into Physics Courses</strong></a><br /> Example from a Multidisciplinary Science Education project at Ithaca College</p> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3517020' ><strong>Using Environmental Science as a Motivational Tool to Teach Physics to Non-Science Majors</strong></a><br /> A freely available article from The Physics Teacher outlining the change of a standard physical science course into an environmental physical science class. Basic physical principles are applied to environmental issues of current interest.</p> <p><a href='http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4745688' ><strong>Fukushima Daiichi Accident and Its Radiological Impact on the Environment</strong></a><br /> A freely available article from The Physics Teacher describing the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident and ways this event can be used to motivate discussion in physics classes.</p> <h3>K-12</h3> <blockquote> <div id='c662103' class='hiddenversion ' aria-hidden='false' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='f662103' ><a href="javascript:swapDiv(662103,true, 'block')" style='text-decoration:none;'><img src='/images/twiddle-right.gif' height='10' width='12' alt=''>Show <strong>Resources from the New York Energy Education Program</strong></a></div> <div id='e662103' class='shownversion' aria-hidden='true' aria-expanded='true' aria-controls='f662103' ><div class='showntitle'><a href="javascript:swapDiv(662103,false, 'block')"><img src='/images/twiddle-down.gif' height='10' width='12' alt=''>Hide</a></div></div><div id='f662103' class='shownversion' aria-hidden='true' ><div class='shownbody'> <p><a href='http://www.compadre.org/psrc/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=3380&DocID=74' ><strong>Teaching About Energy: Problems Related to Energy Choices</strong></a> <br /> This student activity is designed to explore the potential difficulties related with different power sources. Difficulties such as nuclear waste, pollution, and the environmental degradation.</p> <p><a href='http://www.compadre.org/psrc/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=3378&DocID=72' ><strong>Teaching About Energy: Using Less Fuel to Heat and Cool Your Home</strong></a><br /> This student activity is designed to study energy flow and conservation. The rate at which the temperature of water increases in different containers is used to explore the conservation of energy and how it relates to your home environment.</p> <p><a href='http://www.compadre.org/psrc/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=12171&DocID=2999' ><strong>Using Earth's Resources: What are the Tradeoffs?</strong></a><br /> This teacher's guide and education module contains student problem-solving activities related to the use of the Earth's soil and mineral resources.</p> <p><a href='http://www.compadre.org/psrc/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=11681&DocID=2548' ><strong>Energy Conservation: Student Activities</strong></a> <br /> This teacher's guide contains six student activities on the topic of energy conservation and the impact of energy use on society.</p> <p><a href='http://www.compadre.org/psrc/document/ServeFile.cfm?ID=11679&DocID=2544' ><strong>Energy: How Does It Impact Our Lives?</strong></a> <br /> This teacher's guide and education module contains student activities that outline the impact of energy issues on society and human activities.</p> </div></div> </blockquote> <p><span id='physicists' class='inpageanchortarget'></span></p> </strong> </div> <h2>Physicists Teaching Sustainability</h2><div class='serc-editable' id='contentId3362024'><blockquote> <p><a href='http://muller.lbl.gov/teaching/Physics10/PffP.html' ><strong>Physics for Future Presidents</strong></a><br /> University of California-Berkeley course on the physics and science of societal issues.</p> </blockquote> <p><span id='institutes' class='inpageanchortarget'></span></p> </div> <h2>Organizations and Institutes with Additional Resources</h2><div class='serc-editable' id='contentId3362025'><blockquote> <p><strong>American Institute of Physics -</strong> <a href='https://history.aip.org/climate/index.htm' ><strong>The Discovery of Global Warming</strong></a><br /> This web site by Spencer Weart, the companion to a smaller book of the same name, provides a scholarly history of climate change research.</p> <p><strong>American Physical Society -</strong> <a href='http://www.aps.org/energyefficiencyreport/' ><strong>Future Energy - Energy Efficiency Study</strong></a><br /> This report web site examines energy efficiency examines what works, what can work soon, and what is feasible for the future from a scientific and technological perspective.</p> </blockquote> <p><span id='continue' class='inpageanchortarget'></span></p> </div> <h2>Continuing Education and Networking</h2><div class='serc-editable' id='contentId3362026'><blockquote> <p><a href='http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~lindenf/pse/index.html' ><strong>Physics and Society Education Group</strong></a><br /> This is the home page of the Physics and Society Education special interest group, started by members of the American Association of Physics Teachers. It includes a link to an active email list on issues related to physics and society, as well and newsletters and links to related efforts.</p> <p><a href='http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/' ><strong>APS: Forum on Physics and Society</strong></a><br /> This division of the American Physical Society is a collaboration of physicists interested in the relations between the physics community and society. The quarterly FPS newsletters provide a wide range of articles for those interested in these topics.</p> </blockquote> <hr /> <p> <div id='image-39463' class='thumbimage leftfloat image-left-margin small'> <a class='link-reset' href='http://www.aapt.org/' title=''> <img class='main-image ' src="https://cdn.serc.carleton.edu/images/sisl/aapt_logo.webp" alt="AAPT logo" crossorigin="anonymous" data-h='185' data-w='200' data-full='https://cdn.serc.carleton.edu/images/sisl/aapt_logo.webp'> </a> <div id='modal-39463'> <div class='underlay'></div> <div class='contents' style='height: 185px; width: 200px;'> <div class='modal-exit'><span class='exit-click'>×</span> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <br class='clearboth' /></p> </div> <div id='nextprev'> <br><p class='nextprev'><a name='prev' href='/sisl/sustain_in_math.html'>« Previous Page</a>     <a name='next' href='/sisl/sustain_in_psychology.html'> Next Page »</a></p> </div> </main> <div id='serc-sidebar'><nav id='nav' aria-label='Main'>  <ul> <li class='fullnavelement'><span class='topnavelement'><a href='/sisl/index.html'>SISL</a></span> <li> <div id='localnav'> <div id='localnav-editable'><a name='nav' style='display: none'></a> <ul> </li> <li class='navelement '><a href='/sisl/begin_toolkit.html' >Beginner's Toolkit</a> </li> <li class='navelement '><a href='/sisl/pedagogies.html' >Key Components of Sustainability Assignments</a> </li> <li class='navelement '><a href='/sisl/empowering_stud.html' >Empowering Students</a> </li> <li class='navelement '><a href='/sisl/discipline.html' >Disciplinary Perspectives</a> </li> <li class='navsubelement '><a href='/sisl/sustain_in_biology.html' >Biology</a> </li> <li class='navsubelement '><a href='/sisl/sustain_in_chemistry.html' >Chemistry</a> </li> <li class='navsubelement '><a href='/sisl/sustain_in_cs.html' >Computer Science</a> </li> <li class='navsubelement '><a href='/sisl/sustain_in_engineering.html' >Engineering</a> </li> <li class='navsubelement '><a href='/sisl/sustain_in_geo.html' >Geoscience</a> </li> <li class='navsubelement '><a href='/sisl/sustain_in_math.html' >Mathematics/QR</a> </li> <li class='navsubelement '><a href='/sisl/sustain_in_physics.html' class='currentlocation'>Physics</a> </li> <li class='navsubelement '><a href='/sisl/sustain_in_psychology.html' >Psychology</a> </li> <li class='navsubelement '><a href='/sisl/sustain_in_tech.html' >Technology</a> </li> <li class='navelement '><a href='/sisl/contribute_activity.html' >Contribute an Activity</a> </li> <li class='navelement '><a href='/sisl/activities.html' >Teaching Activities</a> </li> <li class='navelement '><a href='/sisl/resource_discus.html' >Resources & Discussions</a> </li> <li class='navelement indexpage '><a href='https://serc.carleton.edu/sisl/2012workshop/index.html' >2012 Sustainability in Math Workshop</a> </li> <li class='navelement '><a href='/sisl/news.html' >News and Announcements</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul>  </nav></div></div><div id='related-links-block'><a class='ajax-toggle' targetid='related-links-block' autotoggle='true' data-emit-event='recommendations_ready' href='/admin/ajax/ajax_handler.php?action=recommendations_get&element_type=module&element_id=2657&url_key=https%3A%2F%2Fserc.carleton.edu%2Fsisl%2Fsustain_in_physics.html'></a></div> <div id='wib-block'><a class='ajax-toggle' targetid='wib-block' autotoggle='true' data-silent-load='true' href='/admin/ajax/ajax_handler.php?action=get_wib_html_block&current_url=https://serc.carleton.edu/sisl/sustain_in_physics.html'></a></div> <footer id="footer"> <div id='subfooter'><span class='label'>Last Modified: December 20, 2024</span> | <a href='/serc/accessibility.html'>Accessibility</a> | <a href='/serc/about/index.html'>About this Site</a> | <a href='/serc/printer_friendly.html'>Printing</a> | <a href='/serc/quick_url.html'>Shortcut:</a> <a href='https://serc.carleton.edu/74277'> https://serc.carleton.edu/74277</a> | <a href='/serc/privacy.html'>Privacy</a> | <a href='/serc/terms_of_use.html'>Terms of Use</a> | <a href='/serc/feedback.html'>Report a Problem/Feedback</a></div> </footer> <div id='web_socket_url' data-url='wss://websocket.serc.carleton.edu' style='visibility: hidden'> </div><div id='web_analytics_user_group' data-user-group=public data-beta-user=false style='visibility: hidden'> </div><script> var r = new XMLHttpRequest(); var current_url = window.location.href; current_url = encodeURIComponent(current_url); var ajax_url = '/admin/ajax/ajax_handler.php?action=record_wib_page_view&current_url=' + current_url; r.open('GET', ajax_url, true); r.onreadystatechange = function () { if (r.readyState != 4 || r.status != 200) return; }; r.send(); </script><script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"268ac6ae9b","applicationID":"4850779","transactionName":"YANVbUBSCEJWVRZcDVlJYktbHBBQRRkVQhUYBVhdVxwUVEZDB0YWaA5WV1ZfA0MZRgpF","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":26,"atts":"TERWGwhIG0w=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>