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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sense and reference</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Sense_and_reference" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sense+and+reference" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sinn" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sinn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sinn (disambiguation)">Sinn (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Signified_and_signifier" title="Signified and signifier">Signified and signifier</a>.</div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, the distinction between <b>sense</b> and <b>reference</b> was an idea of the German philosopher and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> in 1892 (in his paper "<b>On Sense and Reference</b>"; German: "Über Sinn und Bedeutung"),<sup id="cite_ref-A_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflecting the two ways he believed a <a href="/wiki/Singular_term" title="Singular term">singular term</a> may have <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy)" title="Meaning (philosophy)">meaning</a>. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ueber_Sinn_und_Bedeutung_Frege_1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Ueber_Sinn_und_Bedeutung_Frege_1892.jpg/360px-Ueber_Sinn_und_Bedeutung_Frege_1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Ueber_Sinn_und_Bedeutung_Frege_1892.jpg/540px-Ueber_Sinn_und_Bedeutung_Frege_1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Ueber_Sinn_und_Bedeutung_Frege_1892.jpg/720px-Ueber_Sinn_und_Bedeutung_Frege_1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="896"></a><figcaption> <i>Die Gleichheit fordert das Nachdenken heraus durch Fragen, die sich daran knüpfen und nicht ganz leicht zu beantworten sind</i>. Equality gives rise to challenging questions, which are not altogether easy to answer.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">reference</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">referent</a>"; <i>Bedeutung</i>) of a <i>proper name</i> is the object it means or indicates (<i>bedeuten</i>), whereas its <a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">sense</a> (<i>Sinn</i>) is what the name expresses. The reference of a <i>sentence</i> is its <a href="/wiki/Truth_value" title="Truth value">truth value</a>, whereas its sense is the thought that it expresses.<sup id="cite_ref-A_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frege justified the distinction in a number of ways. </p> <ol><li>Sense is something possessed by a name, whether or not it has a reference. For example, the name "<a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>" is intelligible, and therefore has a sense, even though there is no individual object (its reference) to which the name corresponds.</li> <li>The sense of different names is different, even when their reference is the same. Frege argued that if an identity statement such as "<a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a> is the same planet as <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a>" is to be informative, the proper names flanking the identity sign must have a different meaning or sense. But clearly, if the statement is true, they must have the same reference.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sense is a 'mode of presentation', which serves to illuminate only a single aspect of the referent.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Much of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> is traceable to Frege's philosophy of language.<sup id="cite_ref-Speaks_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speaks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frege's views on logic (i.e., his idea that some parts of speech are complete by themselves, and are analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Argument_of_a_function" title="Argument of a function">arguments</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">mathematical function</a>) led to his views on a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of reference">theory of reference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Speaks_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speaks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Sense"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Sense</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sense_and_description"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sense and description</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Translation_of_Bedeutung"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Translation of <i>Bedeutung</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Precursors"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Precursors</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Antisthenes"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Antisthenes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Stoicism"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Stoicism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#John_Stuart_Mill"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">John Stuart Mill</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Frege developed his original theory of meaning in early works like <i><a href="/wiki/Begriffsschrift" title="Begriffsschrift">Begriffsschrift</a></i> (concept paper) of 1879 and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_Arithmetic" title="The Foundations of Arithmetic">Grundlagen</a></i> (Foundations of Arithmetic) of 1884. On this theory, the meaning of a complete sentence consists in its being true or false,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the meaning of each significant expression in the sentence is an extralinguistic entity which Frege called its <i>Bedeutung</i>, literally meaning or significance, but rendered by Frege's translators as reference, referent, 'Meaning', nominatum, etc. Frege supposed that some parts of speech are complete by themselves, and are analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Argument_of_a_function" title="Argument of a function">arguments</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Function_(mathematics)" title="Function (mathematics)">mathematical function</a>, but that other parts are incomplete, and contain an empty place, by analogy with the function itself.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus "Caesar conquered Gaul" divides into the complete term "Caesar", whose reference is Caesar himself, and the incomplete term "—conquered Gaul", whose reference is a concept. Only when the empty place is filled by a proper name does the reference of the completed sentence – its truth value – appear. This early theory of meaning explains how the significance or reference of a sentence (its truth value) depends on the significance or reference of its parts. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sense">Sense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sense" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mengs,_Hesperus_als_Personifikation_des_Abends.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mengs%2C_Hesperus_als_Personifikation_des_Abends.jpg/160px-Mengs%2C_Hesperus_als_Personifikation_des_Abends.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2157" data-file-height="2350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mengs%2C_Hesperus_als_Personifikation_des_Abends.jpg/160px-Mengs%2C_Hesperus_als_Personifikation_des_Abends.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mengs%2C_Hesperus_als_Personifikation_des_Abends.jpg/240px-Mengs%2C_Hesperus_als_Personifikation_des_Abends.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mengs%2C_Hesperus_als_Personifikation_des_Abends.jpg/320px-Mengs%2C_Hesperus_als_Personifikation_des_Abends.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Marc_Nattier,_The_Countess_de_Brac_as_Aurora_(1741).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jean-Marc_Nattier%2C_The_Countess_de_Brac_as_Aurora_%281741%29.jpg/140px-Jean-Marc_Nattier%2C_The_Countess_de_Brac_as_Aurora_%281741%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1315"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jean-Marc_Nattier%2C_The_Countess_de_Brac_as_Aurora_%281741%29.jpg/140px-Jean-Marc_Nattier%2C_The_Countess_de_Brac_as_Aurora_%281741%29.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jean-Marc_Nattier%2C_The_Countess_de_Brac_as_Aurora_%281741%29.jpg/210px-Jean-Marc_Nattier%2C_The_Countess_de_Brac_as_Aurora_%281741%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jean-Marc_Nattier%2C_The_Countess_de_Brac_as_Aurora_%281741%29.jpg/280px-Jean-Marc_Nattier%2C_The_Countess_de_Brac_as_Aurora_%281741%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Frege introduced the notion of "sense" (German: <i>Sinn</i>) to accommodate difficulties in his early theory of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 965">: 965 </span></sup> </p><p>First, if the entire significance of a sentence consists of its truth value, it follows that the sentence will have the same significance if we replace a word of the sentence with one having an identical reference, as this will not change its truth value.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Sense_and_Reference,_p._32_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Sense_and_Reference,_p._32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reference of the whole is determined by the reference of the parts. If <i>the evening star</i> has the same reference as <i>the morning star</i>, it follows that <i>the evening star is a body illuminated by the Sun</i> has the same truth value as <i>the morning star is a body illuminated by the Sun</i>. But it is possible for someone to think that the first sentence is true while also thinking that the second is false. Therefore, the thought corresponding to each sentence cannot be its reference, but something else, which Frege called its <i>sense</i>. </p><p>Second, sentences that contain proper names with no reference cannot have a truth value at all. Yet the sentence 'Odysseus was set ashore at <a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a> while sound asleep' obviously has a sense, even though 'Odysseus' has no reference. The thought remains the same whether or not 'Odysseus' has a reference.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Sense_and_Reference,_p._32_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Sense_and_Reference,_p._32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a thought cannot contain the objects that it is about. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>, 'with its snowfields', cannot be a component of the thought that Mont Blanc is more than 4,000 metres high. Nor can a thought about <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Etna</a> contain lumps of solidified lava.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frege's notion of sense is somewhat obscure, and neo-Fregeans have come up with different candidates for its role.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounts based on the work of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> treat sense as an <a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">intension</a>, or a function from <a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">possible worlds</a> to <a href="/wiki/Extension_(semantics)" title="Extension (semantics)">extensions</a>. For example, the intension of ‘number of planets’ is a function that maps any possible world to the number of planets in that world. <a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a> supplies cognitive and reference-determining roles.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Devitt" title="Michael Devitt">Michael Devitt</a> treats senses as causal-historical chains connecting names to referents, allowing that repeated "groundings" in an object account for reference change.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sense_and_description">Sense and description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sense and description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>In his <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">theory of descriptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> held the view that most proper names in ordinary language are in fact disguised <a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">definite descriptions</a>. For example, 'Aristotle' can be understood as "The pupil of Plato and teacher of Alexander", or by some other uniquely applying description. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">descriptivist theory of names</a>. Because Frege used definite descriptions in many of his examples, he is often taken to have endorsed the descriptivist theory. Thus Russell's theory of descriptions was conflated with Frege's theory of sense, and for most of the twentieth century this "Frege–Russell" view was the orthodox view of proper name semantics. <a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a> argued influentially against the descriptivist theory, asserting that proper names are <a href="/wiki/Rigid_designator" title="Rigid designator">rigid designators</a> which designate the same object in every possible world.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48–49">: 48–49 </span></sup> Descriptions, however, such as "the President of the U.S. in 1969" do not designate the same entity in every possible world. For example, someone other than <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert H. Humphrey">Hubert H. Humphrey</a>, might have been the President in 1969. Hence a description (or cluster of descriptions) cannot be a rigid designator, and thus a proper name cannot <i>mean</i> the same as a description.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p><p>However, the Russellian descriptivist reading of Frege has been rejected by many scholars, in particular by <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(philosopher)" title="Gareth Evans (philosopher)">Gareth Evans</a> in <i>The Varieties of Reference</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a> in "The Sense and Reference of a Proper Name",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a>, who argued that Frege's notion of sense should not be equated with a description. Evans further developed this line, arguing that a sense without a referent was not possible. He and McDowell both take the line that Frege's discussion of empty names, and of the idea of sense without reference, are inconsistent, and that his apparent endorsement of descriptivism rests only on a small number of imprecise and perhaps offhand remarks. And both point to the power that the sense-reference distinction <i>does</i> have (i.e., to solve at least the first two problems), even if it is not given a descriptivist reading. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Translation_of_Bedeutung">Translation of <i>Bedeutung</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Translation of Bedeutung" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>As noted above, translators of Frege have rendered the German <i>Bedeutung</i> in various ways. The term 'reference' has been the most widely adopted, but this fails to capture the meaning of the original German ('meaning' or 'significance'), and does not reflect the decision to standardise key terms across different editions of Frege's works published by <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell#Blackwell_Publishing_history" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Exegetical_neutrality" title="Exegetical neutrality">exegetical neutrality</a>: that "if at any point in a text there is a passage that raises for the native speaker legitimate questions of <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>, then, if at all possible, a translator should strive to confront the reader of his version with the same questions of exegesis and not produce a version which in his mind resolves those questions".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term 'meaning' best captures the standard German meaning of <i>Bedeutung</i>. However, while Frege's own use of the term can sound as odd in German for modern readers as when translated into English, the related term <i>deuten</i> does mean 'to point towards'. Though <i>Bedeutung</i> is not usually used with this etymological proximity in mind in German, German speakers can well make sense of <i>Bedeutung</i> as signifying 'reference', in the sense of it being what <i>Bedeutung</i> points, i.e. refers to. Moreover, 'meaning' captures Frege's early use of <i>Bedeutung</i> well,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it would be problematic to translate Frege's early use as 'meaning' and his later use as 'reference', suggesting a change in terminology not evident in the original German. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Precursors">Precursors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Precursors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antisthenes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a>, a pupil of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, apparently distinguished "a general object that can be aligned with the meaning of the utterance” from “a particular object of extensional reference". According to Susan Prince, this "suggests that he makes a distinction between sense and reference".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> The principal basis of Prince's claim is a passage in <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a>' “Comments on <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s 'Topics'” with a three-way distinction: </p> <ol><li>the semantic medium, δι' ὧν λέγουσι</li> <li>an object external to the semantic medium, περὶ οὗ λέγουσιν</li> <li>the direct indication of a thing, σημαίνειν ... τὸ ...<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 518–522">: 518–522 </span></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stoicism">Stoicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stoicism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> doctrine of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language#Ancient_philosophy" title="Philosophy of language">lekta</a></i></span> refers to a correspondence between speech and the object referred to in speech, as distinct from the speech itself. British classicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sharples_(classicist)" title="Robert Sharples (classicist)">R. W. Sharples</a> cites <i>lekta</i> as an anticipation of the distinction between sense and reference.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Stuart_Mill">John Stuart Mill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: John Stuart Mill" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The sense-reference distinction is commonly confused with that between <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denotation" title="Denotation">denotation</a>, which originates with <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mill, a common term like 'white' <i>denotes</i> all white things, as snow, paper.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–13">: 11–13 </span></sup> But according to Frege, a common term does not refer to any individual white thing, but rather to an abstract concept (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Begriff" class="extiw" title="wikt:Begriff"><i>Begriff</i></a>). We must distinguish between the relation of reference, which holds between a proper name and the object it refers to, such as between the name 'Earth' and the planet <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, and the relation of 'falling under', such as when the Earth falls under the concept <i>planet</i>. The relation of a proper name to the object it designates is direct, whereas a word like 'planet' does not have such a direct relation to the Earth; instead, it refers to a concept under which the Earth falls. Moreover, judging of anything that it falls under this concept is not in any way part of our knowledge of what the word 'planet' means.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction between connotation and denotation is closer to that between concept and object than to that between 'sense' and 'reference'. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> 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title="wikisource:On Sense and Reference">On Sense and Reference</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivist theory of names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Direct and indirect realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frege%27s_puzzles" title="Frege's puzzles">Frege's puzzles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensional_logic" title="Intensional logic">Intensional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_paradox" title="Temperature paradox">Temperature paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sense_and_reference&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"On Sense and Reference" ["Über Sinn und Bedeutung"], <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Philosophie_und_philosophische_Kritik" title="Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik">Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik</a></i>, vol. 100 (1892), pp. 25–50, esp. p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On Sense and Reference", p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On Sense and Reference", p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speaks-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Speaks_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Speaks_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeff Speaks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nd.edu/~jspeaks/courses/2011-12/83104/handouts/frege-reference.pdf">"Frege's theory of reference"</a> (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gareth Evans, <i>The Varieties of Reference</i>, Oxford: Clarendon 1982, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Function and Concept", p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cassin" title="Barbara Cassin">Cassin, B.</a>, Apter, E., Lezra, J., & <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wood_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Wood (academic)">Wood, M.</a>, eds., <i>Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXP5AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA965&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">p. 965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_Sense_and_Reference,_p._32-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-On_Sense_and_Reference,_p._32_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-On_Sense_and_Reference,_p._32_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"On Sense and Reference", p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Frege's undated letter to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jourdain" title="Philip Jourdain">Philip Jourdain</a>, published in <i>Frege's Philosophical and Mathematical Correspondence</i>, ed. Gottfried Gabriel, Hans Hermes, Friedrich Kanbartel, Christian Thiel and Albet Veraart, transl. Hans Kaal, Oxford: Blackwell 1980. (See also Frege's letter to Russell dated 1904, in the same collection.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cumming, S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/names/">Entry on Names</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Meaning_and_Necessity" title="Meaning and Necessity">Meaning and Necessity</a></i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“A Formulation of the Logic of Sense and Denotation”, in P. Henle, M. Kallen, and S. K. Langer, eds., <i>Structure, Method, and Meaning</i>, New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowell, J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CZ1zeQAFT8C&pg=PA171&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">“On the Sense and Reference of a Proper Name”</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)"><i>Mind</i></a>, 86: 159–85, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Devitt, M., <i>Designation</i>, New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kripke, S. A., <i>Naming and Necessity</i> (Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vvAlOBfq0kC&pg=PA48&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">pp. 48-49</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kripke, S. A., <i>Naming and Necessity</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vvAlOBfq0kC&pg=PA49&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">p. 49</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEvans1982" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Gareth (1982). John McDowell (ed.). <i>The Varieties of Reference</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varieties+of+Reference&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+and+reference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1977" class="citation journal cs1">McDowell, John (April 1977). "On the Sense and Reference of a Proper Name". <i>Mind</i>. New Series. <b>86</b> (342).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=On+the+Sense+and+Reference+of+a+Proper+Name&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=342&rft.date=1977-04&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+and+reference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to M. Beaney (ed., <i>The Frege Reader</i>, Oxford: Blackwell 1997, p. 36) 'the decision was taken at a meeting in the early 1970s attended by Michael Dummett, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kneale" title="William Kneale">William Kneale</a>, Roger White and a representative from Blackwell. The translation of <i>Bedeutung</i> by 'meaning' was unanimously agreed after lengthy discussion'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long, P. and White, A., 'On the Translation of Frege's <i>Bedeutung</i>: A Reply to Dr. Bell', <i>Analysis</i> 40 pp. 196-202, 1980, p. 196. See also Bell, D., "On the Translation of Frege's <i>Bedeutung</i>", <i>Analysis</i> Vol. 40, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 191-195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaney, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince2015" class="citation book cs1">Prince, S. H. (2015). <i>Antisthenes of Athens: Texts, Translations, and Commentary</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisthenes+of+Athens%3A+Texts%2C+Translations%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense+and+reference" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8IhCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">p. 20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prince 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8IhCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA518">pp. 518–522</a> (Antisthenes' literary remains: t. 153B.1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Sharples (1996), <i>Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics: An Introduction to Hellenistic Philosophy</i>. Routledge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlmKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">p. 23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See section §5 of Book I, Chapter II of Mill's <a href="/wiki/A_System_of_Logic" title="A System of Logic">A System of Logic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Remmelt_de_Jong" class="extiw" title="nl:Willem Remmelt de Jong">Jong, W. R. de</a>, <i>The Semantics of John Stuart Mill</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>: <a href="/wiki/D._Reidel" title="D. Reidel">D. Reidel</a>, 1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2gqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">pp. 11–13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frege, A Critical Elucidation of Some Points in E. Schroeder's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P95LAAAAYAAJ"><i>Vorlesungen Ueber Die Algebra der Logik</i></a>, <i>Archiv für systematische Philosophie</i> 1895, pp. 433-456, transl. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">P. T. Geach</a>, in Geach & <a href="/wiki/Max_Black" title="Max Black">Black</a> pp. 86-106.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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