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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_medv%C4%9Bda" title="Porcování medvěda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Porcování medvěda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgfl%C3%A6sk" title="Valgflæsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valgflæsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchturmpolitik" title="Kirchturmpolitik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kirchturmpolitik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pork barrel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baril_de_porc" title="Baril de porc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baril de porc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%B0%EB%9F%B4" title="포크배럴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포크배럴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Խոզի տակառ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոզի տակառ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentong_babi" title="Gentong babi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gentong babi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikai_par%C3%B3kializmus" title="Politikai parókializmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Politikai parókializmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A%E8%AA%98%E5%B0%8E" title="利益誘導 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="利益誘導" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pork barrel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kie%C5%82basa_wyborcza" title="Kiełbasa wyborcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kiełbasa wyborcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Казённый пирог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Казённый пирог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pork barrel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltarumpupolitiikka" title="Siltarumpupolitiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siltarumpupolitiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pork barrel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%81n_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B_r%E1%BB%95_th%E1%BB%8Bt" title="Nền chính trị rổ thịt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nền chính trị rổ thịt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%86%E8%82%A5" title="政治分肥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政治分肥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pork_belly" title="Pork belly">Pork belly</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pork_barrel_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pork_barrel_cartoon.jpg/220px-Pork_barrel_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pork_barrel_cartoon.jpg/330px-Pork_barrel_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pork_barrel_cartoon.jpg/440px-Pork_barrel_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>1917 cartoon from the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Pork barrel</b></i>, or simply <i><b>pork</b></i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">appropriation</a> of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to direct expenditures to a representative's <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">district</a>. The usage originated in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, and it indicates a negotiated way of <a href="/wiki/Political_particularism" title="Political particularism">political particularism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_science">Political science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars use it as a technical term regarding legislative control of local appropriations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In election campaigns, the term is used in derogatory fashion to attack opponents. Typically, "pork" involves national funding for government programs whose economic or service benefits are concentrated in a particular area but whose costs are spread among all taxpayers. <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a> projects, certain national defense spending projects, and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural subsidies">agricultural subsidies</a> are the most commonly cited examples. <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Against_Government_Waste" title="Citizens Against Government Waste">Citizens Against Government Waste</a> outlines seven criteria by which spending in the United States can be classified as "pork":<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Requested by only one chamber of Congress</li> <li>Not specifically authorized</li> <li>Not competitively awarded</li> <li>Not requested by the President</li> <li>Greatly exceeds the President's budget request or the previous year's funding</li> <li>Not the subject of Congressional hearings</li> <li>Serves only a local or special interest.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_etymology">History and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>pork barrel politics</i> originated in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually refers to spending intended to benefit <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituents</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> in return for their political support, either in the form of <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">campaign contributions</a> or votes. In the popular 1863 story "The Children of the Public", <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Edward Everett Hale">Edward Everett Hale</a> used the term <i>pork barrel</i> as a homely metaphor for any form of public spending to the citizenry;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the term came to be used in a derogatory sense. The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> dates the modern sense of the term from 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pork barrels originally came from storing meat.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s, references to "pork" were common in Congress, and the term was further popularized by a 1919 article by Chester Collins Maxey in the <i>National Municipal Review</i>, which reported on certain legislative acts known to members of Congress as "pork barrel bills". He claimed that the phrase originated in a pre-Civil War practice of giving enslaved people a barrel of salt pork as a reward and requiring them to compete among themselves to get their share of the handout.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, a barrel of <a href="/wiki/Salt_pork" title="Salt pork">salt pork</a> was a common <a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">larder</a> item in 19th-century households and could be used as a measure of the family's financial well-being. For example, in his 1845 novel <i>The Chainbearer</i>, <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a> wrote: "I hold a family to be in a desperate way when the mother can see the bottom of the pork barrel."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early example of pork barrel politics in the United States was the <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Bill_of_1817" title="Bonus Bill of 1817">Bonus Bill of 1817</a>, which was introduced by Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> to construct <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a> linking the Eastern and Southern United States to its <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Western frontier</a> using the earnings bonus from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>. Calhoun argued for it using general welfare and post-roads clauses of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. Although he approved of the economic development goal, President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> vetoed the bill as <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a>. </p><p>One of the most famous alleged pork-barrel projects was the <a href="/wiki/Big_Dig" title="Big Dig">Big Dig</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. The Big Dig was a project to relocate an existing 3.5-mile (5.6 km) section of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a> underground. The official planning phase started in 1982; the construction was done between 1991 and 2006, and the project concluded on December 31, 2007. It ended up costing US$14.6 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000,000,000 (number)">billion</a>, or over US$4 billion per mile.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> (D-Mass), after whom one of the Big Dig tunnels was named, pushed to have the Big Dig funded by the federal government while he was the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a> campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Gravina_Island_Bridge" title="Gravina Island Bridge">Gravina Island Bridge</a> (also known as the "Bridge to Nowhere") in Alaska was cited as an example of pork barrel spending. The bridge, pushed for by Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Ted Stevens</a>, was projected to cost $398 million and would connect the island's 50 residents and the <a href="/wiki/Ketchikan_International_Airport" title="Ketchikan International Airport">Ketchikan International Airport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Island" title="Revillagigedo Island">Revillagigedo Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketchikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketchikan">Ketchikan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pork-barrel projects, which differ from <i><a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">earmarks</a></i>, are added to the federal budget by members of the appropriation committees of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. This allows the delivery of federal funds to the local district or state of the appropriation committee member, often accommodating major campaign contributors. To a certain extent, a member of Congress is judged by their ability to deliver funds to their constituents. The Chairman and the <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">United States Senate Committee on Appropriations</a> are in a position to deliver significant benefits to their states. Researchers Anthony Fowler and Andrew B. Hall claim that this still does not account for the high reelection rates of incumbent representatives in American legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Hawaii Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Daniel Inouye</a> described himself as "the No. 1 earmarks guy in the U.S. Congress".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inouye regularly passed earmarks for funding in the state of Hawaii including military and transportation spending.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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#aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Against_Government_Waste" title="Citizens Against Government Waste">Citizens Against Government Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_welfare" title="Corporate welfare">Corporate welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">Earmark (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Funding_Accountability_and_Transparency_Act_of_2006" title="Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006">Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece_Award" title="Golden Fleece Award">Golden Fleece Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Government waste">Government waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Money loop">Money loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Initiative_Against_Pork_Barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Initiative Against Pork Barrel">People's Initiative Against Pork Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel_scam" title="Pork barrel scam">Pork barrel scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porkbusters" title="Porkbusters">Porkbusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBickersStein2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bickers, Kenneth N.; Stein, Robert M. (2008). "The Congressional Pork Barrel in a Republican Era". <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>62</b> (4): 1070–1086. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0022-3816.00046">10.1111/0022-3816.00046</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2647865">2647865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154556676">154556676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Congressional+Pork+Barrel+in+a+Republican+Era&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1070-1086&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154556676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2647865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0022-3816.00046&rft.aulast=Bickers&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+N.&rft.au=Stein%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepsleWeingast1981" class="citation journal cs1">Shepsle, Kenneth A.; Weingast, Barry R. (1981). "Political Preferences for the Pork Barrel: A Generalization". <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 96–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2110914">10.2307/2110914</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2110914">2110914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Political+Preferences+for+the+Pork+Barrel%3A+A+Generalization&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-111&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2110914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2110914%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shepsle&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rft.au=Weingast%2C+Barry+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080714103840/http://www.cagw.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reports_pigbook2006">"Citizens Against Government Waste"</a>. Cagw.org. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cagw.org/site/PageServer?pagename=reports_pigbook2006">the original</a> on July 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizens+Against+Government+Waste&rft.pub=Cagw.org&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cagw.org%2Fsite%2FPageServer%3Fpagename%3Dreports_pigbook2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrudge2008" class="citation web cs1">Drudge, Michael W. (1 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908001417/http://www.america.gov/st/elections08-english/2008/August/20080801181504lcnirellep0.1261713.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pork Barrel' Spending Emerging as Presidential Campaign Issue"</a>. <i>America.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.america.gov/st/elections08-english/2008/August/20080801181504lcnirellep0.1261713.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America.gov&rft.atitle=%27Pork+Barrel%27+Spending+Emerging+as+Presidential+Campaign+Issue&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.aulast=Drudge&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.america.gov%2Fst%2Felections08-english%2F2008%2FAugust%2F20080801181504lcnirellep0.1261713.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The story first appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Illustrated_Newspaper" title="Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper">Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</a>,</i> Jan. 24 and Jan. 31, 1863. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1910" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Edward Everett Hale">Hale, Edward Everett</a> (1910). "The Children of the Public". <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Illustrated_Newspaper" title="Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper">Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</a></i>. The Man without a Country and Other Tales. Macmillan: 97–175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frank+Leslie%27s+Illustrated+Newspaper&rft.atitle=The+Children+of+the+Public&rft.volume=The+Man+without+a+Country+and+Other+Tales&rft.pages=97-175&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Edward+Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/pork-barrelling_n?tab=factsheet#10419806">"Oxford English Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpork-barrelling_n%3Ftab%3Dfactsheet%2310419806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pork%20barrel">"Dictionary and Thesaurus"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Dictionary+and+Thesaurus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpork%2520barrel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxey1919" class="citation journal cs1">Maxey, Chester Collins (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVEJAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA694">"A Little History of Pork"</a>. <i>National Municipal Review</i>. <b>8</b> (10): 691–705. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fncr.4110081006">10.1002/ncr.4110081006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Municipal+Review&rft.atitle=A+Little+History+of+Pork&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=691-705&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fncr.4110081006&rft.aulast=Maxey&rft.aufirst=Chester+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVEJAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Quoted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoloVolo2004" class="citation book cs1">Volo, James M.; Volo, Dorothy Denneen (2004). <i>The Antebellum Period</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32518-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32518-2"><bdi>978-0-313-32518-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antebellum+Period&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32518-2&rft.aulast=Volo&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Volo%2C+Dorothy+Denneen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2006" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Rick (August 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/06/big_dig_failures_threaten_federal_funding/">"Big Dig failures threaten federal funding"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Big+Dig+failures+threaten+federal+funding&rft.date=2006-08-06&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2006%2F08%2F06%2Fbig_dig_failures_threaten_federal_funding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRimer2009" class="citation news cs1">Rimer, Sara (30 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2010/01/01/travel/escapes/01boston.html">"In Boston, Where Change Is in the Winter Air"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Boston%2C+Where+Change+Is+in+the+Winter+Air&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Rimer&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F01%2F01%2Ftravel%2Fescapes%2F01boston.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025113307/http://www.taxpayer.net/user_uploads/file/Transportation/gravinabridge.pdf"><i>$315 million bridge to nowhere</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Taxpayers for Common Sense. February 9, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxpayer.net/user_uploads/file/Transportation/gravinabridge.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%24315+million+bridge+to+nowhere&rft.pub=Taxpayers+for+Common+Sense&rft.date=2005-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxpayer.net%2Fuser_uploads%2Ffile%2FTransportation%2Fgravinabridge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerHall2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Anthony; Hall, Andrew B. (December 2015). "Congressional seniority and pork: a pig fat myth?". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="European Journal of Political Economy">European Journal of Political Economy</a></i>. <b>40</b> (A): 42–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2015.07.006">10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.07.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Congressional+seniority+and+pork%3A+a+pig+fat+myth%3F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=A&rft.pages=42-56&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2015.07.006&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Hall%2C+Andrew+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownPost2012" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Emma; Post, The Washington (18 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangordailynews.com/2012/12/18/politics/daniel-inouye-was-war-hero-senate-deal-maker-no-1-earmarks-guy/">"Daniel Inouye was war hero, Senate deal maker, 'No. 1 earmarks guy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Bangor Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Daniel+Inouye+was+war+hero%2C+Senate+deal+maker%2C+%27No.+1+earmarks+guy%27&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Post%2C+The+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangordailynews.com%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fpolitics%2Fdaniel-inouye-was-war-hero-senate-deal-maker-no-1-earmarks-guy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/earmarks.php?cid=n00001762">"Daniel K. Inouye: Campaign Finance/Money – Other Data – Earmarks 2010"</a>. <i>www.opensecrets.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opensecrets.org&rft.atitle=Daniel+K.+Inouye%3A+Campaign+Finance%2FMoney+%E2%80%93+Other+Data+%E2%80%93+Earmarks+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensecrets.org%2Fpoliticians%2Fearmarks.php%3Fcid%3Dn00001762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APork+barrel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&oldid=1251491299">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pork_barrel&oldid=1251491299</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Political terminology of the United States">Political terminology of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_choice_theory" title="Category:Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflict_of_interest" title="Category:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-language_idioms" title="Category:English-language idioms">English-language idioms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_pejoratives" title="Category:Political pejoratives">Political pejoratives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphors_referring_to_objects" title="Category:Metaphors referring to objects">Metaphors referring to objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphors_referring_to_food_and_drink" title="Category:Metaphors referring to food and drink">Metaphors referring to food and drink</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use American English from June 2024">Use American English from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 October 2024, at 12:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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