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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Codex Theodosianus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مخطوطة ثيودوسيانوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطوطة ثيودوسيانوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кодэкс Феадосія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кодэкс Феадосія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кодекс на Теодосий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кодекс на Теодосий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codi_Teodosi%C3%A0" title="Codi Teodosià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Codi Teodosià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Θεοδοσιανός Κώδικας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεοδοσιανός Κώδικας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_Teodosiano" title="Código Teodosiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Código Teodosiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodozia_kodo" title="Teodozia kodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teodozia kodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodosioren_Kodea" title="Teodosioren Kodea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teodosioren Kodea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مجموعه قوانین تئودوسیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجموعه قوانین تئودوسیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_de_Th%C3%A9odose" title="Code de Théodose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Code de Théodose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%95%EC%A0%84" title="테오도시우스 법전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테오도시우스 법전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Թեոդոսիոսի օրենսգիրք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոդոսիոսի օրենսգիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodozijev_zakonik" title="Teodozijev zakonik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teodozijev zakonik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeks_Theodosianus" title="Kodeks Theodosianus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kodeks Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codice_teodosiano" title="Codice teodosiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Codice teodosiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קודקס תאודוסיאנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קודקס תאודוסיאנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="თეოდოსიუსის კოდექსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოდოსიუსის კოდექსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodosijaus_kodeksas" title="Teodosijaus kodeksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teodosijaus kodeksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" title="テオドシウス法典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テオドシウス法典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeks_Teodozja%C5%84ski" title="Kodeks Teodozjański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kodeks Teodozjański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_Teod%C3%B3sio" title="Código de Teodósio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Código de Teodósio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codexul_Teodosian" title="Codexul Teodosian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Codexul Teodosian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кодекс Феодосия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кодекс Феодосия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodeksi_i_Theodosit" title="Kodeksi i Theodosit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kodeksi i Theodosit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodozijev_zakonik" title="Teodozijev zakonik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teodozijev zakonik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Теодосијев законик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теодосијев законик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Codex Theodosianus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кодекс Феодосія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Codex_Theodosianus.jpg/220px-Codex_Theodosianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Codex_Theodosianus.jpg/330px-Codex_Theodosianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Codex_Theodosianus.jpg/440px-Codex_Theodosianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>18th-century edition with commentary by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Godefroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Godefroy">Jacques Godefroy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg/220px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg/330px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg/440px-Theodosius_II_Louvre_Ma1036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A bust of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Codex Theodosianus</b></i> ("Theodosian Code") is a compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">laws</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> emperors since 312. A commission was established by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> and his co-emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> on 26 March 429<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong1875302–303_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong1875302–303-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the compilation was published by a constitution of 15 February 438. It went into force in the eastern and western parts of the empire on 1 January 439.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original text of the codex is also found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Breviary_of_Alaric" title="Breviary of Alaric">Breviary of Alaric</a></i> (also called <i>Lex Romana Visigothorum</i>), promulgated on 2 February 506.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodwardCates187290_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodwardCates187290-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 March 429, Emperor Theodosius II announced to the Senate of Constantinople his intention to form a committee to codify all of the laws (<i>leges</i>, singular <i>lex</i>) from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> up to Theodosius II and Valentinian III.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laws in the code span from 312 to 438, so by 438 the "volume of imperial law had become unmanageable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1995510_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1995510-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-two scholars, working in two teams, worked for nine years starting in 429 to assemble what was to become the <i>Theodosian Code</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2003337–340_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2003337–340-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief overseer of the work was <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Chuzon" title="Antiochus Chuzon">Antiochus Chuzon</a>, a lawyer and a <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> from Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012107_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012107-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their product was a collection of 16 books containing more than 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Roman_law)" title="Constitution (Roman law)">constitutions</a> issued between 313 and 437, while, at the same time, omitting obsolete provisions and superfluous phrases, and making additions, emendations, and alterations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger1953[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoR0LAAAAIAAJqconstitutions_392]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger1953[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoR0LAAAAIAAJqconstitutions_392]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John F. Matthews illustrated the importance of Theodosius' code when he said, "the Theodosian Code was the first occasion since the Twelve Tables on which a Roman government had attempted by public authority to collect and publish its <i>leges</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code covers political, socioeconomic, cultural, and religious subjects of the 4th and 5th centuries in the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200010–18_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200010–18-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collection of imperial enactments called the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Gregorianus" title="Codex Gregorianus">Codex Gregorianus</a></i> had been written in c. 291–4<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Hermogenianus" title="Codex Hermogenianus">Codex Hermogenianus</a></i>, a limited collection of rescripts from c. 295,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published. The <a href="/wiki/Sirmondian_constitutions" title="Sirmondian constitutions">Sirmondian Constitutions</a> may also represent a small-scale collection of imperial laws. However, Theodosius desired to create a more comprehensive code that would provide greater insight into law during the later empire (321–429). Peter Stein states, "Theodosius was perturbed at the low state of legal skill in his empire of the East." He started a school of law at Constantinople. In 429, he assigned a commission to collect all imperial constitutions since the time of Constantine.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While gathering the vast amount of material, editors often had multiple copies of the same law. In addition to this, the source material the editors were drawing upon changed over time. <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Ando" title="Clifford Ando">Clifford Ando</a> notes that according to Matthews, the editors "displayed a reliance on western provincial sources through the late 4th century and on central, eastern archives thereafter."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 6 years, an initial version was finished in 435 but was not published. Instead, it was improved upon and expanded and finally finished in 438 and taken to the Senate in Rome and Constantinople. Matthews believes that the two attempts are not the result of a failed first attempt; however, the second attempt shows "reiteration and refinement of the original goals at a new stage in the editorial process".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995191_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995191-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have put forth alternate theories to explain the lengthy editorial process and two different commissions. <a href="/wiki/Boudewijn_Sirks" title="Boudewijn Sirks">Boudewijn Sirks</a> believes that "the code was compiled from imperial copy books found at Constantinople, Rome, or Ravenna, supplemented by material at a few private collections, and that the delays were caused by such problems as verifying the accuracy of the text and improving the legal coherence of the work."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995191–193_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995191–193-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tone of the work reflected the <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorical</a> training that the drafters had received, and Averil Cameron has described it as "verbose, moralizing and pretentious".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1998683_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1998683-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The code was written in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and referred explicitly to the two capitals of Constantinople (<i>Constantinopolitana</i>) and Rome (<i>Roma</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ancientrome.ru_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancientrome.ru-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also concerned with the imposition of orthodoxy – the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> controversy was ongoing – within the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> religion and contains 65 decrees directed at heretics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002105_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002105-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Theodosius attempted to commission <i>leges generales</i> beginning with Constantine as a supplement for the <i>Codex Gregorianus</i> and the <i>Codex Hermogenianus</i>. He intended to supplement the legal codes with the opinions and writings of ancient Roman jurists, much like the digest found later in <i><a href="/wiki/Justinian%27s_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian's Code">Justinian's Code</a></i>. But the task proved too great, and in 435, it was decided to concentrate solely on the laws from Constantine to the time of writing. </p><p>Matthews observes, "The Theodosian Code does, however, differ from the work of Justinian (except the Novellae), in that it was largely based not on existing juristic writings and collections of texts, but on primary sources that had never before been brought together."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian's Code, published about 100 years later, comprised both <i>ius</i>, "law as an interpretive discipline", and <i>leges</i>, "the primary legislation upon which the interpretation was based".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200010–12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200010–12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the first part, or codex, of Justinian's <i>Corpus Civilis Juris</i> contained 12 books of <i>constitutions</i>, or imperial laws, the second and third parts, the <i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">digest</a></i> and the <i>Institutiones</i>, contained the <i>ius</i> of Classical Roman jurists and the <i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_Gaius" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of Gaius">Institutes</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_(jurist)" title="Gaius (jurist)">Gaius</a>. </p><p>While the Theodosian Code may seem to lack a personal facet due to the absence of judicial reviews, upon further review, the legal code gives insight into Theodosius' motives behind the codification. Lenski quotes Matthews as noting that the "imperial constitutions represented not only prescriptive legal formulas but also descriptive pronouncements of an emperor's moral and ideological principles".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2003331_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2003331-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from clearing up confusion and creating a single, simplified, and supersedent code, Theodosius II also attempted to solidify Christianity as the Empire's official religion after it had been decriminalised under <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>' rule and promoted under Constantine's. In his <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a> praised <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosius the Great">Theodosius the Great</a>, Theodosius II's grandfather, who shared his faith and devotion, as "a Christian ruler whose piety was expressed by the laws he had issued in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews20008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews20008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Codex Theodosianus</i> is, for example, explicit in ordering that all actions at law should cease during <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>, and the doors of all courts of law be closed during those 15 days (1. ii. tit. viii.). It also instituted laws punishing <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, which represented a departure from policy under the period of the Roman Republic, under which homosexuality was tolerated and perhaps mocked but was not illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrakesn.d._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrakesn.d.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001232–233_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001232–233-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first laws granting <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">tax exemption</a> to the church appear in the <i>Codex</i> and are credited to Constantine and his son <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>. These laws specify land owned by <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, their family members, and churches were exempt from compulsory service and tax payments with the exception of land personally owned by the clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001443_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001443-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott1978333_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott1978333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Books 1-5 lack the manuscript support available for books 6–16. The first five books of the surviving Codex draw largely from two other manuscripts. The Turin manuscript, or "T," consists of 43 largely discontinuous folios.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second manuscript is the <i><a href="/wiki/Breviary_of_Alaric" title="Breviary of Alaric">Breviary of Alaric</a></i>, and a good part of the <i>Breviarium</i> that is included in book 1 contains the original text of the respective part of the original codex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latter part of the Codex, books 6–16, also drew largely from two texts. Books 6–8 of the Codex were preserved in the text of a document known as <i>Parsinus</i> 9643.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document circulated in early medieval French libraries, as well as the other formative document for the latter part of the code, a document held in the Vatican (Vat. Reg. 886), also known as "V".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars consider this section to have been transmitted completely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reference edition of the Codex Theodosianus is: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a>-Meyer, <i>Theodosiani libri XVI cum constitutionibus Sirmondianis et leges Novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes</i>, Berlin, Weidemann, 1905.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other editions/commentaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13788089"><i>Codex Theodosianus</i></a> (in Latin). Genève: Johann Arnold. 1586.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codex+Theodosianus&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.pub=Johann+Arnold&rft.date=1586&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D13788089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIacobus_Gothofredus1616" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iacobus Gothofredus (1616). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=14866255"><i>De statu paganorum sub christianis imperatoribus: seu commentarius ad titulum X de paganis libri XVI codicis Theodosiani</i></a> (in Latin). Heidelberg: Gotthard Vögelin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+statu+paganorum+sub+christianis+imperatoribus%3A+seu+commentarius+ad+titulum+X+de+paganis+libri+XVI+codicis+Theodosiani&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Gotthard+V%C3%B6gelin&rft.date=1616&rft.au=Iacobus+Gothofredus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D14866255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translation">English translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: English translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Theodosian Code was translated into English, with annotations, in 1952 by <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Pharr" title="Clyde Pharr">Clyde Pharr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Sherrer_Davidson" title="Theresa Sherrer Davidson">Theresa Sherrer Davidson</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This translation was very favorably received by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Kearley_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearley-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigenius" title="Epigenius">Epigenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Roman_Law_Moot_Court" title="International Roman Law Moot Court">International Roman Law Moot Court</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hall-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a description of how this project was carried out, see <a href="#CITEREFJones_Hall2012">Jones Hall 2012</a> See also <a href="#CITEREFKearley2007">Kearley 2007</a>, pp. 525, 536–545 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kearley-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kearley_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a survey of the reviews, see <a href="#CITEREFKearley2018">Kearley 2018</a>, pp. 162–164 </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdanTalbot1991475_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdanTalbot1991">Kazhdan & Talbot 1991</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong1875302–303-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong1875302–303_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong1875">Long 1875</a>, pp. 302–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodwardCates187290-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodwardCates187290_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodwardCates1872">Woodward & Cates 1872</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200087_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2000">Matthews 2000</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Stein, pp. 37–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1995510-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1995510_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1995">Martin 1995</a>, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2003337–340-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2003337–340_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2003">Lenski 2003</a>, pp. 337–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012107-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012107_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012">Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger1953[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoR0LAAAAIAAJqconstitutions_392]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger1953[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoR0LAAAAIAAJqconstitutions_392]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerger1953">Berger 1953</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oR0LAAAAIAAJ&q=constitutions">392</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200017_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2000">Matthews 2000</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200010–18-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200010–18_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2000">Matthews 2000</a>, pp. 10–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford Ando, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995191-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995191_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1995">Alexander 1995</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995191–193-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995191–193_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1995">Alexander 1995</a>, pp. 191–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1998683-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1998683_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron1998">Cameron 1998</a>, p. 683.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ancientrome.ru-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ancientrome.ru_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/tituli.htm">Tituli Ex Corpore Codici Theodosiani</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMango2002105-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMango2002105_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMango2002">Mango 2002</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200012_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2000">Matthews 2000</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200010–12-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200010–12_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2000">Matthews 2000</a>, pp. 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2003331-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2003331_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2003">Lenski 2003</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews20008-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews20008_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2000">Matthews 2000</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrakesn.d.-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrakesn.d._22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrakesn.d.">Frakes n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001232–233-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001232–233_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPharrDavidsonPharr2001">Pharr, Davidson & Pharr 2001</a>, pp. 232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001443-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001443_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPharrDavidsonPharr2001">Pharr, Davidson & Pharr 2001</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott1978333-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott1978333_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott1978">Elliott 1978</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews200086_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews2000">Matthews 2000</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPharrDavidsonPharr2001_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPharrDavidsonPharr2001">Pharr, Davidson & Pharr 2001</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>ACTI. Auxilium in Codices Theodosianum Iustinianumque investigandos, Iole Fargnoli (cur.), LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7916-403-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7916-403-0">978-88-7916-403-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriesWood1993" class="citation book cs1">Harries, Jill; Wood, Ian (1993). <i>The Theodosian Code: Studies in the Imperial Law of Late Antiquity</i>. Bristol Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853997402" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853997402"><bdi>978-1853997402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theodosian+Code%3A+Studies+in+the+Imperial+Law+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1853997402&rft.aulast=Harries&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Wood%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1995" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, Michael C. (Spring 1995). "Review: <i>The Theodosian Code</i> by Jill Harries; Ian Wood". <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>13</b> (1). University of Illinois Press: 190–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F743979">10.2307/743979</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/743979">743979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144610759">144610759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Theodosian+Code+by+Jill+Harries%3B+Ian+Wood&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=190-192&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144610759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F743979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F743979&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Berger, Adolf (1953). <i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law</i>. Vol. 43 (Part 2). Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-435-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-435-2"><bdi>0-87169-435-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/873814450">873814450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Roman+Law&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F873814450&rft.isbn=0-87169-435-2&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span> (reprinted in 1991)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckland1993" class="citation book cs1">Buckland, W. W. (1993). <i>A Textbook of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Roman+Law+from+Augustus+to+Justinian&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Cameron, Averil</a> (1998). "Education and literary culture". In Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ijl2xAEACAAJ"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 13, The Late Empire, AD 337–425</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05440-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05440-9"><bdi>978-1-139-05440-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Education+and+literary+culture&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Volume+13%2C+The+Late+Empire%2C+AD+337%E2%80%93425&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05440-9&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjl2xAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1978" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, T.G. (1978). "The Tax Exemptions Granted to Clerics by Constantine and Constantius II". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1087959">10.2307/1087959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087959">1087959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+Tax+Exemptions+Granted+to+Clerics+by+Constantine+and+Constantius+II&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=333&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1087959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1087959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=T.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrakesn.d." class="citation web cs1">Frakes, Robert (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/21319">"Why the Romans Are Important in the Debate About Gay Marriage"</a>. <i>History News Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=Why+the+Romans+Are+Important+in+the+Debate+About+Gay+Marriage&rft.aulast=Frakes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Farticle%2F21319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">"Antiochus Chuzon"</a>. <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiochus+Chuzon&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Antony&rft.au=Eidinow%2C+Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVWcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones_Hall2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jones Hall, Linda (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romanlegaltradition.org/contents/2012/RLT8-JONESHALL.PDF">"Clyde Pharr, the Women of Vanderbilt, and the Wyoming Judge: the Story behind the Translation of the Theodosian Code in Mid-Century America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Roman Legal Tradition</i>. <b>8</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1943-6483">1943-6483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roman+Legal+Tradition&rft.atitle=Clyde+Pharr%2C+the+Women+of+Vanderbilt%2C+and+the+Wyoming+Judge%3A+the+Story+behind+the+Translation+of+the+Theodosian+Code+in+Mid-Century+America&rft.volume=8&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1943-6483&rft.aulast=Jones+Hall&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromanlegaltradition.org%2Fcontents%2F2012%2FRLT8-JONESHALL.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdanTalbot1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich; <a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Talbot" title="Alice-Mary Talbot">Talbot, Alice-Mary Maffry</a> (1991). "Codex Theodosianus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RGXjwEACAAJ"><i>The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium</i></a>. Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Codex+Theodosianus&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Petrovich&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Alice-Mary+Maffry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RGXjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kearley, Timothy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/_files/docs/historyajcrev-1.pdf">"Justice Fred Blume and the Translation of Justinian's Code"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Law Library Journal</i>. <b>99</b>: 525, 536–545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+Library+Journal&rft.atitle=Justice+Fred+Blume+and+the+Translation+of+Justinian%27s+Code&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=525%2C+536-545&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kearley&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwyo.edu%2Flawlib%2Fblume-justinian%2F_files%2Fdocs%2Fhistoryajcrev-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearley2018" class="citation book cs1">Kearley, Timothy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRm_swEACAAJ"><i>Lost in Translations: Roman Law Scholarship and Translation in Early Twentieth-century America</i></a>. Carolina Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5310-0722-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5310-0722-5"><bdi>978-1-5310-0722-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+in+Translations%3A+Roman+Law+Scholarship+and+Translation+in+Early+Twentieth-century+America&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5310-0722-5&rft.aulast=Kearley&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRm_swEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearley2022" class="citation book cs1">Kearley, Timothy (2022). <i>Roman Law, Classical Education, and Limits on Classical Participation in America into the Twentieth-Century</i>. Veterrimus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7361312-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7361312-1-3"><bdi>978-1-7361312-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Law%2C+Classical+Education%2C+and+Limits+on+Classical+Participation+in+America+into+the+Twentieth-Century&rft.pub=Veterrimus+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-7361312-1-3&rft.aulast=Kearley&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lenski, Noel (February–March 2003). "Review: <i>Laying Down the Law</i>. A Study of the Theodosian Code by John Matthews". <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>98</b> (3). The Classical Association of the Middle West and South, Inc.: 337–340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Laying+Down+the+Law.+A+Study+of+the+Theodosian+Code+by+John+Matthews&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-340&rft.date=2003-02%2F2003-03&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1875" class="citation book cs1">Long, George (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Codex_Theodosianus.html">"Codex Theodosianus"</a>. In William Smith (ed.). <i>A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 302–303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Codex+Theodosianus&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=302-303&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FCodex_Theodosianus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Mango" title="Cyril Mango">Mango, Cyril</a> (2002). <i>Oxford History of Byzantium'<span></span></i>. Oxford: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+Byzantium%27&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Susan D. (October 1995). "Review: <i>The Theodosian Code</i> by Jill Harries; Ian Wood". <i>The American Journal of Legal History</i>. <b>39</b> (4). Temple University: 510–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F845507">10.2307/845507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/845507">845507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Theodosian+Code+by+Jill+Harries%3B+Ian+Wood&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=510-511&rft.date=1995-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F845507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F845507%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Susan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2000" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, John F. (2000). <i>Laying Down the Law: A Study of the Theodosian Code</i>. New York: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laying+Down+the+Law%3A+A+Study+of+the+Theodosian+Code&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPharrDavidsonPharr2001" class="citation book cs1">Pharr, Clyde; Davidson, Theresa Sherrer; Pharr, Mary Brown (2001) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ROBb7SIvYgC&pg=443"><i>The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions</i></a>. The Lawbook Exchange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-146-3"><bdi>978-1-58477-146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theodosian+Code+and+Novels%2C+and+the+Sirmondian+Constitutions&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-146-3&rft.aulast=Pharr&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Theresa+Sherrer&rft.au=Pharr%2C+Mary+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ROBb7SIvYgC%26pg%3D443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Riedlberger, Peter (2020). <i>Prolegomena zu den spätantiken Konstitutionen. Nebst einer Analyse der erbrechtlichen und verwandten Sanktionen gegen Heterodoxe</i> [Prolegomena to the late antique constitutions. Including an analysis of hereditary and related sanctions against the heterodox]. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7728-2886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7728-2886-7">978-3-7728-2886-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellegen-Couperus1993" class="citation book cs1">Tellegen-Couperus, Olga (1993). <i>A Short History of Roman Law</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 138–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Roman+Law&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138-141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Tellegen-Couperus&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardCates1872" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke; Cates, William Leist Readwin (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeI0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA90"><i>Encyclopaedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical</i></a>. Lee and Shepard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Chronology%3A+Historical+and+Biographical&rft.pub=Lee+and+Shepard&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bernard+Bolingbroke&rft.au=Cates%2C+William+Leist+Readwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZeI0AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACodex+Theodosianus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Codex Theodosianus. Liber V – Le Code Théodosien, Livre V. Texte latin d'après l'édition de Th. Mommsen. Traduction française, introduction et notes</i>. Éd. par Sylvie Crogiez, Pierre Jaillette, Jean-Michel Poinsotte. Turnout, Brepols, 2009 (Codex Theodosianus – Le Code Théodosien (CTH), vol. 5).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/tituli.htm">Codex Theodosianus (Latin)</a>, ancientrome.ru.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr/Codex_Theod.htm">Codex Theodosianus (Latin)</a> Ed. Mommsen, Meyer, & Krueger (Latin). Website upmf-grenoble.fr.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025050453/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-395">A list of imperial laws of 311 until 431</a> contains summaries of many laws involving religion from the Theodosian code and other sources, in chronological order.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/codex-theod1.html">Codex Theodosianus XI–7–13; XV–5–1, –12–1; XVI–1–2, –5–1, –5–3, –7–1, –10–4 (on Religion)</a>, English translation Oliver J. Thatcher e.a., 1907. Website fordham.edu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Codex_Theodosianus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Codex_Theodosianus.html">Codex Theodosianus</a> by George Long in <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a></i>, John Murray, London, 1875.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leges.uni-koeln.de/en/lex/codex-theodosianus/">Codex Theodosianus</a> Information on the code and its manuscript tradition on the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bibliotheca legum regni Francorum manuscripta</i></span></i> website. A database on Carolingian secular law texts (Karl Ubl, Cologne University, Germany).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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