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.side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> This article discusses the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_dialect" title="Moscow dialect">Moscow dialect</a> (unless otherwise noted). For an overview of dialects in the Russian language, see <a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">Russian dialects</a>. Most descriptions of Russian describe it as having five vowel phonemes, though there is some dispute over whether a sixth vowel, /<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/, is separate from /i/. Russian has 34 consonants, which can be divided into two types: <ul><li>hard (твёрдый <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/62\/Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8tv\u02b2ord\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0434\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈtvʲordɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-твёрдый.ogg">ⓘ</a>) or plain</li> <li>soft (мягкий <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fc\/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8m\u02b2\u00e6x\u02b2k\u02b2\u026aj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u0438\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈmʲæxʲkʲɪj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-мягкий.ogg">ⓘ</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a></li></ul> Russian also distinguishes hard consonants from soft consonants and from <a href="/wiki/Iotation" title="Iotation">iotated</a> consonants, making four sets in total: /C Cʲ Cj Cʲj/, although /Cj/ in native words appears only at <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> boundaries (подъезд, podyezd, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[pɐdˈjest]</a> for example). Russian also preserves palatalized consonants that are followed by another consonant more often than other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> do. Like Polish, it has both hard <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar">postalveolars</a> (/ʂ ʐ/) and soft ones (/tɕ ɕː/ and marginally or dialectically /ʑː/). Russian has <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a> in unstressed syllables. This feature also occurs in a minority of other Slavic languages like <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and is also found in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, but not in most other Slavic languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, most varieties of <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td style="font-size:120%">(<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>) </td> <td style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td style="font-size:120%"> </td> <td style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russian_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Russian_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russian_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Russian_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russian_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Russian_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Russian vowel chart by <a href="#CITEREFJonesTrofimov1923">Jones & Trofimov (1923</a>:55). The symbol ⟨i̝⟩ stands for a positional variant of /i/ raised in comparison with the usual allophone of /i/, not a raised cardinal [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] which would result in a consonant.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_stressed_vowels_F1_F2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Russian_stressed_vowels_F1_F2.png/220px-Russian_stressed_vowels_F1_F2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Russian_stressed_vowels_F1_F2.png/330px-Russian_stressed_vowels_F1_F2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Russian_stressed_vowels_F1_F2.png/440px-Russian_stressed_vowels_F1_F2.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Russian stressed vowel chart according to their <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formants</a> and surrounding consonants, from <a href="#CITEREFTimberlake2004">Timberlake (2004</a>:31, 38). C is hard (non-palatalized) consonant, Ç is soft (palatalized) consonant. This chart uses frequencies to represent the basic vowel triangle of the Russian language.</figcaption></figure> Russian has five to six vowels in <a href="/wiki/Stressed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Stressed syllable">stressed syllables</a>, /i, u, e, o, a/ and in some analyses /ɨ/, but in most cases these vowels have merged to <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction_in_Russian" title="Vowel reduction in Russian">only two to four vowels when unstressed</a>: /i, u, a/ (or /ɨ, u, a/) after hard consonants and /i, u/ after soft ones. A long-standing dispute among linguists is whether Russian has five vowel <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> or six; that is, scholars disagree as to whether [ɨ] constitutes an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of /i/ or if there is an independent phoneme /ɨ/. The five-vowel analysis, taken up by the Moscow school, rests on the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> of [ɨ] and [i], with the former occurring after hard (non-<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a>) consonants (e.g. жить <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c4\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0290\u0268t\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʐɨtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-жить.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'to live', шип <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/40\/Ru-%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF.ogg\/Ru-%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0282\u0268p]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0448\u0438\u043f.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Ru-%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF.ogg/Ru-%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʂɨp]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF.ogg" title="File:Ru-шип.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'thorn, spine', цирк <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c0\/Ru-%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA.ogg\/Ru-%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[t\u0361s\u0268rk]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Ru-%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA.ogg/Ru-%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[t͡sɨrk]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA.ogg" title="File:Ru-цирк.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'circus', etc.) and [i] after soft (palatalized) consonants (e.g. щит <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/Ru-%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82.ogg\/Ru-%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0255\u02d0it]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0449\u0438\u0442.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Ru-%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82.ogg/Ru-%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɕːit]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82.ogg" title="File:Ru-щит.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'shield', чин <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/75\/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg\/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[t\u0361\u0255in]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0447\u0438\u043d.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[t͡ɕin]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg" title="File:Ru-чин.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'rank', etc.). The allophony of the stressed variant of the open /a/ is largely the same, yet no scholar considers [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] to be separate phonemes[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (which they are in e.g. <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>). The six-vowel view, held by the Saint-Petersburg (Leningrad) phonology school, points to several phenomena to make its case: <ul><li>Native Russian speakers' ability to articulate [ɨ] in isolation: for example, in the names of the letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">и</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы">ы</a>⟩.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Rare instances of word-initial [ɨ], including the minimal pair и́кать 'to produce the sound и' and ы́кать 'to produce the sound ы',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew200361-2">[2]</a> as well as borrowed names and toponyms, like Ыб <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/Ru-%D0%AB%D0%B1.ogg\/Ru-%D0%AB%D0%B1.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0268p]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u042b\u0431.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Ru-%D0%AB%D0%B1.ogg/Ru-%D0%AB%D0%B1.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɨp]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%AB%D0%B1.ogg" title="File:Ru-Ыб.ogg">ⓘ</a>, the name of a river and several villages in the <a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a>.</li> <li>Morphological alternations between non-palatalized consonants without any following vowel or before ы and palatalized consonants before и, like гото́в <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/18\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0261\u028c\u02c8tof<\/b>]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɡʌˈtof]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg" title="File:Ru-готов.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('ready' adjective, masculine, short-form), гото́вый <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ac\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0261\u028c\u02c8tov<\/b>\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɡʌˈtovɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-готовый.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('ready' adjective, masculine), and гото́вить <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c0\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0261\u028c\u02c8tov\u02b2<\/b>\u026at\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɡʌˈtovʲɪtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-готовить.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('to get ready; to prepare' verb, transitive), signifying that и palatalizes an inherently non-palatal <a href="/wiki/Underlying_representation" title="Underlying representation">underlying</a> consonant while ы does not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew200362-3">[3]</a></li></ul> The most popular view among linguists (and the one taken up in this article) is that of the Moscow school,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew200361-2">[2]</a> though Russian pedagogy has typically taught that there are six vowels (the term phoneme is not used).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Reconstructions of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> show that *i and *y (which correspond to [i] and [ɨ]) were separate phonemes. On the other hand, after the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_first_palatalization" title="Slavic first palatalization">first palatalization</a>, Old East Slavic *i and *y contrasted only after alveolars and labials: after palatals only *i occurred, and after velars only *y occurred. With the development of phonemic palatalized alveolars and labials, *i and *y no longer contrasted in any environment and were reinterpreted as allophones of each other, becoming a single phoneme /i/. Even so, this reinterpretation entailed no mergers and no change in the pronunciation. Subsequently, sometime between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, the allophone of /i/ occurring after a velar consonant changed from [ɨ] to [i] with subsequent palatalization of the velar, turning old Russian хытрыи [ˈxɨtrɨj] into modern хитрый [ˈxʲitrɨj] and old гыбкыи [ˈɡɨpkɨj] into modern гибкий [ˈɡʲipkʲij].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a39-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allophony">Allophony</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Allophony">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>A quick index of vowel pronunciation </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: small;"> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Letter (typically) </th> <th>Phonemic position </th> <th>Stressed </th> <th>Reduced </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/i/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">и</a></td> <td>(Cʲ)i</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы">ы</a>, и</td> <td>Ci</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</td> <td rowspan="3">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">ɨ̞</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/e/</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Э">э</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">е</a>†</td> <td>(C)e(C)</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>(C)eCʲ</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cʲe</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/a/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">а</a></td> <td>(C)a</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">я</a></td> <td>Cʲa(C)</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>CʲaCʲ</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/o/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">о</a></td> <td rowspan="1">(C)o</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё">ё</a>*</td> <td>Cʲo</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>]</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">/u/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">у</a></td> <td>(C)u</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</td> <td rowspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ю">ю</a></td> <td>Cʲu(C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>CʲuCʲ</td> <td colspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dd>"C" represents a hard consonant only.</dd> <dd>"(C)" represents a hard consonant, a vowel, /j/, or an utterance boundary.</dd> <dd>* Reduced ⟨ё⟩ is written as ⟨е⟩, except in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>.</dd> <dd>† ⟨е⟩ after a hard consonant is used mostly in loanwords (except if word-initial). ⟨э⟩ is always (C)V.</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> Russian vowels are subject to considerable <a href="/wiki/Allophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophony">allophony</a>, subject to both stress and the palatalization of neighboring consonants. In most unstressed positions, in fact, only three phonemes are distinguished after hard consonants, and only two after soft consonants. Unstressed /o/ and /a/ have merged to /a/ (a phenomenon known as Russian: а́канье, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: <a href="/wiki/Akanye" title="Akanye">ákan'je</a>); unstressed /i/ and /e/ have merged to /i/ (Russian: и́канье, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ikanye" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikanye">íkan'je</a>); and all four unstressed vowels have merged after soft consonants, except in the absolute final position in a word. None of these mergers are represented in writing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Front_vowels">Front vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Front vowels">edit</a>]</div> When a preceding consonant is hard, /i/ is retracted to [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]. Formant studies in <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2001">Padgett (2001)</a> demonstrate that [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>] is better characterized as slightly <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongized</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarization</a> of the preceding consonant,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> implying that a phonological pattern of using velarization to enhance perceptual distinctiveness between hard and soft consonants is strongest before /i/. When unstressed, /i/ becomes <a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">near-close</a>; that is, [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">ɨ̞</a>] following a hard consonant and [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] in most other environments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937–38-7">[7]</a> Between soft consonants, stressed /i/ is raised,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196931-8">[8]</a> as in пить <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/96\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[p\u02b2i\u031dt\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[pʲi̝tʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-пить.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('to drink'). When preceded and followed by <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">dorsal</a> consonants, [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>] is fronted to [ɨ̟].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196933-9">[9]</a> After a cluster of a labial and /ɫ/, [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>] is retracted, as in плыть <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9e\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[p\u026b\u0268\u0320t\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u043b\u044b\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[pɫɨ̠tʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-плыть.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('to float'); it is also slightly diphthongized to [ɯ̟ɨ̟].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196933-9">[9]</a> In native words, /e/ only follows unpaired (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflexes</a> and /ts/) and soft consonants. After soft consonants (but not before), it is a mid vowel [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a>] (hereafter represented without the diacritic, for simplicity), while a following soft consonant raises it to close-mid [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]. Another allophone, an open-mid [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>], occurs word-initially and between hard consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196941–44-10">[10]</a> Preceding hard consonants retract /e/ to [ɛ̠] and [e̠]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969193-11">[11]</a> so that жест ('gesture') and цель ('target') are pronounced <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/95\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0290\u025b\u0320st]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʐɛ̠st]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82.ogg" title="File:Ru-жест.ogg">ⓘ</a> and <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/Ru-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[tse\u0320l\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Ru-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[tse̠lʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-цель.ogg">ⓘ</a> respectively. In words borrowed from other languages, /e/ often follows hard consonants; this foreign pronunciation usually persists in Russian for many years until the word is more fully adopted into Russian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195963-12">[12]</a> For instance, шофёр (from French chauffeur) was pronounced <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c9\/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80_%2820th_cent%29.ogg\/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80_%2820th_cent%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0282o\u02c8f\u025br]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0448\u043e\u0444\u0451\u0440 (20th cent).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80_%2820th_cent%29.ogg/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80_%2820th_cent%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʂoˈfɛr]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80_(20th_cent).ogg" title="File:Ru-шофёр (20th cent).ogg">ⓘ</a> in the early twentieth century,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> but is now pronounced <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/aa\/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80.ogg\/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0282\u028c\u02c8f\u02b2\u0275r]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0448\u043e\u0444\u0451\u0440.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80.ogg/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʂʌˈfʲɵr]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%91%D1%80.ogg" title="File:Ru-шофёр.ogg">ⓘ</a>. On the other hand, the pronunciations of words such as отель <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/69\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u028c\u02c8tel\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʌˈtelʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-отель.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('hotel') retain the hard consonants despite a long presence in the language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Back_vowels">Back vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Back vowels">edit</a>]</div> Between soft consonants, /a/ becomes [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196950-14">[14]</a> as in пять <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[p\u02b2\u00e6t\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[pʲætʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-пять.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('five'). When not following a soft consonant, /a/ is retracted to [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ̟</a>] before /ɫ/ as in палка <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fb\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8p\u0251\u031f\u026bk\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈpɑ̟ɫkə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-палка.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('stick').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196950-14">[14]</a> For most speakers, /o/ is a mid vowel [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>], but it can be a more open [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>] for some speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196956-15">[15]</a> Following a soft consonant, /o/ is <a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Centralized" title="Relative articulation">centralized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Raised_and_lowered_vowels" title="Relative articulation">raised</a> to [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>] as in тётя <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8e\/Ru-%D1%82%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8F.ogg\/Ru-%D1%82%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8F.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8t\u02b2\u0275t\u02b2\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0442\u0451\u0442\u044f.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Ru-%D1%82%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8F.ogg/Ru-%D1%82%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8F.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈtʲɵtʲə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%82%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8F.ogg" title="File:Ru-тётя.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('aunt').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196962-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle1959166-17">[17]</a> As with the other back vowels, /u/ is centralized to [<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>] between soft consonants, as in чуть <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/de\/Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[t\u0255\u0289t\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[tɕʉtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-чуть.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('narrowly'). When unstressed, /u/ becomes near-close; central [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central rounded vowel">ʉ̞</a>] between soft consonants, centralized back [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] in other positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196967–69-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unstressed_vowels">Unstressed vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unstressed vowels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction_in_Russian" title="Vowel reduction in Russian">Vowel reduction in Russian</a></div> Russian <a href="/wiki/Unstressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unstressed vowel">unstressed vowels</a> have lower intensity and lower energy. They are typically shorter than stressed vowels, and /a e o i/ in most unstressed positions tend to undergo <a href="/wiki/Merger_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merger (phonology)">mergers</a> for most dialects:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosswhite2000112-19">[19]</a> <ul><li>/o/ has merged with /a/: for instance, валы́ 'bulwarks' and волы́ 'oxen' are both pronounced /vaˈɫi/, phonetically <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2f\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[v\u028c\u02c8\u026b\u0268]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[vʌˈɫɨ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B.ogg" title="File:Ru-валы.ogg">ⓘ</a>.</li> <li>/e/ has merged with /i/: for instance, лиса́ (lisá) 'fox' and леса́ 'forests' are both pronounced /lʲiˈsa/, phonetically <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/55\/Ru-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[l\u02b2\u026a\u02c8sa]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Ru-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[lʲɪˈsa]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-лиса.ogg">ⓘ</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>]</li> <li>/a/ and /o/<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> have merged with /i/ after soft consonants: for instance, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:месяц">ме́сяц</a> (mésjats) 'month' is pronounced /ˈmʲesʲits/, phonetically <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a2\/Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8m\u02b2es\u02b2\u026ats]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86.ogg/Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈmʲesʲɪts]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86.ogg" title="File:Ru-месяц.ogg">ⓘ</a>.</li></ul> The merger of unstressed /e/ and /i/ in particular is less universal in the <a href="/wiki/Pretonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretonic">pretonic</a> (pre-accented) position than that of unstressed /o/ and /a/. For example, speakers of some rural dialects as well as the "Old Petersburgian" pronunciation may have the latter but not the former merger, distinguishing between лиса́ [lʲɪˈsa] and леса́ [lʲɘˈsa], but not between валы́ and волы́ (both [vʌˈɫɨ]). The distinction in some loanwords between unstressed /e/ and /i/, or /o/ and /a/ is codified in some pronunciation dictionaries (<a href="#CITEREFAvanesov1985">Avanesov (1985</a>:663), <a href="#CITEREFZarva1993">Zarva (1993</a>:15)), for example, фо́рте [ˈfortɛ] and ве́то [ˈvʲeto]. Unstressed vowels (except /o/) are preserved word-finally, for example in second-person plural or <a href="/wiki/Formal_you" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal you">formal</a> verb forms with the ending -те, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:делаете">де́лаете</a> ("you do") /ˈdʲeɫajitʲe/ (phonetically [ˈdʲeɫə(j)ɪtʲe]). The same applies for vowels starting a word.<a href="#cite_note-Sobrinho-21">[21]</a> As a result, in most unstressed positions, only three vowel phonemes are distinguished after hard consonants (/u/, /a ~ o/, and /e ~ i/), and only two after soft consonants (/u/ and /a ~ o ~ e ~ i/). For the most part, <a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">Russian orthography</a> (as opposed to that of the closely <a href="/wiki/Genetic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic (linguistics)">related</a> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>) does not reflect vowel reduction. This can be seen in Russian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:небо">не́бо</a> (nébo) as opposed to Belarusian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0#Belarusian" class="extiw" title="wikt:неба">не́ба</a> (néba) "sky", both of which can be phonemically analyzed as /ˈnʲeba/ and morphophonemically as |ˈnʲebo|, as the nominative singular ending of neuter nouns is [o] when stressed: compare Russian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:село">село́</a> [sʲɪˈɫo], Belarusian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE#Belarusian" class="extiw" title="wikt:сяло">сяло́</a> [sʲaˈɫo] "village". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vowel_mergers">Vowel mergers</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowel mergers">edit</a>]</div> In terms of actual pronunciation, there are at least two different levels of vowel reduction: vowels are less reduced when a syllable immediately precedes the stressed one, and more reduced in other positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1975105-106-22">[22]</a> This is particularly visible in the realization of unstressed /o/ and /a/, where a less-reduced allophone [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>] appears alongside a more-reduced allophone [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]. The pronunciation of unstressed /o ~ a/ is as follows: <ol><li>[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>] (sometimes transcribed as [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]; the latter is phonetically correct for the standard Moscow pronunciation, whereas the former is phonetically correct for the standard Saint Petersburg pronunciation;<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> this article uses only the symbol [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>]) appears in the following positions: <ul><li>In the syllable immediately before the stress, when a hard consonant precedes:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgettTabain200516-24">[24]</a> паро́м <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[p\u028c\u02c8rom]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[pʌˈrom]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg" title="File:Ru-паром.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('ferry'), трава́ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[tr\u028c\u02c8va]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[trʌˈva]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-трава.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('grass').</li> <li>In absolute word-initial position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196951-25">[25]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>, when the vowel occurs twice without a consonant between; this is written ⟨aa⟩, ⟨ao⟩, ⟨oa⟩, or ⟨oo⟩:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196951-25">[25]</a> сообража́ть <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a4\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[s\u028c\u028cbr\u028c\u02c8\u0290at\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[sʌʌbrʌˈʐatʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-соображать.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('to use common sense, to reason').</li></ul></li> <li>[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>] appears elsewhere, when a hard consonant precedes: о́блако <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c7\/Ru-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8ob\u026b\u0259k\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u043a\u043e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Ru-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE.ogg/Ru-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈobɫəkə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE.ogg" title="File:Ru-облако.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('cloud'). <ul><li>In absolute word-final position, [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>] may occur instead, especially at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Syntagma_(linguistics)" title="Syntagma (linguistics)">syntagma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li></ul></li> <li>When a soft consonant or /j/ precedes, both /o/ and /a/ merge with /i/ and are pronounced as [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]. Example: язы́к <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-30" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/42\/Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA.ogg\/Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[j\u026a\u02c8z\u0268k]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA.ogg/Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[jɪˈzɨk]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA.ogg" title="File:Ru-язык.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'tongue'; еда <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-31" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d8\/Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[j\u026a\u02c8da]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0435\u0434\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[jɪˈda]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-еда.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'food ~ meal ~ eating'). /o/ is written as ⟨e⟩ in these positions. <ul><li>This merger also tends to occur after formerly soft consonants now pronounced hard (/ʐ/, /ʂ/, /ts/),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969194-27">[27]</a> where the pronunciation [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">ɨ̞</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196938-28">[28]</a> occurs; e.g. шевели́ть [ʂɨvʲɪˈlʲitʲ] 'to stir ~ to move ~ to bulge'. This always occurs when the spelling uses the soft vowel variants, e.g. жена́ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-32" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e1\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0290\u0268\u031e\u02c8na]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʐɨ̞ˈna]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-жена.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('wife'), with underlying /o/ (as evident in жёны [ˈʐonɨ] ('wives'), where ⟨ё⟩ is stressed and written as such). However, it also occurs in a few word roots where the spelling writes a hard /a/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1985663-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarva199313-30">[30]</a> Examples: <ul><li>жаль- 'regret': e.g. жале́ть <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-33" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b6\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0290\u0268\u031e\u02c8l\u02b2et\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʐɨ̞ˈlʲetʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-жалеть.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('to regret'), к сожале́нию <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-34" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/Ru-%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[ks\u0259\u0290\u0268\u031e\u02c8l\u02b2en\u02b2\u026aju]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Ru-%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E.ogg/Ru-%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ksəʐɨ̞ˈlʲenʲɪju]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E.ogg" title="File:Ru-к сожалению.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('unfortunately').</li> <li>ло́шадь 'horse', e.g. лошаде́й, <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-35" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d6\/Ru-%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u026b\u0259\u0282\u0268\u031e\u02c8d\u02b2ej]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043b\u043e\u0448\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Ru-%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɫəʂɨ̞ˈdʲej]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-лошадей.ogg">ⓘ</a> (pl. gen. and acc.).</li> <li>-дцать- in numbers: e.g. двадцати́ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-36" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[dv\u0259ts\u0268\u031e\u02c8t\u02b2i]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0438.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8.ogg/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[dvətsɨ̞ˈtʲi]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8.ogg" title="File:Ru-двадцати.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('twenty [gen., dat., prep.]'), тридцатью́ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-37" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg\/Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[tr\u02b2\u026ats\u0268\u02c8t\u02b2ju]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg/Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[trʲɪtsɨˈtʲju]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg" title="File:Ru-тридцатью.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('thirty [instr.]').</li> <li>ржано́й <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-38" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/89\/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[r\u0290\u0268\u031e\u02c8noj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[rʐɨ̞ˈnoj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-ржаной.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('rye [adj. m. nom.]').</li> <li>жасми́н <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-39" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0290\u0268\u031e\u02c8sm\u02b2in]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0436\u0430\u0441\u043c\u0438\u043d.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʐɨ̞ˈsmʲin]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg" title="File:Ru-жасмин.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('jasmine').</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>These processes occur even across word boundaries as in под морем [pʌd‿ˈmorʲɪm] ('under the sea').</li></ol> The pronunciation of unstressed /e ~ i/ is [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] after soft consonants and /j/, and word-initially (эта́п <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-40" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4b\/Ru-%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.ogg\/Ru-%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u026a\u02c8tap]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Ru-%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.ogg/Ru-%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɪˈtap]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF.ogg" title="File:Ru-этап.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('stage'); икра́ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-41" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/03\/Ru-%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u026a\u02c8kra]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0438\u043a\u0440\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Ru-%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɪˈkra]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-икра.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a>'); диви́ть [dʲɪˈvʲitʲ] ('to surprise'), etc.), but [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">ɨ̞</a>] after hard consonants (дыша́ть <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-42" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/23\/Ru-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[d\u0268\u031e\u02c8\u0282at\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0434\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Ru-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[dɨ̞ˈʂatʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-дышать.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('to breathe')). When in a word-final position after /ʐ/, /ʂ/ or /ts/ it might have an even more open allophone [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a>], as in полоте́нце <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-43" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/59\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[p\u0259\u026b\u0250\u02c8t\u02b2ent\u0361s\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/59/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[pəɫɐˈtʲent͡sə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg" title="File:Ru-полотенце.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('towel').[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are a number of exceptions to the above vowel-reduction rules: <ul><li>Vowels may not merge in foreign borrowings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1985663-666-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarva199312-17-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle1959-33">[33]</a> particularly with unusual or recently borrowed words such as ра́дио, <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-44" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/75\/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE.ogg\/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8rad\u02b2\u026ao]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE.ogg/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈradʲɪo]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE.ogg" title="File:Ru-радио.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'radio'. In such words, unstressed /a/ may be pronounced as [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>], regardless of context; unstressed /e/ does not merge with /i/ in initial position or after vowels, so word pairs like эмигра́нт and иммигра́нт, or эмити́ровать and имити́ровать, differ in pronunciation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Across certain word-final inflections, the reductions do not completely apply. For example, after soft or unpaired consonants, unstressed /a/, /e/ and /i/ of a final syllable may be distinguished from each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1975121-125-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1985666-35">[35]</a> For example, жи́тели <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-45" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/da\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u0290\u0268t\u02b2\u026al\u02b2\u026a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈʐɨtʲɪlʲɪ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg" title="File:Ru-жители.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('residents') contrasts with both (о) жи́теле <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-46" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b9\/Ru-%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[(\u028c) <\/span>\u02c8\u0290\u0268t\u02b2\u026al\u02b2\u026a\u031e]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Ru-%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.ogg/Ru-%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[(ʌ) ˈʐɨtʲɪlʲɪ̞]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5.ogg" title="File:Ru-о жителе.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('[about] a resident') and жи́теля <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-47" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c6\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u0290\u0268t\u02b2\u026al\u02b2\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈʐɨtʲɪlʲə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F.ogg" title="File:Ru-жителя.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('(of) a resident'). Also, хо́дит [ˈxodʲɪt] ('he goes') and хо́дят [ˈxodʲət] ('they go').<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>If the vowel ⟨o⟩ belongs to the conjunctions но ('but') or то ('then'), it is not reduced, even when unstressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarva199316-37">[37]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_changes">Other changes</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other changes">edit</a>]</div> Unstressed /u/ is generally pronounced as a lax (or <a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">near-close</a>) [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>], e.g. мужчи́на <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-48" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/70\/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[m\u028a\u02c8\u0255\u02d0in\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[mʊˈɕːinə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-мужчина.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('man'). Between soft consonants, it becomes centralized to [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central rounded vowel">ʉ̞</a>], as in юти́ться <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-49" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/Ru-%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg\/Ru-%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[j\u0289\u031e\u02c8t\u02b2its\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u044e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Ru-%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg/Ru-%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[jʉ̞ˈtʲitsə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg" title="File:Ru-ютиться.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('to huddle'). Note a spelling irregularity in /s/ of the reflexive suffix -ся: with a preceding -т- in third-person present and a -ть- in infinitive, it is pronounced as [tsə], i.e. hard instead of with its soft counterpart, since [ts], normally spelled with ⟨ц⟩, is traditionally always hard.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In other forms both pronunciations [sə] and [sʲə] (or [s] and [sʲ] after vowels, spelled -сь) alternate for a speaker with some usual form-dependent preferences: in the outdated dialects, reflexive imperative verbs (such as бо́йся, lit. "be afraid yourself") may be pronounced with [sə] instead of modern (and phonetically consistent) [sʲə].<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In adverbial participles ending on -я́сь or -а́сь (with a stressed suffix), books on Russian standard pronunciation prescribe [sʲ] as the only correct variant.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In weakly stressed positions, vowels may become voiceless between two voiceless consonants: вы́ставка <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-50" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c7\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8v\u0268st\u0259\u0325fk\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈvɨstə̥fkə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-выставка.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('exhibition'), потому́ что <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-51" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/85\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[p\u0259\u0325t\u028c\u02c8mu <\/span>\u0282t\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[pə̥tʌˈmu ʂtə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE.ogg" title="File:Ru-потому что.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('because'). This may also happen in cases where only the following consonant is voiceless: че́реп <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-52" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/52\/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF.ogg\/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8t\u0255er\u02b2\u026a\u0325p]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF.ogg/Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈtɕerʲɪ̥p]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF.ogg" title="File:Ru-череп.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('skull'). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Phonemic_analysis">Phonemic analysis</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonemic analysis">edit</a>]</div> Because of mergers of different phonemes in unstressed position, the assignment of a particular phone to a phoneme requires phonological analysis. There have been different approaches to this problem:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov197537-40-43">[43]</a> <ul><li>The Saint Petersburg phonology school assigns allophones to particular phonemes. For example, any [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>] is considered as a realization of /a/.</li> <li>The Moscow phonology school uses an analysis with <a href="/wiki/Morphophoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphophoneme">morphophonemes</a> (морфоне́мы, singular морфоне́ма). It treats a given unstressed allophone as belonging to a particular morphophoneme depending on morphological alternations. For example, [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>] is analyzed as either |a| or |o|. To make a determination, one must seek out instances where an unstressed morpheme containing [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>] in one word is stressed in another word. Thus, because the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:валы">валы́</a> [vʌˈɫɨ] ('shafts') shows an alternation with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:вал">вал</a> [vaɫ] ('shaft'), this instance of [ʌ] belongs to the morphophoneme |a|. Meanwhile, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:волы">волы́</a> [vʌˈɫɨ] ('oxen') alternates with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:вол">вол</a> [voɫ] ('ox'), showing that this instance of [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>] belongs to the morphophoneme |o|. If there are no alternations between stressed and unstressed syllables for a particular morpheme, then no assignment is made, and existence of an <a href="/wiki/Archiphoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiphoneme">archiphoneme</a> is postulated. For example, the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:собака">соба́ка</a> [sʌˈbakə] ('dog') is analysed as |s(a/o)ˈbaka|, where |(a/o)| is an archiphoneme.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Some linguists<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> prefer to avoid making the decision. Their terminology includes strong vowel phonemes (the five) for stressed vowels plus several weak phonemes for unstressed vowels: thus, [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] represents the weak phoneme /ɪ/, which contrasts with other weak phonemes, but not with strong ones.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> Russian diphthongs all end in a non-syllabic [i̯], an allophone of /j/ and the only <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> in Russian. In all contexts other than after a vowel, /j/ is considered an approximant consonant. Phonological descriptions of /j/ may also classify it as a consonant even in the coda. In such descriptions, Russian has no diphthongs. The first part of diphthongs is subject to the same allophony as their constituent vowels. Examples of words with diphthongs: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%BE#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:яйцо">яйцо́</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-53" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%BE.ogg\/Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%BE.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[j\u026aj\u02c8tso]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u044f\u0439\u0446\u043e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%BE.ogg/Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%BE.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[jɪjˈtso]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%BE.ogg" title="File:Ru-яйцо.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('egg'), ей <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-54" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[jej]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0435\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[jej]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-ей.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('her' dat.), де́йственный <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-55" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/56\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8d\u02b2ejstv\u02b2\u026ann\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈdʲejstvʲɪnnɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-действенный.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('effective'). /ij/, written ⟨-ий⟩ or ⟨-ый⟩, is a common inflexional affix of adjectives, participles, and nouns, where it is often unstressed; at normal conversational speed, such unstressed endings may be monophthongized to [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ̟</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937-46">[46]</a> When stressed, this affix is spelled ⟨-ой⟩ and pronounced /oj/. Unstressed ⟨-ый⟩ may be pronounced [əj] (as if spelled ⟨-ой⟩) in free variation with [ɨj].<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In adjectives ending in ⟨-кий, -гий, -хий⟩, traditional Moscow norm prescribed the pronunciation [kəj, ɡəj, xəj] (as if spelled ⟨-кой, -гой, -хой⟩),<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> but now those adjectives are usually pronounced according to the spelling, thus [kʲɪj, ɡʲɪj, xʲɪj].<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The same can be said about verbs ending in ⟨-кивать, -гивать, -хивать⟩.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> ⟨ʲ⟩ denotes <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>, meaning the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. Phonemes that have at different times been disputed are enclosed in parentheses. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: small;"> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></td> <td>mʲ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a></td> <td>nʲ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td>pʲ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></td> <td>tʲ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td>kʲ </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td>bʲ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td>dʲ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td>ɡʲ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">t͡s</a></td> <td>(t͡sʲ) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td>fʲ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></td> <td>sʲ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td>xʲ </td></tr> <tr> <th>voiced </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td>vʲ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a> </td> <td>zʲ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑː</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>) </td> <td>(ɣʲ) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></td> <td>lʲ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>rʲ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <ul><li>Most consonant phonemes come in hard–soft pairs, except for always-hard /ts, ʂ, ʐ/ and always-soft /tɕ, ɕː, j/ and formerly or marginally /ʑː/. There is a marked tendency of Russian hard consonants to be <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uvularization" title="Uvularization">uvularized</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett20019-53">[53]</a> though this is a subject of some academic dispute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett20017-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-ashby133-55">[55]</a> Velarization is clearest before the front vowels /e/ and /i/,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003b319-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar consonants</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003b310,_321-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> As with palatalization, it results in vowel colouring and diphthongisation when stressed, in particular with /i~ɨ/, realized approximately as [ɯi̯] or [ɤ̯ɪ]. Its function is to make the contrast between hard and soft consonants perceptually more salient, and the less salient the contrast is otherwise (such as labial consonants being universally the most resistant to palatalization<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>), the higher the velarization degree. <ul><li>/ʐ/ and /ʂ/ are always hard in native words (even if spelling contains a "softening" letter after them, as in жена, шёлк, жить, and мышь). A few loanwords are spelled with ⟨жю⟩ or ⟨шю⟩; authoritative pronunciation dictionaries<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> prescribe hard pronunciation for some of them (e.g. брошюра, парашют, амбушюр, шюцкор) but soft for other ones (e.g. пшют, фишю); жюри may be pronounced either way.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The letter combinations ⟨жю⟩, ⟨жя⟩, ⟨жё⟩, ⟨шю⟩, ⟨шя⟩, and ⟨шё⟩ also occur in foreign proper names, mostly of French or Lithuanian origin. Notable examples include Гёльджюк (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk,_Kocaeli" title="Gölcük, Kocaeli">Gölcük</a>), Жён Африк (<a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeune Afrique</a>), Жюль Верн (<a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>), Герхард Шюрер (<a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Gerhard Schürer">Gerhard Schürer</a>), Шяуляй (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai" title="Šiauliai">Šiauliai</a>), and Шяшувис (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C5%A1uvis" title="Šešuvis">Šešuvis</a>). The dictionary of <a href="#CITEREFAgeenkoZarva1993">Ageenko & Zarva (1993)</a> prescribes soft pronunciation in these names. However, since the cases of soft ⟨ж⟩ and ⟨ш⟩ are marginal and not universally pronounced as such, ⟨ж⟩ and ⟨ш⟩ are generally considered always-hard consonants, and the long phonemes /ʑː/ and /ɕː/ are not considered their soft counterparts, as they do not pattern in the same ways that other hard–soft pairs do.</li> <li>/ts/ is generally listed among the always-hard consonants; however, certain foreign proper names, including those of Ukrainian, Polish, Lithuanian, or German origin (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tsiurupa" title="Alexander Tsiurupa">Цюрупа</a>, Пацюк, Цявловский, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Цюрих</a>), as well as loanwords (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">хуацяо</a>, from Chinese), contain a soft [tsʲ].<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The phonemicity of a soft /tsʲ/ is supported by neologisms that come from native word-building processes (e.g. фрицёнок, шпицята).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, according to <a href="#CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015">Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015)</a>, /ts/ really is always hard, and realizing it as palatalized [tsʲ] is considered "emphatically non-standard", and occurs only in some regional accents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223-64">[64]</a></li> <li>/tɕ/ and /j/ are always soft.</li> <li>/ɕː/ is also always soft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223-64">[64]</a> A formerly common pronunciation of /ɕ/+/tɕ/<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> indicates the sound may be two <a href="/wiki/Underlying_representation" title="Underlying representation">underlying</a> phonemes: /ʂ/ and /tɕ/, thus /ɕː/ can be considered as a marginal phoneme. In today's most widespread pronunciation, [ɕtɕ] appears (instead of [ɕː]) for orthographical -зч-/-сч- where ч- starts the root of a word, and -з/-с belongs to a preposition or a "clearly distinguishable" prefix (e.g. без часо́в <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-56" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/48\/Ru-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[b\u02b2\u026a\u0255t\u0255\u026a\u02c8sof]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Ru-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg/Ru-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[bʲɪɕtɕɪˈsof]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2.ogg" title="File:Ru-без часов.ogg">ⓘ</a>, 'without a clock'; расчерти́ть <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-57" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/26\/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[r\u0259\u0255t\u0255\u026ar\u02c8t\u02b2it\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[rəɕtɕɪrˈtʲitʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-расчертить.ogg">ⓘ</a>, 'to rule'); in all other cases /ɕː/ is used (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%89%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:щётка">щётка</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-58" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b2\/Ru-%D1%89%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D1%89%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u0255\u02d0\u0275tk\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0449\u0451\u0442\u043a\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Ru-%D1%89%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D1%89%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈɕːɵtkə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%89%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-щётка.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:грузчик">гру́зчик</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-59" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/39\/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u0261ru\u0255\u02d0\u026ak]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA.ogg/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈɡruɕːɪk]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA.ogg" title="File:Ru-грузчик.ogg">ⓘ</a>, перепи́счик [pʲɪrʲɪˈpʲiɕːɪk], сча́стье <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-60" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u0255\u02d0\u00e6s\u02b2t\u02b2j\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u0435.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Ru-%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈɕːæsʲtʲjə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5.ogg" title="File:Ru-счастье.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:мужчина">мужчи́на</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-61" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/70\/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[m\u028a\u02c8\u0255\u02d0in\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043c\u0443\u0436\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[mʊˈɕːinə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-мужчина.ogg">ⓘ</a>, исщипа́ть [ɪɕːɪˈpatʲ], расщепи́ть [rəɕːɪˈpʲitʲ] etc.)</li> <li>The marginally phonemic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a42-66">[66]</a> sound [ʑː] is largely obsolete except in the more conservative standard accent of Moscow, in which it only occurs in a handful of words. Insofar as this soft pronunciation is lost, the corresponding hard [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐː</a>] replaces it.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> This sound may derive from an underlying /zʐ/ or /sʐ/: заезжа́ть [zə(ɪ̯)ɪˈʑːætʲ], modern <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-62" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/77\/Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[z\u0259(\u026a\u032f)\u026a\u02c8\u0290\u02d0at\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0437\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[zə(ɪ̯)ɪˈʐːatʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-заезжать.ogg">ⓘ</a>. For most speakers, it can most commonly be formed by assimilative voicing of [ɕː] (including across words): <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:вещдок">вещдо́к</a> [vʲɪʑːˈdok]. For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal consonant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonant</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>/ʂ/ and /ʐ/ are somewhat <a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">concave</a> <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> postalveolar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200464-68">[68]</a> They may be described as retroflex, e.g. by <a href="#CITEREFHamann2004">Hamann (2004)</a>, but this is to indicate that they are not laminal nor palatalized; not to say that they are <a href="/wiki/Subapical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subapical">subapical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200456-69">[69]</a> They also tend to be at least slightly labialized, including when followed by unrounded vowels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969134,_136-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Hard /t, d, n/ are laminal <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar</a> [t̪, d̪, n̪]; unlike in many other languages, /n/ does not become velar [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] before velar consonants.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>Hard /ɫ/ has been variously described as pharyngealized apical alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">l̺ˤ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-SOWL187-72">[72]</a> and velarized laminal denti-alveolar [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">l̪ˠ</a>].<a href="#cite_note-ashby133-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Hard /r/ is postalveolar, typically a trill [r̠].<a href="#cite_note-SOWL221-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Soft /rʲ/ is an apical dental trill [r̪ʲ], usually with only a single contact.<a href="#cite_note-SOWL221-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Soft /tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲsʲ, d̻ʲzʲ, n̻ʲ]. In the case of the first two, the tongue is raised just enough to produce slight frication as indicated in the transcription.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Modern Russian tends to affricatize these sounds to [tʲsʲ], [dʲzʲ] as in Belarusian.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> This phenomenon is called «<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Цеканье">tsekanye</a>».</li> <li>Soft /lʲ/ is either laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ] or laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʲ].<a href="#cite_note-SOWL187-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>/ts, s, sʲ, z, zʲ/ are dental [t̪s̪, s̪, s̪ʲ, z̪, z̪ʲ],<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> i.e. dentalized laminal alveolar. They are pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the upper front teeth, with the tip of the tongue resting behind the lower front teeth.</li> <li>The voiced /v, vʲ/ are often realized with weak friction [v̞, v̞ʲ] or even as approximants [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋʲ</a>], particularly in spontaneous speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223-64">[64]</a></li> <li>A marginal phoneme /ɣ/ occurs instead of /ɡ/ in certain interjections: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ага">ага́</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ого">ого́</a>, угу́, эге, о-го-го́, э-ге-ге, гоп. (Thus, there exists a minimal pair of <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a>: ага́ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-63" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28%C9%A3%29.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28%C9%A3%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u028c\u02c8\u0263a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0430\u0433\u0430 (\u0263).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28%C9%A3%29.ogg/Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%28%C9%A3%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʌˈɣa]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%C9%A3).ogg" title="File:Ru-ага (ɣ).ogg">ⓘ</a> 'aha!' vs ага́ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-64" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/27\/Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%282%29.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%282%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u028c\u02c8\u0261a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0430\u0433\u0430 (2).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%282%29.ogg/Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%282%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʌˈɡa]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_(2).ogg" title="File:Ru-ага (2).ogg">ⓘ</a> '<a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">agha</a>'). The same sound [ɣ] can be found in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:бухгалтер">бухга́лтер</a> (spelled ⟨хг⟩, though in цейхга́уз, ⟨хг⟩ is [x]), optionally in га́битус and in a few other loanwords. Also optionally (and less frequently than a century ago) [ɣ] can be used instead of [ɡ] in certain religious words (a phenomenon influenced by <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> pronunciation): Бо́га [ˈboɣə], Бо́гу [ˈboɣʊ]... (declension forms of Бог [ˈbox] 'God'), Госпо́дь [ɣʌˈspotʲ] 'Lord' (especially in the exclamation Го́споди! [ˈɣospədʲɪ] 'Oh Lord!'), благо́й [bɫʌˈɣɵj] 'good'.</li> <li>Some linguists (like I. G. Dobrodomov and his school) postulate the existence of a phonemic <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> /ʔ/. This marginal phoneme can be found, for example, in the word не́-а <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-65" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ed\/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8n\u02b2e\u0294\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043d\u0435-\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈnʲeʔə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-не-а.ogg">ⓘ</a>. Claimed minimal pairs for this phoneme include <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:суженный">су́женный</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-66" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8s\u0294u\u0290\u0268n\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈsʔuʐɨnɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-суженный.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'narrowed' (a participle from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:сузить">су́зить</a> 'to narrow', with prefix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81-#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:с-">с-</a> and root -уз-, cf. у́зкий 'narrow') vs су́женый <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-67" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/92\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8su\u0290\u0268n\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈsuʐɨnɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-суженый.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'betrothed' (originally a participle from суди́ть 'to judge', now an adjective; the root is суд 'court') and с А́ней <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-68" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/Ru-%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8s\u0294an\u02b2\u026aj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441 \u0410\u043d\u0435\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Ru-%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈsʔanʲɪj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-с Аней.ogg">ⓘ</a> 'with Ann' vs Са́ней <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-69" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0b\/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8san\u02b2\u026aj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0421\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈsanʲɪj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-Саней.ogg">ⓘ</a> '(by) Alex'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobrodomovIzmest'eva2002-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobrodomovIzmest'eva2009-81">[81]</a></li></ul> There is some dispute over the phonemicity of soft velar consonants. Typically, the soft–hard distinction is allophonic for velar consonants: they become soft before <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>, as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:короткий">коро́ткий</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-70" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/88\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[k\u028c\u02c8rotk\u02b2\u026aj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[kʌˈrotkʲɪj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-короткий.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('short'), unless there is a word boundary, in which case they are hard (e.g. к Ива́ну [k‿ɨˈvanʊ] 'to Ivan').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a44,_47-82">[82]</a> Hard variants occur everywhere else. Exceptions are represented mostly by: <ul><li>Loanwords: <ul><li>Soft: гёзы, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:гюрза">гюрза́</a>, гяу́р, секью́рити, кекс, кяри́з, са́нкхья, хянга́;</li> <li>Hard: кок-сагы́з, гэ́льский, акы́н, кэб (кеб), хэ́ппенинг.</li></ul></li> <li>Proper nouns of foreign origin: <ul><li>Soft: Алигье́ри, Гёте, Гю́нтер, Гянджа́, Джокьяка́рта, Кёнигсберг, Кюраса́о, Кя́хта, Хью́стон, Хёндэ, Хю́бнер, Пюхяя́рви;</li> <li>Hard: Мангышла́к, Гэ́ри, Кызылку́м, Кэмп-Дэ́вид, Архы́з, Хуанхэ́.</li></ul></li></ul> The rare native examples are fairly new, as most of them were coined in the last century: <ul><li>Soft: forms of the verb ткать 'weave' (ткёшь, ткёт etc., and derivatives like соткёшься); догёнок/догята, герцогёнок/герцогята; and adverbial participles of the type берегя, стерегя, стригя, жгя, пекя, секя, ткя (it is disputed whether these are part of the standard language or just informal colloquialisms)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>];</li> <li>Hard: the name гэ of letter ⟨г⟩, acronyms and derived words (кагебешник, днепрогэсовский), a few interjections (гы, кыш, хэй), some onomatopoeic words (гыгыкать), and colloquial forms of certain patronyms: Олегыч, Маркыч, Аристархыч (where -ыч is a contraction of standard language's patronymical suffix -ович rather than a continuation of ancient -ич).</li></ul> In the mid-twentieth century, a small number of reductionist approaches made by <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralists</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStankiewicz1962131-83">[83]</a> put forth that palatalized consonants occur as the result of phonological processes involving /j/ (or palatalization as a phoneme in itself), so that there were no underlying palatalized consonants.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Despite such proposals, linguists have long agreed that the underlying structure of Russian is closer to that of its acoustic properties, namely that soft consonants are separate phonemes in their own right.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voicing">Voicing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Voicing">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Consonants and their voiced/voiceless equivalents </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Voiced </th> <th>Voiceless </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">Б</a> /b/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">П</a> /p/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">В</a> /v/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">Ф</a> /f/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">Г</a> /g/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">К</a> /k/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">Д</a> /d/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">Т</a> /t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">Ж</a> /ʐ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш</a> /ʂ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">З</a> /z/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">С</a> /s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">Л</a> /l/ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">М</a> /m/ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">Н</a> /n/ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">Р</a> /r/ </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х</a> /x/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">Ц</a> /ts/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">Ч</a> /tɕ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">Щ</a> /ɕː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">Й</a> /j/ </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_devoicing">Final devoicing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Final devoicing">edit</a>]</div> Voiced consonants (/b/, /bʲ/, /d/, /dʲ/ /ɡ/, /v/, /vʲ/, /z/, /zʲ/, /ʐ/, and /ʑː/) are <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">devoiced word-finally</a> unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195922-86">[86]</a> In other words, their voiceless equivalent will be used (see table on the right).<a href="#cite_note-Sobrinho-21">[21]</a> Examples: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:рассказ">рассказ</a> (story, tale) sounds like расскас [rɐˈskas]</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:нож">нож</a> (knife) sounds like нош [noʂ]</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Иванов">Иванов</a> (Ivanov) sounds like Иваноф [ɪvɐˈnof]; and so on.</li></ul> Г also represents voiceless [x] word-finally in some words, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:бог">бог</a> [ˈbox] ('god'). This is related to the use of the marginal (or dialectal) phoneme /ɣ/ in some religious words <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see Consonants). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voicing_elsewhere">Voicing elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Voicing elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> Basically, when a voiced consonant comes before a voiceless one, its sound will shift to its voiceless equivalent (see table).<a href="#cite_note-Sobrinho-21">[21]</a> <ul><li>Example: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ложка">Ложка</a> (spoon) sounds like Лошка [ˈɫoʂkə].</li></ul> That happens because ж is a voiced consonant, and it comes before the voiceless к. The same logic applies when a voiceless consonant comes before a voiced one (except в). In this case, the sound of the former will change to its voiced equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-Sobrinho-21">[21]</a> <ul><li>Example: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:сделать">сделать</a> (to do) sounds like зделать [ˈzʲdʲeɫətʲ].</li></ul> Russian features general regressive assimilation of voicing and palatalization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969156-87">[87]</a> In longer clusters, this means that multiple consonants may be soft despite their underlyingly (and orthographically) being hard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner1972377-88">[88]</a> The process of voicing assimilation applies across word-boundaries when there is no pause between words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner197273-89">[89]</a> Within a morpheme, voicing is not distinctive before obstruents (except for /v/, and /vʲ/ when followed by a vowel or sonorant). The voicing or devoicing is determined by that of the final obstruent in the sequence:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195931-90">[90]</a> просьба <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-71" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fe\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8proz\u02b2b<\/b>\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0431\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈprozʲbə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-просьба.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('request'), водка <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-72" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8votk<\/b>\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈvotkə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-водка.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('vodka'). In foreign borrowings, this isn't always the case for /f(ʲ)/, as in Адольф Гитлер <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-73" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/17\/Ru-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80.ogg\/Ru-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u028c\u02c8dol\u02b2f<\/b> <\/span>\u02c8\u0261\u02b2itl\u02b2\u026ar]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0410\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0444 \u0413\u0438\u0442\u043b\u0435\u0440.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Ru-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80.ogg/Ru-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʌˈdolʲf ˈɡʲitlʲɪr]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80.ogg" title="File:Ru-Адольф Гитлер.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('Adolf Hitler') and граф болеет ('the count is ill'). /v/ and /vʲ/ are unusual in that they seem transparent to voicing assimilation; in the syllable onset, both voiced and voiceless consonants may appear before /v(ʲ)/: <ul><li>тварь <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-74" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5f\/Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[t<\/b>var\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[tvarʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-тварь.ogg">ⓘ</a>) ('the creature')</li> <li>два <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-75" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6f\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[d<\/b>va]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0434\u0432\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[dva]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-два.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('two')</li> <li>световой <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-76" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8d\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%282_vers%29.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%282_vers%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[s(\u02b2)<\/b>v\u02b2\u026at\u028c\u02c8voj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 (2 vers).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Ru-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%282_vers%29.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%282_vers%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[s(ʲ)vʲɪtʌˈvoj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_(2_vers).ogg" title="File:Ru-световой (2 vers).ogg">ⓘ</a> ('of light')</li> <li>звезда <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-77" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[z(\u02b2)<\/b>v\u02b2\u026a\u02c8zda]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[z(ʲ)vʲɪˈzda]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-звезда.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('star')</li></ul> When /v(ʲ)/ precedes and follows obstruents, the voicing of the cluster is governed by that of the final segment (per the rule above) so that voiceless obstruents that precede /v(ʲ)/ are voiced if /v(ʲ)/ is followed by a voiced obstruent (e.g. к вдове [ɡvdʌˈvʲe] 'to the widow') while a voiceless obstruent will devoice all segments (e.g. без впуска [bʲɪs ˈfpuskə] 'without an admission').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner197275-91">[91]</a> /tɕ/, /ts/, and /x/ have voiced allophones ([<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">dz</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]) before voiced obstruents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195922-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> as in дочь бы <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-78" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/23\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%8B.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%8B.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8dod\u0291 <\/span>b\u0268]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0434\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0431\u044b.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%8B.ogg/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%8B.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈdodʑ bɨ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D1%8B.ogg" title="File:Ru-дочь бы.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner197282-93">[93]</a> ('a daughter would'), плацдарм <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-79" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/63\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[p\u026b\u028cdz\u02c8darm]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[pɫʌdzˈdarm]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC.ogg" title="File:Ru-плацдарм.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('bridge-head') and горох готов [ɡɐˈroɣ ɡɐˈtof] ('peas are ready'). Other than /mʲ/ and /nʲ/, nasals and liquids devoice between voiceless consonants or a voiceless consonant and a pause: контрфорс <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-80" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8f\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02cckontr\u0325\u02c8fors]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81.ogg/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˌkontr̥ˈfors]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81.ogg" title="File:Ru-контрфорс.ogg">ⓘ</a>) ('buttress').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969190-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Palatalization">edit</a>]</div> Before /j/, paired consonants (that is, those that come in a hard-soft pair) are normally soft as in пью <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-81" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/18\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[p\u02b2ju]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u044c\u044e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[pʲju]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg" title="File:Ru-пью.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('I drink') and бью <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-82" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f0\/Ru-%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[b\u02b2ju]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0431\u044c\u044e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Ru-%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg/Ru-%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[bʲju]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B1%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg" title="File:Ru-бью.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('I hit'). However, the last consonant of prefixes and parts of compound words generally remains hard in the standard language: отъезд <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-83" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u028c\u02c8tjest]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4.ogg/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʌˈtjest]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4.ogg" title="File:Ru-отъезд.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('departure'), Минюст <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-84" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5c\/Ru-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82.ogg\/Ru-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02ccm\u02b2i\u02c8njust]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u041c\u0438\u043d\u044e\u0441\u0442.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Ru-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82.ogg/Ru-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˌmʲiˈnjust]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82.ogg" title="File:Ru-Минюст.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Justice (Russia)">Min[istry of] Just[ice]</a>'); when the prefix ends in /s/ or /z/ there may be an optional softening: съездить <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-85" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a4\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8s(\u02b2)jez\u02b2d\u02b2\u026at\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Ru-%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈs(ʲ)jezʲdʲɪtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-съездить.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('to travel'). Paired consonants preceding /e/ are also soft; although there are exceptions from loanwords, alternations across morpheme boundaries are the norm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a43-95">[95]</a> The following examples<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner19729–11,_12–13-96">[96]</a> show some of the morphological alternations between a hard consonant and its soft counterpart: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Hard </th> <th colspan="3">Soft </th></tr> <tr> <th>Russian </th> <th>IPA/Audio </th> <th>Translation </th> <th>Russian </th> <th>IPA/Audio </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>дом </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-86" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[dom<\/b>]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0434\u043e\u043c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[dom]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC.ogg" title="File:Ru-дом.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'house' (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nom</a>) </td> <td>до́ме </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-87" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8dom\u02b2<\/b>e]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.ogg/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈdomʲe]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.ogg" title="File:Ru-доме.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'house' (<a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">prep</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>крова́вый </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-88" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/94\/Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[kr\u028c\u02c8vav<\/b>\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[krʌˈvavɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-кровавый.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'bloody' </td> <td>крова́веть </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-89" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/eb\/Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[kr\u028c\u02c8vav\u02b2<\/b>\u026at\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[krʌˈvavʲɪtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-кроваветь.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'to become bloody' </td></tr> <tr> <td>отве́т </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-90" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1e\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u028c\u02c8tv\u02b2et<\/b>]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82.ogg/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʌˈtvʲet]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82.ogg" title="File:Ru-ответ.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'answer' </td> <td>отве́тить </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-91" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u028c\u02c8tv\u02b2et\u02b2<\/b>\u026at\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʌˈtvʲetʲɪtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-ответить.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'to answer' </td></tr> <tr> <td>(я) несу́ </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-92" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/27\/Ru-%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83.ogg\/Ru-%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[(j\u00e6) <\/span>n\u02b2\u026a\u02c8s<\/b>u]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Ru-%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83.ogg/Ru-%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[(jæ) nʲɪˈsu]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83.ogg" title="File:Ru-я несу.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'I carry' </td> <td>(он, она, оно) несёт </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-93" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%91%D1%82.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%91%D1%82.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[n\u02b2\u026a\u02c8s\u02b2<\/b>\u0275t]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0451\u0442.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%91%D1%82.ogg/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%91%D1%82.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[nʲɪˈsʲɵt]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%91%D1%82.ogg" title="File:Ru-несёт.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'carries' </td></tr> <tr> <td>жена́ </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-94" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e1\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0290\u0268\u02c8n<\/b>a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʐɨˈna]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-жена.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'wife' </td> <td>же́нин </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-95" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u0290en\u02b2<\/b>\u026an]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg/Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈʐenʲɪn]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD.ogg" title="File:Ru-женин.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'wife's' </td></tr> <tr> <td>коро́ва </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-96" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[k\u028c\u02c8rov<\/b>\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[kʌˈrovə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-корова.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'cow' </td> <td>коро́вий </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-97" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[k\u028c\u02c8rov<\/b>\u02b2\u026aj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[kʌˈrovʲɪj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-коровий.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'bovine' </td></tr> <tr> <td>прямо́й </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-98" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[pr\u02b2\u026a\u02c8m<\/b>oj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[prʲɪˈmoj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-прямой.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'straight' </td> <td>прямизна́ </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-99" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c7\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[pr\u02b2\u026am\u02b2<\/b>\u026a\u02c8zna]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[prʲɪmʲɪˈzna]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-прямизна.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'straightness' </td></tr> <tr> <td>вор </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-100" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/df\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[vor<\/b>]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u043e\u0440.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[vor]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80.ogg" title="File:Ru-вор.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'thief' </td> <td>вори́шка </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-101" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[v\u028c\u02c8r\u02b2<\/b>i\u0282k\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[vʌˈrʲiʂkə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-воришка.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'little thief (diminutive)' </td></tr> <tr> <td>написа́л </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-102" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[n\u0259p\u02b2\u026a\u02c8sa\u026b<\/b>]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043b.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB.ogg/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[nəpʲɪˈsaɫ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB.ogg" title="File:Ru-написа́л.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'he wrote' </td> <td>написа́ли </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-103" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[n\u0259p\u02b2\u026a\u02c8sal\u02b2<\/b>\u026a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043b\u0438.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg/Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[nəpʲɪˈsalʲɪ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%BB%D0%B8.ogg" title="File:Ru-написа́ли.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'they wrote' </td></tr> <tr> <td>горбу́н </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-104" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f2\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0261\u028cr\u02c8bun<\/b>]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0443\u043d.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD.ogg/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɡʌrˈbun]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD.ogg" title="File:Ru-горбун.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'hunchback' </td> <td>горбу́нья </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-105" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b5\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0261\u028cr\u02c8bun\u02b2<\/b>j\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0443\u043d\u044c\u044f.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ɡʌrˈbunʲjə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg" title="File:Ru-горбунья.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'female hunchback' </td></tr> <tr> <td>высо́к </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-106" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ab\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[v\u0268\u02c8s<\/b>ok]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[vɨˈsok]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg" title="File:Ru-высок.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'high' </td> <td>высь </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-107" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/00\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[v\u0268s\u02b2<\/b>]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u044b\u0441\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[vɨsʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-высь.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'height' </td></tr></tbody></table> Velar consonants are soft when preceding /i/, and never occur before [ɨ] within a word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a39-5">[5]</a> Before hard dental consonants and /r/, labial and dental consonants are hard: орла́ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-108" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/64\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u028cr\u02c8\u026ba]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043e\u0440\u043b\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʌrˈɫa]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-орла.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('eagle' <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">gen.</a> sg), cf. орёл [ʌˈrʲoɫ] ('eagle' nom. sg). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilative_palatalization">Assimilative palatalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Assimilative palatalization">edit</a>]</div> Paired consonants preceding another consonant often inherit softness from it. This phenomenon in literary language has complicated and evolving rules with many exceptions, depending on what these consonants are, in what morphemic position they meet and to what style of speech the word belongs. In old Moscow pronunciation, softening was more widespread and regular; nowadays some cases that were once normative have become low colloquial or archaic. In fact, consonants can be softened to differing extents, become semi-hard or semi-soft. The more similar the consonants are, the more they tend to soften each other. Also, some consonants tend to be softened less, such as labials and /r/. Softening is stronger inside the word root and between root and suffix; it is weaker between prefix and root and weak or absent between a preposition and the word following.<a href="#cite_note-Avan-97">[97]</a> <ul><li>Before soft dental consonants, /lʲ/ and often soft labial consonants, dental consonants (other than /ts/) are soft.</li> <li>/x/ is assimilated to the palatalization of the following velar consonant: лёгких <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-109" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a6\/Ru-%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8l\u02b2\u0275x\u02b2k\u02b2\u026ax]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043b\u0451\u0433\u043a\u0438\u0445.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Ru-%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.ogg/Ru-%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈlʲɵxʲkʲɪx]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85.ogg" title="File:Ru-лёгких.ogg">ⓘ</a>) ('lungs' gen. pl.).</li> <li>Palatalization assimilation of labial consonants before labial consonants is in free variation with nonassimilation, such that бомбить ('to bomb') is either [bʌmˈbʲitʲ] or [bʌmʲˈbʲitʲ] depending on the individual speaker.</li> <li>When hard /n/ precedes its soft equivalent, it is also soft and likely to form a single long sound (see <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>). This is slightly less common across affix boundaries.</li></ul> In addition to this, dental fricatives conform to the place of articulation (not just the palatalization) of following postalveolars: с частью <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-110" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/Ru-%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u0255\u02d0\u00e6s\u02b2t\u02b2j\u028a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Ru-%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg/Ru-%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈɕːæsʲtʲjʊ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E.ogg" title="File:Ru-с частью.ogg">ⓘ</a>) ('with a part'). In careful speech, this does not occur across word boundaries. Russian has the rare feature of nasals not typically being assimilated in place of articulation. Both /n/ and /nʲ/ appear before retroflex consonants: деньжонки <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-111" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[d\u02b2\u026an\u02b2\u02c8\u0290onk\u02b2\u026a]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0436\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg/Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[dʲɪnʲˈʐonkʲɪ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg" title="File:Ru-деньжонки.ogg">ⓘ</a>) ('money' (scornful)) and ханжой <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-112" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/03\/Ru-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[x\u028cn\u02c8\u0290oj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0436\u043e\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Ru-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[xʌnˈʐoj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-ханжой.ogg">ⓘ</a>) ('sanctimonious one' instr.). In the same context, other coronal consonants are always hard. Assimilative palatalization may sometimes also occur across word boundaries as in других гимназий [drʊˈɡʲiɣʲ ɡʲɪmˈnazʲɪj],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223-64">[64]</a> but such pronunciation is uncommon and characteristic of uncareful speech (except in preposition+main word combinations). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonant_clusters">Consonant clusters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consonant clusters">edit</a>]</div> As a Slavic language, Russian has fewer phonotactic restrictions on consonants than many other languages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRoon2008138-98">[98]</a> allowing for <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">clusters</a> that would be difficult for English speakers; this is especially so at the beginning of a syllable, where Russian speakers make no sonority distinctions between fricatives and stops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubach200053-99">[99]</a> These reduced restrictions begin at the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> level; outside of two morphemes that contain clusters of four consonants: встрет-/встреч- 'meet' ([ˈfstrʲetʲ/ˈfstrʲetɕ]), and чёрств-/черств- 'stale' ([ˈtɕɵrstv]), native Russian morphemes have a maximum consonant cluster size of three:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195957-100">[100]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>3-Segment clusters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Russian </th> <th>IPA/Audio </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>CC<a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">L</a></td> <td>скрыва́ть</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-113" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3c\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[skr\u0268\u02c8vat\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[skrɨˈvatʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-скрывать.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'to hide' </td></tr> <tr> <td>CC<a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">N</a></td> <td>мгнове́ние</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-114" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4a\/Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[m\u0261n\u0250\u02c8v\u02b2en\u02b2\u026aje]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043c\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg/Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[mɡnɐˈvʲenʲɪje]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.ogg" title="File:Ru-мгновение.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'(an) instant' </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCC*</td> <td>ствол</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-115" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a8\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[stvo\u026b]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043b.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[stvoɫ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB.ogg" title="File:Ru-ствол.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'tree trunk' </td></tr> <tr> <td>LCL</td> <td>верблю́д</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-116" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/00\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[v\u02b2\u026ar\u02c8bl\u02b2ut]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[vʲɪrˈblʲut]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4.ogg" title="File:Ru-верблюд.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'camel' </td></tr> <tr> <td>LCC</td> <td>то́лстый</td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-117" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1d\/Ru-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8to\u026bst\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Ru-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈtoɫstɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-толстый.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'thick' </td></tr></tbody></table> For speakers who pronounce [ɕtɕ] instead of [ɕː], words like общий ('common') also constitute clusters of this type. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2-Segment clusters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Russian </th> <th>IPA/Audio </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>CC </td> <td>кость </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-118" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[kos\u02b2t\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[kosʲtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-кость.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'bone' </td></tr> <tr> <td>LC </td> <td>смерть </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-119" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e7\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[sm\u02b2ert\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[smʲertʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-смерть.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'death' </td></tr> <tr> <td>CL </td> <td>слепо́й </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-120" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4b\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[sl\u02b2\u026a\u02c8poj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[slʲɪˈpoj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-слепой.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'blind' </td></tr> <tr> <td>LL </td> <td>го́рло </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-121" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/90\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8\u0261or\u026b\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043b\u043e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE.ogg/Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈɡorɫə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE.ogg" title="File:Ru-горло.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'throat' </td></tr> <tr> <td>C<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">J</a> </td> <td>статья́ </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-122" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3b\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[st\u028c\u02c8t\u02b2ja]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[stʌˈtʲja]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.ogg" title="File:Ru-статья.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'article' </td></tr> <tr> <td>LJ </td> <td>рья́ный </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-123" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a6\/Ru-%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8r\u02b2jan\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0440\u044c\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Ru-%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈrʲjanɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-рьяный.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'zealous' </td></tr></tbody></table> If /j/ is considered a consonant in the coda position, then words like айва́ ('quince') contain semivowel+consonant clusters. Affixation also creates consonant clusters. Some <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, the best known being вз-/вс- ([vz-]/[fs-]), produce long word-initial clusters when they attach to a morpheme beginning with consonant(s) (e.g. |fs|+ |pɨʂkə| → вспы́шка [ˈfspɨʂkə] 'flash'). However, the four-consonant limitation persists in the syllable onset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstapenko2005143-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor20092,_126-102">[102]</a> Clusters of three or more consonants are frequently simplified, usually through <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a> of one of them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubberley200280-103">[103]</a> especially in casual pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro199311-104">[104]</a> All word-initial four-consonant clusters begin with [vz] or [fs], followed by a stop (or, in the case of [x], a fricative), and a liquid: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>4-Segment clusters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Russian </th> <th>IPA/Audio </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>(ему) взбрело (в голову) </td> <td>[vzbrʲɪˈɫo] </td> <td>'(he) took it (into his head)' </td></tr> <tr> <td>взгляд </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-124" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bd\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8vz\u0261l\u02b2at]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈvzɡlʲat]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.ogg" title="File:Ru-взгляд.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'gaze' </td></tr> <tr> <td>взгромоздиться </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-125" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[vz\u0261r\u0259m\u028c\u02c8z\u02b2d\u02b2its\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0437\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[vzɡrəmʌˈzʲdʲitsə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F.ogg" title="File:Ru-взгромоздиться.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'to perch' </td></tr> <tr> <td>вздрогнуть </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-126" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7a\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8vzdro\u0261n\u028at\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0437\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈvzdroɡnʊtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-вздрогнуть.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'to flinch' </td></tr> <tr> <td>всклокоченный </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-127" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ca\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[fsk\u026b\u028c\u02c8kot\u0255\u026an\u02d0\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[fskɫʌˈkotɕɪnːɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-всклокоченный.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'disheveled' </td></tr> <tr> <td>вскрыть </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-128" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bf\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8fskr\u0268t\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈfskrɨtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-вскрыть.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'to unseal' </td></tr> <tr> <td>всплеск </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-129" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5a\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8fspl\u02b2esk]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈfsplʲesk]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA.ogg" title="File:Ru-всплеск.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'splash' </td></tr> <tr> <td>вспрыгнуть </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-130" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/76\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8fspr\u0268\u0261n\u028at\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0441\u043f\u0440\u044b\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈfsprɨɡnʊtʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-вспрыгнуть.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'to jump up' </td></tr> <tr> <td>встлеть </td> <td>[ˈfstlʲetʲ] </td> <td>'to begin to smolder' </td></tr> <tr> <td>встречать </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-131" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/31\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[fstr\u02b2\u026a\u02c8t\u0255\u00e6t\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[fstrʲɪˈtɕætʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-встречать.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'to meet' </td></tr> <tr> <td>всхлип </td> <td>[ˈfsxlʲip] </td> <td>'whimper' </td></tr> <tr> <td>всхрапывать </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-132" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8fsxrap\u0268v\u0259t\u02b2]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0432\u0441\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043f\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg/Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈfsxrapɨvətʲ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C.ogg" title="File:Ru-всхрапывать.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td> <td>'to snort' </td></tr></tbody></table> Because <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> in Russian act like <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubach200051-105">[105]</a> the syntactic phrase composed of a preposition (most notably, the three that consist of just a single consonant: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BA#preposition" class="extiw" title="wikt:к">к</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81#preposition" class="extiw" title="wikt:с">с</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B2#preposition" class="extiw" title="wikt:в">в</a>) and a following word constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Phonological_word" title="Phonological word">phonological word</a> that acts like a single grammatical word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickelNichols2007190-106">[106]</a> This can create a 4-consonant onset cluster not starting in [vz] or [fs]; for example, the phrase в мгнове́ние ('in an instant') is pronounced [vmɡnɐˈvʲenʲɪje]. In the syllable coda, suffixes that contain no vowels may increase the final consonant cluster of a syllable (e.g. Ноя́брьск 'city of <a href="/wiki/Noyabrsk" title="Noyabrsk">Noyabrsk</a>' |noˈjabrʲ|+ |sk| → [nʌˈjabrʲsk]), theoretically up to seven consonants: *мо́нстрств [ˈmonstrstf] ('of monsterships').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToporov1971155-107">[107]</a> There is usually an audible release of plosives between these consecutive consonants at word boundaries, the major exception being clusters of <a href="/wiki/Homorganic_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic consonants">homorganic consonants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsiga2003403-108">[108]</a> Consonant cluster simplification in Russian includes degemination, syncope, dissimilation, and weak vowel insertion. For example, /sɕː/ is pronounced [ɕː], as in расще́лина ('cleft'). There are also a few isolated patterns of apparent cluster reduction (as evidenced by the mismatch between pronunciation and orthography) arguably the result of historical simplifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubberley200282-109">[109]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> are dropped between a dental continuant and a dental nasal or lateral: ле́стный [ˈlʲesnɨj] 'flattering' (from ле́сть [ˈlʲesʲtʲ] 'flattery').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195969-110">[110]</a> Other examples include: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>/vstv/ > [stv] </td> <td>чу́вство </td> <td>'feeling' </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-133" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d8\/Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg\/Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8t\u0255ustv\u0259]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg/Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈtɕustvə]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.ogg" title="File:Ru-чувство.ogg">ⓘ</a> (not [ˈtɕufstvə]) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubberley200282-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɫnts/ > [nts] </td> <td>со́лнце </td> <td>'sun' </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-134" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/80\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8sonts\u0258]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0446\u0435.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈsontsɘ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg" title="File:Ru-солнце.ogg">ⓘ</a> (not [ˈsoɫntsɘ]) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubberley200282-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/rdts/ > [rts] </td> <td>се́рдце </td> <td>'heart' </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-135" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg\/Ru-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8s\u02b2erts\u0258]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0435.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Ru-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg/Ru-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈsʲertsɘ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5.ogg" title="File:Ru-сердце.ogg">ⓘ</a> (not [ˈsʲerttsɘ]) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/rdtɕ/ > [rtɕ] </td> <td>сердчи́шко </td> <td>'heart' (diminutive) </td> <td>[sʲɪrˈtɕiʂkə] (not [sʲɪrttɕiʂkə]) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ndsk/ > [nsk] </td> <td>шотла́ндский </td> <td>'Scottish' </td> <td><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-136" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u0282\u028ct\u02c8\u026bansk\u02b2\u026aj]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0448\u043e\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ʂʌtˈɫanskʲɪj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-шотландский.ogg">ⓘ</a> (not [ʂʌtˈɫantskʲɪj]) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubberley200282-109">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/stsk/ > [sk] </td> <td>маркси́стский </td> <td>'Marxist' (adj.) </td> <td>[mʌrkˈsʲiskʲɪj] (not [mʌrkˈsʲistskʲɪj]) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECubberley200282-109">[109]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Compare: со́лнечный [ˈsoɫnʲɪt͡ɕnɨj] 'solar, sunny', серде́чный [sʲɪrˈdʲet͡ɕnɨj] 'heart (adj.), cordial', Шотла́ндия [ʂɐtˈɫanʲdʲɪjə] 'Scotland', маркси́ст [mʌrkˈsʲist] 'Marxist' (person). The simplifications of consonant clusters are done selectively; bookish-style words and proper nouns are typically pronounced with all consonants even if they fit the pattern. For example, the word голла́ндка is pronounced in a simplified manner [ɡʌˈɫankə] for the meaning of '<a href="/wiki/Dutch_oven" title="Dutch oven">Dutch oven</a>' (a popular type of oven in Russia) and in a full form [ɡʌˈɫantkə] for 'Dutch woman' (a more exotic meaning). The orthographic combination ⟨вств⟩ is pronounced [stv] in the words здра́вствуй(те) [ˈzdrastvʊj(tʲe)] 'hello', чу́вство [ˈt͡ɕustvə] 'feeling' (does not have related words with pronounced ⟨в⟩ in the modern language, so the first ⟨в⟩ in the spelling exists only for historical reasons), безмо́лвствовать [bʲɪzˈmoɫstvəvətʲ] 'to be silent', and related words, otherwise pronounced [fstv]: баловство́ [bəɫɐfstˈvo] 'naughtiness'. In certain cases, this syncope produces <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a>, e.g. ко́стный ('bony') and ко́сный ('rigid'), both are pronounced <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-137" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/91\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[\u02c8kosn\u0268j]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg/Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[ˈkosnɨj]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9.ogg" title="File:Ru-костный.ogg">ⓘ</a>. Another method of dealing with consonant clusters is <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">inserting an epenthetic vowel</a> (both in spelling and in pronunciation), ⟨о⟩ after most prepositions and prefixes that normally end in a hard consonant. This includes both historically motivated usage (from historical extra-short vowel ⟨ъ⟩) and cases of its modern extrapolations. There are no strict limits when the epenthetic ⟨о⟩ is obligatory, optional, or prohibited. One of the most typical cases of the epenthetic ⟨о⟩ is between a morpheme-final hard consonant and a cluster starting with the same or similar consonant. E.g. со среды́ 'from Wednesday' |s|+|srʲɪˈdɨ| → [səsrʲɪˈdɨ], not *с среды; ототру́ 'I'll scrub' |ot|+|tru| → [ʌtʌˈtru], not *оттру. The <a href="/wiki/Interfix" title="Interfix">interfix</a> ⟨о⟩ (spelled ⟨е⟩ after soft consonants) is also used in compound words: пищево́д 'oesophagus' (lit. food path) |пища|+|вод| → [pʲɪɕːɪˈvot]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stress">Stress</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stress">edit</a>]</div> Stress in Russian is <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic stress">phonemic</a> and therefore unpredictable. It may fall on any syllable, and can vary drastically in similar or related words. For example, in the following table, in the numbers 50 and 60, the stress moves to the last syllable, despite having a structure similar to, say, 70 and 80: <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>No. </th></tr> <tr> <td>де́сять </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>два́дцать </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>три́дцать </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>со́рок </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>пятьдеся́т </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>шестьдеся́т </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>се́мьдесят </td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>во́семьдесят </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>девяно́сто </td> <td>90 </td></tr></tbody></table> Words can also contrast based just on stress (e.g. му́ка [ˈmukə] 'ordeal, pain, anguish' vs. мука́ [mʊˈka] 'flour, meal, farina'). Stress shifts can even occur within an inflexional paradigm: до́ма [ˈdomə] ('house' gen. sg., or 'at home') vs дома́ [dʌˈma] ('houses'). The place of the stress in a word is determined by the interplay between the morphemes it contains, as morphemes may be obligatorily stressed, obligatorily unstressed, or variably stressed. Generally, only one syllable in a word is stressed; this rule, however, does not extend to most compound words, such as моро́зоусто́йчивый [mʌˌrozəʊˈstojtɕɪvɨj] ('frost-resistant'), which have multiple stresses, with the last of them being primary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner19724-111">[111]</a> Phonologically, stressed syllables are mostly realised not only by the lack of aforementioned vowel reduction, but also by a somewhat longer duration than unstressed syllables. More intense pronunciation is also a relevant cue, although this quality may merge with <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodical</a> intensity. <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">Pitch accent</a> has only a minimal role in indicating stress, mostly due to its prosodical importance, which may prove a difficulty for Russians identifying stressed syllables in more pitched languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrabaszczWinnLinIdsardi20141470–1-112">[112]</a> A stress defines a phonological concept of <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_word" title="Phonetic word">phonetic word</a> — a sequence of morphemes clustered around one <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear stress">nuclear stress</a>. A phonetic word may contain multiple <a href="/wiki/Lexical_item" title="Lexical item">lexical items</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pacu-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supplementary_notes">Supplementary notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Supplementary notes">edit</a>]</div> There are numerous ways in which Russian spelling does not match pronunciation. The historical transformation of /ɡ/ into /v/ in <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> case endings and the word for 'him' is not reflected in the modern <a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">Russian orthography</a>: the pronoun его [jɪˈvo] 'his/him', and the adjectival declension suffixes -ого and -его. Orthographic г represents /x/ in a handful of word roots: легк-/лёгк-/легч- 'easy' and мягк-/мягч- 'soft'. There are a handful of words in which consonants which have long since ceased to be pronounced even in careful pronunciation are still spelled, e.g., the 'l' in солнце [ˈsontsɨ] ('sun'). Between any vowel and /i/ (excluding instances across affix boundaries but including unstressed vowels that have merged with /i/), /j/ may be dropped: аист [ˈa.ɪst] ('stork') and делает [ˈdʲeɫəɪt] ('does').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner1972130-114">[114]</a> (<a href="#CITEREFHalle1959">Halle (1959)</a> cites заезжать and other instances of intervening prefix and preposition boundaries as exceptions to this tendency.) /i/ <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarizes</a> hard consonants: ты <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-138" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/08\/Ru-%D1%82%D1%8B.ogg\/Ru-%D1%82%D1%8B.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[t\u02e0\u0268]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0442\u044b.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Ru-%D1%82%D1%8B.ogg/Ru-%D1%82%D1%8B.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[tˠɨ]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D1%82%D1%8B.ogg" title="File:Ru-ты.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('you' sing.). /o/ and /u/ velarize and <a href="/wiki/Labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialisation">labialize</a> hard consonants and labialize soft consonants: бок <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-139" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/30\/Ru-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg\/Ru-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[b\u02e0\u02b7ok]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0431\u043e\u043a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Ru-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg/Ru-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[bˠʷok]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA.ogg" title="File:Ru-бок.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('side'), нёс <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-140" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/Ru-%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%81.ogg\/Ru-%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%81.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"[n\u02b2\u02b7\u0275s]<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u043d\u0451\u0441.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Ru-%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%81.ogg/Ru-%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%81.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">[nʲʷɵs]</a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%81.ogg" title="File:Ru-нёс.ogg">ⓘ</a> ('(he) carried').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196979–80-115">[115]</a> /o/ is a diphthong [ʊ̯o] or even a triphthong [ʊ̯ɔʌ̯], with a closer lip rounding at the beginning of the vowel that gets progressively weaker, particularly when occurring word-initially or word-finally under stress.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A weak palatal offglide may occur between certain soft consonants and back vowels (e.g. ляжка 'thigh' [ˈlʲi̯aʂkə]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969?-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Help:IPA/Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">Russian orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">Reforms of Russian orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language" title="History of the Russian language">History of the Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_language_topics" title="List of Russian language topics">List of Russian language topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_phonetics_articles" title="Index of phonetics articles">Index of phonetics articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> See, for example, <a href="#CITEREFOzhegov1953">Ozhegov (1953</a>:10); <a href="#CITEREFBarkhudarovProtchenkoSkvortsova1987">Barkhudarov, Protchenko & Skvortsova (1987</a>:9); <a href="#CITEREFChew2003">Chew (2003</a>:61). The traditional name of ⟨ы⟩, еры [jɪˈrɨ] yery; since 1961 this name has been replaced from the Russian school practice (compare the 7th and 8th editions of the standard textbook of Russian for 5th and 6th grades: <a href="#CITEREFBarkhudarovKryuchkov1960">Barkhudarov & Kryuchkov (1960</a>:4), and <a href="#CITEREFBarkhudarovKryuchkov1961">Barkhudarov & Kryuchkov (1961</a>:20). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew200361-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChew200361_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChew200361_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChew2003">Chew 2003</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChew200362-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChew200362_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChew2003">Chew 2003</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> See, for example, <a href="#CITEREFShcherba1950">Shcherba (1950</a>:15); <a href="#CITEREFMatiychenko1950">Matiychenko (1950</a>:40–41); <a href="#CITEREFZemskySvetlayevKriuchkov1971">Zemsky, Svetlayev & Kriuchkov (1971</a>:63); <a href="#CITEREFKuznetsovRyzhakov2007">Kuznetsov & Ryzhakov (2007</a>:6) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a39-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a39_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a39_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2003a">Padgett 2003a</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Thus, /ɨ/ is pronounced something like [ɤ̯ɪ], with the first part sounding as an on-glide <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2003b">Padgett (2003b</a>:321) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937–38-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937–38_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196931-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196931_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196933-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196933_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196933_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196941–44-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196941–44_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, pp. 41–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969193-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969193_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195963-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalle195963_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalle1959">Halle 1959</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> As in <a href="/wiki/Igor_Severyanin" title="Igor Severyanin">Igor Severyanin</a>'s poem, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poetrylibrary.ru/stixiya/severyanin-1.html">Сегодня не приду . . .</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196950-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196950_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196950_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196956-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196956_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196962-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196962_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle1959166-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalle1959166_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalle1959">Halle 1959</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196967–69-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196967–69_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, pp. 67–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosswhite2000112-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrosswhite2000112_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrosswhite2000">Crosswhite 2000</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> /o/ has merged with /i/ if words such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:тепло">тепло́</a> /tʲiˈpɫo/ 'heat' are analyzed as having the same morphophonemes as related words such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:тёплый">тёплый</a> /ˈtʲopɫij/ 'warm', meaning that both of them have the stem |tʲopl-|. Alternatively, they can be analyzed as having two different morphophonemes, |o| and |e|: |tʲopɫ-| vs. |tʲepɫ-| (compare <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:теплиться">те́плиться</a> [ˈtʲeplʲɪt͡sə] 'to glimmer, to gleam'). In that analysis, |o| does not occur in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:тепло">тепло́</a>, so |o| does not merge with |i|. Historically, the |o| developed from |e|: see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language#The_yo_vowel" title="History of the Russian language">History of the Russian language § The yo vowel</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobrinho-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sobrinho_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobrinho_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobrinho_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobrinho_21-3">d</a> Russian language course "Russo Sem Mestre" (Portuguese for Russian without Master), by Custódio Gomes Sobrinho </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1975105-106-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1975105-106_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvanesov1975">Avanesov 1975</a>, p. 105-106. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015">Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015</a>:225) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgettTabain200516-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgettTabain200516_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgettTabain2005">Padgett & Tabain 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196951-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196951_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196951_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> С. В. Князев, С. К. Пожарицкая. Современный русский литературный язык. Фонетика, графика, орфография, орфоэпия. Москва, 2005. P. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969194-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969194_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196938-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196938_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1985663-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1985663_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvanesov1985">Avanesov 1985</a>, p. 663. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarva199313-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarva199313_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZarva1993">Zarva 1993</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1985663-666-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1985663-666_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvanesov1985">Avanesov 1985</a>, p. 663-666. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarva199312-17-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarva199312-17_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZarva1993">Zarva 1993</a>, p. 12-17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle1959-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalle1959_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalle1959">Halle 1959</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1975121-125-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1975121-125_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvanesov1975">Avanesov 1975</a>, p. 121-125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1985666-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanesov1985666_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvanesov1985">Avanesov 1985</a>, p. 666. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Moscow pronunciation of the first half of the 20th century merged unstressed endings of the 1st and 2nd conjugations: хо́дят [ˈxodʲʊt] (as if spelled *хо́дют). See <a href="/wiki/Ushakov_Dictionary" title="Ushakov Dictionary">Ushakov Dictionary</a>, vol. 1 (1935), column XXXIV. Nowadays such pronunciation is rare and often perceived as nonstandard. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFАванесов1984" class="citation book cs1">Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение. М.: Просвещение. pp. 200–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=200-203&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarva199316-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarva199316_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZarva1993">Zarva 1993</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> However, in imperatives ending in -ть- or -дь- plus -ся, the -ть- or -дь- remains soft in the pronunciation: пя́ться [ˈpʲætʲs⁽ʲ⁾ə], imperative of пя́титься [ˈpʲætʲɪt͡sə] 'to move back'. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2010" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Terence Leslie Brian (2010). A Comprehensive Russian Grammar (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3639-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3639-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-3639-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Russian+Grammar&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3639-6&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Terence+Leslie+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАванесов1984" class="citation book cs1">Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение. М.: Просвещение. pp. 205–207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=205-207&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАванесов1984" class="citation book cs1">Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение. М.: Просвещение. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> С. В. Князев, С. К. Пожарицкая. Современный русский литературный язык. Фонетика, графика, орфография, орфоэпия. Москва, 2005. P. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvanesov197537-40-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvanesov197537-40_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvanesov1975">Avanesov 1975</a>, p. 37-40. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> С. В. Князев, С. К. Пожарицкая. Современный русский литературный язык. Фонетика, графика, орфография, орфоэпия. Москва, 2005. — Page 171. — 320 pages. — (Gaudeamus). — ISBN 5-8291-0545-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> e.g. <a href="#CITEREFAvanesov1975">Avanesov (1975)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196937_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАванесов1984" class="citation book cs1">Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение. М.: Просвещение. pp. 194–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> С. В. Князев, С. К. Пожарицкая. Современный русский литературный язык. Фонетика, графика, орфография, орфоэпия. Москва, 2005. P. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ushakov_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushakov dictionary">Ushakov dictionary</a>, vol. 1 (1935), column XXXIV. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАванесов1984" class="citation book cs1">Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение. М.: Просвещение. pp. 196–197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАванесов1984" class="citation book cs1">Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение. М.: Просвещение. p. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvin2014" class="citation book cs1">Litvin, Natallia (2014). An Ultrasound Investigation of Secondary Velarization in Russian. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134339837">134339837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ultrasound+Investigation+of+Secondary+Velarization+in+Russian&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134339837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Litvin&rft.aufirst=Natallia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett20019-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett20019_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2001">Padgett 2001</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett20017-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett20017_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2001">Padgett 2001</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-ashby133-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ashby133_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashby133_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshby2011">Ashby (2011</a>:133): "Note that though Russian has traditionally been described as having all consonants either palatalized or velarized, recent data suggests that the velarized gesture is only used with laterals giving a phonemic contrast between /lʲ/ and /ɫ/ (...)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003b319-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003b319_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2003b">Padgett 2003b</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Because of the acoustic properties of [u] and [i] that make velarization more noticeable before front vowels and palatalization before back vowels <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2003b">Padgett (2003b)</a> argues that the contrast before /i/ is between velarized and plain consonants rather than plain and palatalized. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003b310,_321-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003b310,_321_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2003b">Padgett 2003b</a>, p. 310, 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoonWhalen2019" class="citation cs2">Roon, Kevin D.; Whalen, D. H. (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709212624/https://icphs2019.org/icphs2019-fullpapers/pdf/full-paper_828.pdf">"Velarization of Russian labial consonants"</a> (PDF), International Congress of Phonetic Sciences ICPhS 2019, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icphs2019.org/icphs2019-fullpapers/pdf/full-paper_828.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2021-07-09, retrieved 2021-06-24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Congress+of+Phonetic+Sciences+ICPhS+2019&rft.atitle=Velarization+of+Russian+labial+consonants&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Roon&rft.aufirst=Kevin+D.&rft.au=Whalen%2C+D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficphs2019.org%2Ficphs2019-fullpapers%2Fpdf%2Ffull-paper_828.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateman2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Bateman, Nicoleta (2007-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13s331md">A Crosslinguistic Investigation of Palatalization</a> (Thesis). UC San Diego.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Crosslinguistic+Investigation+of+Palatalization&rft.inst=UC+San+Diego&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Nicoleta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F13s331md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> See dictionaries of <a href="#CITEREFAgeenkoZarva1993">Ageenko & Zarva (1993)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFBorunovaVorontsovaYes'kova1983">Borunova, Vorontsova & Yes'kova (1983)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgeenkoZarva1993">Ageenko & Zarva (1993)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFBorunovaVorontsovaYes'kova1983">Borunova, Vorontsova & Yes'kova (1983)</a> prescribe the soft pronunciation, the more recent «Словарь трудностей русского произношения» (М. Л. Каленчук, Р. Ф. Касаткина, 2001) states the hard pronunciation as the main variant and the soft pronunciation as admissible but obsolescent. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> The dictionary <a href="#CITEREFAgeenkoZarva1993">Ageenko & Zarva (1993)</a> explicitly says that the nonpalatalized pronunciation /ts/ is an error in such cases. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanushevskayaBunčić2015223_64-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015">Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015)</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> See Avanesov's pronunciation guide in <a href="#CITEREFAvanesov1985">Avanesov (1985</a>:669) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a42-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a42_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2003a">Padgett 2003a</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015">Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015</a>:224) "The /ʃʲː/ consonant has no voiced counterpart in the system of phonemes. However, in conservative Moscow standard and only in a handful of lexical items the combination /ʒʒ/ may be pronounced with palatalisation, e.g. drožži 'yeast' as [ˈd̪rʊoˑʒʲːɪ] instead of [ˈd̪rʊɔˑʒːɨ], although this realisation is now also somewhat obsolete."}} </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200464-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamann200464_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamann2004">Hamann 2004</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamann200456-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamann200456_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamann2004">Hamann 2004</a>, p. 56, "Summing up the articulatory criteria for retroflex fricatives, they are all articulated behind the alveolar ridge, show a sub-lingual cavity, are articulated with the tongue tip (though this is not always discernible in the x-ray tracings), and with a retracted and flat tongue body." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969134,_136-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969134,_136_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 134, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward (1969</a>:99 and 160) </li> <li id="cite_note-SOWL187-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL187_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL187_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonecznaZawadowski1956">Koneczna & Zawadowski (1956</a>:?), cited in <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996</a>:187) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward (1969</a>:167) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathiassen1996">Mathiassen (1996</a>:23) </li> <li id="cite_note-SOWL221-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL221_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOWL221_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkalozub1963">Skalozub (1963</a>:?); cited in <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996</a>:221) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward (1969</a>:104–105 and 162) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rulit.me/books/affrikatizaciya-zvukov-t-d-i-eyo-znachimost-v-plane-prepodavaniya-russkogo-yazyka-kak-inostrannogo-read-502689-3.html?ysclid=lcxcbcoh79213462737">"Читать онлайн "Аффрикатизация звуков [т'], [д'] и её значимость в плане преподавания русского языка как иностранного" - Воронина С. Б. - RuLit - Страница 3"</a>. www.rulit.me. Retrieved 2023-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rulit.me&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD+%22%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%5B%D1%82%27%5D%2C+%5B%D0%B4%27%5D+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D1%91+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%22+-+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1.+%D0%91.+-+RuLit+-+%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rulit.me%2Fbooks%2Faffrikatizaciya-zvukov-t-d-i-eyo-znachimost-v-plane-prepodavaniya-russkogo-yazyka-kak-inostrannogo-read-502689-3.html%3Fysclid%3Dlcxcbcoh79213462737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward (1969</a>:172). This source mentions only the laminal alveolar realization. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZygis2003">Zygis (2003</a>:181) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobrodomovIzmest'eva2002-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobrodomovIzmest'eva2002_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDobrodomovIzmest'eva2002">Dobrodomov & Izmest'eva 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobrodomovIzmest'eva2009-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDobrodomovIzmest'eva2009_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDobrodomovIzmest'eva2009">Dobrodomov & Izmest'eva 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a44,_47-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a44,_47_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2003a">Padgett 2003a</a>, pp. 44, 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStankiewicz1962131-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStankiewicz1962131_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStankiewicz1962">Stankiewicz 1962</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> see <a href="#CITEREFLightner1972">Lightner (1972)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFBidwell1962">Bidwell (1962)</a> for two examples. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFStankiewicz1962">Stankiewicz (1962)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFFolejewski1962">Folejewski (1962)</a> for a criticism of Bidwell's approach specifically and the reductionist approach generally. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195922-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalle195922_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalle195922_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalle1959">Halle 1959</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969156-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969156_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner1972377-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightner1972377_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightner1972">Lightner 1972</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner197273-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightner197273_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightner1972">Lightner 1972</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195931-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalle195931_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalle1959">Halle 1959</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner197275-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightner197275_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightner1972">Lightner 1972</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChew2003">Chew (2003</a>:67 and 103) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner197282-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightner197282_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightner1972">Lightner 1972</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969190-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969190_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a43-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPadgett2003a43_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPadgett2003a">Padgett 2003a</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner19729–11,_12–13-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightner19729–11,_12–13_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightner1972">Lightner 1972</a>, pp. 9–11, 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Avan-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Avan_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАванесов1984" class="citation book cs1">Аванесов, Р. И. (1984). Русское литературное произношение. М.: Просвещение. pp. 145–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Russian-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ru%22%3E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Russian-language+text+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=145-167&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRoon2008138-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsonRoon2008138_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidsonRoon2008">Davidson & Roon 2008</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubach200053-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubach200053_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubach2000">Rubach 2000</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195957-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalle195957_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalle1959">Halle 1959</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstapenko2005143-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstapenko2005143_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOstapenko2005">Ostapenko 2005</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor20092,_126-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProctor20092,_126_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProctor2009">Proctor 2009</a>, pp. 2, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECubberley200280-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECubberley200280_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCubberley2002">Cubberley 2002</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro199311-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapiro199311_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShapiro1993">Shapiro 1993</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubach200051-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubach200051_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubach2000">Rubach 2000</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickelNichols2007190-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickelNichols2007190_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBickelNichols2007">Bickel & Nichols 2007</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToporov1971155-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToporov1971155_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToporov1971">Toporov 1971</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZsiga2003403-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZsiga2003403_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZsiga2003">Zsiga 2003</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECubberley200282-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECubberley200282_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECubberley200282_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECubberley200282_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECubberley200282_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECubberley200282_109-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCubberley2002">Cubberley 2002</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalle195969-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalle195969_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalle1959">Halle 1959</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner19724-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightner19724_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightner1972">Lightner 1972</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrabaszczWinnLinIdsardi20141470–1-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrabaszczWinnLinIdsardi20141470–1_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChrabaszczWinnLinIdsardi2014">Chrabaszcz et al. 2014</a>, pp. 1470–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-pacu-113"><a href="#cite_ref-pacu_113-0">^</a> Paul Cubberley, Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yOGzAyN3V88C&pg=PA67">p. 67</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELightner1972130-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELightner1972130_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLightner1972">Lightner 1972</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196979–80-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard196979–80_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015">Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015</a>:225) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969?-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesWard1969?_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonesWard1969">Jones & Ward 1969</a>, p. ?. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgeenkoZarva1993" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ageenko, F.L.; Zarva, M.V., eds. (1993), <bdi lang="ru">Словарь ударений русского языка</bdi> (in Russian), Moscow: Russkij Yazyk, pp. 9–31, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-200-01127-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-200-01127-2"><bdi>5-200-01127-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=9-31&rft.pub=Russkij+Yazyk&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=5-200-01127-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshby2011" class="citation cs2">Ashby, Patricia (2011), Understanding Phonetics, Understanding Language series, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340928271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340928271"><bdi>978-0340928271</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Phonetics&rft.series=Understanding+Language+series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0340928271&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvanesov1975" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Avanesov, R.I. 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(1980), Introduction to Russian Phonology and Word Structure, Slavica Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Russian+Phonology+and+Word+Structure&rft.pub=Slavica+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasanovBabayev2010" class="citation cs2">Gasanov, A.A.; Babayev, I.A. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111191420/http://bsu-edu.org/ders_vesaitleri/16.pdf">Курс лекций по фонетике современного русского языка</a> [Lectures on modern Russian phonetics] (PDF), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsu-edu.org/ders_vesaitleri/16.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-11-11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gasanov&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rft.au=Babayev%2C+I.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsu-edu.org%2Fders_vesaitleri%2F16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+phonology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamann2002" class="citation cs2">Hamann, Silke (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.uu.nl/~Silke.Hamann/personal/Hamann2002SlavicRet.pdf">"Postalveolar Fricatives in Slavic Languages as Retroflexes"</a> (PDF), in Baauw, S.; Huiskes, M.; Schoorlemmer, M. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_language" title="Template:Russian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_language" title="Template talk:Russian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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the Russian language in Ukraine">In Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_spelling_rules" title="Russian spelling rules">Spelling rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">Reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization (transliteration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cursive" title="Russian cursive">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Russification" title="Computer Russification">Computer Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy#Russian" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduplication_in_the_Russian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduplication in the Russian language">Reduplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction_in_Russian" title="Vowel reduction in Russian">Vowel reduction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pushkin_House" title="Pushkin House">Pushkin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Science fiction and fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Russian_dialects" title="Northern Russian dialects">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomor_dialects" title="Pomor dialects">Pomor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_dialects" title="Central Russian dialects">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_dialect" title="Moscow dialect">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russian_dialects" title="Southern Russian dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balachka" title="Balachka">Balachka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles, cants and mixed languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Russian" title="Alaskan Russian">Alaskan Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenya" title="Fenya">Fenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mednyj_Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mednyj Aleut">Mednyj Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padonkaffsky_jargon" title="Padonkaffsky jargon">Padonkaffsky jargon</a> (Olbanian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solombala_English%E2%80%93Russian_Pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Solombala English–Russian Pidgin">Solombala English–Russian Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Russian speakers">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia#Russian" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Azerbaijan" title="Russian language in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Belarus" title="Russian language in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel" title="Russian language in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Latvia" title="Russian language in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Russian language in Ukraine">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophone">Russophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Language_Institute" title="Russian Language Institute">Russian Language Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russkiy_Mir_Foundation" title="Russkiy Mir Foundation">Russkiy Mir Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runglish" title="Runglish">Runglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_language_topics" title="List of Russian language topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Phonologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&oldid=1252463925">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_phonology&oldid=1252463925</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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