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GitHub - nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance: Guidance for the Spectre, Meltdown, Speculative Store Bypass, Rogue System Register Read, Lazy FP State Restore, Bounds Check Bypass Store, TLBleed, and L1TF/Foreshadow vulnerabilities as well as general hardware and firmware security guidance. #nsacyber
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p-1"> <span class="Button-content"> <span class="Button-label"><div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div> <div class="HeaderMenu-toggle-bar rounded my-1"></div></span> </span> </button> </div> <a class="mr-lg-3 color-fg-inherit flex-order-2 js-prevent-focus-on-mobile-nav" href="/" aria-label="Homepage" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Marketing nav","action":"click to go to homepage","label":"ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Logomark;ref_loc:Header"}"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M12 1C5.9225 1 1 5.9225 1 12C1 16.8675 4.14875 20.9787 8.52125 22.4362C9.07125 22.5325 9.2775 22.2025 9.2775 21.9137C9.2775 21.6525 9.26375 20.7862 9.26375 19.865C6.5 20.3737 5.785 19.1912 5.565 18.5725C5.44125 18.2562 4.905 17.28 4.4375 17.0187C4.0525 16.8125 3.5025 16.3037 4.42375 16.29C5.29 16.2762 5.90875 17.0875 6.115 17.4175C7.105 19.0812 8.68625 18.6137 9.31875 18.325C9.415 17.61 9.70375 17.1287 10.02 16.8537C7.5725 16.5787 5.015 15.63 5.015 11.4225C5.015 10.2262 5.44125 9.23625 6.1425 8.46625C6.0325 8.19125 5.6475 7.06375 6.2525 5.55125C6.2525 5.55125 7.17375 5.2625 9.2775 6.67875C10.1575 6.43125 11.0925 6.3075 12.0275 6.3075C12.9625 6.3075 13.8975 6.43125 14.7775 6.67875C16.8813 5.24875 17.8025 5.55125 17.8025 5.55125C18.4075 7.06375 18.0225 8.19125 17.9125 8.46625C18.6138 9.23625 19.04 10.2125 19.04 11.4225C19.04 15.6437 16.4688 16.5787 14.0213 16.8537C14.42 17.1975 14.7638 17.8575 14.7638 18.8887C14.7638 20.36 14.75 21.5425 14.75 21.9137C14.75 22.2025 14.9563 22.5462 15.5063 22.4362C19.8513 20.9787 23 16.8537 23 12C23 5.9225 18.0775 1 12 1Z"></path> </svg> </a> <div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <a href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnsacyber%2FHardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-button d-inline-flex d-lg-none flex-order-1 f5 no-underline border color-border-default rounded-2 px-2 py-1 color-fg-inherit js-prevent-focus-on-mobile-nav" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="7cde0d1caf34cc6e46a02acdad0312fd7885429456f500077e00e7792961bcaf" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Marketing nav","action":"click to Sign in","label":"ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Sign in;ref_loc:Header"}" > Sign in </a> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu js-header-menu height-fit position-lg-relative d-lg-flex flex-column flex-auto top-0"> <div class="HeaderMenu-wrapper d-flex flex-column flex-self-start flex-lg-row flex-auto rounded rounded-lg-0"> <nav class="HeaderMenu-nav" aria-label="Global"> <ul class="d-lg-flex list-style-none"> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 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0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"security","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"security_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/security"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"actions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"actions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/actions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"codespaces","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"codespaces_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/codespaces"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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href="https://github.com/features/code-review"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Review</div> Manage code changes </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block 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20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"code_search","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"code_search_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/code-search"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-square color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 8.24a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06L7.352 12l2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M2 3.75C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2h16.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v16.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 20.25 22H3.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 20.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v16.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h16.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V3.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Search</div> Find more, search less </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="product-explore-heading">Explore</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="product-explore-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"all_features","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"all_features_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features"> 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0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25ZM6.5 6.5v8h7.75a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6.5Zm8-1.5V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H6.5V5Zm-13 1.5v7.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H5v-8ZM5 5V1.5H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5Z"></path> </svg> </span> <span data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem-label"> Projects </span> </a> </li> <li hidden="hidden" data-menu-item="i4security-tab" data-targets="action-list.items" role="none" data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem"> <a tabindex="-1" id="item-d55b1543-8b1d-4a15-bb63-c0e8995bc7a1" href="/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/security" role="menuitem" data-view-component="true" class="ActionListContent ActionListContent--visual16"> <span class="ActionListItem-visual ActionListItem-visual--leading"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield"> <path d="M7.467.133a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0l5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667Zm.61 1.429a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0l-5.25 1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.174.238V7c0 1.358.275 2.666 1.057 3.86.784 1.194 2.121 2.34 4.366 3.297a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.956 3.582-2.104 4.366-3.298C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.36 13.5 7V3.48a.251.251 0 0 0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path> </svg> </span> <span data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem-label"> Security </span> </a> </li> <li hidden="hidden" data-menu-item="i5insights-tab" data-targets="action-list.items" role="none" data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem"> <a tabindex="-1" id="item-20661e9c-69bd-42ad-bd96-7551440a2fc1" href="/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/pulse" role="menuitem" data-view-component="true" 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class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHardware and Firmware Security Guidance\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-hardware-and-firmware-security-guidance\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Hardware and Firmware Security Guidance\" href=\"#hardware-and-firmware-security-guidance\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTable of Contents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-table-of-contents\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Table of Contents\" href=\"#table-of-contents\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1. \u003ca href=\"#1-about-this-repository\"\u003eAbout this Repository\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2. \u003ca href=\"#2-recommended-actions\"\u003eRecommended Actions\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3. \u003ca href=\"#3-device-configuration-guidance\"\u003eDevice Configuration Guidance\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.1. \u003ca href=\"#31-procurement-and-acceptance-testing\"\u003eProcurement and Acceptance Testing\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.2. \u003ca href=\"#32-firmware-configuration-and-hardening\"\u003eFirmware Configuration and Hardening\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.3. \u003ca href=\"#33-uefi-secure-boot\"\u003eUEFI Secure Boot\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.4. \u003ca href=\"#34-zero-trust\"\u003eZero Trust\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.5. \u003ca href=\"#35-baseboard-management-controller\"\u003eBaseboard Management Controller\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4. \u003ca href=\"#4-boot-vulnerabilities\"\u003eBoot Vulnerabilities\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.1. \u003ca href=\"#41-pkfail\"\u003ePKFail\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.2. \u003ca href=\"#41-shim-shady\"\u003eShim Shady\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.3. \u003ca href=\"#43-BlackLotus\"\u003eBlackLotus\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.4. \u003ca href=\"#44-boothole\"\u003eBootHole\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.5. \u003ca href=\"#45-bootkitty\"\u003eBootKitty\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e5. \u003ca href=\"#5-firmware-vulnerabilities\"\u003eFirmware Vulnerabilities\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e5.1. \u003ca href=\"#51-logofail\"\u003eLogoFail\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e5.2. \u003ca href=\"#52-lojax\"\u003eLojax\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6. \u003ca href=\"#6-physical-attack-vulnerabilities\"\u003ePhysical Attack Vulnerabilities\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6.1. \u003ca href=\"#61-bitlocker-dtpm-probing\"\u003eBitlocker dTPM Probing\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e7. \u003ca href=\"#7-side-channel-vulnerabilities\"\u003eSide Channel Vulnerabilities\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e7.1. \u003ca href=\"#71-general-messaging\"\u003eGeneral Messaging\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e7.2. \u003ca href=\"#72-historical-guidance\"\u003eHistorical Guidance\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8. \u003ca href=\"#8-device-integrity\"\u003eDevice Integrity\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8.1. \u003ca href=\"#81-tpm-use-cases\"\u003eTPM Use Cases\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8.2. \u003ca href=\"#82-reference-integrity-manifest\"\u003eReference Integrity Manifest\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8.3. \u003ca href=\"#83-software-bill-of-materials\"\u003eSoftware Bill of Materials\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e9. \u003ca href=\"#9-hardware-upgrade-guidance\"\u003eHardware Upgrade Guidance\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e10. \u003ca href=\"#10-license\"\u003eLicense\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e11. \u003ca href=\"#11-contributing\"\u003eContributing\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e12. \u003ca href=\"#12-disclaimer\"\u003eDisclaimer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e1. About this Repository\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-1-about-this-repository\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 1. About this Repository\" href=\"#1-about-this-repository\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis repository provides content for aiding DoD administrators in verifying systems have applied and enabled mitigations for hardware, firmware, and supply chain vulnerabilities. The repository functions as a companion to NSA Cybersecurity Advisories such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/Press-Room/Cybersecurity-Advisories-Guidance/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCybersecurity Advisories and Guidance\u003c/a\u003e. This repository is updated as new information, research, strategies, and guidance are developed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e2. Recommended Actions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-2-recommended-actions\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 2. Recommended Actions\" href=\"#2-recommended-actions\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUpdated 12/6/2024 -- Organizations should integrate \u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2023/Sep/28/2003310132/-1/-1/0/CSI_PROCUREMENT_ACCEPTANCE_TESTING_GUIDE.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eacceptance testing\u003c/a\u003e into their procurement processes. Acceptance testing guards against potential vulnerabilities like PKFail and weaknesses in the supply chain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3. Device Configuration Guidance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-3-device-configuration-guidance\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3. Device Configuration Guidance\" href=\"#3-device-configuration-guidance\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3.1. Procurement and Acceptance Testing\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-31-procurement-and-acceptance-testing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3.1. Procurement and Acceptance Testing\" href=\"#31-procurement-and-acceptance-testing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOrganizations should implement automated acceptance testing into their computing asset procurement processes. Acceptance testing assures that devices are received without tampering during the logistics transportation process, arrive with the expected hardware and firmware components, and are configured for secure integration into the enterprise's infrastructure. NSA recommends procuring devices that feature Trusted Platform Module (TPM), Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Secure Boot, and are preloaded with a Platform Certificate based off of Trusted Computing Group (TCG) standards. More detailed guidance can be accessed via \u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2023/Sep/28/2003310132/-1/-1/0/CSI_PROCUREMENT_ACCEPTANCE_TESTING_GUIDE.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis NSA guidance document\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNSA also recommends organizations monitor Reference Integrity Manifest (RIM), Software Bill of Materials (SBOM), and Security Protocols and Data Models (SPDM). These technologies -- once adopted and deployed by industry vendors -- provide modern mechanisms to audit the hardware, firmware, and software integrity of enterprise computing devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3.2. Firmware Configuration and Hardening\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-32-firmware-configuration-and-hardening\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3.2. Firmware Configuration and Hardening\" href=\"#32-firmware-configuration-and-hardening\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMost organizations understand the importance of controlling access to administrative privileges in the operating system environment. However, many organizations overlook the administrative capabilities contained within a device's firmware. Most devices ship without a password applied to the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) configuration interface. NSA recommends organizations set a configuration password, restrict boot devices to only those appropriate for their infrastructure, and disable system components unsuitable for the office environment. Further guidance designed to harden the firmware security posture can be found at the following links:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/what-we-do/cybersecurity/professional-resources/ctr-uefi-defensive-practices-guidance.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eUEFI Defensive Practices Technical Report\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/what-we-do/cybersecurity/professional-resources/csi-uefi-lockdown.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eUEFI Lockdown Quick Guidance\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/what-we-do/cybersecurity/professional-resources/csi-boot-security-modes-and-recommendations.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBoot Security Modes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3.3. UEFI Secure Boot\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-33-uefi-secure-boot\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3.3. UEFI Secure Boot\" href=\"#33-uefi-secure-boot\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMost enterprise-grade servers, laptops, desktops, and other personal computing devices ship with a preconfigured implementation of Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Secure Boot. The system vendor provides a Platform Key (PK), Microsoft provides a Key Exchange Key (KEK), and 2 additional Microsoft certificates -- the Microsoft Windows Production CA and Microsoft UEFI Third Party Marketplace CA -- are usually loaded into the allow list database (DB). The deny list database (DBX) may include hashes of revoked binaries. This standard implementation is usually sufficient for most use cases when properly configured (UEFI native mode with Secure Boot set to enabled in standard/deployed mode).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNSA has published advanced guidance covering how to customize UEFI Secure Boot. Customization may include backing up the existing Secure Boot certificates and hashes, creating new certificates and hashes, and loading custom values into the PK, KEK, DB, and DBX. Customization also implies that an organization will sign their own bootable binaries. Customization requires significant administrative overhead with the potential benefit of protecting against zero day attacks focused on boot security. The full \u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/15/2002497594/-1/-1/0/CTR-UEFI-SECURE-BOOT-CUSTOMIZATION-20200915.PDF/CTR-UEFI-SECURE-BOOT-CUSTOMIZATION-20200915.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003etechnical report for customization can be accessed via this link\u003c/a\u003e with additional resources contained in the \u003ca href=\"/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/blob/master/secureboot/README.md\"\u003eSecure Boot section of this repository\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3.4. Zero Trust\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-34-zero-trust\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3.4. Zero Trust\" href=\"#34-zero-trust\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eZero Trust -- a modernized cybersecurity framework -- integrates visibility from multiple vantage points, makes risk-aware access decisions, and automates detection and response. Implementing this framework places network defenders in a better position to secure sensitive data, systems, applications, and services. Device security is a critical pillar of the Zero Trust model. The device pillar builds upon the procurement and acceptance testing, firmware configuration and hardening, and UEFI Secure Boot initiatives identified above by adding automated device inventory, automated scanning of hardware and firmware and software integrity, automated vulnerability and patch management, and centralized device appraisal. There are also considerations for decommissioning devices to remove provisioned and protected data from devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDocumentation regarding the Zero Trust device pillar \u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323562/-1/-1/0/CSI-DEVICE-PILLAR-ZERO-TRUST.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecan be found at this NSA document\u003c/a\u003e. Additional Zero Trust resources and guidance regarding the other framework pillars \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/Press-Room/Press-Releases-Statements/Press-Release-View/Article/3833594/nsas-final-zero-trust-pillar-report-outlines-how-to-achieve-faster-threat-respo/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecan be found via this NSA press release\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3.5. Baseboard Management Controller\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-35-baseboard-management-controller\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3.5. Baseboard Management Controller\" href=\"#35-baseboard-management-controller\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBaseboard Management Controller (BMC) is an administrative capability integrated into a device's hardware and firmware. BMC enables remote management of devices within an enterprise including if the device is powered off or in a low power state. Most BMC implementations contain the same capabilities as firmware configuration interfaces while adding additional features for managing the storage drives, software images, hardware resource allocation, and network connectivity of the device. A compromise of BMC affords malicious actors persistence in a highly privileged environment. Organizations must secure BMC credentials, limit physical and remote access to BMC, and routinely update BMC firmware -- things easy to overlook.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2023/Jun/14/2003241405/-1/-1/0/CSI_HARDEN_BMCS.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eNSA has published guidance regarding BMC\u003c/a\u003e and hardening methods. BMCs are most commonly found on server-class computing hardware. However, they may also be present on workstations and network infrastructure. Organizations should take steps to identify and secure all BMC resources within their networks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e4. Boot Vulnerabilities\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-4-boot-vulnerabilities\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 4. Boot Vulnerabilities\" href=\"#4-boot-vulnerabilities\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e4.1. PKFail\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-41-pkfail\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 4.1. PKFail\" href=\"#41-pkfail\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDevices affected by PKFail ship with a test certificate loaded as UEFI Secure Boot's Primary Key (PK). Test certificates are not intended for production use and feature weakly protected keys. An attacker with access to a compromised test key can sign malicious commands capable of poisoning or commandeering the Secure Boot process. A client affected by PKFail will accept the malicious commands. Affected systems may show no indicators of Secure Boot dysfunction with the exception of returning a test certificate when an administrator queries the value of the PK.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.binarly.io/pkfail\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBinarly has published extensive research into PKFail\u003c/a\u003e along with a list of known affected devices. NSA recommends acceptance testing as a mitigation to PKFail. Treat all new devices -- including those not yet listed as affected -- as potentially affected. Check the configuration of UEFI Secure Boot as part of an acceptance testing plan. \u003cstrong\u003ePKFail is an ongoing concern.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e4.2. Shim Shady\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-42-shim-shady\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 4.2. Shim Shady\" href=\"#42-shim-shady\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eShim is a boot loader used by Linux distributions to extend the Microsoft Secure Boot ecosystem. Shim executes prior to the main bootloader -- usually GRUB. A flaw in Shim allows attackers to perform main-in-the-middle attacks during network boot. Attackers can exploit out-of-bounds vulnerabilities to gain arbitrary code execution at boot time. Patches issued in early 2024 fix Shim Shady and other Shim vulnerabilities. Systems that rely upon Linux should check that the latest Shim version is installed. Windows system owners do not need to perform any action.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA full description of Shim Shady and related vulnerabilities can be found \u003ca href=\"https://eclypsium.com/blog/the-real-shim-shady-how-cve-2023-40547-impacts-most-linux-systems/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003evia documentation posted by Eclypsium\u003c/a\u003e. Shim Shady has been mitigated as of Q2 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e4.3. BlackLotus\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-43-blacklotus\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 4.3. BlackLotus\" href=\"#43-blacklotus\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBlackLotus is the name for malware that exploits a vulnerability named BatonDrop. Vulnerable boot managers for Windows 8, 10, and 11 drop/clear UEFI Secure Boot policy values and fail to enforce the normal verification of boot binaries when given a series of instructions at boot. Malicious actors may substitute their own Secure Boot values and make it falsely appear that a system booted securely. Microsoft has issued patches, revoked trust in affected boot managers, and implemented Code Integrity Boot Policy (CIBP) to mitigate the threat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNSA recommends patching to the latest versions of Windows to mitigate the threat. Guidance produced prior to complete patching of BatonDrop and BlackLotus can be retrieved from our published \u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2023/Jun/22/2003245723/-1/-1/0/CSI_BlackLotus_Mitigation_Guide.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBlackLotus mitigation guide\u003c/a\u003e. Additional resources are available from operating system vendors, system vendors, and cybersecurity researchers. BlackLotus has been mitigated as of early 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e4.4. BootHole\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-44-boothole\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 4.4. BootHole\" href=\"#44-boothole\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBootHole involves a memory exploit triggered by malicious GRUB configuration files. GRUB is a boot loader most commonly utilized for systems that boot a Linux distribution. The malicious configuration file could be utilized to give attackers arbitrary execution privileges at boot time. Affected versions of GRUB featured UEFI Secure Boot signatures meaning attackers could carry out exploits without encountering resistance from Secure Boot.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://eclypsium.com/research/theres-a-hole-in-the-boot/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eEclypsium has published deeper details about Boothole\u003c/a\u003e as well as a list of affected bootloaders. NSA recommends patching to the latest version of actively supported Linux distributions. Supported distributions contain patches to mitigate the flaw and update Secure Boot Advanced Targeting (SBAT) to prevent execution of vulnerabile boot loaders. Guidance written by NSA near the time of disclosure of BootHole can be found at our published \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/resources/cybersecurity-professionals/CSA_Mitigate_the_GRUB2_BootHole_Vulnerability_20200730_nsa_gov%20-%20Copy.pdf?ver=2020-07-30-170540-600\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBootHole vulnerability guide\u003c/a\u003e. Boothole has been mitigated as of late 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e4.5. BootKitty\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-45-bootkitty\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 4.5. BootKitty\" href=\"#45-bootkitty\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBootKitty is a proof-of-concept bootkit designed to execute at boot time and disable signature checking mechanisms within the Linux kernel prior to its initialization. BootKitty is not signed meaning that it is blocked by UEFI Secure Boot. However, BootKitty could be combined with other boot vulnerabilities to bypass Secure Boot protection. South Korea's Korea Information Technology Research Institute (KITRI) is credited for developing BootKitty.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA deeper dive into how BootKitty works can be found via \u003ca href=\"https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/bootkitty-analyzing-first-uefi-bootkit-linux/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eESET's report available at this link\u003c/a\u003e. Administrators are reminded to check for firmware updates as part of a scheduled routine and validate that UEFI Secure Boot is configured and operating normally whether in the standard mode or custom mode. \u003cstrong\u003eBootKitty is not thought to be an active threat but may be productized in the future in much the same way BlackLotus appeared as a productized exploit of BatonDrop.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e5. Firmware Vulnerabilities\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-5-firmware-vulnerabilities\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 5. Firmware Vulnerabilities\" href=\"#5-firmware-vulnerabilities\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e5.1. LogoFail\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-51-logofail\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 5.1. LogoFail\" href=\"#51-logofail\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDevices affected by LogoFail combine the ability for a user to set a custom boot image with vulnerable image parsing code. Malicious actors can take advantage of the user boot logo customization to gain arbitrary execution at boot time via a malformed image file. Attackers can also leverage the boot environment to gain persistence and defeat several device security solutions. Affected manufacturers have released firmware updates to remove the vulnerability. NSA recommends device owners routinely check for firmware updates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdditional resources and technical details can be found \u003ca href=\"https://www.binarly.io/logofail\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eon Binarly's LogoFail website\u003c/a\u003e. LogoFail has been mitigated as of late 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e5.2. LoJax\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-52-lojax\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 5.2. LoJax\" href=\"#52-lojax\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLoJax is a malicious modification of the legitimate anti-theft software known as LoJack. Both the malicious variant and the commercial software leverage a firmware module to establish persistence on computing devices. The legitimate commercial version installs an agent to the operating system that reports the device's location and may enable additional features such as remote disablement. The malicious variant installs a malicious agent to the operating system and obeys commands from known attackers. The agent is difficult to remove because it can be restored via the persistent firmware module. Mitigation requires patches to the device firmware which became widely available in early 2019. LoJax was a particularly dangerous threat given that it could bypass UEFI Secure Boot on many systems and restore itself despite intervention from anti-malware solutions in the software environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA full description of LoJax and details about the threat \u003ca href=\"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/27/lojax-first-uefi-rootkit-found-wild-courtesy-sednit-group/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ewere published by ESET\u003c/a\u003e. LoJax has been mitigated since 2019.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e6. Physical Attack Vulnerabilities\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-6-physical-attack-vulnerabilities\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 6. Physical Attack Vulnerabilities\" href=\"#6-physical-attack-vulnerabilities\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e6.1. Bitlocker dTPM Probing\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-61-bitlocker-dtpm-probing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 6.1. Bitlocker dTPM Probing\" href=\"#61-bitlocker-dtpm-probing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSophisticated attackers with access to physical hardware may be able to defeat Full Disk Encryption (FDE) solutions that leverage discrete TPM (dTPM) -- defined as a discrete integrated circuit (chip) attached to a device's mainboard and wired into a communication bus. Communications between dTPM and the CPU may be vulnerable to eavesdropping when an attacker places probes on the electrical traces connecting the two components. Software and Virtual TPM (vTPM) as well as firmware and integrated TPM (iTPM) are not vulnerable to this attack.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMicrosoft recommends deployment of \u003ca href=\"https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/operating-system-security/data-protection/bitlocker/countermeasures\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eBitLocker with TPM + PIN enabled\u003c/a\u003e as an effective mitigation. A similar solution exists for the Linux ecosystem known as \u003ca href=\"https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/configuring-automated-unlocking-of-encrypted-volumes-using-policy-based-decryption_security-hardening#configuring-automated-unlocking-of-encrypted-volumes-using-policy-based-decryption_security-hardening\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eLinux Unified Key Setup (LUKS) TPM2 + PIN\u003c/a\u003e. NSA recommends FDEs like BitLocker and LUKS over storage drive unlock passwords at boot time that can prevent a device from receiving critical updates when not unlocked. Robust physical security and access controls are another effective mitigation strategy. \u003cstrong\u003eProbing of dTPM communications is an active concern.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e7. Side-Channel Vulnerabilities\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-7-side-channel-vulnerabilities\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 7. Side-Channel Vulnerabilities\" href=\"#7-side-channel-vulnerabilities\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e7.1. General Messaging\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-71-general-messaging\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 7.1. General Messaging\" href=\"#71-general-messaging\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMost computing hardware produced since 2021 features hardware mitigations against the worst side channel vulnerabilities. Vendors have also issued firmware, microcode, and software patches where appropriate to minimize the threat. However, security researchers continue to discover novel methods of exploiting previously unknown side channels. No specific instructions or guidance is available to combat side channels at this time beyond \u003cstrong\u003epatch\u003c/strong\u003e (software and firmware), \u003cstrong\u003eprotect\u003c/strong\u003e (monitor integrity, limit user access), and \u003cstrong\u003epurchase\u003c/strong\u003e (replace systems that are outside support timeframes).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e6.2. Historical Guidance\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-62-historical-guidance\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 6.2. Historical Guidance\" href=\"#62-historical-guidance\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSide-channel vulnerabilities, like Spectre and Meltdown, were a focus of this repository in the past. Processor and system vendors have produced hardware revisions and updated firmware to address vulnerabilities widely publicized in 2018 and 2019. NSA considers the original guidance no longer applicable to systems produced in 2021 and newer. \u003ca href=\"/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/blob/master/sidechannel.md\"\u003eHistorical NSA guidance regarding side-channel vulnerabilities can be found here\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e8. Device Integrity\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-8-device-integrity\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 8. Device Integrity\" href=\"#8-device-integrity\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e8.1. TPM Use Cases\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-81-tpm-use-cases\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 8.1. TPM Use Cases\" href=\"#81-tpm-use-cases\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTrusted Platform Modules (TPMs) are components available on modern computing systems and intended to facilitate several cryptographic, protected storage, and integrity capabilities. NSA recommends acquiring TPMs of version 2.0 or later on devices that support them to be able to leverage their security capabilities for current and future use cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDoD Instruction 8500.1 requires inclusion of a TPM for DoD devices subject to DISA STIGs when user credentials and data-at-rest require protection. NSA advocates for several TPM use cases in addition to those required by STIGs, such as for asset management, hardware supply chain security, and boot integrity measurement. Future use cases for the TPM include software supply chain auditing, runtime integrity measurement, and authentication and provisioning to support Zero Trust efforts. TPMs should transition to quantum-resistant cryptography to provide the proper capabilities and assurance for these use cases into the future. As TPM-supporting technologies mature and dependencies are satisfied, these recommended and future use cases may become DoD requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe complete NSA cybersecurity information sheet regarding TPM use cases can be found \u003ca href=\"https://media.defense.gov/2024/Nov/06/2003579882/-1/-1/0/CSI-TPM-USE-CASES.PDF\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eat this NSA link\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e8.2. Reference Integrity Manifest\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-82-reference-integrity-manifest\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 8.2. Reference Integrity Manifest\" href=\"#82-reference-integrity-manifest\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eReference Integrity Manifest (RIM) is a specification developed by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG). The goal of RIM is to empower administrators to compare the measurements collected by TPMs on devices to those provided by, signed, and assured as trustworthy by vendors. RIM focuses on firmware and software measured by TPMs making it ideal for assessing the integrity of the boot process for devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRIM is a prototype technology currently in development. Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/tcg-reference-integrity-manifest-rim-information-model/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTCG's RIM documentation\u003c/a\u003e for more details. A proof-of-concept implementation of TPM attestation with RIM support can be found in the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/nsacyber/HIRS\"\u003eHost Integrity at Runtime and Startup (HIRS) project\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e8.3. Software Bill of Materials\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-83-software-bill-of-materials\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 8.3. Software Bill of Materials\" href=\"#83-software-bill-of-materials\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSoftware Bill of Materials (SBOM) is a software mechanism for managing the integrity of software running within the operating system. The most common implementation of SBOM today periodically collects measurement hashes from software loaded onto a device and alerts on known outdated or vulnerable software. Some products have the ability to check the inclusions/dependencies of measured software. The ideal future implementation of SBOM utilizes signed measurement hashes direct from the vendor of software to allow administrators to match up what is running on a device with what the software vendor intended to provide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSBOM is a relatively new and evolving technology. Check the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/sbom\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCibersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's (CISA) SBOM resource page\u003c/a\u003e for more details about SBOM, specifications, use cases, products, deployment, and maintenance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e9. Hardware Upgrade Guidance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-9-hardware-upgrade-guidance\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 9. Hardware Upgrade Guidance\" href=\"#9-hardware-upgrade-guidance\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNSA does not endorse or promote specific products. See the \u003ca href=\"https://www.niap-ccevs.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eNational Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP)\u003c/a\u003e for specific products that have been vetted for compliance to protection profiles endorsed by NSA. The following generic recommendations may also be treated as guidance:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRefresh workstations every 3 to 4 years and servers every 5 to 7 years. Look to stay within a vendor's firmware support timeframe.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrefer processors that carry Intel's vPro branding, AMD's PRO branding, or ARM's Platform Security Architecture (PSA) capability for security capabilities beyond that of consumer-focused processors.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLook for devices that include Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 or later. The TPM may be dedicated/discrete (dTPM) or firmware/integrated (fTPM). ARM devices lacking a TPM may utilize Trust Zone as an alternative.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrefer business and professional-oriented devices over devices intended for the consumer or gamer/enthusiast markets.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e10. License\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-10-license\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 10. License\" href=\"#10-license\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/blob/master/LICENSE.md\"\u003eLICENSE\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e11. Contributing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-11-contributing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 11. Contributing\" href=\"#11-contributing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md\"\u003eCONTRIBUTING\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e12. Disclaimer\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-12-disclaimer\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 12. Disclaimer\" href=\"#12-disclaimer\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/blob/master/DISCLAIMER.md\"\u003eDISCLAIMER\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"Hardware and Firmware Security Guidance","anchor":"hardware-and-firmware-security-guidance","htmlText":"Hardware and Firmware Security Guidance"},{"level":2,"text":"Table of Contents","anchor":"table-of-contents","htmlText":"Table of Contents"},{"level":2,"text":"1. About this Repository","anchor":"1-about-this-repository","htmlText":"1. About this Repository"},{"level":2,"text":"2. Recommended Actions","anchor":"2-recommended-actions","htmlText":"2. Recommended Actions"},{"level":2,"text":"3. Device Configuration Guidance","anchor":"3-device-configuration-guidance","htmlText":"3. Device Configuration Guidance"},{"level":3,"text":"3.1. Procurement and Acceptance Testing","anchor":"31-procurement-and-acceptance-testing","htmlText":"3.1. Procurement and Acceptance Testing"},{"level":3,"text":"3.2. Firmware Configuration and Hardening","anchor":"32-firmware-configuration-and-hardening","htmlText":"3.2. Firmware Configuration and Hardening"},{"level":3,"text":"3.3. UEFI Secure Boot","anchor":"33-uefi-secure-boot","htmlText":"3.3. UEFI Secure Boot"},{"level":3,"text":"3.4. Zero Trust","anchor":"34-zero-trust","htmlText":"3.4. Zero Trust"},{"level":3,"text":"3.5. Baseboard Management Controller","anchor":"35-baseboard-management-controller","htmlText":"3.5. Baseboard Management Controller"},{"level":2,"text":"4. Boot Vulnerabilities","anchor":"4-boot-vulnerabilities","htmlText":"4. Boot Vulnerabilities"},{"level":3,"text":"4.1. PKFail","anchor":"41-pkfail","htmlText":"4.1. PKFail"},{"level":3,"text":"4.2. Shim Shady","anchor":"42-shim-shady","htmlText":"4.2. Shim Shady"},{"level":3,"text":"4.3. BlackLotus","anchor":"43-blacklotus","htmlText":"4.3. BlackLotus"},{"level":3,"text":"4.4. BootHole","anchor":"44-boothole","htmlText":"4.4. BootHole"},{"level":3,"text":"4.5. BootKitty","anchor":"45-bootkitty","htmlText":"4.5. BootKitty"},{"level":2,"text":"5. Firmware Vulnerabilities","anchor":"5-firmware-vulnerabilities","htmlText":"5. Firmware Vulnerabilities"},{"level":3,"text":"5.1. LogoFail","anchor":"51-logofail","htmlText":"5.1. LogoFail"},{"level":3,"text":"5.2. LoJax","anchor":"52-lojax","htmlText":"5.2. LoJax"},{"level":2,"text":"6. Physical Attack Vulnerabilities","anchor":"6-physical-attack-vulnerabilities","htmlText":"6. Physical Attack Vulnerabilities"},{"level":3,"text":"6.1. Bitlocker dTPM Probing","anchor":"61-bitlocker-dtpm-probing","htmlText":"6.1. Bitlocker dTPM Probing"},{"level":2,"text":"7. Side-Channel Vulnerabilities","anchor":"7-side-channel-vulnerabilities","htmlText":"7. Side-Channel Vulnerabilities"},{"level":3,"text":"7.1. General Messaging","anchor":"71-general-messaging","htmlText":"7.1. General Messaging"},{"level":3,"text":"6.2. Historical Guidance","anchor":"62-historical-guidance","htmlText":"6.2. Historical Guidance"},{"level":2,"text":"8. Device Integrity","anchor":"8-device-integrity","htmlText":"8. Device Integrity"},{"level":3,"text":"8.1. TPM Use Cases","anchor":"81-tpm-use-cases","htmlText":"8.1. TPM Use Cases"},{"level":3,"text":"8.2. Reference Integrity Manifest","anchor":"82-reference-integrity-manifest","htmlText":"8.2. Reference Integrity Manifest"},{"level":3,"text":"8.3. Software Bill of Materials","anchor":"83-software-bill-of-materials","htmlText":"8.3. Software Bill of Materials"},{"level":2,"text":"9. Hardware Upgrade Guidance","anchor":"9-hardware-upgrade-guidance","htmlText":"9. Hardware Upgrade Guidance"},{"level":2,"text":"10. License","anchor":"10-license","htmlText":"10. License"},{"level":2,"text":"11. Contributing","anchor":"11-contributing","htmlText":"11. Contributing"},{"level":2,"text":"12. Disclaimer","anchor":"12-disclaimer","htmlText":"12. 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viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Table of Contents</h2><a id="user-content-table-of-contents" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Table of Contents" href="#table-of-contents"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>1. <a href="#1-about-this-repository">About this Repository</a></li> <li>2. <a href="#2-recommended-actions">Recommended Actions</a></li> <li>3. <a href="#3-device-configuration-guidance">Device Configuration Guidance</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li>3.1. <a href="#31-procurement-and-acceptance-testing">Procurement and Acceptance Testing</a></li> <li>3.2. <a href="#32-firmware-configuration-and-hardening">Firmware Configuration and Hardening</a></li> <li>3.3. <a href="#33-uefi-secure-boot">UEFI Secure Boot</a></li> <li>3.4. <a href="#34-zero-trust">Zero Trust</a></li> <li>3.5. <a href="#35-baseboard-management-controller">Baseboard Management Controller</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>4. <a href="#4-boot-vulnerabilities">Boot Vulnerabilities</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li>4.1. <a href="#41-pkfail">PKFail</a></li> <li>4.2. <a href="#41-shim-shady">Shim Shady</a></li> <li>4.3. <a href="#43-BlackLotus">BlackLotus</a></li> <li>4.4. <a href="#44-boothole">BootHole</a></li> <li>4.5. <a href="#45-bootkitty">BootKitty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>5. <a href="#5-firmware-vulnerabilities">Firmware Vulnerabilities</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li>5.1. <a href="#51-logofail">LogoFail</a></li> <li>5.2. <a href="#52-lojax">Lojax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>6. <a href="#6-physical-attack-vulnerabilities">Physical Attack Vulnerabilities</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li>6.1. <a href="#61-bitlocker-dtpm-probing">Bitlocker dTPM Probing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>7. <a href="#7-side-channel-vulnerabilities">Side Channel Vulnerabilities</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li>7.1. <a href="#71-general-messaging">General Messaging</a></li> <li>7.2. <a href="#72-historical-guidance">Historical Guidance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>8. <a href="#8-device-integrity">Device Integrity</a> <ul dir="auto"> <li>8.1. <a href="#81-tpm-use-cases">TPM Use Cases</a></li> <li>8.2. <a href="#82-reference-integrity-manifest">Reference Integrity Manifest</a></li> <li>8.3. <a href="#83-software-bill-of-materials">Software Bill of Materials</a></li> </ul> </li> <li>9. <a href="#9-hardware-upgrade-guidance">Hardware Upgrade Guidance</a></li> <li>10. <a href="#10-license">License</a></li> <li>11. <a href="#11-contributing">Contributing</a></li> <li>12. <a href="#12-disclaimer">Disclaimer</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">1. About this Repository</h2><a id="user-content-1-about-this-repository" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 1. About this Repository" href="#1-about-this-repository"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This repository provides content for aiding DoD administrators in verifying systems have applied and enabled mitigations for hardware, firmware, and supply chain vulnerabilities. The repository functions as a companion to NSA Cybersecurity Advisories such as <a href="https://www.nsa.gov/Press-Room/Cybersecurity-Advisories-Guidance/" rel="nofollow">Cybersecurity Advisories and Guidance</a>. This repository is updated as new information, research, strategies, and guidance are developed.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">2. Recommended Actions</h2><a id="user-content-2-recommended-actions" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 2. Recommended Actions" href="#2-recommended-actions"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Updated 12/6/2024 -- Organizations should integrate <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2023/Sep/28/2003310132/-1/-1/0/CSI_PROCUREMENT_ACCEPTANCE_TESTING_GUIDE.PDF" rel="nofollow">acceptance testing</a> into their procurement processes. Acceptance testing guards against potential vulnerabilities like PKFail and weaknesses in the supply chain.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3. Device Configuration Guidance</h2><a id="user-content-3-device-configuration-guidance" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3. Device Configuration Guidance" href="#3-device-configuration-guidance"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3.1. Procurement and Acceptance Testing</h3><a id="user-content-31-procurement-and-acceptance-testing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3.1. Procurement and Acceptance Testing" href="#31-procurement-and-acceptance-testing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Organizations should implement automated acceptance testing into their computing asset procurement processes. Acceptance testing assures that devices are received without tampering during the logistics transportation process, arrive with the expected hardware and firmware components, and are configured for secure integration into the enterprise's infrastructure. NSA recommends procuring devices that feature Trusted Platform Module (TPM), Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Secure Boot, and are preloaded with a Platform Certificate based off of Trusted Computing Group (TCG) standards. More detailed guidance can be accessed via <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2023/Sep/28/2003310132/-1/-1/0/CSI_PROCUREMENT_ACCEPTANCE_TESTING_GUIDE.PDF" rel="nofollow">this NSA guidance document</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">NSA also recommends organizations monitor Reference Integrity Manifest (RIM), Software Bill of Materials (SBOM), and Security Protocols and Data Models (SPDM). These technologies -- once adopted and deployed by industry vendors -- provide modern mechanisms to audit the hardware, firmware, and software integrity of enterprise computing devices.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3.2. Firmware Configuration and Hardening</h3><a id="user-content-32-firmware-configuration-and-hardening" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3.2. Firmware Configuration and Hardening" href="#32-firmware-configuration-and-hardening"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Most organizations understand the importance of controlling access to administrative privileges in the operating system environment. However, many organizations overlook the administrative capabilities contained within a device's firmware. Most devices ship without a password applied to the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) configuration interface. NSA recommends organizations set a configuration password, restrict boot devices to only those appropriate for their infrastructure, and disable system components unsuitable for the office environment. Further guidance designed to harden the firmware security posture can be found at the following links:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/what-we-do/cybersecurity/professional-resources/ctr-uefi-defensive-practices-guidance.pdf" rel="nofollow">UEFI Defensive Practices Technical Report</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/what-we-do/cybersecurity/professional-resources/csi-uefi-lockdown.pdf" rel="nofollow">UEFI Lockdown Quick Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/what-we-do/cybersecurity/professional-resources/csi-boot-security-modes-and-recommendations.pdf" rel="nofollow">Boot Security Modes</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3.3. UEFI Secure Boot</h3><a id="user-content-33-uefi-secure-boot" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3.3. UEFI Secure Boot" href="#33-uefi-secure-boot"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Most enterprise-grade servers, laptops, desktops, and other personal computing devices ship with a preconfigured implementation of Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Secure Boot. The system vendor provides a Platform Key (PK), Microsoft provides a Key Exchange Key (KEK), and 2 additional Microsoft certificates -- the Microsoft Windows Production CA and Microsoft UEFI Third Party Marketplace CA -- are usually loaded into the allow list database (DB). The deny list database (DBX) may include hashes of revoked binaries. This standard implementation is usually sufficient for most use cases when properly configured (UEFI native mode with Secure Boot set to enabled in standard/deployed mode).</p> <p dir="auto">NSA has published advanced guidance covering how to customize UEFI Secure Boot. Customization may include backing up the existing Secure Boot certificates and hashes, creating new certificates and hashes, and loading custom values into the PK, KEK, DB, and DBX. Customization also implies that an organization will sign their own bootable binaries. Customization requires significant administrative overhead with the potential benefit of protecting against zero day attacks focused on boot security. The full <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/15/2002497594/-1/-1/0/CTR-UEFI-SECURE-BOOT-CUSTOMIZATION-20200915.PDF/CTR-UEFI-SECURE-BOOT-CUSTOMIZATION-20200915.PDF" rel="nofollow">technical report for customization can be accessed via this link</a> with additional resources contained in the <a href="/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/blob/master/secureboot/README.md">Secure Boot section of this repository</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3.4. Zero Trust</h3><a id="user-content-34-zero-trust" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3.4. Zero Trust" href="#34-zero-trust"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Zero Trust -- a modernized cybersecurity framework -- integrates visibility from multiple vantage points, makes risk-aware access decisions, and automates detection and response. Implementing this framework places network defenders in a better position to secure sensitive data, systems, applications, and services. Device security is a critical pillar of the Zero Trust model. The device pillar builds upon the procurement and acceptance testing, firmware configuration and hardening, and UEFI Secure Boot initiatives identified above by adding automated device inventory, automated scanning of hardware and firmware and software integrity, automated vulnerability and patch management, and centralized device appraisal. There are also considerations for decommissioning devices to remove provisioned and protected data from devices.</p> <p dir="auto">Documentation regarding the Zero Trust device pillar <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323562/-1/-1/0/CSI-DEVICE-PILLAR-ZERO-TRUST.PDF" rel="nofollow">can be found at this NSA document</a>. Additional Zero Trust resources and guidance regarding the other framework pillars <a href="https://www.nsa.gov/Press-Room/Press-Releases-Statements/Press-Release-View/Article/3833594/nsas-final-zero-trust-pillar-report-outlines-how-to-achieve-faster-threat-respo/" rel="nofollow">can be found via this NSA press release</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3.5. Baseboard Management Controller</h3><a id="user-content-35-baseboard-management-controller" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3.5. Baseboard Management Controller" href="#35-baseboard-management-controller"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Baseboard Management Controller (BMC) is an administrative capability integrated into a device's hardware and firmware. BMC enables remote management of devices within an enterprise including if the device is powered off or in a low power state. Most BMC implementations contain the same capabilities as firmware configuration interfaces while adding additional features for managing the storage drives, software images, hardware resource allocation, and network connectivity of the device. A compromise of BMC affords malicious actors persistence in a highly privileged environment. Organizations must secure BMC credentials, limit physical and remote access to BMC, and routinely update BMC firmware -- things easy to overlook.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://media.defense.gov/2023/Jun/14/2003241405/-1/-1/0/CSI_HARDEN_BMCS.PDF" rel="nofollow">NSA has published guidance regarding BMC</a> and hardening methods. BMCs are most commonly found on server-class computing hardware. However, they may also be present on workstations and network infrastructure. Organizations should take steps to identify and secure all BMC resources within their networks.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">4. Boot Vulnerabilities</h2><a id="user-content-4-boot-vulnerabilities" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 4. Boot Vulnerabilities" href="#4-boot-vulnerabilities"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">4.1. PKFail</h3><a id="user-content-41-pkfail" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 4.1. PKFail" href="#41-pkfail"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Devices affected by PKFail ship with a test certificate loaded as UEFI Secure Boot's Primary Key (PK). Test certificates are not intended for production use and feature weakly protected keys. An attacker with access to a compromised test key can sign malicious commands capable of poisoning or commandeering the Secure Boot process. A client affected by PKFail will accept the malicious commands. Affected systems may show no indicators of Secure Boot dysfunction with the exception of returning a test certificate when an administrator queries the value of the PK.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://www.binarly.io/pkfail" rel="nofollow">Binarly has published extensive research into PKFail</a> along with a list of known affected devices. NSA recommends acceptance testing as a mitigation to PKFail. Treat all new devices -- including those not yet listed as affected -- as potentially affected. Check the configuration of UEFI Secure Boot as part of an acceptance testing plan. <strong>PKFail is an ongoing concern.</strong></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">4.2. Shim Shady</h3><a id="user-content-42-shim-shady" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 4.2. Shim Shady" href="#42-shim-shady"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Shim is a boot loader used by Linux distributions to extend the Microsoft Secure Boot ecosystem. Shim executes prior to the main bootloader -- usually GRUB. A flaw in Shim allows attackers to perform main-in-the-middle attacks during network boot. Attackers can exploit out-of-bounds vulnerabilities to gain arbitrary code execution at boot time. Patches issued in early 2024 fix Shim Shady and other Shim vulnerabilities. Systems that rely upon Linux should check that the latest Shim version is installed. Windows system owners do not need to perform any action.</p> <p dir="auto">A full description of Shim Shady and related vulnerabilities can be found <a href="https://eclypsium.com/blog/the-real-shim-shady-how-cve-2023-40547-impacts-most-linux-systems/" rel="nofollow">via documentation posted by Eclypsium</a>. Shim Shady has been mitigated as of Q2 2024.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">4.3. BlackLotus</h3><a id="user-content-43-blacklotus" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 4.3. BlackLotus" href="#43-blacklotus"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">BlackLotus is the name for malware that exploits a vulnerability named BatonDrop. Vulnerable boot managers for Windows 8, 10, and 11 drop/clear UEFI Secure Boot policy values and fail to enforce the normal verification of boot binaries when given a series of instructions at boot. Malicious actors may substitute their own Secure Boot values and make it falsely appear that a system booted securely. Microsoft has issued patches, revoked trust in affected boot managers, and implemented Code Integrity Boot Policy (CIBP) to mitigate the threat.</p> <p dir="auto">NSA recommends patching to the latest versions of Windows to mitigate the threat. Guidance produced prior to complete patching of BatonDrop and BlackLotus can be retrieved from our published <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2023/Jun/22/2003245723/-1/-1/0/CSI_BlackLotus_Mitigation_Guide.PDF" rel="nofollow">BlackLotus mitigation guide</a>. Additional resources are available from operating system vendors, system vendors, and cybersecurity researchers. BlackLotus has been mitigated as of early 2024.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">4.4. BootHole</h3><a id="user-content-44-boothole" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 4.4. BootHole" href="#44-boothole"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">BootHole involves a memory exploit triggered by malicious GRUB configuration files. GRUB is a boot loader most commonly utilized for systems that boot a Linux distribution. The malicious configuration file could be utilized to give attackers arbitrary execution privileges at boot time. Affected versions of GRUB featured UEFI Secure Boot signatures meaning attackers could carry out exploits without encountering resistance from Secure Boot.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://eclypsium.com/research/theres-a-hole-in-the-boot/" rel="nofollow">Eclypsium has published deeper details about Boothole</a> as well as a list of affected bootloaders. NSA recommends patching to the latest version of actively supported Linux distributions. Supported distributions contain patches to mitigate the flaw and update Secure Boot Advanced Targeting (SBAT) to prevent execution of vulnerabile boot loaders. Guidance written by NSA near the time of disclosure of BootHole can be found at our published <a href="https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/resources/cybersecurity-professionals/CSA_Mitigate_the_GRUB2_BootHole_Vulnerability_20200730_nsa_gov%20-%20Copy.pdf?ver=2020-07-30-170540-600" rel="nofollow">BootHole vulnerability guide</a>. Boothole has been mitigated as of late 2020.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">4.5. BootKitty</h3><a id="user-content-45-bootkitty" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 4.5. BootKitty" href="#45-bootkitty"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">BootKitty is a proof-of-concept bootkit designed to execute at boot time and disable signature checking mechanisms within the Linux kernel prior to its initialization. BootKitty is not signed meaning that it is blocked by UEFI Secure Boot. However, BootKitty could be combined with other boot vulnerabilities to bypass Secure Boot protection. South Korea's Korea Information Technology Research Institute (KITRI) is credited for developing BootKitty.</p> <p dir="auto">A deeper dive into how BootKitty works can be found via <a href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/bootkitty-analyzing-first-uefi-bootkit-linux/" rel="nofollow">ESET's report available at this link</a>. Administrators are reminded to check for firmware updates as part of a scheduled routine and validate that UEFI Secure Boot is configured and operating normally whether in the standard mode or custom mode. <strong>BootKitty is not thought to be an active threat but may be productized in the future in much the same way BlackLotus appeared as a productized exploit of BatonDrop.</strong></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">5. Firmware Vulnerabilities</h2><a id="user-content-5-firmware-vulnerabilities" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 5. Firmware Vulnerabilities" href="#5-firmware-vulnerabilities"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">5.1. LogoFail</h3><a id="user-content-51-logofail" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 5.1. LogoFail" href="#51-logofail"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Devices affected by LogoFail combine the ability for a user to set a custom boot image with vulnerable image parsing code. Malicious actors can take advantage of the user boot logo customization to gain arbitrary execution at boot time via a malformed image file. Attackers can also leverage the boot environment to gain persistence and defeat several device security solutions. Affected manufacturers have released firmware updates to remove the vulnerability. NSA recommends device owners routinely check for firmware updates.</p> <p dir="auto">Additional resources and technical details can be found <a href="https://www.binarly.io/logofail" rel="nofollow">on Binarly's LogoFail website</a>. LogoFail has been mitigated as of late 2024.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">5.2. LoJax</h3><a id="user-content-52-lojax" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 5.2. LoJax" href="#52-lojax"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">LoJax is a malicious modification of the legitimate anti-theft software known as LoJack. Both the malicious variant and the commercial software leverage a firmware module to establish persistence on computing devices. The legitimate commercial version installs an agent to the operating system that reports the device's location and may enable additional features such as remote disablement. The malicious variant installs a malicious agent to the operating system and obeys commands from known attackers. The agent is difficult to remove because it can be restored via the persistent firmware module. Mitigation requires patches to the device firmware which became widely available in early 2019. LoJax was a particularly dangerous threat given that it could bypass UEFI Secure Boot on many systems and restore itself despite intervention from anti-malware solutions in the software environment.</p> <p dir="auto">A full description of LoJax and details about the threat <a href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/27/lojax-first-uefi-rootkit-found-wild-courtesy-sednit-group/" rel="nofollow">were published by ESET</a>. LoJax has been mitigated since 2019.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">6. Physical Attack Vulnerabilities</h2><a id="user-content-6-physical-attack-vulnerabilities" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 6. Physical Attack Vulnerabilities" href="#6-physical-attack-vulnerabilities"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">6.1. Bitlocker dTPM Probing</h3><a id="user-content-61-bitlocker-dtpm-probing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 6.1. Bitlocker dTPM Probing" href="#61-bitlocker-dtpm-probing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Sophisticated attackers with access to physical hardware may be able to defeat Full Disk Encryption (FDE) solutions that leverage discrete TPM (dTPM) -- defined as a discrete integrated circuit (chip) attached to a device's mainboard and wired into a communication bus. Communications between dTPM and the CPU may be vulnerable to eavesdropping when an attacker places probes on the electrical traces connecting the two components. Software and Virtual TPM (vTPM) as well as firmware and integrated TPM (iTPM) are not vulnerable to this attack.</p> <p dir="auto">Microsoft recommends deployment of <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/operating-system-security/data-protection/bitlocker/countermeasures" rel="nofollow">BitLocker with TPM + PIN enabled</a> as an effective mitigation. A similar solution exists for the Linux ecosystem known as <a href="https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/configuring-automated-unlocking-of-encrypted-volumes-using-policy-based-decryption_security-hardening#configuring-automated-unlocking-of-encrypted-volumes-using-policy-based-decryption_security-hardening" rel="nofollow">Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS) TPM2 + PIN</a>. NSA recommends FDEs like BitLocker and LUKS over storage drive unlock passwords at boot time that can prevent a device from receiving critical updates when not unlocked. Robust physical security and access controls are another effective mitigation strategy. <strong>Probing of dTPM communications is an active concern.</strong></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">7. Side-Channel Vulnerabilities</h2><a id="user-content-7-side-channel-vulnerabilities" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 7. Side-Channel Vulnerabilities" href="#7-side-channel-vulnerabilities"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">7.1. General Messaging</h3><a id="user-content-71-general-messaging" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 7.1. General Messaging" href="#71-general-messaging"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Most computing hardware produced since 2021 features hardware mitigations against the worst side channel vulnerabilities. Vendors have also issued firmware, microcode, and software patches where appropriate to minimize the threat. However, security researchers continue to discover novel methods of exploiting previously unknown side channels. No specific instructions or guidance is available to combat side channels at this time beyond <strong>patch</strong> (software and firmware), <strong>protect</strong> (monitor integrity, limit user access), and <strong>purchase</strong> (replace systems that are outside support timeframes).</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">6.2. Historical Guidance</h3><a id="user-content-62-historical-guidance" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 6.2. Historical Guidance" href="#62-historical-guidance"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Side-channel vulnerabilities, like Spectre and Meltdown, were a focus of this repository in the past. Processor and system vendors have produced hardware revisions and updated firmware to address vulnerabilities widely publicized in 2018 and 2019. NSA considers the original guidance no longer applicable to systems produced in 2021 and newer. <a href="/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/blob/master/sidechannel.md">Historical NSA guidance regarding side-channel vulnerabilities can be found here</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">8. Device Integrity</h2><a id="user-content-8-device-integrity" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 8. Device Integrity" href="#8-device-integrity"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">8.1. TPM Use Cases</h3><a id="user-content-81-tpm-use-cases" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 8.1. TPM Use Cases" href="#81-tpm-use-cases"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs) are components available on modern computing systems and intended to facilitate several cryptographic, protected storage, and integrity capabilities. NSA recommends acquiring TPMs of version 2.0 or later on devices that support them to be able to leverage their security capabilities for current and future use cases.</p> <p dir="auto">DoD Instruction 8500.1 requires inclusion of a TPM for DoD devices subject to DISA STIGs when user credentials and data-at-rest require protection. NSA advocates for several TPM use cases in addition to those required by STIGs, such as for asset management, hardware supply chain security, and boot integrity measurement. Future use cases for the TPM include software supply chain auditing, runtime integrity measurement, and authentication and provisioning to support Zero Trust efforts. TPMs should transition to quantum-resistant cryptography to provide the proper capabilities and assurance for these use cases into the future. As TPM-supporting technologies mature and dependencies are satisfied, these recommended and future use cases may become DoD requirements.</p> <p dir="auto">The complete NSA cybersecurity information sheet regarding TPM use cases can be found <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2024/Nov/06/2003579882/-1/-1/0/CSI-TPM-USE-CASES.PDF" rel="nofollow">at this NSA link</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">8.2. Reference Integrity Manifest</h3><a id="user-content-82-reference-integrity-manifest" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 8.2. Reference Integrity Manifest" href="#82-reference-integrity-manifest"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Reference Integrity Manifest (RIM) is a specification developed by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG). The goal of RIM is to empower administrators to compare the measurements collected by TPMs on devices to those provided by, signed, and assured as trustworthy by vendors. RIM focuses on firmware and software measured by TPMs making it ideal for assessing the integrity of the boot process for devices.</p> <p dir="auto">RIM is a prototype technology currently in development. Check out the <a href="https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/tcg-reference-integrity-manifest-rim-information-model/" rel="nofollow">TCG's RIM documentation</a> for more details. A proof-of-concept implementation of TPM attestation with RIM support can be found in the <a href="https://github.com/nsacyber/HIRS">Host Integrity at Runtime and Startup (HIRS) project</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">8.3. Software Bill of Materials</h3><a id="user-content-83-software-bill-of-materials" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 8.3. Software Bill of Materials" href="#83-software-bill-of-materials"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) is a software mechanism for managing the integrity of software running within the operating system. The most common implementation of SBOM today periodically collects measurement hashes from software loaded onto a device and alerts on known outdated or vulnerable software. Some products have the ability to check the inclusions/dependencies of measured software. The ideal future implementation of SBOM utilizes signed measurement hashes direct from the vendor of software to allow administrators to match up what is running on a device with what the software vendor intended to provide.</p> <p dir="auto">SBOM is a relatively new and evolving technology. Check the <a href="https://www.cisa.gov/sbom" rel="nofollow">Cibersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's (CISA) SBOM resource page</a> for more details about SBOM, specifications, use cases, products, deployment, and maintenance.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">9. Hardware Upgrade Guidance</h2><a id="user-content-9-hardware-upgrade-guidance" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 9. Hardware Upgrade Guidance" href="#9-hardware-upgrade-guidance"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">NSA does not endorse or promote specific products. See the <a href="https://www.niap-ccevs.org/" rel="nofollow">National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP)</a> for specific products that have been vetted for compliance to protection profiles endorsed by NSA. The following generic recommendations may also be treated as guidance:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li>Refresh workstations every 3 to 4 years and servers every 5 to 7 years. Look to stay within a vendor's firmware support timeframe.</li> <li>Prefer processors that carry Intel's vPro branding, AMD's PRO branding, or ARM's Platform Security Architecture (PSA) capability for security capabilities beyond that of consumer-focused processors.</li> <li>Look for devices that include Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 or later. The TPM may be dedicated/discrete (dTPM) or firmware/integrated (fTPM). ARM devices lacking a TPM may utilize Trust Zone as an alternative.</li> <li>Prefer business and professional-oriented devices over devices intended for the consumer or gamer/enthusiast markets.</li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">10. License</h2><a id="user-content-10-license" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 10. License" href="#10-license"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">See <a href="/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/blob/master/LICENSE.md">LICENSE</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">11. Contributing</h2><a id="user-content-11-contributing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 11. Contributing" href="#11-contributing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">See <a href="/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md">CONTRIBUTING</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">12. Disclaimer</h2><a id="user-content-12-disclaimer" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 12. 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