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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_recognition_of_the_KGB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_recognition_of_the_KGB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Initial recognition of the KGB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_recognition_of_the_KGB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_FSB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_FSB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Creation of the FSB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_FSB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_Second_Chechen_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_Second_Chechen_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Role in the Second Chechen War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Second_Chechen_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Putin_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Putin_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Putin reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Putin_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterterrorist_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterterrorist_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Counterterrorist operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterterrorist_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increased_terrorism_and_expansion_of_the_FSB's_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increased_terrorism_and_expansion_of_the_FSB's_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Increased terrorism and expansion of the FSB's powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increased_terrorism_and_expansion_of_the_FSB's_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Role in Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counterintelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterintelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Counterintelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterintelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterterrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterterrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Counterterrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterterrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Foreign intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeted_killing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeted_killing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Targeted killing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeted_killing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Border protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Export_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Export control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Surveillance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyber_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyber_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Cyber Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyber_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Director" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Director"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Director</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Director-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Deputy_Director" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Deputy_Director"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First Deputy Director</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Deputy_Director-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_of_scientific_and_technical_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_scientific_and_technical_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Head of scientific and technical service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_scientific_and_technical_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Regional structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors_of_the_FSB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors_of_the_FSB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Directors of the FSB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors_of_the_FSB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_Russian_doping_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_Russian_doping_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Role in the Russian doping scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Russian_doping_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crocus_City_Hall_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crocus_City_Hall_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Crocus City Hall attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crocus_City_Hall_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_invasion_of_the_Kursk_Oblast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_invasion_of_the_Kursk_Oblast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ukrainian invasion of the Kursk Oblast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_invasion_of_the_Kursk_Oblast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Security Service</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB" title="FSB – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="FSB" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="جهاز الأمن الفيدرالي (روسيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز الأمن الفيدرالي (روسيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya_Federal_T%C9%99hl%C3%BCk%C9%99sizlik_Xidm%C9%99ti" title="Rusiya Federal Təhlükəsizlik Xidməti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya Federal Təhlükəsizlik Xidməti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="ফেডারেল সিকিউরিটি সার্ভিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফেডারেল সিকিউরিটি সার্ভিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B5%D2%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Рәсәй Федераль именлек хеҙмәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рәсәй Федераль именлек хеҙмәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96" title="Федэральная служба бяспекі Расіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Федэральная служба бяспекі Расіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Фэдэральная служба бясьпекі Расейскай Фэдэрацыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фэдэральная служба бясьпекі Расейскай Фэдэрацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Федерална служба за сигурност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Федерална служба за сигурност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB" title="FSB – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="FSB" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servei_Federal_de_Seguretat" title="Servei Federal de Seguretat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servei Federal de Seguretat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%81%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%C4%95" title="Раççей Федерацийĕн федераци хăрушсăрлăх хĕсмечĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Раççей Федерацийĕн федераци хăрушсăрлăх хĕсмечĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_slu%C5%BEba_bezpe%C4%8Dnosti" title="Federální služba bezpečnosti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Federální služba bezpečnosti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwasanaeth_Diogelwch_Ffederal_(Ffederasiwn_Rwsia)" title="Gwasanaeth Diogelwch Ffederal (Ffederasiwn Rwsia) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwasanaeth Diogelwch Ffederal (Ffederasiwn Rwsia)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalnaja_sluzjba_bezopasnosti" title="Federalnaja sluzjba bezopasnosti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Federalnaja sluzjba bezopasnosti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB_(Geheimdienst)" title="FSB (Geheimdienst) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="FSB (Geheimdienst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB" title="FSB – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="FSB" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ομοσπονδιακή Υπηρεσία Ασφαλείας της Ρωσικής Ομοσπονδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομοσπονδιακή Υπηρεσία Ασφαλείας της Ρωσικής Ομοσπονδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Federal_de_Seguridad" title="Servicio Federal de Seguridad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio Federal de Seguridad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacia_Sekureca_Servo_de_la_Rusia_Federacio" title="Federacia Sekureca Servo de la Rusia Federacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Federacia Sekureca Servo de la Rusia Federacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segurtasunaren_Zerbitzu_Federala" title="Segurtasunaren Zerbitzu Federala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Segurtasunaren Zerbitzu Federala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="سرویس امنیت فدرال روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرویس امنیت فدرال روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_de_la_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_de_Russie" title="Service fédéral de sécurité de la fédération de Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Service fédéral de sécurité de la fédération de Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizo_Federal_de_Seguridade" title="Servizo Federal de Seguridade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Servizo Federal de Seguridade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%88%EA%B5%AD" title="러시아 연방보안국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 연방보안국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռուսաստանի անվտանգության դաշնային ծառայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսաստանի անվտանգության դաշնային ծառայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savezna_sigurnosna_slu%C5%BEba_Ruske_Federacije" title="Savezna sigurnosna služba Ruske Federacije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Savezna sigurnosna služba Ruske Federacije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinas_Keamanan_Federal" title="Dinas Keamanan Federal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinas Keamanan Federal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alr%C3%ADkisl%C3%B6gregla_R%C3%BAssneska_Sambandsr%C3%ADkisins" title="Alríkislögregla Rússneska Sambandsríkisins – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alríkislögregla Rússneska Sambandsríkisins" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%27naja_slu%C5%BEba_bezopasnosti" title="Federal'naja služba bezopasnosti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federal'naja služba bezopasnosti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99_(%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94)" title="שירות הביטחון הפדרלי (רוסיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שירות הביטחון הפדרלי (רוסיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რუსეთის უშიშროების ფედერალური სამსახური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის უშიშროების ფედერალური სამსახური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Ресей Федерациясының Федералды қауіпсіздік қызметі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ресей Федерациясының Федералды қауіпсіздік қызметі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB" title="FSB – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="FSB" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievijas_Feder%C4%81lais_dro%C5%A1%C4%ABbas_dienests" title="Krievijas Federālais drošības dienests – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievijas Federālais drošības dienests" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijos_Federacijos_federalin%C4%97_saugumo_tarnyba" title="Rusijos Federacijos federalinė saugumo tarnyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusijos Federacijos federalinė saugumo tarnyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidmat_Keselamatan_Persekutuan" title="Khidmat Keselamatan Persekutuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khidmat Keselamatan Persekutuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%A5%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="ОХУ-ын Холбооны аюулгүй байдлын алба – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="ОХУ-ын Холбооны аюулгүй байдлын алба" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalnaja_sloezjba_bezopasnosti" title="Federalnaja sloezjba bezopasnosti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Federalnaja sloezjba bezopasnosti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%81" title="ロシア連邦保安庁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア連邦保安庁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB_(Russland)" title="FSB (Russland) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FSB (Russland)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB" title="FSB – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="FSB" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiya_Federatsiyasi_Federal_xavfsizlik_xizmati" title="Rossiya Federatsiyasi Federal xavfsizlik xizmati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rossiya Federatsiyasi Federal xavfsizlik xizmati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalna_S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Federacji_Rosyjskiej" title="Federalna Służba Bezpieczeństwa Federacji Rosyjskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Federalna Służba Bezpieczeństwa Federacji Rosyjskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Federal_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Serviço Federal de Segurança – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serviço Federal de Segurança" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviciul_Federal_de_Securitate" title="Serviciul Federal de Securitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serviciul Federal de Securitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Федеральная служба безопасности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федеральная служба безопасности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%91%D0%A5" title="ФБХ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="ФБХ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Federal Security Service" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%ABrbimi_Federal_i_Siguris%C3%AB_(Rusi)" title="Shërbimi Federal i Sigurisë (Rusi) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shërbimi Federal i Sigurisë (Rusi)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB" title="FSB – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="FSB" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Federal Security Service" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder%C3%A1lna_bezpe%C4%8Dnostn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba_Ruskej_feder%C3%A1cie" title="Federálna bezpečnostná služba Ruskej federácie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Federálna bezpečnostná služba Ruskej federácie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Федерална служба безбједности – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Федерална служба безбједности" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSB" title="FSB – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="FSB" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_turvallisuuspalvelu" title="Venäjän turvallisuuspalvelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän turvallisuuspalvelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska_federationens_federala_s%C3%A4kerhetstj%C3%A4nst" title="Ryska federationens federala säkerhetstjänst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska federationens federala säkerhetstjänst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Россия Федерациясе федераль иминлек хезмәте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Россия Федерациясе федераль иминлек хезмәте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="หน่วยความมั่นคงกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยความมั่นคงกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_G%C3%BCvenlik_Servisi" title="Federal Güvenlik Servisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Federal Güvenlik Servisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Федеральна служба безпеки Російської Федерації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федеральна служба безпеки Російської Федерації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_An_ninh_Li%C3%AAn_bang_Nga" title="Tổng cục An ninh Liên bang Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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For the Bulgarian band, see <a href="/wiki/FSB_(band)" title="FSB (band)">FSB (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Federal Security Service<br />of the Russian Federation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Federal_security_service.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Federal_security_service.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Federal_security_service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Federal_security_service.svg/225px-Emblem_of_Federal_security_service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emblem_of_Federal_security_service.svg/300px-Emblem_of_Federal_security_service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="582" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Federal_Security_Service.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federal_Security_Service.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federal_Security_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federal_Security_Service.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federal_Security_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federal_Security_Service.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federal_Security_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">3 April 1995<span class="noprint">; 29 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995-04-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Counterintelligence_Service" title="Federal Counterintelligence Service">FSK</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Independent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Lubyanka Building</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Classified</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Classified</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a> (Army General), <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Security_Service" title="Director of the Federal Security Service">Director</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_B._Korolev" title="Sergei B. Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a>, First Deputy Director</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsb.ru/">fsb<wbr />.ru</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58792#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;">Building details</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="ru">Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubyanka_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lubyanka_Building.jpg/250px-Lubyanka_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lubyanka_Building.jpg/375px-Lubyanka_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lubyanka_Building.jpg/500px-Lubyanka_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="2015" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">Lubyanka Building</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>FSB</b>) is the principal <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">security agency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the main successor agency to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>; its immediate predecessor was the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Counterintelligence_Service" title="Federal Counterintelligence Service">Federal Counterintelligence Service</a> (FSK) which was reorganized into the FSB in 1995. The three major structural successor components of the former KGB that remain administratively independent of the FSB are the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a> (SVR), the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Federal Protective Service</a> (FSO), and the <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Special_Programs_of_the_President_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation">Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation</a> (GUSP). </p><p>The primary responsibilities are within the country and include <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_security" title="Internal security">internal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> and investigating some other types of serious crimes and federal law violations. It is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Square" title="Lubyanka Square">Lubyanka Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>'s center, in the main building of the former KGB. The <a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Federal_Security_Service" title="Director of the Federal Security Service">director of the FSB</a> is appointed by and directly answerable to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">president of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being part of Russia's executive branch formally, the FSB has significant, if not decisive, power over it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the FSB's responsibilities were expanded by incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guard Service of Russia">Border Guard Service</a> and a major part of the <a href="/wiki/FAPSI" title="FAPSI">Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information</a> (FAPSI); this would include intelligence activities in countries that were once members of the Soviet Union, work formerly done by the KGB's Fifth Service. The SVR had in 1992 signed an agreement not to spy on those countries; the FSB had made no such commitment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_recognition_of_the_KGB">Initial recognition of the KGB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial recognition of the KGB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Federal Security Service (FSB or FSS) (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Federal'naya sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsluʐbə<span class="wrap"> </span>bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>rɐˈsʲijskəj<span class="wrap"> </span>fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨɪ]</a></span> [ФСБ, ФСБ России], <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Federal Service [of] Safety</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is one of the successor organizations of the Soviet Committee of State Security (<a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>). Following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet coup attempt of 1991">attempted coup of 1991</a>—in which some KGB units as well as the KGB head <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a> played a major part—the KGB was dismantled and ceased to exist from November 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1991, two government agencies answerable to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian</a> president were created by President Yeltsin's decrees on the basis of the relevant main directorates of the defunct KGB: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)</a> (SVR, the former <a href="/wiki/First_Chief_Directorate" title="First Chief Directorate">First Main Directorate</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/FAPSI" title="FAPSI">Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information</a> (FAPSI, merging the functions of the former 8th Main Directorate and 16th Main Directorate of the KGB). In January 1992, another new institution, the Ministry of Security, took over domestic and border security responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">the 1993 constitutional crisis</a>, the Ministry of Security was reorganized on 21 December 1993 into the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Counter-Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Counter-Intelligence Service">Federal Counter-Intelligence Service</a> (FSK). The FSK was headed by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Stepashin" title="Sergei Stepashin">Sergei Stepashin</a>. Before the start of the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War's</a> main military activities, the FSK was responsible for the covert operations against the separatists led by <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sakwa_p98_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sakwa_p98-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_FSB">Creation of the FSB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation of the FSB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_100306_Vladimir_Putin,_Federal_Security_Service_Director.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RIAN_archive_100306_Vladimir_Putin%2C_Federal_Security_Service_Director.jpg/170px-RIAN_archive_100306_Vladimir_Putin%2C_Federal_Security_Service_Director.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RIAN_archive_100306_Vladimir_Putin%2C_Federal_Security_Service_Director.jpg/255px-RIAN_archive_100306_Vladimir_Putin%2C_Federal_Security_Service_Director.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RIAN_archive_100306_Vladimir_Putin%2C_Federal_Security_Service_Director.jpg/340px-RIAN_archive_100306_Vladimir_Putin%2C_Federal_Security_Service_Director.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Future <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> and former KGB officer <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> served as the FSB's director from 1998 to 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1995, the FSK was renamed and reorganized into the Federal Security Service (FSB) by the Federal Law "On the Federal Security Service" (the title of the law as amended in June 2003<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) signed by the president on 3 April 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-fedlaw95_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedlaw95-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FSB reforms were rounded out by <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_the_President_of_Russia" title="Decree of the President of Russia">decree</a> No. 633, signed by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> on 23 June 1995. The <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_the_President_of_Russia" title="Decree of the President of Russia">decree</a> made the tasks of the FSB more specific, giving the FSB substantial rights to conduct cryptographic work, and described the powers of the FSB director. The number of deputy directors was increased to eight: two first deputies, five deputies responsible for departments and directorates and one deputy director heading the <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow regional</a> directorate. Yeltsin appointed Colonel-General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Barsukov" title="Mikhail Barsukov">Mikhail Ivanovich Barsukov</a> as the new director of the FSB. In 1998, Yeltsin appointed <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, a KGB veteran who would later succeed Yeltsin as federal president, as director of the FSB.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putin was reluctant to take over the directorship, but once appointed conducted a thorough reorganization, which included the dismissal of most of the FSB's top personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-sakwa_p98_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sakwa_p98-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putin appointed <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a> as the head of FSB in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_Second_Chechen_War">Role in the Second Chechen War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in the Second Chechen War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the main military offensive of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> ended and the separatists changed tactics to guerilla warfare, overall command of the federal forces in Chechnya was transferred from the military to the FSB in January 2001. While the army lacked technical means of tracking the guerrilla groups, the FSB suffered from insufficient human intelligence due to its inability to build networks of agents and informants. In the autumn of 2002, the separatists launched a massive campaign of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> against the Russian civilians, including the <a href="/wiki/Dubrovka_theatre_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubrovka theatre attack">Dubrovka theatre attack</a>. The inability of the federal forces to conduct efficient counterterrorist operations led to the government to transfer the responsibility of "maintaining order" in Chechnya from the FSB to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> (MVD) in July 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-baev_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baev-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Putin_reforms">Putin reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Putin reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Nikolay_Patrushev-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vladimir_Putin_with_Nikolay_Patrushev-4.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Nikolay_Patrushev-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vladimir_Putin_with_Nikolay_Patrushev-4.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Nikolay_Patrushev-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vladimir_Putin_with_Nikolay_Patrushev-4.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Nikolay_Patrushev-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>President Putin meeting with Director of FSB <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a> on 9 August 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>After becoming president, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> launched a major reorganization of the FSB. First, the FSB was placed under direct control of the President by a decree issued on 17 May 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internal structure of the agency was reformed by a decree signed on 17 June 2000. In the resulting structure, the FSB was to have a director, a first deputy director and nine other deputy directors, including one possible state secretary and the chiefs of six departments: Economic Security Department, Counterintelligence Department, Organizational and Personnel Service, Department of activity provision, Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning, Department for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism. </p><p>In 2003, the agency's responsibilities were considerably widened. The <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guard Service of Russia">Border Guard Service of Russia</a>, with its staff of 210,000, was integrated to the FSB via a decree signed on 11 March 2003. The merger was completed by 1 July 2003. In addition, The Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information (FAPSI) was abolished, and the FSB was granted a major part of its functions, while other parts went to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Russia)">Ministry of Defense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the reasons for this strengthening of the FSB were the enhanced need for security after increased terror attacks against Russian civilians starting with the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a>; the need to end the permanent infighting between the FSB, FAPSI and the Border Guards due to their overlapping functions; and the need for more efficient response to migration, drug trafficking and illegal arms trading. In addition, the FSB was the sole power base of the new president, so the restructuring strengthened his position (see <a href="/wiki/Political_groups_under_Vladimir_Putin%27s_presidency" title="Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency">Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 June 2004, in a speech to high-ranking FSB officers, Putin emphasized three major tasks of the agency: neutralizing foreign espionage, safeguarding the economic and financial security of the country, and combating organized crime.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2006, the FSB was shaken up by a major reshuffle. Combined with some earlier reassignments – most notably those of FSB Deputy Directors <a href="/wiki/Yury_Zaostrovtsev" title="Yury Zaostrovtsev">Yury Zaostrovtsev</a> and Vladimir Anisimov in 2004 and 2005 – the changes were widely believed to be linked to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Whales_Corruption_Scandal" title="Three Whales Corruption Scandal">Three Whales Corruption Scandal</a> that had slowly unfolded since 2000. Some analysts considered the changes to be an attempt to undermine FSB Director <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Patrushev" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Patrushev">Nikolay Patrushev</a>'s influence, as his team from the <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a> KGB Directorate of the late 1980s  to early 1990s suffered most, and he had been on vacations during the events.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2008, the agency had one Director, two First Deputy Directors and 5 Deputy Directors. It had the following 9 divisions:<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/DKRO" title="DKRO">Counter-Espionage</a></li> <li>Service for Defense of Constitutional Order and Fight against Terrorism</li> <li>Border Service</li> <li>Economic Security Service</li> <li>Current Information and International Links</li> <li>Organizational and Personnel Service</li> <li>Monitoring Department</li> <li>Scientific and Technical Service</li> <li>Organizational Security Service</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterterrorist_operations">Counterterrorist operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Counterterrorist operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_835340_Antiterrorist_operation_in_Makhachkala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/RIAN_archive_835340_Antiterrorist_operation_in_Makhachkala.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_835340_Antiterrorist_operation_in_Makhachkala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/RIAN_archive_835340_Antiterrorist_operation_in_Makhachkala.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_835340_Antiterrorist_operation_in_Makhachkala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/RIAN_archive_835340_Antiterrorist_operation_in_Makhachkala.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_835340_Antiterrorist_operation_in_Makhachkala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>FSB special forces members during a special operation in <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, as a result of which "one fighter was killed and two terrorist attacks prevented" in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a> in 2002, Russia was faced with increased levels of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">terrorism</a>. FSB <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> units <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Group" title="Alpha Group">Alpha Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vympel" title="Vympel">Vympel</a> played a key role in hostage rescue operations during the Moscow theater siege and the <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">Beslan school siege</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their performance was criticised due to the high number of hostage casualties. In 2006, the FSB successfully killed <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a>, who was behind the Beslan tragedy and several other high-profile terrorist acts. According to the FSB, the operation was planned over six months and made possible due to the FSB's increased activities in foreign countries that were supplying arms to the terrorists. Basayev was tracked via surveillance of this arms trafficking. He and other militants were preparing to carry out a terrorist attack in <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a> when FSB agents destroyed their convoy; 12 militants were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_basayev_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent_basayev-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_basayev_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_basayev-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s second presidency (2006–2008), terrorist attacks in Russia dwindled, falling from 257 in 2005 to 48 in 2007. Military analyst <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Shlykov" title="Vitaly Shlykov">Vitaly Shlykov</a> praised the effectiveness of Russia's security agencies, saying that the experience learned in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> had been key to the success. In 2008, the American <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Endowment">Carnegie Endowment</a>'s Foreign Policy magazine named Russia as "the worst place to be a terrorist" and highlighted especially Russia's willingness to prioritize national security over civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-rp_biberman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp_biberman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, Russian forces led by the FSB had managed to eliminate the top level leadership of the Chechen insurgency, except for <a href="/wiki/Dokka_Umarov" title="Dokka Umarov">Dokka Umarov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-saradzhyan_eliminating_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saradzhyan_eliminating-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increased_terrorism_and_expansion_of_the_FSB's_powers"><span id="Increased_terrorism_and_expansion_of_the_FSB.27s_powers"></span>Increased terrorism and expansion of the FSB's powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Increased terrorism and expansion of the FSB's powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bortnikov_Medvedev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bortnikov_Medvedev.jpg/220px-Bortnikov_Medvedev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bortnikov_Medvedev.jpg/330px-Bortnikov_Medvedev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bortnikov_Medvedev.jpg/440px-Bortnikov_Medvedev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>President Dmitry Medvedev meeting with FSB Director <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a> in June 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting from 2009, the level of terrorism in Russia increased again, particularly suicide attacks. Between February 2005 and August 2008, no civilians were killed in such attacks. In 2008, at least 17 were killed, and in 2009 the number rose to 45.<sup id="cite_ref-saradzhyan_increase_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saradzhyan_increase-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2010, Islamist militants organised the <a href="/wiki/2010_Moscow_Metro_bombings" title="2010 Moscow Metro bombings">2010 Moscow Metro bombings</a>, which killed 40 people. One of the two blasts took place at Lubyanka station, near the FSB headquarters. Militant leader <a href="/wiki/Dokka_Umarov" title="Dokka Umarov">Doku Umarov</a>—dubbed "Russia's Osama Bin Laden"—took responsibility for the attacks. </p><p>In July 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> expanded the FSB's powers in its fight against terrorism. FSB officers received the power to issue warnings to citizens on actions that could lead to committing crimes and arrest people for 15 days if they fail to comply with legitimate orders given by the officers. The bill was harshly criticized by human rights organizations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Ukraine">Role in Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role in Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2014, the FSB devoted substantial resources to preparing for a Russian takeover of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Times0309Infur_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times0309Infur-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Russia's SVR and <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a> (foreign and military intelligence services) were also involved, FSB had a lead role on "intelligence and influence operations".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_KillList_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_KillList-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FSB's Fifth Service, also referred to as the "Department for Operational Information" and "Operational Information and International Relations Service" is stated by the BBC and Radio Free Europe as counterintelligence in former territories of the Soviet Union, work formerly done by the KGB's Fifth Service. Its Ninth Directorate of the Fifth Service targets Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-RFE0311_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFE0311-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_KillList_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_KillList-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2022_0225RUSI_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_0225RUSI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putin was persuaded to invade Ukraine by a small group of his closest associates, especially <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yury_Kovalchuk" title="Yury Kovalchuk">Yury Kovalchuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trio_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trio-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some experts, Bortnikov played a key role in Putin's decision to invade Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-trio_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trio-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_-_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_(16_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_-_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%2816_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_-_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%2816_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_-_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%2816_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_-_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%2816_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_-_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%2816_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_-_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%2816_%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F_2020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov played a key role in Putin's decision to <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invade Ukraine</a> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-trio_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trio-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a report of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a> citing interviews officers and analysts of <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a>, the FSB Ukraine team greatly expanded July 2021, and by February 2022 it had "around 200 officers" although most teams consist of only 10–20.<sup id="cite_ref-RUSI_SpecialReport_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUSI_SpecialReport-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the 2022 invasion, intelligence agencies in Ukraine, Germany, the UK, and the US reported that the FSB planned to replace elected leaders of Ukraine with Ukrainians now living in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Gdn0213Coup_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gdn0213Coup-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, according to a Russian military analyst, the FSB badly misled Putin with claims that Ukrainians would welcome a Russian invasion of Crimea to free them from "fascists".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2016_FSB2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2016_FSB2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a></i>, in 2022, the FSB again promised easy victory if Russia invaded Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-RFE0311_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFE0311-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-02-21._%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2022-02-21._%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_13.jpg/220px-2022-02-21._%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2022-02-21._%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_13.jpg/330px-2022-02-21._%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2022-02-21._%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_13.jpg/440px-2022-02-21._%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Putin, Bortnikov and members of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Security Council</a> on 21 February 2022. That day, Putin said he would recognise the <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">separatist-held territories</a> in <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> as independent states.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the start of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Ukrainian counterintelligence has repeatedly asserted that the FSB suffered failures of <a href="/wiki/Operations_security" title="Operations security">operations security</a>, including acts of insubordination and possible sabotage. In March 2022, Russia's encrypted communication system in Ukraine became useless after the Russian military destroyed cellphone towers; unencrypted phone calls from the FSB in Ukraine to superiors in Moscow discussing the death of <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Gerasimov" title="Vitaly Gerasimov">Vitaly Gerasimov</a> were tapped and released publicly. Ukrainian intelligence reported that FSB members were leaking intelligence to them, including the location of the Chechen commandos sent to assassinate Zelensky. In late March, Ukrainian intelligence posted online the names, addresses, phone numbers, and more of 620 people they identified as FSB agents. None of these reports have been confirmed by the FSB.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerasimov0307_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerasimov0307-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GerasiPhones0309_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GerasiPhones0309-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-620Names_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-620Names-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TimesBreach329_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesBreach329-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Media outlets of Ukraine, its allies in the West, and Russian dissidents report that Vladimir Putin has blamed setbacks in the military operations on the FSB and the Fifth Service. On 11 March 2022, investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Soldatov" title="Andrei Soldatov">Andrei Soldatov</a> reported that Fifth Service head <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Beseda" title="Sergey Beseda">Sergey Beseda</a> and his deputy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Bolyukh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Bolyukh (page does not exist)">Anatoly Bolyukh</a> were under house arrest due to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a>'s discontent with intelligence failures regarding the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>. A U.S. official interviewed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> described the arrest report as "credible".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj0319_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj0319-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 April 2022, the <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times"><i>Times of London</i></a>, citing unnamed sources who had spoken to <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> executive director <a href="/wiki/Christo_Grozev" title="Christo Grozev">Christo Grozev</a>, reported that Beseda was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Lefortovo_Prison" title="Lefortovo Prison">Lefortovo Prison</a>, the scene of mass executions during Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">purges</a>. The same report claims that up over 100 FSB agents from the Fifth Service had been sacked. The <i>Times of London</i> also reports that "it is thought that" the Fifth Service is now headed by Beseda's former subordinate, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Grishaev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigory Grishaev (page does not exist)">Grigory Grishaev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to an article in the 11 April 2022 issue of <i>The Washington Post</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo0411_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo0411-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Several current and former officials described the Russian security service as rife with corruption, beset by bureaucratic bloat and ultimately out of touch. A Ukrainian intelligence official said the FSB had spent millions recruiting a network of pro-Russian collaborators who ultimately told Putin and his top advisers, among them the current FSB director, what they wanted to hear.</p></blockquote> <p>A series of alleged leaked letters from FSB analysts, made public after the invasion began, report the same kind of problem. For example: "You have to write the analysis in a way that makes Russia the victor ... otherwise you get questioned for not doing good work."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian-American ballet dancer <a href="/wiki/Ksenia_Karelina" title="Ksenia Karelina">Ksenia Karelina</a> was arrested in early 2024 in Yekaterinburg and charged with "treason" for sending $51.80 to <a href="/wiki/Razom" title="Razom">Razom</a>, a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>-based nonprofit organization that sends humanitarian assistance to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FSB accused Karelina of taking part in "public actions to support the Kyiv regime."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She initially faced life in prison, but pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 12 years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2024, a "counter-terrorism" operational regime under the FSB was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryansk_Oblast" title="Bryansk Oblast">Bryansk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod Oblasts</a>. This means in practice that "movement is restricted, vehicles can be seized, phone calls can be monitored, areas are declared no-go zones, checkpoints introduced, and security is beefed up at key infrastructure sites."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Counterintelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DKRO" title="DKRO">DKRO</a></div> <p>In 2011, the FSB said it had exposed 199 foreign spies, including 41 professional spies and 158 agents employed by foreign intelligence services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The number has risen in recent years: in 2006 the FSB reportedly caught about 27 foreign intelligence officers and 89 foreign agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparing the number of exposed spies historically, the then-FSB Director <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kovalyov_(politician)" title="Nikolay Kovalyov (politician)">Nikolay Kovalyov</a> said in 1996: "There has never been such a number of <a href="/wiki/Spy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy">spies</a> arrested by us since the time when German agents were sent in during the years of World War II." The 2011 figure is similar to what was reported in 1995–1996, when around 400 foreign intelligence agents were uncovered during the two-year period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a high-profile case of foreign espionage, the FSB said in February 2012 that an engineer working at the <a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a>, Russia's main space center for military launches, had been sentenced to 13 years in prison on charges of state treason. A court judged that the engineer had sold information about the testing of new Russian strategic missile systems to the American <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A number of scientists have been accused of espionage and illegal technology exports by the FSB since it was established; instances include researcher <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sutyagin" title="Igor Sutyagin">Igor Sutyagin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sytyagin_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sytyagin-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> physicist <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Danilov" title="Valentin Danilov">Valentin Danilov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Danilov_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danilov-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> physical chemist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleg_Korobeinichev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleg Korobeinichev (page does not exist)">Oleg Korobeinichev</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Korob_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korob-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> academician <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kaibyshev" title="Oskar Kaibyshev">Oskar Kaibyshev</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaibyshev_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaibyshev-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and physicist <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Ryzhov_(physicist)" title="Yuri Ryzhov (physicist)">Yury Ryzhov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryzov_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryzov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecologist and journalist <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Nikitin_(environmentalist)" title="Aleksandr Nikitin (environmentalist)">Alexander Nikitin</a>, who worked with the <a href="/wiki/Bellona_Foundation" title="Bellona Foundation">Bellona Foundation</a>, was accused of espionage. He published material exposing hazards posed by the Russian Navy's nuclear fleet. He was acquitted in 1999 after spending several years in prison (his case was sent for re-investigation 13 times while he remained in prison). In August 2021, the FSB arrested <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a>-expert Alexander Kuranov, chief designer of the Hypersonic Systems Research Center (NIPGS in Russian) in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. Kuranov is suspected of <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">passing secret information</a> to a foreigner about hypersonic technology; he oversaw concept design on the <a href="/wiki/Ayaks" title="Ayaks">Ayaks</a>/Ajax <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_flight" title="Hypersonic flight">hypersonic</a> aircraft and has run a Russia-US scientific <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">symposium</a> for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other instances of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Pasko" title="Grigory Pasko">Grigory Pasko</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pasko1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasko1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pasko_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasko-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petrenko" title="Vladimir Petrenko">Vladimir Petrenko</a>, who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Shchur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Shchur (page does not exist)">Nikolay Shchur</a>, chairman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snezhinskiy_Ecological_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund (page does not exist)">Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other arrested people include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Orekhov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Orekhov (page does not exist)">Viktor Orekhov</a>, a former KGB officer who assisted Soviet dissidents, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Kazantsev_(KGB_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Kazantsev (KGB officer) (page does not exist)">Vladimir Kazantsev</a>, who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms, and <a href="/wiki/Vil_Mirzayanov" title="Vil Mirzayanov">Vil Mirzayanov</a>, who had written that Russia was working on a nerve-gas weapon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterterrorism">Counterterrorism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Counterterrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_846846_Dozens_killed_in_Domodedovo_airport_blast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/RIAN_archive_846846_Dozens_killed_in_Domodedovo_airport_blast.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_846846_Dozens_killed_in_Domodedovo_airport_blast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/RIAN_archive_846846_Dozens_killed_in_Domodedovo_airport_blast.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_846846_Dozens_killed_in_Domodedovo_airport_blast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/RIAN_archive_846846_Dozens_killed_in_Domodedovo_airport_blast.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_846846_Dozens_killed_in_Domodedovo_airport_blast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>FSB officers on the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport_bombing" title="Domodedovo International Airport bombing">Domodedovo International Airport bombing</a> in 2011. Combating terrorism is one of the main tasks of the agency.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2011, the FSB prevented 94 "crimes of a terrorist nature", including eight terrorist attacks. In particular, the agency foiled a planned suicide bombing in Moscow on New Year's Eve. The agency failed to prevent terrorists perpetrating the <a href="/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport_bombing" title="Domodedovo International Airport bombing">Domodedovo International Airport bombing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Over the years, FSB and affiliated state security organizations have killed all presidents of the separatist <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> including <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudaev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhokhar Dudaev">Dzhokhar Dudaev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zelimkhan_Yandarbiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelimkhan Yandarbiev">Zelimkhan Yandarbiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Khalim_Saidullaev" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev">Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_hostage_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Beslan school hostage crisis">Beslan school hostage crisis</a>, all hostage-takers were killed on the spot by FSB spetsnaz forces. Only one of the suspects, <a href="/wiki/Nur-Pashi_Kulayev" title="Nur-Pashi Kulayev">Nur-Pashi Kulayev</a>, survived and was convicted later by the court. It is reported that more than 100 leaders of terrorist groups have been killed during 119 operations on North Caucasus during 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 July 2006, the FSB presented a list of 17 terrorist organizations recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of the Russian Federation">Supreme Court of the Russian Federation</a>, to <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a></i></span> newspaper, which published the list that day. The list had been available previously, but only through individual request.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commenting on the list, Yuri Sapunov, head of counterterrorism at the FSB, named three main criteria necessary for organizations to be listed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_intelligence">Foreign intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some unofficial sources,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since 1999, the FSB has also been tasked with the intelligence-gathering on the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries, wherein the SVR is legally forbidden from conducting espionage under the inter-government agreements. Such activity is in line with Article 8 of the Federal Law on the FSB.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>, FSB's Department for Operational Information "is responsible for compiling data on Russia's 'near abroad<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", having taken over the work of KGB's Fifth Service, which ran counterintelligence inside territories of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-2022_0225RUSI_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_0225RUSI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeted_killing">Targeted killing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Targeted killing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the summer of 2006, the FSB was given the legal power to engage in <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">targeted killing</a> of terrorism suspects overseas if ordered by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-Finn2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finn2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_protection">Border protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Border protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_942200_Border_guards_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_pursuing_trespassers_of_the_maritime_boundary_during_exercises_in_Kaliningrad_region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/RIAN_archive_942200_Border_guards_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_pursuing_trespassers_of_the_maritime_boundary_during_exercises_in_Kaliningrad_region.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_942200_Border_guards_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_pursuing_trespassers_of_the_maritime_boundary_during_exercises_in_Kaliningrad_region.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/RIAN_archive_942200_Border_guards_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_pursuing_trespassers_of_the_maritime_boundary_during_exercises_in_Kaliningrad_region.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_942200_Border_guards_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_pursuing_trespassers_of_the_maritime_boundary_during_exercises_in_Kaliningrad_region.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/RIAN_archive_942200_Border_guards_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_pursuing_trespassers_of_the_maritime_boundary_during_exercises_in_Kaliningrad_region.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_942200_Border_guards_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_pursuing_trespassers_of_the_maritime_boundary_during_exercises_in_Kaliningrad_region.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Border guards of the Federal Security Service pursuing trespassers of the maritime boundary during exercises in <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guard Service of Russia">Federal Border Guard Service</a> (FPS) has been part of the FSB since 2003. Russia has 61,000 kilometers (38,000 mi) of sea and land borders, 7,500 kilometers (4,700 mi) of which is with Kazakhstan, and 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi) with China. One kilometer (.62 miles) of border protection costs around 1 million rubles per year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Export_control">Export control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Export control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FSB is engaged in the development of Russia's export control strategy and examines drafts of international agreements related to the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Dual-use" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-use">dual-use</a> and military commodities and technologies. Its primary role in the <a href="/wiki/Nonproliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonproliferation">nonproliferation</a> sphere is to collect information to prevent the illegal export of controlled nuclear technology and materials.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance">Surveillance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Surveillance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2017, <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> released "Spy Files Russia", revealing how a company called <a href="/wiki/Peter-Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter-Service">Peter-Service</a> helped state entities gather data on Russian mobile phone users as part of an <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">online surveillance</a> system called the System for Operative Investigative Activities (<a href="/wiki/SORM" title="SORM">SORM</a>) with close collaboration with the FSB.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SORM-1 is for wiretapping phones. SORM-2 intercepts electronic correspondence and Internet traffic. Beginning in the summer of 2014, SORM-3 has been "on guard" and integrates all telecommunication services in real time.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyber_Units">Cyber Units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cyber Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, the FSB has expanded its mission to include foreign intelligence collection and offensive cyber operations. Cyber analysts have referred to FSB hackers as <a href="/wiki/Berserk_Bear" title="Berserk Bear">Berserk Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energetic_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Energetic Bear">Energetic Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamaredon" title="Gamaredon">Gamaredon</a>, TeamSpy, Dragonfly, <a href="/wiki/Havex" title="Havex">Havex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crouching_Yeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Crouching Yeti">Crouching Yeti</a>, and Koala. </p><p>The FSB reportedly has two primary centers overseeing its information security and cyber operations. The first is the 16th Center, which houses most of the FSB's signals intelligence capabilities. The FSB also includes the 18th Center for Information Security, which oversees domestic operations and security but conducts foreign operations as well. The U.S. government indicted 18th Center FSB officers in 2017 for breaching <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_data_breaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! data breaches">Yahoo</a> and millions of email accounts. In 2021, Ukrainian intelligence released information and recordings of 18th Center FSB officers based in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> as part of the "Gamaredon" hacking group. </p><p>Media reporting indicates FSB units are capable of manufacturing their own advanced malware tools and have been documented manipulating exposed malware to mimic other hacking teams and conceal their activities. Reporting indicates the FSB oversees training and research institutes, which directly support the FSB's cyber mission. </p><p>One FSB team reportedly focuses on penetrating infrastructure and energy sector targets. Most operations linked to this team appear to be reconnaissance or clandestine surveillance. The targeting of the energy sector has raised concern within the U.S. government. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> have documented the unit's reconnaissance and noted the possibility of inserting malware to cause future damage in an attack. The U.S. government also has linked the unit to attempts to penetrate state and local government networks in 2020. </p><p>Media reporting has documented close connections between the FSB and criminal and civilian hackers, which the FSB reportedly uses to augment and staff its cyber units. DOJ has indicted multiple Russian hackers for a variety of criminal and state-sponsored cyber activities. Many of these indictments describe the close relationship between criminal hackers and the FSB.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow,_Bolshaya_Lubyanka_2_Jan_2010_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Moscow%2C_Bolshaya_Lubyanka_2_Jan_2010_02.jpg/260px-Moscow%2C_Bolshaya_Lubyanka_2_Jan_2010_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Moscow%2C_Bolshaya_Lubyanka_2_Jan_2010_02.jpg/390px-Moscow%2C_Bolshaya_Lubyanka_2_Jan_2010_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Moscow%2C_Bolshaya_Lubyanka_2_Jan_2010_02.jpg/520px-Moscow%2C_Bolshaya_Lubyanka_2_Jan_2010_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>The FSB headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Square" title="Lubyanka Square">Lubyanka Square</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_98400_The_reception_room_in_the_building_of_the_Federal_Security_Service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/RIAN_archive_98400_The_reception_room_in_the_building_of_the_Federal_Security_Service.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_98400_The_reception_room_in_the_building_of_the_Federal_Security_Service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/RIAN_archive_98400_The_reception_room_in_the_building_of_the_Federal_Security_Service.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_98400_The_reception_room_in_the_building_of_the_Federal_Security_Service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/RIAN_archive_98400_The_reception_room_in_the_building_of_the_Federal_Security_Service.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_98400_The_reception_room_in_the_building_of_the_Federal_Security_Service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>The reception room of the Federal Security Service building located on Kuznetsky Most in Moscow</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Director">Director</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Director"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2008, the director of the FSB has been General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesWhistle0307_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesWhistle0307-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Deputy_Director">First Deputy Director</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: First Deputy Director"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current First Deputy Director of the FSB is <a href="/wiki/Sergei_B._Korolev" title="Sergei B. Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a>. He was appointed by Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> on 24 February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_scientific_and_technical_service">Head of scientific and technical service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Head of scientific and technical service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2022 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Chernovoltsev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Chernovoltsev (page does not exist)">Eduard Chernovoltsev</a> was listed the Head of scientific and technical service of the FSB.<sup id="cite_ref-tad_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tad-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_structure">Regional structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Regional structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubyanka_Square_KGB_Computing_Centre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lubyanka_Square_KGB_Computing_Centre.JPG/220px-Lubyanka_Square_KGB_Computing_Centre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lubyanka_Square_KGB_Computing_Centre.JPG/330px-Lubyanka_Square_KGB_Computing_Centre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lubyanka_Square_KGB_Computing_Centre.JPG/440px-Lubyanka_Square_KGB_Computing_Centre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>Center of Information Security of the FSB RF, <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Square" title="Lubyanka Square">Lubyanka Square</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_FSB_building,_Kazan_(2007-07-20)_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Construction_FSB_building%2C_Kazan_%282007-07-20%29_04.jpg/220px-Construction_FSB_building%2C_Kazan_%282007-07-20%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Construction_FSB_building%2C_Kazan_%282007-07-20%29_04.jpg/330px-Construction_FSB_building%2C_Kazan_%282007-07-20%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Construction_FSB_building%2C_Kazan_%282007-07-20%29_04.jpg/440px-Construction_FSB_building%2C_Kazan_%282007-07-20%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>FSB event in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Below the nationwide level, the FSB has regional offices in all the <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects of Russia</a>. It also has administrations in the armed forces and other military institutions. Sub-departments exist for areas such as aviation, special training centers, forensic expertise, military medicine, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structure of the Federal Office (incomplete): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DKRO" title="DKRO">Counterintelligence Service</a> (Department) – chiefs: <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Syromolotov" title="Oleg Syromolotov">Oleg Syromolotov</a> (since Aug 2000), Valery Pechyonkin (September 1997 – August 2000) <ul><li>Directorate for the Counterintelligence Support of Strategic Facilities</li> <li>Military Counterintelligence Directorate – chiefs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bezverkhny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Bezverkhny (page does not exist)">Alexander Bezverkhny</a> (at least since 2002), Vladimir Petrishchev (since January 1996)</li></ul></li> <li>Service (Department) for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism – chiefs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Sedov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexey Sedov (page does not exist)">Alexey Sedov</a> (since March 2006), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bragin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Bragin (page does not exist)">Alexander Bragin</a> (2004 – March 2006), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Zhdankov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Zhdankov (page does not exist)">Alexander Zhdankov</a> (2001–2004), <a href="/wiki/German_Ugryumov" title="German Ugryumov">German Ugryumov</a> (2000–2001) <ul><li>Directorate for Terrorism and Political Extremism Control – chiefs: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Belousov" title="Mikhail Belousov">Mikhail Belousov</a>, before him Grafov, before the latter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Mylnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Mylnikov (page does not exist)">Boris Mylnikov</a> (since 2000)</li></ul></li> <li>Economic Security Service (Department) – chiefs: <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Alpatov" title="Sergei Alpatov">Sergei Alpatov</a> (acting since 4 March 2021), <a href="/wiki/Sergei_B._Korolev" title="Sergei B. Korolev">Sergei Korolev</a> (June 2016 to 24 February 2021), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_V._Yakovlev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri V. Yakovlev (page does not exist)">Yuri V. Yakovlev</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Яковлев, Юрий Владимирович">ru</a>]</span> (2008 to June 2016), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a> (2 March 2004 to 2008), <a href="/wiki/Yury_Zaostrovtsev" title="Yury Zaostrovtsev">Yury Zaostrovtsev</a> (January 2000 – March 2004), <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ivanov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Ivanov (politician)">Viktor Ivanov</a> (April 1999 – January 2000), <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Patrushev" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Patrushev">Nikolay Patrushev</a> (1998 – April 1999), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grigoryev" title="Alexander Grigoryev">Alexander Grigoryev</a> (28 August – 1 October 1998).</li> <li>Operational Information and International Relations Service (Analysis, Forecasting, and Strategic Planning Department) – chiefs: <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Beseda" title="Sergey Beseda">Sergey Beseda</a> (since 2009), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Komogorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Komogorov (page does not exist)">Viktor Komogorov</a> (1999–2009), <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a> (1998–1999); The successor of the KGB's Fifth Service, this department is in charge of counterintelligence operations against territories of the former Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-2022_0225RUSI_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_0225RUSI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Organizational and Personnel Service (Department) – chiefs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yevgeny_Lovyrev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yevgeny Lovyrev (page does not exist)">Yevgeny Lovyrev</a> (since 2001), Yevgeny Solovyov (before Lovyrev)</li> <li>Department for Activity Provision – chiefs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Shekin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Shekin (page does not exist)">Mikhail Shekin</a> (since September 2006), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Shishin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Shishin (page does not exist)">Sergey Shishin</a> (before Shekin), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Pereverzev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Pereverzev (page does not exist)">Pyotr Pereverzev</a> (as of 2004), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Strelkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Strelkov (page does not exist)">Alexander Strelkov</a> (before Pereverzev)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guard Service of Russia">Border Guard Service</a> – chiefs: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pronichev" title="Vladimir Pronichev">Vladimir Pronichev</a> (since 2003)</li> <li>Control Service – chiefs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Zhdankov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Zhdankov (page does not exist)">Alexander Zhdankov</a> (since 2004)<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpeg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpeg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpeg/440px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Nurgaliyev" title="Rashid Nurgaliyev">Rashid Nurgaliyev</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a> in April 2010</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Inspection Directorate – chiefs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Anisimov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Anisimov (page does not exist)">Vladimir Anisimov</a> (2004 – May 2005), <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Nurgaliyev" title="Rashid Nurgaliyev">Rashid Nurgaliyev</a> (12 July 2000 – 2002),</li> <li>Internal Security Directorate – chiefs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kupryazhkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Kupryazhkin (page does not exist)">Alexander Kupryazhkin</a> (until September 2006), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Shishin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Shishin (page does not exist)">Sergei Shishin</a> (before Kupryazhkin since December 2002), <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Mikhailovich_Smirnov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Mikhailovich Smirnov">Sergei Smirnov</a> (April 1999 – December 2002), <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ivanov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Ivanov (politician)">Viktor Ivanov</a> (1998 – April 1999), <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Patrushev" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Patrushev">Nikolay Patrushev</a> (1994–1998)</li></ul></li> <li>Science and Engineering Service (Department) – chiefs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Klimashin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Klimashin (page does not exist)">Nikolai Klimashin</a></li> <li>Center of Information Security</li> <li>Investigation Directorate – chiefs: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Oleshko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Oleshko (page does not exist)">Nikolay Oleshko</a> (since December 2004), <a href="/wiki/Yury_Anisimov" title="Yury Anisimov">Yury Anisimov</a> (as of 2004), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Milchenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Milchenko (page does not exist)">Viktor Milchenko</a> (since 2002), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Balashov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Balashov (page does not exist)">Sergey Balashov</a> (until 2002 since at least 2001), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Galkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Galkin (page does not exist)">Vladimir Galkin</a> (as of 1997 and 1998)</li></ul> <p>Besides the services (departments) and directorates of the federal office, the territorial directorates of FSB in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a> are also subordinate to it. Of these, St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate of FSB and its predecessors (historically covering both Leningrad/<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a>) have played especially important roles in the history of this organization, as many of the officers of the Directorate, including <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Patrushev" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Patrushev">Nikolay Patrushev</a>, later assumed important positions within the federal FSB office or other government bodies. After the last Chief of the Soviet time, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Kurkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Kurkov (page does not exist)">Anatoly Kurkov</a>, the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate were led by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Stepashin" title="Sergei Stepashin">Sergei Stepashin</a> (29 November 1991 – 1992), <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Cherkesov" title="Viktor Cherkesov">Viktor Cherkesov</a> (1992 –1998), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grigoryev" title="Alexander Grigoryev">Alexander Grigoryev</a> (1 October 1998 – 5 January 2001), Sergei Smirnov (5 January 2001 – June 2003), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a> (June 2003 – March 2004) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yury_Ignashchenkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yury Ignashchenkov (page does not exist)">Yury Ignashchenkov</a> (since March 2004). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directors_of_the_FSB">Directors of the FSB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Directors of the FSB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 June 1996, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> fired <a href="/wiki/Director_of_FSB" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of FSB">Director of FSB</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Barsukov" title="Mikhail Barsukov">Mikhail Barsukov</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kovalyov_(politician)" title="Nikolay Kovalyov (politician)">Nikolay Kovalyov</a> as acting Director and later Director of the FSB. Aleksander Bortnikov took over on 12 May 2008. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Golushko" title="Nikolai Golushko">Nikolai Golushko</a>, December 1993 – February 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Stepashin" title="Sergei Stepashin">Sergei Stepashin</a>, February 1994 – June 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Barsukov" title="Mikhail Barsukov">Mikhail Barsukov</a>, July 1995 – June 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kovalyov_(politician)" title="Nikolay Kovalyov (politician)">Nikolai Kovalyov</a>, July 1996 – July 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, July 1998 – August 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patrushev" title="Nikolai Patrushev">Nikolai Patrushev</a>, August 1999 – 12 May 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a>, 12 May 2008 – present</li></ul> </div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Criticism_of_FSB_political_role_in_Russia_and_Possible_Human_Rights_Violations"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volgodonsk_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Volgodonsk_1999.jpg/200px-Volgodonsk_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Volgodonsk_1999.jpg/300px-Volgodonsk_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Volgodonsk_1999.jpg/400px-Volgodonsk_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1493" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1999_Russian_apartment_bombings" title="1999 Russian apartment bombings">1999 Russian apartment bombings</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The FSB has been criticised for <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> activities. Some Kremlin critics such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Litvinenko" title="Alexander Litvinenko">Alexander Litvinenko</a> have claimed that the FSB is engaged in suppression of internal dissent; Litvinenko died in 2006 as a result of <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Litvinenko, along with a series of other authors such as <a href="/wiki/Yury_Felshtinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Yury Felshtinsky">Yury Felshtinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Satter" title="David Satter">David Satter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kagarlitsky" title="Boris Kagarlitsky">Boris Kagarlitsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pribylovsky" title="Vladimir Pribylovsky">Vladimir Pribylovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Trepashkin" title="Mikhail Trepashkin">Mikhail Trepashkin</a>, have claimed that the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">apartment bombings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and other Russian cities were a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">war in Chechnya</a> and boost former FSB director and then prime minister <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s popularity in the lead-up to <a href="/wiki/1999_Russian_legislative_election" title="1999 Russian legislative election">parliamentary elections</a> and presidential transfer of power.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kagarlitsky_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kagarlitsky-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidSatter_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidSatter-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Videoat_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Videoat-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RussianFederation_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussianFederation-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BombBlamed_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BombBlamed-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atleast_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atleast-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DidPutin_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DidPutin-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theconsolidation_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theconsolidation-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FSB has been further criticized by some for failure to bring Islamist terrorism in Russia under control.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-2000s, the pro-Kremlin Russian sociologist <a href="/wiki/Olga_Kryshtanovskaya" title="Olga Kryshtanovskaya">Olga Kryshtanovskaya</a> claimed that the FSB played a dominant role in the country's political, economic and even cultural life.<sup id="cite_ref-Finn_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finn-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the annexation of Crimea, the FSB may also have been responsible for the forced disappearances and torture of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatar</a> activists and public figures. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, in occupied Crimea, the FSB used torture with elements of sexual violence against pro-Ukrainian activists, forcing them to confess to crimes related to terrorism. The detainees were, allegedly, beaten, tortured with electric shocks in the genitals and threatened with rape.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNHCR_2017_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCR_2017-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as Oleh Sentsov, have been detained and accused in politically motivated <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FSB spied on and filmed a gathering of members of the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> while they were about to undergo baptism rites, with the videos used as evidence in a trial against the defendants in 2021; Jehovah's Witnesses have been banned as a group in Russia since 2017 for "extremism".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of various anti-corruption actions of the Russian government, FSB operatives and officials are routinely found in the center of various fraud, <a href="/wiki/Racket_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racket (crime)">racket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FSB officers have been frequently accused of torture,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlCrimea:_Persecution_of_Crimean_Tatars_Intensifies_|_Human_Rights_Watch_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlCrimea:_Persecution_of_Crimean_Tatars_Intensifies_|_Human_Rights_Watch-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlRussian_Terrorism_Suspects_Allege_Torture_at_Secret_FSB_Site_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlRussian_Terrorism_Suspects_Allege_Torture_at_Secret_FSB_Site-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-url“You_should_understand:_FSB_officers_always_get_their_way!”:_Anti-fascist_Viktor_Filinkov_reveals_how_he_was_tortured_by_Russian_security_services_|_openDemocracy_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url“You_should_understand:_FSB_officers_always_get_their_way!”:_Anti-fascist_Viktor_Filinkov_reveals_how_he_was_tortured_by_Russian_security_services_|_openDemocracy-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlCrimean_Tatar_Close_To_Dzhemilev_Says_He_Was_Tortured_By_Russian_FSB_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlCrimean_Tatar_Close_To_Dzhemilev_Says_He_Was_Tortured_By_Russian_FSB-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extortion, bribery and illegal takeovers of private companies, often working together with tax inspection officers. Active and former FSB officers are also present as "<a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curators</a>" in "almost every single large enterprise", both in public and private sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several unnamed current and former officials described the FSB as less effective than the KGB, describing it as "rife with corruption, beset by bureaucratic bloat and ultimately out of touch", in a report by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo0411_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo0411-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i></i> </p><p>On 29 December 2016, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> accused and sanctioned the FSB and several other Russian companies for what the US intelligence agencies said was their role in helping the Russian military intelligence service, the <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">Main Intelligence Directorate</a> (GRU) disrupt and spread disinformation during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 US presidential election</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> also declared 35 Russian diplomats and officials <a href="/wiki/Persona_non-grata" class="mw-redirect" title="Persona non-grata">persona non-grata</a> and denied Russian government officials access to two Russian-owned installations in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An investigation by <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Insider_(website)" title="The Insider (website)">The Insider</a></i> implicated FSB agents in the <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexei_Navalny" title="Poisoning of Alexei Navalny">poisoning</a> of opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a> in August 2020, where he became ill during a flight.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was reported that during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, FSB officers carried out filtration activities in <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, which were accompanied by searches, interrogations, forced deportations to Russia, beatings and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an investigative report by <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i></span>, some of the <a href="/wiki/Suspicious_deaths_of_Russian_businesspeople_(2022%E2%80%932024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople (2022–2024)">suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople</a> in 2022–2023 may possibly be connected to large scale <a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">accounting fraud</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> executives, who may have funneled money to a network of businesses owned by friends and family members with ties to the FSB and Russian military.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_Russian_doping_scandal">Role in the Russian doping scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Role in the Russian doping scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Report" title="McLaren Report">McLaren Report</a></div><p> Following the broadcast of a documentary film alleging systematic doping in Russia, <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> (WADA) president <a href="/wiki/Craig_Reedie" title="Craig Reedie">Craig Reedie</a> authorized an Independent Commission (IC) to investigate the issues brought up by the documentary in 2015. The IC authorized a review of practices on whether there were any breaches by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="Russian Anti-Doping Agency">Russian Anti-Doping Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report found direct interference into the laboratory's operations by the Russian State undermined the laboratory's independence and that tests conducted by the laboratory were highly suspect. The report elaborates on the role of the FSB:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[A] laboratory staff member reported that an FSB agent regularly visits the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Anti-Doping_Laboratory" title="Moscow Anti-Doping Laboratory">Moscow laboratory</a>. The IC sources within the laboratory identified the FSB agent as Evgeniy Blotkin/Blokhin. Sources reported that Moscow laboratory <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Rodchenkov" title="Grigory Rodchenkov">Director Rodchenkov</a> was required to meet with Evgeniy Blotkin weekly to update him on the "mood of WADA". One laboratory staff member provided information to IC investigators about the suspected bugging or wiretapping of telephones, while another staff member reported that office spaces within the Moscow laboratory were monitored (bugged) by the FSB in order to be informed of the laboratory's activities. This could not be independently verified by the IC, but the reported statements demonstrate the perceptions of laboratory officials, who believe they are under constant state surveillance. This perception is also fuelled by the FSB's regular visits to the laboratory and the questioning of its staff members. For example, the IC learned that staff members were routinely questioned by FSB upon their return from global laboratory and WADA seminars. Following the airing of the ARD documentary, select laboratory staff members were directed by the FSB not to cooperate with the WADA investigation. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>World Anti-Doping Agency, The Independent Commission Report #1, 13.4 FSB Influence</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In January 2016, the head of Russia's anti-doping laboratory <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Rodchenkov" title="Grigory Rodchenkov">Grigory Rodchenkov</a> fled Russia and exposed the doping program, which included members of the FSB replacing tainted urine samples with older, clean ones.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the scandals the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Athletics Federations">International Association of Athletics Federations</a> suspended Russia from all international athletic competitions including the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In July 2016, the first <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Report" title="McLaren Report">McLaren Report</a> found that "beyond a reasonable doubt" the Russian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sport_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Sport (Russia)">Ministry of Sport</a>, the Centre of Sports Preparation of the National Teams of Russia, the FSB, and the WADA-accredited laboratory in Moscow "operated for the protection of doped Russian athletes" within a "state-directed failsafe system" using "the disappearing positive [test] methodology".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT160718_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT160718-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a second McLaren Report released December 2016, it was found that </p><blockquote><p>In the period before the Sochi Games, a "clean urine bank" was established at the FSB Command Centre, which was situated immediately adjacent to the Sochi Laboratory. Inside that building a dedicated room containing several large freezers was set up for the purpose of storing the clean urine samples.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crocus_City_Hall_attack">Crocus City Hall attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Crocus City Hall attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Involvement_in_the_Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine § Involvement in the Crocus City Hall attack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrorist_attack_at_the_Crocus_City_Hall_in_Moscow_aftermath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Terrorist_attack_at_the_Crocus_City_Hall_in_Moscow_aftermath.jpg/220px-Terrorist_attack_at_the_Crocus_City_Hall_in_Moscow_aftermath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Terrorist_attack_at_the_Crocus_City_Hall_in_Moscow_aftermath.jpg/330px-Terrorist_attack_at_the_Crocus_City_Hall_in_Moscow_aftermath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Terrorist_attack_at_the_Crocus_City_Hall_in_Moscow_aftermath.jpg/440px-Terrorist_attack_at_the_Crocus_City_Hall_in_Moscow_aftermath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Emergency services responding to the <a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 March the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">United States Embassy in Moscow</a> warned that "extremists have imminent plans to target large gatherings in Moscow, to include concerts"<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That day, the US also privately warned Russian officials of the danger of an impending attack from IS–KP from intelligence gathered earlier in March, under the US intelligence community's "<a href="/wiki/Duty_to_warn" title="Duty to warn">duty to warn</a>" requirement,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically mentioning the Crocus City Hall venue.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten days after the attack it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> had also warned Russia that a major "terrorist operation" was being planned, based on information gathered from IS militants arrested after the <a href="/wiki/2024_Kerman_bombings" title="2024 Kerman bombings">2024 Kerman bombings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three days before the Crocus City Hall attack, President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> told the board of the FSB that Western warnings of a potential attack inside Russia were "provocative" and "resemble outright blackmail and the intention to intimidate and destabilise our society".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 March 2024, four Tajik <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">ISIS–K</a> gunmen launched an <a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">attack on a concert hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a>, Russia, with rifles and incendiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack, claimed by ISIS–K, killed 144 and injured 551 and marked the deadliest attack on Russian soil since the <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">Beslan school siege</a> in 2004. Putin and the FSB suggested that <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> was involved in the attack, without offering evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bortnikov" title="Alexander Bortnikov">Alexander Bortnikov</a>, the head of the FSB, said that "radical Islamists" prepared the attack with help from Ukrainian and Western "special services".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bortnikov claimed that the US warning was "of a general nature".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IS-affiliated Amaq News Agency published a video filmed by one of the attackers.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukraine denied any involvement in the attack, and described the FSB's claims that the perpetrators of the Crocus City Hall attack tried to escape to Ukraine as "very doubtful and primitive" <a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">disinformation</a>, recalling that the border is heavily guarded by soldiers and drones, mined in many areas, and constantly shelled from both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short video on Telegram allegedly showed one of the suspects being tortured by FSB agents, who cut off his ear and forced him to eat it.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Navalny associate <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Zhdanov" title="Ivan Zhdanov">Ivan Zhdanov</a> criticized Russian security services for their "catastrophic incompetence" and the FSB for being "busy with everything except its direct responsibilities – killing their political opponents, spying on citizens and <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">prosecuting people who are against the war</a>." Another associate, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Volkov_(politician)" title="Leonid Volkov (politician)">Leonid Volkov</a>, said that the FSB "can't do the only job it really should be doing: preventing a real, nightmarish terrorist attack."<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Novaya Gazeta Europe">Novaya Gazeta Europe</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s chief editor, <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Martynov" title="Kirill Martynov">Kirill Martynov</a>, criticized Putin for dismissing Western intelligence warnings and focusing resources on "<a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">LGBT extremists</a>" and the war with Ukraine instead of guarding against "real threats".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_invasion_of_the_Kursk_Oblast">Ukrainian invasion of the Kursk Oblast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ukrainian invasion of the Kursk Oblast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/August_2024_Kursk_Oblast_incursion" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2024 Kursk Oblast incursion">August 2024 Kursk Oblast incursion</a></div> <p>In August 2024, Ukrainian forces <a href="/wiki/August_2024_Kursk_Oblast_incursion" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2024 Kursk Oblast incursion">crossed the border</a> into <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk Oblast</a> during the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine resulting in part of the oblast becoming under <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_occupation_of_Kursk_oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian occupation of Kursk oblast">Ukrainian occupation</a>. All legal national borders of Russia are controlled by the <a href="/wiki/FSB_Border_Service_of_Russia" title="FSB Border Service of Russia">FSB Border Guard</a> under the command of FSB director Alexander Bortnikov.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most of the best Russian troops were deployed in Ukraine, most of the men guarding the border in the Kursk Oblast were young, inexperienced <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">conscripts</a> from the FSB Border Service and lightly equipped army infantry units (all male citizens of Russia aged 18–30 are subject to conscription for 1 year of active duty military service),<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who suffered heavy losses in combat with experienced Ukrainian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-thebarentsobserver_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thebarentsobserver-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the conscripts stationed on the border with Ukraine were even purportedly unarmed.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Federal'naya sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈsluʐbə<span class="wrap"> </span>bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>rɐˈsʲijskəj<span class="wrap"> </span>fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨɪ]</a></span> [ФСБ, ФСБ России], <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Federal Service [of] Safety</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Awards of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation">Awards of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Federal Protective Service</a>, government protection agency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SORM" title="SORM">SORM</a>, law that allows the FSB to monitor communications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery" title="Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery">Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulkan_files_leak" title="Vulkan files leak">Vulkan files leak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Security_Service&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsb.ru/">"Информация ФСБ России :: Федеральная Служба Безопасности"</a>. <i>fsb.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fsb.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%91+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%3A%3A+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsb.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_6300/401d7ae25353d2cc1d9b95c5113cc28a77209e69/">"Статья 1. Федеральная служба безопасности и ее назначение"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816230624/https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_6300/401d7ae25353d2cc1d9b95c5113cc28a77209e69/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F+1.+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fdocument%2Fcons_doc_LAW_6300%2F401d7ae25353d2cc1d9b95c5113cc28a77209e69%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernysh2024" class="citation journal cs1">Chernysh, Vadym (5 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol17/iss1/3">"The Ability of Russia's Federal Security Service to Influence the Executive Through its Apparatus of Seconded Employees"</a>. <i>Journal of Strategic Security</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 31–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1944-0472.17.1.2164">10.5038/1944-0472.17.1.2164</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-0464">1944-0464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Security&rft.atitle=The+Ability+of+Russia%27s+Federal+Security+Service+to+Influence+the+Executive+Through+its+Apparatus+of+Seconded+Employees&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-41&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1944-0472.17.1.2164&rft.issn=1944-0464&rft.aulast=Chernysh&rft.aufirst=Vadym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.usf.edu%2Fjss%2Fvol17%2Fiss1%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndu.edu/inss/mcnair/mcnair34/34tar.html">THE MILITARY AND THE AUGUST 1991 COUP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110054125/https://www.ndu.edu/inss/McNair/mcnair34/34tar.html">Archived</a> 10 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> McNair Paper 34, The Russian Military's Role in Politics, January 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGevorkian1993" class="citation book cs1">Gevorkian, Natalia (January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQsAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>The KGB: "They still need us"</i></a>. pp. 36–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018192236/https://books.google.com/books?id=aQsAAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+KGB%3A+%22They+still+need+us%22&rft.pages=36-39&rft.date=1993-01&rft.aulast=Gevorkian&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQsAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schneider-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Eberhard. "The Russian Federal Security Service under President Putin". In Stephen White (ed.). <i>Politics and the Ruling Group in Putin's Russia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Federal+Security+Service+under+President+Putin&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Ruling+Group+in+Putin%27s+Russia&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sakwa_p98-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sakwa_p98_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sakwa_p98_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakwa" class="citation book cs1">Sakwa, Richard. <i>Russian Politics and Society</i> (4th ed.). p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Politics+and+Society&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=4th&rft.aulast=Sakwa&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/19652/page/1">"Федеральный закон от 30.06.2003 г. № 86-ФЗ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023249/https://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/19652/page/1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%82+30.06.2003+%D0%B3.+%E2%84%96+86-%D0%A4%D0%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kremlin.ru%2Facts%2Fbank%2F19652%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fedlaw95-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fedlaw95_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_6300/">ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН О ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЙ СЛУЖБЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194755/https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_6300/">Archived</a> 16 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Russian Federation Federal Law No. 40-FZ. Adopted by the State Duma 22 February 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.cntd.ru/document/9011123">"ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН О федеральной службе безопасности"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816230753/https://docs.cntd.ru/document/9011123">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%95%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D+%D0%9E+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F9011123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Tran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/yeltsin/Story/0,,205434,00.html">Who is Vladimir Putin?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303130030/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/aug/09/russia.marktran1">Archived</a> 3 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Profile: Russia's new prime minister. Guardian Unlimited 9 August 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baev-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baev_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaev2005" class="citation book cs1">Baev, Pavel (2005). "Chechnya and the Russian Military". In Richard Sakwa (ed.). <i>Chechnya: From Past to Future</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D1%81%D0%B1+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2005.novayagazeta.ru%2Fnomer%2F2005%2F46n%2Fn46n-s00.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512001828/https://www.kommersant.com/p704751/r_1/Mass_Dismissals_at_the_FSB/">"Mass Dismissals at the FSB – Kommersant Moscow"</a>. Kommersant.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.com/p704751/r_1/Mass_Dismissals_at_the_FSB/">the original</a> on 12 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+Dismissals+at+the+FSB+%E2%80%93+Kommersant+Moscow&rft.pub=Kommersant.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.com%2Fp704751%2Fr_1%2FMass_Dismissals_at_the_FSB%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЕлена_Ъ-КиселеваНиколай_Ъ-СергеевМихаил_Ъ-Фишман2006" class="citation journal cs1">Елена Ъ-Киселева; Николай Ъ-Сергеев; Михаил Ъ-Фишман (14 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc.html?docId=704751">"Ъ – Кит и меч"</a>. <i>Коммерсантъ</i>. Kommersant.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314094158/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc.html?docId=704751">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&rft.atitle=%D0%AA+%E2%80%93+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft.au=%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%AA-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.au=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%AA-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%AA-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc.html%3FdocId%3D704751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent_basayev-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent_basayev_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809094919/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russians-claim-killing-of-rebel-basayev-the-beslan-butcher-407462.html">"Russians claim killing of rebel Basayev, the Beslan butcher"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 11 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russians-claim-killing-of-rebel-basayev-the-beslan-butcher-407462.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Russians+claim+killing+of+rebel+Basayev%2C+the+Beslan+butcher&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussians-claim-killing-of-rebel-basayev-the-beslan-butcher-407462.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_basayev-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_basayev_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5165456.stm">"Chechen rebel chief Basayev dies"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110121193334/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5165456.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chechen+rebel+chief+Basayev+dies&rft.date=2006-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F5165456.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rp_biberman-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rp_biberman_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiberman2008" class="citation web cs1">Biberman, Yelena (6 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085439/https://russiaprofile.org/politics/a1213293768.html">"No Place to Be a Terrorist"</a>. Russia Profile. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russiaprofile.org/politics/a1213293768.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Place+to+Be+a+Terrorist&rft.pub=Russia+Profile&rft.date=2008-12-06&rft.aulast=Biberman&rft.aufirst=Yelena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussiaprofile.org%2Fpolitics%2Fa1213293768.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saradzhyan_eliminating-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saradzhyan_eliminating_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaradzhyan2010" class="citation web cs1">Saradzhyan, Simon (31 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=114375">"Eliminating Terrorists, Not Terror"</a>. International Relations and Security Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174118/https://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=114375">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eliminating+Terrorists%2C+Not+Terror&rft.pub=International+Relations+and+Security+Network&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft.aulast=Saradzhyan&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isn.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2FCurrent-Affairs%2FSecurity-Watch%2FDetail%2F%3Fots591%3D4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4%26lng%3Den%26id%3D114375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saradzhyan_increase-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saradzhyan_increase_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaradzhyan2010" class="citation web cs1">Saradzhyan, Simon (23 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=125818">"Russia's North Caucasus, the Terrorism Revival"</a>. International Relations and Security Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174129/https://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=125818">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+North+Caucasus%2C+the+Terrorism+Revival&rft.pub=International+Relations+and+Security+Network&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.aulast=Saradzhyan&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isn.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2FCurrent-Affairs%2FSecurity-Watch%2FDetail%2F%3Fots591%3D4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4%26lng%3Den%26id%3D125818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times0309Infur-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Times0309Infur_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2022" class="citation news cs1">Ball, Tom (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/putin-infuriated-by-russian-intelligence-failures-in-ukraine-war-mmbmvhf2b">"Putin infuriated by Russian intelligence failures in Ukraine war"</a>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Since 2014, the agency had spent a lot of time and resources on attempts to foment unrest in western Ukraine among far-right groups, which ultimately came to nothing, Soldatov said. Their assessments of popular support among Ukrainians for a Russian invasion and the extent to which the country would resist were also 'terribly miscalculated'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+infuriated+by+Russian+intelligence+failures+in+Ukraine+war&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fputin-infuriated-by-russian-intelligence-failures-in-ukraine-war-mmbmvhf2b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_KillList-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_KillList_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_KillList_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60472889">"US reveals claims of Russian 'kill list' if Moscow occupies Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Back in 1992 Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service, the SVR, signed a deal with Ukraine and neighbouring states not to spy on them. That left the way open for the FSB which grew in power, particularly after its head in the late 1990s, Vladimir Putin, became Russia's leader. The SVR and military intelligence, the GRU, both still operate in Ukraine but the FSB leads on intelligence and influence operations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=US+reveals+claims+of+Russian+%27kill+list%27+if+Moscow+occupies+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-60472889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFE0311-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RFE0311_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RFE0311_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-invasion-ukraine-intelligence-putin/31748594.html">"Russian Officials Predicted A Quick Triumph In Ukraine. Did Bad Intelligence Skew Kremlin Decision-Making?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a>. 11 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The FSB unit that conducts foreign political analysis -- the Ninth Directorate of the Fifth Service – commissioned public opinion polls in Ukraine earlier in February, weeks before the war...The surveys suggest that Ukrainians' main concerns prior to the war were mundane things: food prices, energy prices, corruption.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Officials+Predicted+A+Quick+Triumph+In+Ukraine.+Did+Bad+Intelligence+Skew+Kremlin+Decision-Making%3F&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-invasion-ukraine-intelligence-putin%2F31748594.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022_0225RUSI-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022_0225RUSI_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022_0225RUSI_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022_0225RUSI_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/ukraine-through-russias-eyes">"Ukraine Through Russia's Eyes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>. 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The KGB's Fifth Service had been responsible for counterintelligence in the territories of the former Soviet Union. When the KGB became the FSB in the 1990s, and these territories became independent states, the Fifth Service transitioned into an intelligence agency targeting Russia's neighbours. Its Department for Operational Information is responsible for compiling data on Russia's 'near abroad'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+Through+Russia%27s+Eyes&rft.pub=Royal+United+Services+Institute&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frusi.org%2Fexplore-our-research%2Fpublications%2Fcommentary%2Fukraine-through-russias-eyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trio-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trio_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trio_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trio_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/look-trio-convinced-putin-invade-084200834.html">"A look at the trio who convinced Putin to invade"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&rft.atitle=A+look+at+the+trio+who+convinced+Putin+to+invade&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Flook-trio-convinced-putin-invade-084200834.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/80002564-33e8-48fb-b734-44810afb7a49">"How Putin blundered into Ukraine — then doubled down"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=How+Putin+blundered+into+Ukraine+%E2%80%94+then+doubled+down&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F80002564-33e8-48fb-b734-44810afb7a49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RUSI_SpecialReport-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RUSI_SpecialReport_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.rusi.org/special-report-202202-ukraine-web.pdf">"The Plot to Destroy Ukraine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>. 15 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The most concerning development to Ukraine is the expansion of FSB resources targeting Ukraine. Within the FSB's Fifth Service, run by Colonel General Sergei Beseda, the Department for Operational Information has teams dedicated to most of the 'territories' of the former Soviet Union. Most teams comprise 10–20 personnel. In July 2021, the Ukraine team of the FSB Fifth Service was expanded to form the 9th Directorate comprising around 200 officers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Plot+to+Destroy+Ukraine&rft.pub=Royal+United+Services+Institute&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.rusi.org%2Fspecial-report-202202-ukraine-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gdn0213Coup-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gdn0213Coup_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabbagh2022" class="citation news cs1">Sabbagh, Dan (13 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/13/russias-fsb-agency-engineering-coups-ukrainian-cities">"Russia's FSB agency tasked with engineering coups in Ukrainian cities, UK believes"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Beseda was wanted by Ukraine for questioning in the aftermath of the anti-Russian Maidan revolution in February 2014, believing he was part of a failed attempt to take control of violent efforts to suppress the popular protests. Moscow said he was present to help ensure the protection of the Russian embassy during a time of uncertainty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+FSB+agency+tasked+with+engineering+coups+in+Ukrainian+cities%2C+UK+believes&rft.date=2022-02-13&rft.aulast=Sabbagh&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F13%2Frussias-fsb-agency-engineering-coups-ukrainian-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/782479.html">"State overthrow being prepared by FSB officer, three defectors from Interior Ministry – media"</a>. <i>en.interfax.com.ua</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.interfax.com.ua&rft.atitle=State+overthrow+being+prepared+by+FSB+officer%2C+three+defectors+from+Interior+Ministry+%E2%80%93+media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.interfax.com.ua%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F782479.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2016_FSB2014-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2016_FSB2014_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35226131">"Russian GRU military spy chief Igor Sergun dies"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 5 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>But Russian military analyst Igor Sutyagin ...told the BBC that the FSB got its social analysis of Ukraine wrong in 2013-2014...The FSB had told Mr Putin that Ukrainians were "just waiting for him to liberate them from the 'fascists'," he said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Russian+GRU+military+spy+chief+Igor+Sergun+dies&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35226131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerasimov0307-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerasimov0307_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/08/vitaly-gerasimov-second-russian-general-killed-ukraine-defence-ministry-claims">"Vitaly Gerasimov: second Russian general killed, Ukraine defence ministry claims"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 7 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'In the call, you hear the Ukraine-based FSB officer ask his boss if he can talk via the secure Era system. The boss says Era is not working...Era is a super expensive cryptophone system that [Russia's defence ministry] introduced in 2021 with great fanfare.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vitaly+Gerasimov%3A+second+Russian+general+killed%2C+Ukraine+defence+ministry+claims&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fmar%2F08%2Fvitaly-gerasimov-second-russian-general-killed-ukraine-defence-ministry-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GerasiPhones0309-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GerasiPhones0309_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/03/09/russian-phones-hacked/">"Russian Military Phones Hacked: Report"</a>. The Defense Post. 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Russian military had been using an encrypted communication system called 'Era' to communicate with commanders and fellow soldiers to prevent eavesdropping. Since the 3G/4G towers needed for Era to operate have been destroyed, Ukrainian intelligence has intercepted phone calls, including one made by a Federal Security Service (FSB) field officer informing officials in Russia of the death of Major General Vitaly Gerasimov.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Military+Phones+Hacked%3A+Report&rft.pub=The+Defense+Post&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedefensepost.com%2F2022%2F03%2F09%2Frussian-phones-hacked%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2022" class="citation news cs1">Ball, Tom (10 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spies-accused-of-betraying-putins-chechen-units-537fj6lnr">"Spies accused of betraying Putin's Chechen units"</a>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Chechen fighters loyal to the Kremlin are being betrayed by Russian spies who are leaking their whereabouts to Ukrainian forces, an aide to President Zelensky has claimed. Aleksei Arestovich said that the FSB was 'quietly passing on' information about the movements of Chechen units.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Spies+accused+of+betraying+Putin%27s+Chechen+units&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fspies-accused-of-betraying-putins-chechen-units-537fj6lnr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-620Names-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-620Names_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-intelligence-publishes-names-620-alleged-russian-agents-2022-03-28/">"Ukraine intelligence publishes names of 620 alleged Russian agents"</a>. Reuters. 28 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>In a post in Russian on its official website, the intelligence arm of the Ukrainian defence ministry listed people it said were FSB employees registered at the agency's headquarters in Moscow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+intelligence+publishes+names+of+620+alleged+Russian+agents&rft.date=2022-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fukraine-intelligence-publishes-names-620-alleged-russian-agents-2022-03-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesBreach329-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimesBreach329_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2022" class="citation news cs1">Ball, Tom (29 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/names-and-addresses-of-625-fsb-officers-published-after-data-breach-q68sqdh2t">"Names and addresses of 620 FSB officers published in data breach"</a>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The names and addresses of 620 people who are said to be FSB officers were published yesterday in what Kyiv said was a huge data breach of the Russian security agency...As well as names and addresses, the list includes details of agents' cars such as their numberplates, their phone numbers and dates and places of birth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Names+and+addresses+of+620+FSB+officers+published+in+data+breach&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fnames-and-addresses-of-625-fsb-officers-published-after-data-breach-q68sqdh2t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallBrown2022" class="citation news cs1">Ball, Tom; Brown, Larisa (12 March 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/kremlin-arrests-fsb-chiefs-in-fallout-from-ukraine-invasion-chaos-92w0829c5">"Kremlin arrests FSB chiefs in fallout from Ukraine chaos"</a></span>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>A Russian spy chief is said to have been placed under house arrest in a sign that President Putin is seeking to blame the security services for the stalled invasion of Ukraine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Kremlin+arrests+FSB+chiefs+in+fallout+from+Ukraine+chaos&rft.date=2022-03-12&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Brown%2C+Larisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fkremlin-arrests-fsb-chiefs-in-fallout-from-ukraine-invasion-chaos-92w0829c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakir-Hussain2022" class="citation web cs1">Zakir-Hussain, Maryam (13 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/putins-spy-chief-and-his-deputy-under-house-arrest-41440456.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Putin's spy chief and his deputy under house arrest'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=%27Putin%27s+spy+chief+and+his+deputy+under+house+arrest%27&rft.date=2022-03-13&rft.aulast=Zakir-Hussain&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fworld-news%2Feurope%2Fputins-spy-chief-and-his-deputy-under-house-arrest-41440456.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russian-spy-chiefs-putin-security-b2034350.html">"Russian spy chiefs 'under house arrest' as Putin blames them for Ukraine setbacks"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 12 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Russian+spy+chiefs+%27under+house+arrest%27+as+Putin+blames+them+for+Ukraine+setbacks&rft.date=2022-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussian-spy-chiefs-putin-security-b2034350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/03/11/from-bad-intel-to-worse">"From bad intel to worse Putin reportedly turns on FSB agency that botched Russia's Ukraine prep"</a>. <i>Meduza</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meduza&rft.atitle=From+bad+intel+to+worse+Putin+reportedly+turns+on+FSB+agency+that+botched+Russia%27s+Ukraine+prep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Fen%2Ffeature%2F2022%2F03%2F11%2Ffrom-bad-intel-to-worse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj0319-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj0319_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/reported-detention-of-russian-spy-boss-shows-tension-over-stalled-ukraine-invasion-u-s-officials-say-11647687601">"Reported Detention of Russian Spy Boss Shows Tension Over Stalled Ukraine Invasion, U.S. Officials Say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>A U.S. official described as credible reports that the commander of the FSB intelligence agency's unit responsible for Ukraine had been placed under house arrest. The official, in an interview, also said bickering had broken out between the FSB and the Russian Ministry of Defense, two of the principal government units responsible for the preparation of the Feb. 24 invasion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Reported+Detention+of+Russian+Spy+Boss+Shows+Tension+Over+Stalled+Ukraine+Invasion%2C+U.S.+Officials+Say&rft.date=2022-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Freported-detention-of-russian-spy-boss-shows-tension-over-stalled-ukraine-invasion-u-s-officials-say-11647687601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2022" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Tom (8 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-fsbs-beseda-in-prison-after-ukraine-intel-failings-soldatov-2022-4">"A senior Russian official was sent to a notorious Moscow jail in retribution for poor Ukraine intel, expert says"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=A+senior+Russian+official+was+sent+to+a+notorious+Moscow+jail+in+retribution+for+poor+Ukraine+intel%2C+expert+says&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frussia-fsbs-beseda-in-prison-after-ukraine-intel-failings-soldatov-2022-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2022" class="citation news cs1">Ball, Tom (11 April 2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/putin-purges-150-fsb-agents-in-response-to-russias-botched-war-with-ukraine-lf9k6tn6g">"Putin 'purges' 150 FSB agents in response to Russia's botched war with Ukraine"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+%27purges%27+150+FSB+agents+in+response+to+Russia%27s+botched+war+with+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fputin-purges-150-fsb-agents-in-response-to-russias-botched-war-with-ukraine-lf9k6tn6g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo0411-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo0411_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo0411_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/04/11/putin-misjudged-ukraine-hubris-isolation/?twclid=11515321270019178496">"Hubris and isolation led Vladimir Putin to misjudge Ukraine"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 11 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>In U.S. and European intelligence circles, the FSB's reputation stands in contrast to the ruthless, cunning reputation of its predecessor, the KGB. Several current and former officials described the Russian security service as rife with corruption, beset by bureaucratic bloat and ultimately out of touch. A Ukrainian intelligence official said the FSB had spent millions recruiting a network of pro-Russian collaborators who ultimately told Putin and his top advisers, among them the current FSB director, what they wanted to hear: The central government in Kyiv wouldn't hold and resistance would collapse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hubris+and+isolation+led+Vladimir+Putin+to+misjudge+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2F2022%2F04%2F11%2Fputin-misjudged-ukraine-hubris-isolation%2F%3Ftwclid%3D11515321270019178496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFentonPhoutinane2022" class="citation news cs1">Fenton, Rosaleen; Phoutinane, Ketsuda (8 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/leaked-russian-spy-report-whistleblower-26416023">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Leaked Russian report spy' says Ukraine invasion a 'total failure'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)" title="Daily Record (Scotland)">Daily Record</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Record&rft.atitle=%27Leaked+Russian+report+spy%27+says+Ukraine+invasion+a+%27total+failure%27&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=Rosaleen&rft.au=Phoutinane%2C+Ketsuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyrecord.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-world-news%2Fleaked-russian-spy-report-whistleblower-26416023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSushko" class="citation web cs1">Sushko, Igor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.igorsushko.com/2022/03/all-fsbletters-translated-as-of-march.html">"All #FSBletters translated as of April 29th, 2022 - Chronological Order - Look Inside"</a>. <i>www.igorsushko.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.igorsushko.com&rft.atitle=All+%23FSBletters+translated+as+of+April+29th%2C+2022+-+Chronological+Order+-+Look+Inside&rft.aulast=Sushko&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.igorsushko.com%2F2022%2F03%2Fall-fsbletters-translated-as-of-march.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2024" class="citation web cs1">Stapleton, Ivana Kottasová, AnneClaire (7 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/07/europe/ksenia-karelina-russian-american-treason-guilt-intl/index.html">"Russian-American woman admits guilt in treason case, Russian state media reports"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Russian-American+woman+admits+guilt+in+treason+case%2C+Russian+state+media+reports&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Ivana+Kottasov%C3%A1%2C+AnneClaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F08%2F07%2Feurope%2Fksenia-karelina-russian-american-treason-guilt-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2024" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Christian (20 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/20/europe/ksenia-karelina-trial-begin-russia-intl/index.html">"Russian court begins hearing treason case against US-Russian citizen"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+study%3A+Igor+Sutiagin&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Feca%2Frussia%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danilov-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Danilov_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shr.aaas.org/aaashran/alert.php?a_id=290">"AAAS Human Rights Action Network"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researchers+Throw+Up+Their+Arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fstories%2F2006%2F07%2F28%2F011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58186033">"Russia holds hypersonic flight expert in spy probe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 12 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173349/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58186033">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Russia+Detains+Hypersonic+Flight+Expert+In+Treason+Case&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-researcher-treason-charges%2F31406516.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasko1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pasko1_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.index.org.ru/mayday/pasko_a.html">"Grigory Pasko site"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grigory+Pasko+site&rft.pub=Index.org.ru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.index.org.ru%2Fmayday%2Fpasko_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasko-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pasko_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://193.71.199.52/en/international/russia/envirorights/pasko/24748.html">The Pasko case</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104010756/https://193.71.199.52/en/international/russia/envirorights/pasko/24748.html">Archived</a> 4 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rg.ru/2006/07/28/terror-organizacii.html">"17 particularly dangerous"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">Rossiyskaya Gazeta</a></i> (in Russian). 28 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818142919/https://www.rg.ru/2006/07/28/terror-organizacii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rossiyskaya+Gazeta&rft.atitle=17+particularly+dangerous&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rg.ru%2F2006%2F07%2F28%2Fterror-organizacii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabtimesonline.com/arabtimes/kuwait/Viewdet.asp?ID=8534&cat=a">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Terror' list out; Russia tags two Kuwaiti groups"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_Times" title="Arab Times">Arab Times</a></i>. 13 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311095831/https://www.arabtimesonline.com/arabtimes/kuwait/Viewdet.asp?ID=8534&cat=a">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Times&rft.atitle=%27Terror%27+list+out%3B+Russia+tags+two+Kuwaiti+groups&rft.date=2006-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabtimesonline.com%2Farabtimes%2Fkuwait%2FViewdet.asp%3FID%3D8534%26cat%3Da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5223458.stm">"Russia names 'terrorist' groups"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109022439/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5223458.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+names+%27terrorist%27+groups&rft.date=2006-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F5223458.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110205807/https://www.agentura.ru/dossier/russia/fsb/structure/doi/">"Департамент оперативной информации (ДОИ) ФСБ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agentura.ru/dossier/russia/fsb/structure/doi/">the original</a> on 10 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%98%29+%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agentura.ru%2Fdossier%2Frussia%2Ffsb%2Fstructure%2Fdoi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807024611/https://agentura.ru/press/about/jointprojects/novgaz/exussr3/">"Наши спецслужбы – на территории бывшего Союза"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agentura.ru/press/about/jointprojects/novgaz/exussr3/">the original</a> on 7 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D1%8B+%E2%80%93+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agentura.ru%2Fpress%2Fabout%2Fjointprojects%2Fnovgaz%2Fexussr3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212062546/https://2006.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/22n/n22n-s15.shtml">"НАШИ СПЕЦСЛУЖБЫ – НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ БЫВШЕГО СОЮЗА"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2006.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/22n/n22n-s15.shtml">the original</a> on 12 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A8%D0%98+%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%A6%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%A3%D0%96%D0%91%D0%AB+%E2%80%93+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%98+%D0%91%D0%AB%D0%92%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%AE%D0%97%D0%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2006.novayagazeta.ru%2Fnomer%2F2006%2F22n%2Fn22n-s15.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/inside-vladimir-putins-shadowy-army-of-global-spies">Andrei Soldatov. Inside Vladimir Putin’s Shadowy Army of Global Spies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907232025/https://www.thedailybeast.com/inside-vladimir-putins-shadowy-army-of-global-spies">Archived</a> 7 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>, Aug. 29, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Beseda" title="Sergey Beseda">Sergey Beseda</a> is The Head of the 5th Service of the FSB - Operational Information and International Relations Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=146085">"ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН О ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЙ СЛУЖБЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119095845/https://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=146085">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%95%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99+%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D+%D0%9E+%D0%A4%D0%95%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%99+%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%A3%D0%96%D0%91%D0%95+%D0%91%D0%95%D0%97%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbase.consultant.ru%2Fcons%2Fcgi%2Fonline.cgi%3Freq%3Ddoc%3Bbase%3DLAW%3Bn%3D146085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finn2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finn2_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn2007" class="citation news cs1">Finn, Peter (15 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/11/AR2006121101434_2.html">"In Russia, A Secretive Force Widens"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701072223/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/11/AR2006121101434_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Russia%2C+A+Secretive+Force+Widens&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F12%2F11%2FAR2006121101434_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Status of the State Licensing System of Control over Exports of Nuclear Materials, Dual-use Commodities and Technologies in Russia: Manual for foreign associates in Russia", International Business Relations Corporation, Department of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Fuel Cycle (Moscow, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2017" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Adam (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/09/19/wikileaks-releases-files-that-appear-to-offer-details-of-russian-surveillance-system/">"WikiLeaks releases files that appear to offer details of Russian surveillance system"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930045312/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/09/19/wikileaks-releases-files-that-appear-to-offer-details-of-russian-surveillance-system/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+releases+files+that+appear+to+offer+details+of+Russian+surveillance+system&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F19%2Fwikileaks-releases-files-that-appear-to-offer-details-of-russian-surveillance-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomas2017" class="citation news cs1">Lomas, Natasha (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/19/wikileaks-releases-documents-it-claims-detail-russia-mass-surveillance-apparatus/">"Wikileaks releases documents it claims detail Russia mass surveillance apparatus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182843/https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/19/wikileaks-releases-documents-it-claims-detail-russia-mass-surveillance-apparatus/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Wikileaks+releases+documents+it+claims+detail+Russia+mass+surveillance+apparatus&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.aulast=Lomas&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2017%2F09%2F19%2Fwikileaks-releases-documents-it-claims-detail-russia-mass-surveillance-apparatus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101449/https://www.newsru.com/russia/20sep2017/wikipiter.html">"WikiLeaks обвинил петербургскую компанию в слежке за россиянами"</a> [WikiLeaks accused St. Petersburg company of spying on Russians]. <i>NewsRu</i> (in Russian). 20 September 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsru.com/russia/20sep2017/wikipiter.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NewsRu&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsru.com%2Frussia%2F20sep2017%2Fwikipiter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКамалетдинов_(Kamaletdinov,_Damir)2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Камалетдинов (Kamaletdinov, Damir), Дамир (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tjournal.ru/flood/59637-na-wikileaks-opublikovali-podrobnosti-slezhki-specsluzhb-za-rossiyanami">"На WikiLeaks опубликовали подробности слежки спецслужб за россиянами"</a> [WikiLeaks published details of the surveillance of Russians by special services]. <i><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJ" class="extiw" title="ru:TJ">TJournal.ru</a></i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184314/https://tjournal.ru/flood/59637-na-wikileaks-opublikovali-podrobnosti-slezhki-specsluzhb-za-rossiyanami">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TJournal.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0+WikiLeaks+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%28Kamaletdinov%2C+Damir%29&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftjournal.ru%2Fflood%2F59637-na-wikileaks-opublikovali-podrobnosti-slezhki-specsluzhb-za-rossiyanami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, Andrew S. (2 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11718">"In Focus: Russian Cyber Units"</a>. <i>Congressional Research Service</i> (IF11718): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=In+Focus%3A+Russian+Cyber+Units&rft.issue=IF11718&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2022-02-02&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FIF%2FIF11718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesWhistle0307-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimesWhistle0307_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/this-war-will-be-a-total-failure-fsb-whistleblower-says-wl2gtdl9m">"This war will be a total failure, FSB whistleblower says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 7 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>A report thought to be by an analyst in the FSB, the successor agency to the KGB...said the FSB was being blamed for the failure of the invasion but had been given no warning of it and was unprepared to deal with the effects of crippling sanctions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=This+war+will+be+a+total+failure%2C+FSB+whistleblower+says&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthis-war-will-be-a-total-failure-fsb-whistleblower-says-wl2gtdl9m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ru/politics/04/03/2021/603fff959a7947e7196b264c">"Путин назначил первого заместителя директора ФСБ"</a> [Putin appoints first deputy director of the FSB]. <i><a href="/wiki/RBK_Group" title="RBK Group">RBC.ru</a></i> (in Russian). 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RBC.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%91&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.ru%2Fpolitics%2F04%2F03%2F2021%2F603fff959a7947e7196b264c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tad-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tad_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tadviser.com/index.php/Person:Chernovoltsev_Eduard">"Chernovoltsev Eduard Person"</a>. TAdviser<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chernovoltsev+Eduard+Person&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftadviser.com%2Findex.php%2FPerson%3AChernovoltsev_Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news2/reportsfromabroad/murray/20061219.html">"The sadistic poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019040836/https://www.cbc.ca/news2/reportsfromabroad/murray/20061219.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – by Don Murray;- CBC News, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Blowing_Up_Russia:_Terror_from_Within" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within">Blowing Up Russia: Terror from Within</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19647226">Who was Alexander Litvinenko</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114072258/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19647226">Archived</a> 14 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 13 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kagarlitsky-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kagarlitsky_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827150331/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-planned-chechen-war-before-bombings-727324.html">"<i>Boris Kagarlitsky, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Comparative Politics, writing in the weekly Novaya Gazeta, says that the bombings in Moscow and elsewhere were arranged by the GRU</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-planned-chechen-war-before-bombings-727324.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Boris+Kagarlitsky%2C+a+member+of+the+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences+Institute+of+Comparative+Politics%2C+writing+in+the+weekly+Novaya+Gazeta%2C+says+that+the+bombings+in+Moscow+and+elsewhere+were+arranged+by+the+GRU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-planned-chechen-war-before-bombings-727324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidSatter-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DavidSatter_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927065706/https://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SatterHouseTestimony2007.pdf">"David Satter – House Committee on Foreign Affairs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SatterHouseTestimony2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Satter+%E2%80%93+House+Committee+on+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FSatterHouseTestimony2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelshtinskyPribylovsky2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Felshtinsky" title="Yuri Felshtinsky">Felshtinsky, Yuri</a> & <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pribylovsky" title="Vladimir Pribylovsky">Pribylovsky, Vladimir</a> (2008). <i>The Age of Assassins. The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin</i>. London, UK: Gibson Square Books. pp. 105–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906142-07-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906142-07-0"><bdi>978-1-906142-07-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Assassins.+The+Rise+and+Rise+of+Vladimir+Putin&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=105-111&rft.pub=Gibson+Square+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-906142-07-0&rft.aulast=Felshtinsky&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft.au=Pribylovsky%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Videoat-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Videoat_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnkYo9TuBIQ">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a><i>In Memoriam Aleksander Litvinenko</i>, Jos de Putter, Tegenlicht documentary VPRO 2007, Moscow, 2004 Interview with <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RussianFederation-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RussianFederation_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur46/012/2006/en/?open&of=ENG-2EU">"Russian Federation: Amnesty International's concerns and recommendations in the case of Mikhail Trepashkin – Amnesty International"</a>. 23 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221134701/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur46/012/2006/en/?open&of=ENG-2EU">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Federation%3A+Amnesty+International%27s+concerns+and+recommendations+in+the+case+of+Mikhail+Trepashkin+%E2%80%93+Amnesty+International&rft.date=2006-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Feur46%2F012%2F2006%2Fen%2F%3Fopen%26of%3DENG-2EU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BombBlamed-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BombBlamed_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_C._Paddock1999" class="citation web cs1">Richard C. Paddock (10 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-sep-10-mn-8677-story.html">"Bomb Blamed in Fatal Moscow Apartment Blast"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019040837/https://articles.latimes.com/1999/sep/10/news/mn-8677">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Bomb+Blamed+in+Fatal+Moscow+Apartment+Blast&rft.date=1999-09-10&rft.au=Richard+C.+Paddock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-sep-10-mn-8677-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atleast-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atleast_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211121823/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9909/10/russia.explosion.03/">"At least 90 dead in Moscow apartment blast"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 10 September 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9909/10/russia.explosion.03/">the original</a> on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=At+least+90+dead+in+Moscow+apartment+blast&rft.date=1999-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F9909%2F10%2Frussia.explosion.03%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelista2002" class="citation book cs1">Evangelista, Matthew (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chechenwars00matt"><i>The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?</i></a></span>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2499-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2499-5"><bdi>978-0-8157-2499-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chechen+Wars%3A+Will+Russia+Go+the+Way+of+the+Soviet+Union%3F&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2499-5&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchechenwars00matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DidPutin-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DidPutin_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamie_Dettmer2000" class="citation web cs1">Jamie Dettmer (17 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303130021/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia">"Did Putin's Agents Plant the Bombs?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Insight_on_the_News" title="Insight on the News">Insight on the News</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%96%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%AB%D0%95&rft.date=1985-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novayagazeta.ru%2Fsociety%2F18104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-41386295.amp">ООН заявила о нарушении прав человека в Крыму: что есть в докладе?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCR_2017-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHCR_2017_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2017/09/un-report-details-grave-human-rights-violations-russian-occupied-crimea">"UN report details grave human rights violations in Russian-occupied Crimea"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>The report cites two cases documented by the UN Human Rights Office in 2016, when pro-Ukrainian supporters were allegedly compelled by FSB officers to confess to terrorism-related crimes through torture with elements of sexual violence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+report+details+grave+human+rights+violations+in+Russian-occupied+Crimea&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=2017-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fpress-releases%2F2017%2F09%2Fun-report-details-grave-human-rights-violations-russian-occupied-crimea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakovlievaColville2017" class="citation news cs1">Yakovlieva, Iryna; Colville, Rupert Colville (25 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22140">"UN report details grave human rights violations in Russian-occupied Crimea"</a>. <i>United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507221738/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22140">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Human+Rights+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner&rft.atitle=UN+report+details+grave+human+rights+violations+in+Russian-occupied+Crimea&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft.aulast=Yakovlieva&rft.aufirst=Iryna&rft.au=Colville%2C+Rupert+Colville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D22140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/camera-in-the-banya-russian-fsb-spied-on-jehovahs-witnesses-in-bathhouse-/31255350.html">"Camera In The Banya"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 14 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524213135/https://www.rferl.org/a/camera-in-the-banya-russian-fsb-spied-on-jehovahs-witnesses-in-bathhouse-/31255350.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Camera+In+The+Banya&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fcamera-in-the-banya-russian-fsb-spied-on-jehovahs-witnesses-in-bathhouse-%2F31255350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemtsova2019" class="citation news cs1">Nemtsova, Anna (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/vladimir-putins-top-cops-some-in-the-fsb-are-mobsters-even-kgb-vets-are-ashamed">"Some of Putin's Top Cops Are Mobsters. Even KGB Vets Are Ashamed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710205605/https://www.thedailybeast.com/vladimir-putins-top-cops-some-in-the-fsb-are-mobsters-even-kgb-vets-are-ashamed">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Some+of+Putin%27s+Top+Cops+Are+Mobsters.+Even+KGB+Vets+Are+Ashamed&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Nemtsova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fvladimir-putins-top-cops-some-in-the-fsb-are-mobsters-even-kgb-vets-are-ashamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.crimerussia.com/organizedcrime/everything-s-falling-down-major-general-comments-on-recent-arrests-in-fsb/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Everything's falling down." Major General comments on recent arrests in FSB"</a>. <i>en.crimerussia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710192909/https://en.crimerussia.com/organizedcrime/everything-s-falling-down-major-general-comments-on-recent-arrests-in-fsb/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.crimerussia.com&rft.atitle=%22Everything%27s+falling+down.%22+Major+General+comments+on+recent+arrests+in+FSB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.crimerussia.com%2Forganizedcrime%2Feverything-s-falling-down-major-general-comments-on-recent-arrests-in-fsb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEDT2018" class="citation web cs1">EDT, Cristina Maza on 4/6/18 at 3:46 PM (6 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/russias-antifa-being-tortured-and-detained-putins-shadowy-security-service-874087">"Russia's Antifa is being tortured and detained by Putin's shadowy security service, sources say"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816172048/https://www.newsweek.com/russias-antifa-being-tortured-and-detained-putins-shadowy-security-service-874087">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Antifa+is+being+tortured+and+detained+by+Putin%27s+shadowy+security+service%2C+sources+say&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft.aulast=EDT&rft.aufirst=Cristina+Maza+on+4%2F6%2F18+at+3%3A46+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frussias-antifa-being-tortured-and-detained-putins-shadowy-security-service-874087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlCrimea:_Persecution_of_Crimean_Tatars_Intensifies_|_Human_Rights_Watch-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlCrimea:_Persecution_of_Crimean_Tatars_Intensifies_|_Human_Rights_Watch_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/14/crimea-persecution-crimean-tatars-intensifies">"Crimea: Persecution of Crimean Tatars Intensifies | Human Rights Watch"</a>. 14 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803233824/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/14/crimea-persecution-crimean-tatars-intensifies">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimea%3A+Persecution+of+Crimean+Tatars+Intensifies+%26%23124%3B+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F11%2F14%2Fcrimea-persecution-crimean-tatars-intensifies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlRussian_Terrorism_Suspects_Allege_Torture_at_Secret_FSB_Site-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlRussian_Terrorism_Suspects_Allege_Torture_at_Secret_FSB_Site_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreck2017" class="citation news cs1">Schreck, Carl (26 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-metro-bombing-azimov-brothers-fsb-torture/28637695.html">"Russian Terrorism Suspects Allege Torture At 'Secret' FSB Site"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204515/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-metro-bombing-azimov-brothers-fsb-torture/28637695.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Russian+Terrorism+Suspects+Allege+Torture+At+%27Secret%27+FSB+Site&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft.aulast=Schreck&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-metro-bombing-azimov-brothers-fsb-torture%2F28637695.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-url“You_should_understand:_FSB_officers_always_get_their_way!”:_Anti-fascist_Viktor_Filinkov_reveals_how_he_was_tortured_by_Russian_security_services_|_openDemocracy-106"><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22You+should+understand%3A+FSB+officers+always+get+their+way%21%22%3A+Anti-fascist+Viktor+Filinkov+reveals+how+he+was+tortured+by+Russian+security+services+%26%23124%3B+openDemocracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fod-russia%2Fviktor-filinkov%2Ffsb-officers-always-get-their-way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlCrimean_Tatar_Close_To_Dzhemilev_Says_He_Was_Tortured_By_Russian_FSB-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlCrimean_Tatar_Close_To_Dzhemilev_Says_He_Was_Tortured_By_Russian_FSB_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/crimean-tatar-close-to-dzhemilev-says-he-was-tortured-by-russian-fsb/29355350.html">"Crimean Tatar Close To Dzhemilev Says He Was Tortured By Russian FSB"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 10 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911110706/https://www.rferl.org/a/crimean-tatar-close-to-dzhemilev-says-he-was-tortured-by-russian-fsb/29355350.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Crimean+Tatar+Close+To+Dzhemilev+Says+He+Was+Tortured+By+Russian+FSB&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fcrimean-tatar-close-to-dzhemilev-says-he-was-tortured-by-russian-fsb%2F29355350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvrain.ru/teleshow/here_and_now/predprinimatel_bezhavshij_iz_rossii_rasskazal_kak_fsb_u_nego_otzhimala_biznes-391236/">"Предприниматель, бежавший из России, рассказал как ФСБ у него "отжимала" бизнес"</a>. <i>tvrain.ru</i>. 19 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150720150804/https://tvrain.ru/teleshow/here_and_now/predprinimatel_bezhavshij_iz_rossii_rasskazal_kak_fsb_u_nego_otzhimala_biznes-391236/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tvrain.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%91+%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%22%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%22+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81&rft.date=2015-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvrain.ru%2Fteleshow%2Fhere_and_now%2Fpredprinimatel_bezhavshij_iz_rossii_rasskazal_kak_fsb_u_nego_otzhimala_biznes-391236%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВолчек" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Волчек, Дмитрий. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svoboda.org/content/article/27134684.html">"FSB controls literally everything" <bdi lang="ru">ФСБ контролирует буквально все</bdi></a>. <i>Радио Свобода</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150720210840/https://www.svoboda.org/content/article/27134684.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=US+Warned+About+Possible+Moscow+Attack+Before+Concert+Hall+Shooting&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=M%C3%A9heut%2C+Constant&rft.au=Troianovski%2C+Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F03%2F22%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmoscow-concert-attack-us-embassy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesSchmitt2024" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Julian E.; <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Schmitt" title="Eric P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+told+Russia+that+Crocus+City+Hall+was+possible+target+of+attack&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2F2024%2F04%2F02%2Fus-warning-russia-isis-crocus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/iran-alerted-russia-security-threat-before-moscow-attack-sources-say-2024-04-01/">"Exclusive: Iran alerted Russia to security threat before Moscow attack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 1 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Iran+alerted+Russia+to+security+threat+before+Moscow+attack&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Firan-alerted-russia-security-threat-before-moscow-attack-sources-say-2024-04-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorera2024" class="citation news cs1">Corera, Gordon (23 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240323165443/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68646375">"Moscow attack: Did Russia ignore US 'extremist' attacks warning?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68646375">the original</a> on 23 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Moscow+attack%3A+Did+Russia+ignore+US+%27extremist%27+attacks+warning%3F&rft.date=2024-03-23&rft.aulast=Corera&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-68646375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2024" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Schmitt, Eric</a> (22 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/22/us/politics/isis-k-moscow-attack.html">"What We Know About ISIS-K, the Group That Claimed Responsibility for the Moscow Attack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Putin+says+%27radical+Islamists%27+behind+Moscow+concert+hall+attack&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F3%2F25%2Frussias-putin-says-radical-islamists-behind-moscow-concert-hall-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240326-russia-blames-ukraine-the-west-over-moscow-concert-hall-attack">"Russia blames Ukraine, the West over Moscow concert hall attack"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 26 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326202739/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240326-russia-blames-ukraine-the-west-over-moscow-concert-hall-attack">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Russia+blames+Ukraine%2C+the+West+over+Moscow+concert+hall+attack&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Feurope%2F20240326-russia-blames-ukraine-the-west-over-moscow-concert-hall-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-moscow-krasnogorsk-gunmen-concert-hall-fire-cf12eabb9cad1a7437ad8fae821b87ca">"Russia persists in blaming Ukraine for concert attack despite its denial and Islamic State's claim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. 27 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327131033/https://apnews.com/article/russia-moscow-krasnogorsk-gunmen-concert-hall-fire-cf12eabb9cad1a7437ad8fae821b87ca">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Russia+persists+in+blaming+Ukraine+for+concert+attack+despite+its+denial+and+Islamic+State%27s+claim&rft.date=2024-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frussia-moscow-krasnogorsk-gunmen-concert-hall-fire-cf12eabb9cad1a7437ad8fae821b87ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2024" class="citation news cs1">Roth, Andrew (24 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/24/new-islamic-state-videos-back-claim-it-carried-out-moscow-concert-hall-attack">"New Islamic State videos back claim it carried out Moscow concert hall attack"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 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href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/08/14/how-the-ukrainian-army-easily-entered-russia-and-is-holding-its-positions_6715079_4.html#">"How the Ukrainian army easily entered Russia and is holding its positions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>. 14 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=How+the+Ukrainian+army+easily+entered+Russia+and+is+holding+its+positions&rft.date=2024-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2024%2F08%2F14%2Fhow-the-ukrainian-army-easily-entered-russia-and-is-holding-its-positions_6715079_4.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="#cite_ref-thebarentsobserver_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2024/08/ukraine-advances-kursk-families-north-russian-conscripts-cry-mercy">"As Ukraine advances in Kursk, families of north Russian conscripts cry mercy"</a>. <i>The Barents Observer</i>. 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Barents+Observer&rft.atitle=As+Ukraine+advances+in+Kursk%2C+families+of+north+Russian+conscripts+cry+mercy&rft.date=2024-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebarentsobserver.com%2Fen%2Fsecurity%2F2024%2F08%2Fukraine-advances-kursk-families-north-russian-conscripts-cry-mercy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/16/europe/russia-putin-war-ukraine-intl-latam/index.html">"Putin promised poorly trained conscripts wouldn't be sent to war. Now the front line has come to them"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 16 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Putin+promised+poorly+trained+conscripts+wouldn%E2%80%99t+be+sent+to+war.+Now+the+front+line+has+come+to+them&rft.date=2024-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2024%2F08%2F16%2Feurope%2Frussia-putin-war-ukraine-intl-latam%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Security+Service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_S._Bowen" class="citation cs1">Andrew S. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_enforcement_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Public_Order_Maintenance" title="Main Directorate for Public Order Maintenance">Patrol Police Dept.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Traffic_Safety" title="Main Directorate for Traffic Safety">Traffic Police Dept.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Migration_Affairs_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Directorate for Migration Affairs (Russia)">Migration Affairs Dept.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_for_Drugs_Control" title="Main Directorate for Drugs Control">Drugs Police Dept.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Russia" title="National Guard of Russia">National Guard of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_Forces_Command" title="National Guard Forces Command">National Guard Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOBR" title="SOBR">SOBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_Naval_Service_Corps" title="National Guard Naval Service Corps">Naval Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Federal Protective Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Service_(Russia)" title="Presidential Security Service (Russia)">Presidential Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Special Communications and Information Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Security Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Service_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guard Service of Russia">Border Guard Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_(Russia)" title="Coast Guard (Russia)">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Alcohol_Market_Regulation" title="Federal Service for Alcohol Market Regulation">Federal Service for Alcohol Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Penitentiary_Service" title="Federal Penitentiary Service">Federal Penitentiary Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry of Emergency Situations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Customs_Service_of_Russia" title="Federal Customs Service of Russia">Federal Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Russia)" title="Military Police (Russia)">Military Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Intelligence_Community" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_intelligence_community" title="Template:Russian intelligence community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_intelligence_community" title="Template talk:Russian intelligence community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_intelligence_community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian intelligence community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Intelligence_Community" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Russian Intelligence Community</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Security Service (FSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Federal Protective Service (FSO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Special Communications and Information Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_intelligence_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template talk:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National intelligence agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_intelligence_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Intelligence" title="General Directorate of Intelligence">GDI</a></li> <li>Albania: <a href="/wiki/SHISH" title="SHISH">SHISH</a></li> <li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">DRS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Externa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Externa (page does not exist)">SIE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Azerbaijan)">XKX</a></li> <li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Bahrain)" title="National Security Agency (Bahrain)">NSA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence-Security_Agency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Intelligence-Security Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">OSA-OBA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Intelligence_Agency" title="Brazilian Intelligence Agency">ABIN</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunei_Research_Department_(International)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunei Research Department (International) (page does not exist)">BRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Agency_(Bulgaria)" title="State Intelligence Agency (Bulgaria)">DAR</a></li> <li>Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Brigade_Mixte_Mobile" title="Brigade Mixte Mobile">BMM</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chad: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Agence nationale de sécurité">ANS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia" title="Dirección de Inteligencia">DI</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Foreign_Relations_and_Information" title="Office for Foreign Relations and Information">ÚZSI</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Djibouti: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigade_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Recherche_de_la_Gendarmerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigade Spéciale de Recherche de la Gendarmerie (page does not exist)">BSRG</a></li> <li>Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Secretariat_(Ecuador)" title="National Intelligence Secretariat (Ecuador)">SENAIN</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Egypt)">Mukhabarat</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Foreign_Intelligence_Service" title="Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service">EFIS</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">NISS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Gambia: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Services_(The_Gambia)" title="State Intelligence Services (The Gambia)">SIS</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Intelligence_Service" title="Georgian Intelligence Service">GIS</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_National_Investigations" title="Bureau of National Investigations">BNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Unit" title="Border Guard Unit">BGU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_Hivatal" title="Információs Hivatal">IH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">RAW</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a></li> <li>Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi National Intelligence Service">INIS</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Esterna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna">AISE</a></li> <li>Ivory Coast: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Council_(Ivory_Coast)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Council (Ivory Coast) (page does not exist)">NSC</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Intelligence_and_Research_Office" title="Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office">CIRO</a></li> <li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Jordan)">GID</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Kazakhstan)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Kazakhstan)">Syrbar</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_National_Security_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz National Security Service">UKMK</a></li> <li>Kuwait: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwait_State_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwait State Security (page does not exist)">KSS</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satversmes_aizsardz%C4%ABbas_birojs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satversmes aizsardzības birojs (page does not exist)">SAB</a></li> <li>Liberia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Liberia)" title="National Security Agency (Liberia)">NSA</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Department_of_Lithuania" title="State Security Department of Lithuania">VSD</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_General_Security" title="General Directorate of General Security">GDGS</a></li> <li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Mukhabarat_el-Jamahiriya" title="Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya">MJ</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Research_Division_of_the_Prime_Minister%27s_Department" title="Research Division of the Prime Minister's Department">MEIO</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_y_Seguridad_Nacional_(M%C3%A9xico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (México)">CISEN</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Agency_of_Mongolia" title="General Intelligence Agency of Mongolia">GIA</a></li> <li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">ANB</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_surveillance_du_territoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction générale de la surveillance du territoire">DGST</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Security_and_Intelligence_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Security and Intelligence Service (page does not exist)">SISE</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="General Intelligence and Security Service">AIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">NIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Administration_for_Security_and_Counterintelligence" title="Administration for Security and Counterintelligence">UBK</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Palace_Office_(Oman)" title="Palace Office (Oman)">Palace Office</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a></li> <li>Papua New Guinea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="National Intelligence Organization (Papua New Guinea)">NIO</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Estrat%C3%A9gicas_de_Defesa" title="Serviço de Informações Estratégicas de Defesa">SIED</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_State_Security" title="Qatar State Security">QSS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Romania)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Romania)">SIE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">SVR</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">GIP</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Sierra Leone: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Intelligence_and_Security_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Intelligence and Security Unit (page does not exist)">CISU</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Division" title="Security and Intelligence Division">SID</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Slovensk%C3%A1_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Slovenská informačná služba">SIS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency">SOVA</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">NIS</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Service_(Sudan)" title="General Intelligence Service (Sudan)">GIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Kontoret_f%C3%B6r_s%C3%A4rskild_inh%C3%A4mtning" title="Kontoret för särskild inhämtning">KSI</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Bureau (Republic of China)">NSB</a></li> <li>Tajikistan: <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_National_Security_(Tajikistan)" title="State Committee for National Security (Tajikistan)">GKNB</a></li> <li>Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service">TISS</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Thailand)" title="National Intelligence Agency (Thailand)">NIA</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Intelligence_Agency_(Togo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Intelligence Agency (Togo) (page does not exist)">NIA</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Intelligence_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Intelligence Agency (page does not exist)">TIA</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a></li> <li>Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_National_Security_(Turkmenistan)" title="Ministry for National Security (Turkmenistan)">MNS</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/External_Security_Organisation" title="External Security Organisation">ESO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine">SZRU</a></li> <li>United Arab Emirates: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">SIS (<i>MI6</i>)</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SSS</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="General Department of Military Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_du_Renseignement_et_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité">CSS</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_e_Seguran%C3%A7a_de_Estado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência e Segurança de Estado (page does not exist)">SINSE</a></li> <li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Intelligence" title="Secretariat of Intelligence">SIDE</a></li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">NSS</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">ASIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_and_Intelligence_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security and Intelligence Directorate">DSN</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Azerbaijan)" title="State Security Service (Azerbaijan)">DTX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">SB</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Belgium)" title="State Security Service (Belgium)">VS/SE</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/State_Investigation_and_Protection_Agency" title="State Investigation and Protection Agency">SIPA</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Intelligence and Security">DIS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">PF</a></li> <li>Brunei: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Brunei)" title="Internal Security Department (Brunei)">IRD</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/State_Agency_for_National_Security" title="State Agency for National Security">DANS</a></li> <li>Burundi: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Burundi)" title="National Intelligence Service (Burundi)">SNR</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">CSIS</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Nacional_de_Inteligencia" title="Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia">ANI</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li>Colombia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Directorate_(Colombia)" title="National Intelligence Directorate (Colombia)">DNI</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Agency_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Agency (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Security and Intelligence Agency">SOA</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Security_Information_Service" title="Security Information Service">BIS</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Security and Intelligence Service">PET</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security (Egypt)">EHS</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Internal_Security_Service" title="Estonian Internal Security Service">KAPO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Security_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Finnish Security and Intelligence Service">SUPO</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Internal_Security" title="General Directorate for Internal Security">DGSI</a></li> <li>Georgia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_of_Georgia" title="State Security Service of Georgia">SSSG</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">BfV</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="State Office for the Protection of the Constitution">LfV</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Police_Service" title="Ghana Police Service">GPS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Investigative_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Investigative Department (page does not exist)">CID</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Greece)" title="National Intelligence Service (Greece)">EYP</a></li> <li>Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Department" title="National Security Department">NSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_CPG_in_the_HKSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR">CPGNSO</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Protection_Office" title="Constitution Protection Office">AH</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">IB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian State Intelligence Agency">BIN</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">IRGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Security_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Security Police">PAVA</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_Crime_and_Security_Branch" title="Garda Crime and Security Branch">CSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">SDU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Surveillance_Unit" title="Garda National Surveillance Unit">NSU</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Informazioni_e_Sicurezza_Interna" title="Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna">AISI</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_Security_Bureau" title="National Police Agency Security Bureau">NPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department_Public_Security_Bureau" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Public Security Bureau">TMPD PSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">PSIA</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Kenya)" title="National Intelligence Service (Kenya)">NIS</a></li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Intelligence_Agency" title="Kosovo Intelligence Agency">AKI</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Latvia)" title="State Security Service (Latvia)">VDD</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">STT</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Information_Branch" title="Information Branch">ISF IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_State_Security" title="Lebanese State Security">LSS</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Service_de_Renseignement_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Service de Renseignement de l'État">SREL</a></li> <li>Macau: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADcia_Judici%C3%A1ria_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polícia Judiciária (Macau) (page does not exist)">DS</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Special_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Special Branch">SB</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Security_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova">SIS</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/National_Coordinator_for_Security_and_Counterterrorism" title="National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism">NCTV</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="New Zealand Security Intelligence Service">NZSIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Nigeria)" title="State Security Service (Nigeria)">SSS</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">SSD</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Agency_of_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Agency of Republic of Macedonia">IA</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">PST</a></li> <li>Oman: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Service" title="Internal Security Service">ISS</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(Pakistan)" title="Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Investigation_Agency" title="Federal Investigation Agency">FIA</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Preventive_Security" title="Palestinian Preventive Security">PSS</a></li> <li>Paraguay: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretar%C3%ADa_Nacional_de_Inteligencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaría Nacional de Inteligencia (page does not exist)">SNI</a></li> <li>Peru: <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Peru)" title="National Directorate of Intelligence (Peru)">DINI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NICA</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Ochrony_Pa%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Ochrony Państwa">SOP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stra%C5%BC_Marsza%C5%82kowska" class="mw-redirect" title="Straż Marszałkowska">SM</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Seguran%C3%A7a" title="Serviço de Informações de Segurança">SIS</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Intelligence_Service" title="Romanian Intelligence Service">SRI</a></li> <li>Russia: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">FSB</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Security Intelligence Agency">BIA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Department_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Department (Singapore)">ISD</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">NISA</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>South Korea: Intelligence Bureau, <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">KNPA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Center_for_Counter-Terrorism_and_Organized_Crime" title="Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime">CITCO</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">SIS</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">SÄPO</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/General_Security_Directorate_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Security Directorate (Syria)">GSD</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">MJIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">ISOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_Bureau" title="Special Branch Bureau">SB</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/wiki/Agence_nationale_des_renseignements_(Togo)" title="Agence nationale des renseignements (Togo)">ANR</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">MİT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Presidency_of_General_Directorate_of_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Presidency of General Directorate of Security (page does not exist)">İB</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Organisation" title="Internal Security Organisation">ISO</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">SBU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">Security Service (<i>MI5</i>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Extremism_and_Disorder_Intelligence_Unit" title="National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit">NDEDIU</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Ballistics_Intelligence_Service" title="National Ballistics Intelligence Service">NBIS</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">I&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Uzbekistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Service (Uzbekistan)">SNB</a></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Intelligence Service">SEBIN</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Public_Security_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Public Security Intelligence (page does not exist)">TC5</a> (<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_c%E1%BB%A5c_T%C3%ACnh_b%C3%A1o,_B%E1%BB%99_C%C3%B4ng_an_(Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam)" class="extiw" title="vi:Tổng cục Tình báo, Bộ Công an (Việt Nam)">vi</a>)</li> <li>Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Central Intelligence Organisation">CIO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direction_centrale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direction centrale de la sécurité de l'armée (page does not exist)">DCSA</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servi%C3%A7o_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Militar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serviço de Inteligência Militar (page does not exist)">SIM</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/Heeresnachrichtenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresnachrichtenamt">HNaA</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus (page does not exist)">GRU MO RB</a></li> <li>Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_General_Information_and_Security_Service" title="Belgian General Information and Security Service">ADIV/SGRS</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_Estrat%C3%A9gica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento de Inteligência Estratégica (page does not exist)">DIE</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">CFINTCOM</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_of_the_Joint_Staff_Department" title="Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department">CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li>Congo (Democratic Republic of): <a href="/wiki/DEMIAP" title="DEMIAP">DEMIAP</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_and_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Security and Intelligence Agency">VSOA</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">DCIM</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Czech_Republic)" title="Military Intelligence (Czech Republic)">VZ</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence_Intelligence_Service" title="Danish Defence Intelligence Service">FE</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_and_reconnaissance_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence and reconnaissance (Egypt)">DMISR</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Division_(Finland)" title="Intelligence Division (Finland)">PE TIEDOS</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Direction_du_renseignement_militaire" title="Direction du renseignement militaire">DRM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Service_(Germany)" title="Military Counterintelligence Service (Germany)">MAD</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Unit (page does not exist)">MIU</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katonai_Nemzetbiztons%C3%A1gi_Szolg%C3%A1lat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat (page does not exist)">KNBSZ</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran (page does not exist)">General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran Army">SAHEFAJA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Army_of_the_Guardians_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution">SAHEFASA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intelligence_Protection_Organization_of_Ministry_of_Defence_and_Armed_Forces_Logistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intelligence Protection Organization of Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (page does not exist)">SAHEFAVEDJA</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(India)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)">DMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">DIA</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Strategic_Intelligence_Agency" title="Indonesian Strategic Intelligence Agency">BAIS TNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army_Intelligence_Centre" title="Indonesian Army Intelligence Centre">Pusintelad</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Ireland)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)">G2</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Centro_Intelligence_Interforze" title="Centro Intelligence Interforze">CII</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Second_Investigation_Department" title="Second Investigation Department">AOTD</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Defence_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Malaysian Defence Intelligence Organisation">DIO</a></li> <li>Maldives: <a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">MNDF</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_%C3%A9tudes_et_de_la_documentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction générale des études et de la documentation">DGED</a></li> <li>Myanmar: <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intelligence of Myanmar">Sa Ya Pa</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service">MIVD</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Defence_Intelligence_and_Security" title="Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security">DDIS</a></li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(Nigeria)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (Nigeria)">DIA</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Republic of North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence" title="Military Service for Security and Intelligence">MSSI</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Intelligence_Service" title="Norwegian Intelligence Service">E-tjenesten</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Military Intelligence (Pakistan)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Naval Intelligence (Pakistan)">NI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">AI</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines#AFP-wide_service_support_and_separate_units" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">ISAFP</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/CISMIL" class="mw-redirect" title="CISMIL">CISMIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C5%A3ia_General%C4%83_de_Informa%C5%A3ii_a_Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii" class="mw-redirect" title="Direcţia Generală de Informaţii a Apărării">DGIA</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_and_Security_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Commission (page does not exist)">AFISC</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Military_Security_Agency" title="Military Security Agency">VBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Agency" title="Military Intelligence Agency">VOA</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Organisation">MIO</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A9_spravodajstvo" title="Vojenské spravodajstvo">VS</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Service_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_(Slovenia)" title="Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence (Slovenia)">OVS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Division_(SANDF)" title="Defence Intelligence Division (SANDF)">SANDF-ID</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="Defense Intelligence Agency (South Korea)">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Counterintelligence_Command" title="Defense Counterintelligence Command">DCC</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces_Intelligence_Center" title="Spanish Armed Forces Intelligence Center">CIFAS</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">DMI</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Military_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service">MUST</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rischer_Nachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Militärischer Nachrichtendienst">MND</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffennachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffennachrichtendienst">LWND</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Intelligence_Directorate" title="Air Force Intelligence Directorate">AFID</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Military Intelligence Bureau">MIB</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Security_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Security Center (page does not exist)">AFSC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Genelkurmay_%C4%B0stihbarat_Daire_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genelkurmay İstihbarat Daire Başkanlığı">GENKUR İ.D.B.</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">HUR MO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">DI</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">DIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">ONI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">MIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Intelligence">USAFI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Contrainteligencia_Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar">DGCIM</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="General Department of Military Intelligence">TC2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunication_Monitoring_Centre" title="National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre">NTMC</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Subchefia_de_Intelig%C3%AAncia_do_Estado-Maior_de_Defesa" title="Subchefia de Inteligência do Estado-Maior de Defesa">2ª Sch/EMD</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission">SIGINT</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Operational_Technology_Centre_for_the_Surveillance_of_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational Technology Centre for the Surveillance of Telecommunications">OTC</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/Information_Network_Security_Agency" title="Information Network Security Agency">INSA</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRSD" title="DRSD">DRSD</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Department_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research Department Unit (page does not exist)">RDU</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Cipher_Bureau" title="Joint Cipher Bureau">JCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_Research_Organisation" title="National Technical Research Organisation">NTRO</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_And_Crypto_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cyber And Crypto Agency">BSSN</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Siber_dan_Sandi_Negara" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara">id</a>)</li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Communications_and_Information_Services_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications and Information Services Corps">CIS</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">8200</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">NSC</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Nationale_SIGINT_Organisatie" title="Nationale SIGINT Organisatie">NSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Sigint_Cyber_Unit" title="Joint Sigint Cyber Unit">JSCU</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_General_Bureau" title="Reconnaissance General Bureau">RGB</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Authority_(Norway)" title="National Security Authority (Norway)">NSM</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">JSIB</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Wewn%C4%99trznego" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego">ABW</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Kontrwywiadu_Wojskowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego">SKW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narodowe_Centrum_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Cyberprzestrzeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narodowe Centrum Bezpieczeństwa Cyberprzestrzeni (page does not exist)">NCBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ship_Flotilla#Sub-Units" title="3rd Ship Flotilla">gOR 3.FO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Radioelectronic_Combat_Reconnaissance_and_Support_%E2%80%B3Lieutenant_Colonel_Jan_Kowalewski%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″ (page does not exist)">CRiWWRE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Przasnysz_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment (page does not exist)">2.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Oliwa_Radioelectronic_Reconnaissance_Regiment_%E2%80%B3Admiral_Arendt_Dickman%E2%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″ (page does not exist)">6.ORel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Serviciul_de_Telecomunica%C8%9Bii_Speciale" title="Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale">STS</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia"><i>Spetssvyaz</i></a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_State_Security" title="Presidency of State Security">PSS</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Security (South Africa)">SSA</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Center" title="National Cryptologic Center">CCN</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Radio_Establishment" title="National Defence Radio Establishment">FRA</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_intelligence_agencies" title="Swiss intelligence agencies">NDB</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">MI</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Sinyal_%C4%B0stihbarat%C4%B1_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyal İstihbaratı Başkanlığı">MİT-SİB</a></li> <li>UAE: <a href="/wiki/Signals_Intelligence_Agency" title="Signals Intelligence Agency">SIA</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Derzhspetszviazok" class="mw-redirect" title="Derzhspetszviazok">Derzhspetszviazok</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">AGO</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Intelligence_Agency" title="Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency">PVTIEDL</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Air_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Air Intelligence">DAI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Badan_Informasi_Geospasial" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Informasi Geospasial">BIG</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_Group" title="Air Intelligence Group">Air Intelligence Group</a></li> <li>Malaysia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Centre_for_Geospatial_Data_Infrastructure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaysian Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure (page does not exist)">MaCGDI</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies#Other_organisations" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">GEOINT NZ</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Agencja_Wywiadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencja Wywiadu">AW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Wywiadu_Wojskowego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego (page does not exist)">SWW</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles_Base" title="12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base">12.BBSP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Unit_NIL_%22Brigadier_General_August_Emil_Fieldorf_%C2%ABNil%C2%BB%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»" (page does not exist)">JW NIL</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Air_Intelligence_(Pakistan)" title="Air Intelligence (Pakistan)">Air Intelligence</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency#NMARSC" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">NMARSC</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército">CIGeoE</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">TsVTI GRU</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">DGIFC</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">NGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">Financial<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Argentina)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Argentina)">UIF</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Centre" title="Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre">AUSTRAC</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Monitoring_Service_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Monitoring Service (Azerbaijan)">MMX</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Financial_Activities_Control" title="Council for Financial Activities Control">COAF</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Transactions_and_Reports_Analysis_Centre_of_Canada" title="Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada">FINTRAC</a></li> <li>Fiji: <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Financial_Intelligence_Unit" title="Fiji Financial Intelligence Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Tracfin" title="Tracfin">Tracfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direction_Nationale_du_Renseignement_et_des_Enqu%C3%AAtes_Douani%C3%A8res" title="Direction Nationale du Renseignement et des Enquêtes Douanières">DNRED</a></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Skattranns%C3%B3knarstj%C3%B3ri_R%C3%ADkisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Skattrannsóknarstjóri Ríkisins">SR</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Central Economic Intelligence Bureau">CEIB</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Financial_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Center" title="Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center">PPATK</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Garda_National_Economic_Crime_Bureau" title="Garda National Economic Crime Bureau">GNECB</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit%C3%A0_di_Informazione_Finanziaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unità di Informazione Finanziaria (page does not exist)">UIF</a></li> <li>Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Financial_Crime_Investigation_Service" title="Financial Crime Investigation Service">FNTT</a>)</li> <li>Malta: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Intelligence_Analysis_Unit" title="Financial Intelligence Analysis Unit">FIAU</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Unidad_de_Inteligencia_Financiera_(Mexico)" title="Unidad de Inteligencia Financiera (Mexico)">UIF</a></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Information_and_Investigation_Service" title="Fiscal Information and Investigation Service">FIOD</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Financial_Information_Inspector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Financial Information Inspector (page does not exist)">GIIF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_and_Customs_Service_(Poland)" title="Tax and Customs Service (Poland)">SCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">CBA</a></li> <li>Qatar: <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Financial_Information_Unit" title="Qatar Financial Information Unit">FIU</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Rosfinmonitoring</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Directorate_of_Financial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Directorate of Financial Intelligence (page does not exist)">GDOFI</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">SVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SEPBLAC" title="SEPBLAC">SEPBLAC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Investigation_Board_(Turkey)" title="Financial Crimes Investigation Board (Turkey)">MASAK</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Terrorism_and_Financial_Intelligence" title="Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence">TFI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li>Vatican: <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" title="Supervisory and Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">ASIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal<br />intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Inteligencia_Criminal" title="Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Criminal">DNIC</a></li> <li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">ACIC</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Intelligence_Service_Canada" title="Criminal Intelligence Service Canada">CISC</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Finland)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)">NBI</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">CBI</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police#Central_Executive_Agencies" title="Indonesian National Police">Baintelkam Polri</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Intelijen_dan_Keamanan_Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="id:Badan Intelijen dan Keamanan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia">id</a>)</li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Direzione_Investigativa_Antimafia" title="Direzione Investigativa Antimafia">DIA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divisione_Investigazioni_Generali_e_Operazioni_Speciali" title="Divisione Investigazioni Generali e Operazioni Speciali">DIGOS</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Investigation_(Philippines)" title="National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)">NBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police#Operational_units" title="Philippine National Police">PNP-IG</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Headquarters_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Headquarters (Poland)">BWiIK KGP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralne_Biuro_%C5%9Aledcze_Policji" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji">CBŚP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_(Poland)" title="Border Guard (Poland)">ZOŚ KGSG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_Gendarmerie_(Poland)" title="Military Gendarmerie (Poland)">ZK KGŻW</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Direc%C8%9Bia_General%C4%83_de_Protec%C8%9Bie_Intern%C4%83" title="Direcția Generală de Protecție Internă"> DGPI</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Crime_Intelligence_Division" title="Crime Intelligence Division">Crime Intelligence Division</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Information" title="General Commissariat of Information">CGI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_Information_Service" title="Civil Guard Information Service">SIGC</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Commissariat_of_Judiciary_Police" title="General Commissariat of Judiciary Police">CGPJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Operative_Unit" title="Central Operative Unit">UCO</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">NCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence<br />community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies_of_France" title="List of intelligence agencies of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_intelligence_agencies" title="New Zealand intelligence agencies">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Intelligence_community" title="Pakistani Intelligence community">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intelligence<br />alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Berne" title="Club de Berne">Club de Berne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximator_(intelligence_alliance)" title="Maximator (intelligence alliance)">Maximator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmont_Group_of_Financial_Intelligence_Units" title="Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units">Egmont Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br /> agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Special_Higher_Police" title="Special Higher Police">Tokko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Service_(Yugoslavia)" title="Counterintelligence Service (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_leak" title="News leak">Leaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Diplomatic cable leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">NSA leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_7" title="Vault 7">CIA leaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">Security agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishfire" title="Dishfire">Dishfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (surveillance program)">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence (NSA programme)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Border_protection_agencies" title="Template:Border protection agencies">Border guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Coast_guards" title="Template:Coast guards">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Customs_services" title="Template:Customs services">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Police" title="Template:Police">Law enforcement agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_law_enforcement_agencies" title="Template:Types of law enforcement agencies">Types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_intelligence_agencies" title="Template:National intelligence agencies">Intelligence agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_the_Russian_Federation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Government_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template:Government of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Government_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template talk:Government of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Government of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_the_Russian_Federation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of the Russian Federation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#aaaadd;padding:1px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Offices subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="25" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Russia" title="Police of Russia">Police of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry for Affairs of Civil Defence,<br /> Emergencies and Disaster Relief</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Fire_Service" title="Russian State Fire Service">Russian State Fire Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Affairs,_Compatriots_Living_Abroad,_and_International_Humanitarian_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation">Federal Agency for CIS Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_of_Military-Technical_Cooperation_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service of Military-Technical Cooperation (Russia)">Federal Service of Military-Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Technical_and_Export_Control" title="Federal Service for Technical and Export Control">Federal Service for Technical and Export Control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Justice (Russia)">Ministry of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Penitentiary_Service" title="Federal Penitentiary Service">Federal Penitentiary Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bailiff_Service" title="Federal Bailiff Service">Federal Bailiff Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential Services <br />and Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federal Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal Protective Service (Russia)">Federal Protective Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Special Communications Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Courier_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Courier Service (Russia)">State Courier Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Special_Programs_of_the_President_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation">Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosfinmonitoring" title="Rosfinmonitoring">Federal Financial Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_the_President_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation">Directorate of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Russia" title="National Guard of Russia">National Guard of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Security Council of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Archival_Agency_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Archival Agency (Russia)">Federal Archival Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#aaaadd;padding:1px;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Offices subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a>, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Health (Russia)">Ministry of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Surveillance_in_Healthcare" title="Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare">Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Culture (Russia)">Ministry of Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Education (Russia)">Ministry of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Russia)">Ministry of Natural Resources <br />and Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Hydrometeorology_and_Environmental_Monitoring_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring of Russia">Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_of_Natural_Resources" title="Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources">Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_of_Water_Resources_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency of Water Resources (Russia)">Federal Agency of Water Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Mineral_Resources_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Mineral Resources (Russia)">Federal Agency for Mineral Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Forestry_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Forestry (Russia)">Federal Agency for Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Trade_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Industry and Trade (Russia)">Ministry of Industry and Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosstandart" title="Rosstandart">Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction,_Housing_and_Utilities_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities (Russia)">Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development<br />of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Development,_Communications_and_Mass_Media_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media (Russia)">Ministry of Digital Development, <br />Communications and Mass Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Agency_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Communications Agency (Russia)">Federal Communications Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Press_and_Mass_Media_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Press and Mass Media (Russia)">Federal Agency for Press and Mass Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_of_Communications,_Information_Technology_and_Mass_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media">Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Russia)">Ministry of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Veterinary_and_Phytosanitary_Supervision_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision (Russia)">Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Fishery_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Fishery (Russia)">Federal Agency for Fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sport_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Sport (Russia)">Ministry of Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Transport (Russia)">Ministry of Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_of_Transport" title="Federal Service for Supervision of Transport">Federal Service for Supervision of Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Transport_Agency" title="Federal Air Transport Agency">Federal Air Transport Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Road_Agency" title="Federal Road Agency">Federal Road Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Rail_Transport_Agency_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Rail Transport Agency (Russia)">Federal Rail Transport Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Agency_for_Maritime_and_River_Transportation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transportation (page does not exist)">Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Affairs_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Labour_and_Employment_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Labour and Employment (Russia)">Federal Service for Labour and Employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Russia)">Ministry of Finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_State_Property_Management" title="Federal Agency for State Property Management">Federal Agency for State Property Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Customs_Service_of_Russia" title="Federal Customs Service of Russia">Federal Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Alcohol_Market_Regulation" title="Federal Service for Alcohol Market Regulation">Federal Service for Alcohol Market Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Tax_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Tax Service (Russia)">Federal Tax Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Treasury" title="Federal Treasury">Federal Treasury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Development_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)">Ministry of Economic <br />Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Accreditation_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Accreditation Service (Russia)">Federal Accreditation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Intellectual_Property_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Russia)">Federal Service for Intellectual Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Energy (Russia)">Ministry of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Agency_(Russia)" title="Federal Energy Agency (Russia)">Federal Energy Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Higher_Education_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Russia)">Ministry of Science and Higher Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental committees,<br />services and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Medical-Biological_Agency_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Medical-Biological Agency (Russia)">Federal Medical-Biological Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Antimonopoly_Service" title="Federal Antimonopoly Service">Federal Antimonopoly Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Ethnic_Affairs_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs (Russia)">Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_State_Reserves_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for State Reserves (Russia)">Federal Agency for State Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Youth_Affairs_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Russia)">Federal Agency for Youth Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Surveillance_on_Consumer_Rights_Protection_and_Human_Wellbeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing">Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostekhnadzor" title="Rostekhnadzor">Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosreestr" title="Rosreestr">Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Service_for_Supervision_in_Education_and_Science_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science (Russia)">Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Doping_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Doping_in_Russia" title="Template:Doping in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Doping_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Doping in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Doping_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Doping in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Doping_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia at Olympics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2014_Winter_Paralympics" title="Russia at the 2014 Winter Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/Russia_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="Russia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></s></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Athletes_from_Russia_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Paralympic_Athletes_at_the_2018_Winter_Paralympics" title="Neutral Paralympic Athletes at the 2018 Winter Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Paralympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2020_Summer_Paralympics" title="Russian Paralympic Committee athletes at the 2020 Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Paralympic_Athletes_at_the_2022_Winter_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Paralympic Athletes at the 2022 Winter Paralympics">Paralympics</a></s></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garcia_Report" title="Garcia Report">Garcia Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia#2015" title="Doping in Russia">WADA investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaren_Report" title="McLaren Report">McLaren Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Commission" title="Oswald Commission">Oswald Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee" title="Russian Olympic Committee">ROC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Paralympic_Committee" title="Russian Paralympic Committee">RPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">IPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="Russian Anti-Doping Agency">RUSADA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">WADA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Athletics_Federation" title="Russian Athletics Federation">RAF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">FSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sport_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Sport (Russia)">Ministry of Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involved people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bach" title="Thomas Bach">Thomas Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Fogel" title="Bryan Fogel">Bryan Fogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_McLaren_(academic)" title="Richard McLaren (academic)">Richard McLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Mutko" title="Vitaly Mutko">Vitaly Mutko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Oswald_(sports_official)" title="Denis Oswald (sports official)">Denis Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Pound" title="Dick Pound">Dick Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Rodchenkov" title="Grigory Rodchenkov">Grigory Rodchenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajo_Seppelt" title="Hajo Seppelt">Hajo Seppelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuliya_Stepanova" title="Yuliya Stepanova">Yuliya Stepanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Walden_(lawyer)" title="Jim Walden (lawyer)">James Walden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meldonium" title="Meldonium">Meldonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(2017_film)" title="Icarus (2017 film)"><i>Icarus</i> (2017 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stripped_Olympic_medals" title="List of stripped Olympic medals">List of stripped Olympic medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games" title="Doping at the Olympic Games">Doping at the Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_at_the_Paralympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Doping at the Paralympic Games">Doping at the Paralympic Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58792#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58792#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58792#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5175466-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96037116">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165872222">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165872222">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Federal‘naja služba bezopasnosti Rossii"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005275826&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Federal‘naja služba kontrrazvedki RF"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005275825&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fjrq9m574xwj7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007303237505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/121869822">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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