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8年未获终身教职必须走人,顶尖高校“非升即走”惹众怒—新闻—科学网

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color: #333333; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 20px"> <b></b></td> </tr> </table> <p >&nbsp;</p><p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">文|孟凌霄</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">作为“非升即走”制度的起源地,美国哈佛大学近期惹了众怒。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">该校文理学院规定,包括学院研究员、讲师、辅导教师和教学助理在内的非终身轨教职人员,最多只能任教8年,只有极少数情况例外。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">就连今年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的美国科学家维克托&middot;安布罗斯(Victor Ambros),也曾因为研究过于“超前”无人理解,错失哈佛大学终身教职。(<a class="hyperlinks" target="_blank" data-mce-href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTE5MzIzMg==&amp;mid=2654359379&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=cceb5a6893468aae25f4ba2e32b343ce&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect" href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTE5MzIzMg==&amp;mid=2654359379&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=cceb5a6893468aae25f4ba2e32b343ce&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect">《从不被认可到摘得诺奖,他们守得云开见月明》</a>)</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">而在今年春天,哈佛大学非终身轨的教师自己组织起来,成立了一个捍卫自身权益的工会组织——哈佛大学学术工作者工会,旨在与校方协商提高工资、改善福利,从而创造更好的工作条件。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">日前,记者就哈佛大学制定有限任期相关政策的理由、与工会组织的磋商现状邮件询问校方,截至发稿尚未收到回复。</p> <div style="text-align: center;" class="ueditorOption ueditorOptionModel" contenteditable="true" id="0"> <img src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/673b31d1e4b03b5da6d1ad68.webp" data-wenge-id="137047" wosname="673b31d1e4b03b5da6d1ad68.webp" size="69568" opaid="wenge-pd2mzuijync0/" data-mce-src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/673b31d1e4b03b5da6d1ad68.webp" id="img-null"> <span style="display:block;color: #999;font-size:14px;margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:20px;" class="img_caption" placeholder="请输入图说"></span> </div> <p class="timeLine_wg" style="height: 20px; text-align: center;"><span style="display:none"><span contenteditable="false" style="height: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; z-index: 9999; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0px; line-height: 0px; position: absolute; border-top: 1px dashed rgb(181, 189, 202); user-select: none; left: 0px; right: 0px; top: 8px;"><span class="timeIdentification" style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 0px;line-height:0px;border-color:transparent;display:block;border-style:solid;right:0px;border-right-color:#B5BDCA;border-width:8px 8px 8px 0;top:-8px">&nbsp;</span><span style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 0px;line-height:0px;border-color:transparent;display:block;border-style:solid;left:0px;border-left-color:#B5BDCA;border-width:8px 0 8px 8px;top:-8px">&nbsp;</span><span class="hide_time_wg" title="在这插入段落" contenteditable="false" style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 22px;line-height:17px;height:17px;text-align: center;width:17px;right:17px;background:#B5BDCA;cursor:pointer;top:-8px; border-radius: 2px;" onclick="timeLine(this)">?</span></span></span></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: center; word-break: break-all;">图源:哈佛大学官网</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;"><strong>反对者众</strong></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">在哈佛大学流传着一个古老的笑话:“在大多数高校,要想获得终身教职,你得写本书;而在哈佛大学,要想获得终身教职,得等到有人写一本关于你的书。”</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">在哈佛大学获得终身教职的难度可见一斑。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">据统计,哈佛大学大约有6000名员工属于非终身教职,即以短期合同聘用的学者,其中大部分合同不可续签且有时间限制。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">相较于稳定的终身教职,非终身轨教职人员面临许多困境,包括工资低于生活成本,工作不稳定,缺乏对国际员工的保护,儿童保育支持、育儿假和医疗保险方面不平等,以及歧视、骚扰和欺凌等问题。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">此前,由哈佛大学非终身教职教师等成员组成的“有限任期工作组”,针对341名该校文理学院的教职工、学生和校友进行了一项调查。调查显示,91.2%的受访者表示支持终结文理学院教师的任期限制政策。在该调查结果的发布会上,工会组织成员亦呼吁立即取消这一限制。</p> <div style="text-align: center;" class="ueditorOption ueditorOptionModel" contenteditable="true" id="1"> <img src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/673b31f6e4b03b5da6d1ad6a.webp" data-wenge-id="137048" wosname="673b31f6e4b03b5da6d1ad6a.webp" size="51890" opaid="wenge-hvxhtw3kxns0/" data-mce-src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/673b31f6e4b03b5da6d1ad6a.webp" id="img-null"> <span style="display:block;color: #999;font-size:14px;margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:20px;" class="img_caption" placeholder="请输入图说"></span> </div> <p class="timeLine_wg" style="height: 20px; 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border-radius: 2px;" onclick="timeLine(this)">?</span></span></span></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: center; word-break: break-all;">调查报告目录。图源:调查报告</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">这份长达46页的报告显示,受访者认为有限任期在多方面具有负面影响:</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">跨学科合作:该制度对部门的连续性、士气和文化产生了很大的负面影响。超过三分之二的受限受访者表示,有限任期阻碍了协作和跨学科工作。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">同事关系:有任期限制对当事人与同事的关系有很大的负面影响。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">教育质量:有限任期对教育质量产生了负面影响。在校学生和校友均强调,有限任期妨碍了他们从相关教师那里获得指导和情感支持;更有42%的学生和校友报告称,由于任期限制相关政策,他们失去了导师和任课教师。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">多样性:对教师群体的多样性产生了负面影响。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">招聘:该政策使哈佛大学在与其他常春藤联盟高校竞争中处于不利地位。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">对生活质量的直接影响:任期有限的教师报告称,该政策对他们的职业发展和心理健康产生了负面影响,包括在学术就业市场上的竞争力下降等。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">一位哈佛大学非终身轨教职人员表示,生活在全美最昂贵的地段之一,收入与生活成本不相称。根据公开数据,哈佛大学所在的剑桥地区一居室公寓的平均月租金为2700美元,而许多哈佛大学非终身轨教职人员的年薪约为5万美元,相当于需要将超过六成的年薪用于支付租金。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">在一位哈佛大学教授意第绪语的教师看来,现行的有限任期政策“残酷、具有破坏性、荒谬”。她表示,“这份工作一直是我生活中的乐趣。但同时,由于没有机会在8年后继续发展,我的能力受到了限制”。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">她介绍,每当一位意第绪语教师离开,整个项目必须从头开始。目前,她已在哈佛大学工作6年,她说,“我所做的一切都将在一年半后付诸东流。”</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">另一位教授亚美尼亚语言和文化的教师,则面临更短暂的时间线:“还有8个月的时间,我就会被解雇。”她表示,这种政策不仅对教师有直接影响,同时也会损害学生的权益,会让他们失去导师和推荐信撰写者。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">“我们不是要求终身教职。”她说,“我们的要求是,根据系里的需要和担任该职位员工的表现可以续签合同。”</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;"><strong>工会抗争</strong></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">今年春天,哈佛大学的非终身轨教职人员成立了一个工会——哈佛大学学术工作者工会。该工会隶属于美国联合汽车工会(UAW),后者是一个拥有近40万名成员的工会,涉足多个行业和领域,是美国高等教育工作者工会化进程中的重要参与者。</p> <div style="text-align: center;" class="ueditorOption ueditorOptionModel" contenteditable="true" id="2"> <img src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/673b3216e4b03b5da6d1ad6c.webp" data-wenge-id="137049" wosname="673b3216e4b03b5da6d1ad6c.webp" size="68874" opaid="wenge-37lfjjp7j5f0/" data-mce-src="https://rmtzx.sciencenet.cn//kxwsprint/673b3216e4b03b5da6d1ad6c.webp" id="img-null"> <span style="display:block;color: #999;font-size:14px;margin:0;text-align:center;line-height:20px;" class="img_caption" placeholder="请输入图说"></span> </div> <p class="timeLine_wg" style="height: 20px; text-align: center;"><span style="display:none"><span contenteditable="false" style="height: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; display: block; z-index: 9999; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0px; line-height: 0px; position: absolute; border-top: 1px dashed rgb(181, 189, 202); user-select: none; left: 0px; right: 0px; top: 8px;"><span class="timeIdentification" style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 0px;line-height:0px;border-color:transparent;display:block;border-style:solid;right:0px;border-right-color:#B5BDCA;border-width:8px 8px 8px 0;top:-8px">&nbsp;</span><span style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 0px;line-height:0px;border-color:transparent;display:block;border-style:solid;left:0px;border-left-color:#B5BDCA;border-width:8px 0 8px 8px;top:-8px">&nbsp;</span><span class="hide_time_wg" title="在这插入段落" contenteditable="false" style="width:0px;height:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px;display:block;z-index:9999;color:#fff;position:absolute;font-size: 22px;line-height:17px;height:17px;text-align: center;width:17px;right:17px;background:#B5BDCA;cursor:pointer;top:-8px; border-radius: 2px;" onclick="timeLine(this)">?</span></span></span></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: center; word-break: break-all;">哈佛大学学术工作者工会。图源:工会官网</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">哈佛大学学术工作者工会的官网显示:“我们的工作在推动哈佛成为世界领先的研究和教育机构中发挥着关键作用。我们相信,组建工会能够让我们与哈佛协商提高工资、改善福利,从而给我们创造更好的工作条件,为学生和学校持续提供高质量的教学和研究。”</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">此前,美国部分高校也曾成立相关工会,经过谈判后,部分高校已经争取到可观的权益:</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">福特汉姆大学:2018年开始,该校的非终身轨教职人员工会谈判取得了以下成果:一是前3年的工资中位数增加13%;二是所有工作已满5年的全职教职工可以拥有为期两个学期的学术带薪休假。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">加州大学:在2022年达成的协议中,该校大多数博士后将在2023年10月之前上调20%至23%的工资,上调工资高达12000美元;目前,工资最低的博士后预期在5年内工资增加57%。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">哥伦比亚大学:2022年,经该校工会谈判博士后底薪上调为6万美元,助理研究员底薪上调为66100美元。调整后的博士后底薪成为纽约市内最高的博士后底薪。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">由于工会与学校的正式集体谈判需要一段时间,哈佛大学学术工作者工会希望在与该校达成首个共识协议前,暂停对有限任期教师的解雇。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">对此,哈佛大学的管理人员表示,他们不会在正式的集体谈判过程之外处理这个问题。这一拒绝可能意味着更多的教师在谈判拖延的不确定期内被解雇。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;"><strong>制度起源</strong></p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">实际上,“非升即走”制度即起源于哈佛大学。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">18世纪前,哈佛大学的教师职位分为教授与助教两种类型,前者从校外招聘,属于永久职位;后者通常由本校毕业生担任,在7年任期后可以续约。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">在1716年和1760年的两次助教任期制度改革后,助教的任期规定为最长8年,期满后需视情况决定是否聘用。这一任期限制可以说是“非升即走”制度的雏形。但当时,任期后离开学校并非强制措施,期满多次续约成为常态。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">直到1860年,哈佛大学要求在一定任期之后,教师继续任教的前提是职称的晋升,由此形成了“非升即走”规则。此后,陆续有美国高校借鉴该聘任制度,而美国大学教授协会也推广了这一制度。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">至今,“非升即走”制度已成为不言自明的规则。但由此产生的一系列问题仍值得深思,诸如在考察期内,学术人才能否充分展示学术才能;外在考核压力是否超越内在驱动力;科研环境是否构成充足保障等。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">正如社会学家刘易斯&middot;科塞(Lewis Coser)所说,学院人的典型生涯是一个在学术地位的阶梯上缓慢攀升的过程,但这个过程可能是优秀知识分子取得成就的障碍,因为学术晋升的要求和知识进步最理想的条件并不一致。</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">参考资料:</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">https://www.insidehighered.com/news/faculty-issues/tenure/2024/10/28/non-tenure-track-faculty-demand-harvard-stop-forcing-them-out</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">https://academic-appointments.fas.harvard.edu/appointment-parameters</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/5/23/labor-commencement-feature/</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/2/7/union-non-tenure-workers/</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">https://harvardacademicworkers.org/</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">https://matt-welsh.blogspot.com/2010/06/how-to-get-tenure-at-harvard.html</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">何柳.(2021).“非升即走”制在我国的实施现状及完善路径研究.(eds.)《上海法学研究》集刊2021年第16卷 总第64卷(pp.100-106).</p> <p style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">岳英.(2015).美国大学的"非升即走"制度及其期限设置的合理性.北京大学教育评论,13(2),13.</p> <p class="lastPadding" style=";; margin: 0px 0px 26px; text-align: justify; word-break: break-all;">张东海.(2013).“非升即走”的逻辑及其引入我国高校的可能性.比较教育研究,35(11),6.</p><div>&nbsp;</div><div style="text-indent:2em;color: #587c19;font-size:13px; ">特别声明:本文转载仅仅是出于传播信息的需要,并不意味着代表本网站观点或证实其内容的真实性;如其他媒体、网站或个人从本网站转载使用,须保留本网站注明的“来源”,并自负版权等法律责任;作者如果不希望被转载或者联系转载稿费等事宜,请与我们接洽。</div> <div style="border-bottom: solid 1px #bfc89d; 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