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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American solid rocket motor developed by Thiokol</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Star 48</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAM-D_rocket_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PAM-D_rocket_stage.jpg/200px-PAM-D_rocket_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PAM-D_rocket_stage.jpg/300px-PAM-D_rocket_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/PAM-D_rocket_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="429" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Star-48B rocket motor</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1982–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thiokol" title="Thiokol">Thiokol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Star_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Star 37">Star 37</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-fuel rocket">Solid-fuel motor</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Star 48</b> is <a href="/wiki/Star_(rocket_stage)" title="Star (rocket stage)">the largest of a family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket">solid rocket</a> motors used by many space propulsion and launch vehicle <a href="/wiki/Staging_(rocketry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staging (rocketry)">stages</a>, almost exclusively as an upper stage. It was developed primarily by <a href="/wiki/Thiokol" title="Thiokol">Thiokol Propulsion</a> and after several mergers, is manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>’s Space Systems division. A Star 48B stage is also one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">the few man-made items sent on escape trajectories out of the Solar System</a>, although it is <a href="/wiki/Derelict_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Derelict satellite">derelict</a> since its use. The Star 48B variant was the <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">PAM-D</a> upper stage used on the retired <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> rocket. </p><p>The Star 48 has been used as an upper stage in three- and four-stage launch systems. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magellan_-_attitude_and_propulsion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Magellan_-_attitude_and_propulsion.png/250px-Magellan_-_attitude_and_propulsion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Magellan_-_attitude_and_propulsion.png/330px-Magellan_-_attitude_and_propulsion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Magellan_-_attitude_and_propulsion.png/500px-Magellan_-_attitude_and_propulsion.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i> Venus orbiter</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_48&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "48" designation refers to the approximate diameter of the fuel casing in inches (122 cm); Thiokol had also manufactured other motors such as the <a href="/wiki/Star_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Star 37">Star 37</a> and Star 30. Internally, Thiokol's designation was TE-M-711 for early versions and TE-M-799 for later ones. Subtypes are given one or more letter suffixes after the diameter number, or a trailing number (i.e., "-2") after the internal designation. The "T" prefix stands for Thiokol, and the following letter refers to the company division that developed the rocket motor. In this case, "E" refers to the Elkton, MD division, and the "M" stands for the motor. </p><p>The <b>Star 48</b> holds 2,000 kg of propellant. The most common use of the Star 48 was as the final stage of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> launch vehicles. Other launchers such as <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">ULA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas 551</a> have also incorporated the motor but with lower frequency. On board the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, the complete stage (motor plus accessories) was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a> (PAM), as the Shuttle could only take satellites to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>. Because <a href="/wiki/Geostationary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary">geostationary</a> orbit is much more lucrative, the additional stage was needed for the final leg of the journey. On such missions, the stage was <a href="/wiki/Spin-stabilized_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-stabilized satellite">spin-stabilized</a>. A turntable, mounted in the shuttle payload bay or atop the previous Delta stage, spun the PAM and payload to approximately 60 rpm prior to release. </p><p>Usually after motor burnout and just prior to satellite release the PAM is de-spun using a <a href="/wiki/Yo-yo_de-spin" title="Yo-yo de-spin">yo-yo de-spin</a> technique. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debris-star48_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Debris-star48_3.jpg/250px-Debris-star48_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Debris-star48_3.jpg/330px-Debris-star48_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Debris-star48_3.jpg/500px-Debris-star48_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Saudi inspectors at the crash site of a Star 48 <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a> in January 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>A Star 48 <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a> that had been used to launch a <a href="/wiki/USA-91" title="USA-91">USA-91</a> <a href="/wiki/GPS_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS satellite">GPS satellite</a> in 1993 crashed in the Saudi Arabian desert in January 2001, after its orbit decayed. The unit did not burn up on reentry and was positively identified on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-orb_debris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orb_debris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>Star 48B</b> motor used in the 3rd stage of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> probe was the first part of the <i>New Horizons</i> mission to reach <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, arriving before the probe.<sup id="cite_ref-space_nh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space_nh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also crossed <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>'s orbit in 2015 at a distance of 200 million kilometers. </p><p>In 2013 a <b>Star 48GXV</b> ("G" for "graphite case") was tested for the <i>Solar Probe Plus</i> mission (which later was renamed to the <i><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the development was cancelled, in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a> / Star 48BV combination.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the launch in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Delta_4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delta_4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ULA-SP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ULA-SP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A non-spinning, <a href="/wiki/Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">thrust-vectoring</a> version called <b>Star 48BV</b> is available, and is the final stage of the <a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">Minotaur IV+</a> launch vehicle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Star_48B">Star 48B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_48&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Star 48B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Star 48B version has an extra 11 kilograms of propellant more than the regular Star 48, for a total of 2011 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a version of the Star 48B that is lengthened and also heavier, called the Star 48B L.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In operation as a third stage, the Star 48B sits on top of the spin table, and before it is separated, it is spun up to stabilize it during the separation from the previous stage.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Spin-stabilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-stabilisation">spin-stabilisation</a>) The Star 48B can produce 15,000 pounds of thrust (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004667230000000000♠"></span>66<span style="margin-left:.25em;">723</span></span> newtons), with a burn time of 1 minute 27 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Star 48B was used on the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F#Atlas_E/F-SGS" title="Atlas E/F">Atlas-E/F SGS-2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the basis for the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> PAM-D upper stage used on the Delta rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_on_New_Horizons">Use on <i>New Horizons</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_48&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use on New Horizons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Star 48B was used on the third stage of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> spacecraft launch.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Horizons</i> was launched by ULA's Atlas V 551 in January 2006, and the Star 48B booster was launched along with the <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s spacecraft on an escape trajectory out of the Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-JHUAPL_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHUAPL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Star 48B ignited and burned for 48 seconds, taking both on a trajectory past Pluto; however, because the Star 48B became derelict and did not have course corrections like the NH spacecraft, it was projected to miss Pluto by hundreds of millions of miles.<sup id="cite_ref-JHUAPL_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHUAPL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> Star 48B was calculated to arrive at <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> six hours before <i>New Horizons</i>, and on October 15, 2015, passed through Pluto's orbit at a distance of 213 million kilometers (over 1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">au</a>) distant from <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JHUAPL_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHUAPL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was nearly four months after the <i>New Horizons</i> probe did.<sup id="cite_ref-space_nh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space_nh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europa_Clipper"><i>Europa Clipper</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_48&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europa Clipper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NASA intended to launch the <i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> using a Star 48 on a <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>. The addition of a Star 48 "kick stage" would have allowed the Clipper mission to reach <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> without needing a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later removed with an updated Mars gravity assist route.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Star_48_version_details">Star 48 version details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_48&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Star 48 version details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Thiokol Star 48 family<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Thiokol# </th> <th colspan="2">Mass (kg) </th> <th rowspan="2"><abbr title="Propellant">Prop.</abbr> mass <abbr title="fraction">fract.</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr title="Impulse">Imp.</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Burn (s) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>Empty </th> <th><abbr title="Specific">Spec.</abbr>, I<sub>sp</sub> (s) </th> <th><abbr title="Total">Tot.</abbr> (<b>kNs</b>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Star 48 </td> <td>TE-M-711-3 </td> <td>2114.0 </td> <td>114.2 </td> <td>0.946 </td> <td>286.6 </td> <td>5647.51 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Star 48 </td> <td>TE-M-711-8 </td> <td>2116.3 </td> <td>116.4 </td> <td>0.945 </td> <td>292.9 </td> <td>5766.23 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Star 48A S </td> <td>TE-M-799-1 </td> <td>2574.1 </td> <td>144.2 </td> <td>0.944 </td> <td>283.4 </td> <td>6798.70 </td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Star 48A L </td> <td>TE-M-799 </td> <td>2582.3 </td> <td>152.4 </td> <td>0.941 </td> <td>289.9 </td> <td>6955.98 </td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Star 48B S </td> <td>TE-M-711-17 </td> <td>2133.7 </td> <td>123.8 </td> <td>0.942 </td> <td>286.0 </td> <td>5674.77 </td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Star 48B L </td> <td>TE-M-711-1 </td> <td>2140.5 </td> <td>130.6 </td> <td>0.939 </td> <td>292.1 </td> <td>5799.17 </td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Star 48BV </td> <td>TE-M-940-1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_48&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_(rocket_stage)" title="Star (rocket stage)">Star (rocket stage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-stage-to-orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-stage-to-orbit">Three-stage-to-orbit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_48&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-orb_debris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orb_debris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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rocket">Liquid <br />fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_fuel" title="Cryogenic fuel">Cryogenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrolox <br />(<a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">LH<sub>2</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YF-73" title="YF-73">YF-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-75" title="YF-75">YF-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-75D" title="YF-75D">YF-75D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-77" title="YF-77">YF-77</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-79" title="YF-79">YF-79</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-90" title="YF-90">YF-90</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HM7B" title="HM7B">HM7B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinci_(rocket_engine)" title="Vinci (rocket engine)">Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcain_(rocket_engine)" title="Vulcain (rocket engine)">Vulcain</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE-7.5" title="CE-7.5">CE-7.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CE-20" title="CE-20">CE-20</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LE-5" title="LE-5">LE-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LE-7" title="LE-7">LE-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LE-9" title="LE-9">LE-9</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KVD-1" title="KVD-1">KVD-1 (RD-56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0120" title="RD-0120">RD-0120</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-0146" title="RD-0146">RD-0146</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BE-3U" class="mw-redirect" title="BE-3U">BE-3U</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BE-7" title="BE-7">BE-7</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-68" title="RS-68">RS-68</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methalox <br />(<a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">CH<sub>4</sub></a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BF-20" title="BF-20">BF-20</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingyun_(rocket_engine)" title="Lingyun (rocket engine)">Lingyun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longyun_(rocket_engine)" title="Longyun (rocket engine)">Longyun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TQ-11" title="TQ-11">TQ-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TQ-12" title="TQ-12">TQ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TQ-15" title="TQ-15">TQ-15A</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-209" title="YF-209">YF-209</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-215" title="YF-215">YF-215</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BE-4" title="BE-4">BE-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Raptor" title="SpaceX Raptor">Raptor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_(rocket_engine)" title="Archimedes (rocket engine)">Archimedes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relativity_Space#Aeon_1" title="Relativity Space">Aeon 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relativity_Space#Aeon_R" title="Relativity Space">Aeon R</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-0169" title="RD-0169">RD-0169</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(rocket_engine)" title="Prometheus (rocket engine)">Prometheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M10_(rocket_engine)" title="M10 (rocket engine)">M-10</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-<br />cryogenic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kerolox_(RP-1_/_LOX)47" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kerolox <br />(<a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TH-11" title="TH-11">TH-11</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TH-12" title="TH-12">TH-12</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-100" title="YF-100">YF-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-102_(rocket_engine)" title="YF-102 (rocket engine)">YF-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-115" title="YF-115">YF-115</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YF-130" title="YF-130">YF-130</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Energy_Welkin" title="Galactic Energy Welkin">Welkin</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NK-15" title="NK-15">NK-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK-33" title="NK-33">NK-33, 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-58" title="RD-58">RD-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0109" title="RD-0109">RD-0105, 0109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0110" title="RD-0110">RD-0107, 0108, 0110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0110R" title="RD-0110R">RD-0110R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0124" title="RD-0124">RD-0124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-107" title="RD-107">RD-107, 108, 117, 118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-120" title="RD-120">RD-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-170" title="RD-170">RD-170, 171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-180" title="RD-180">RD-180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-191" title="RD-191">RD-191, 151, 181</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-193" title="RD-193">RD-193</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1.5400" title="S1.5400">S1.5400</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEPREL" title="TEPREL">TEPREL</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-8" title="RD-8">RD-8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-801" title="RD-801">RD-801</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-810" title="RD-810">RD-810</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_H-1" title="Rocketdyne H-1">H-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Kestrel" title="SpaceX Kestrel">Kestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-17_Thor#Specifications_(PGM-17A)" title="PGM-17 Thor">LR-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR89" title="LR89">LR89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR105" title="LR105">LR105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">LR70-NA , S-3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Merlin" title="SpaceX Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-27" title="RS-27">RS-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-27A" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-27A">RS-27A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-56" title="RS-56">RS-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_S-3D" title="Rocketdyne S-3D">S-3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_(rocket_engine)" title="Rutherford (rocket engine)">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR50" title="XLR50">XLR50</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hypergolic_(Aerozine,_UH_25,_MMH,_or_UDMH_/_N2O4,_MON,_or_HNO3)282" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">Hypergolic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aerozine_50" title="Aerozine 50">Aerozine</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/UH_25" title="UH 25">UH 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">MMH</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine" title="Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine">UDMH</a> <br />/ <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_oxides_of_nitrogen" title="Mixed oxides of nitrogen">MON</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">HNO<sub>3</sub></a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YF-1" title="YF-1">YF-1, 2, 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-20" title="YF-20">YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-23_(rocket_engine)" title="YF-23 (rocket engine)">YF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YF-40" title="YF-40">YF-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanzheng" title="Yuanzheng">YF-50D</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestus" title="Aestus">Aestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astris_(rocket_engine)" title="Astris (rocket engine)">Astris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant#Vexin" title="Diamant">Vexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_(rocket_engine)" title="Viking (rocket engine)">Viking</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PS4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">LK-4</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-250" title="RD-250">Paektusan LRE</a> along other LREs</li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikar_(rocket_stage)" title="Ikar (rocket stage)">17D61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0210" title="RD-0210">RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0214" title="RD-0214">RD-0207, 0214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0216" title="RD-0216">RD-0216, 0217, 0235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0233" title="RD-0233">RD-0233, 0234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0236" title="RD-0236">RD-0236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0237" title="RD-0237">RD-0237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0243" title="RD-0243">RD-0243 to 0245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-0255" title="RD-0255">RD-0255 to 0257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-215" title="RD-215">RD-215 to 219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-250" title="RD-250">RD-250 to 252, 261, 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-253" title="RD-253">RD-253, 275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-263" title="RD-263">RD-263, 268, 273</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RD-270" title="RD-270">RD-270</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5.92" title="S5.92">S5.92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5.98M" title="S5.98M">S5.98M</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-843" title="RD-843">RD-843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-861" title="RD-861">RD-854, 861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-855" title="RD-855">RD-855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-856" title="RD-856">RD-856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-864" title="RD-864">RD-864, 869</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJ10" title="AJ10">AJ10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerojet_LR87" title="Aerojet LR87">LR-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR91" title="LR91">LR-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-88" title="RS-88">RS-88</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-201" title="TR-201">TR-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR81" title="XLR81">XLR81</a>*</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RD-119" title="RD-119">RD-109, 119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-214" title="RD-214">RD-211 to 214</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_Gamma" title="Bristol Siddeley Gamma">Gamma</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(rocket_engine)" title="Curie (rocket engine)">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-88" title="RS-88">RS-88</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR81" title="XLR81">XLR81</a>*</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg/120px-RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg/180px-RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg/240px-RS-68_rocket_engine_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket" title="Solid-propellant rocket">Solid <br />fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FG-02" title="FG-02">FG-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-36" title="FG-36">FG-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-46" title="FG-46">FG-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-47" title="FG-47">FG-47</a></li> <li>SpaB-65</li> <li>SpaB-140C</li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">Mage 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant#P-4" title="Diamant">P-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant#P-6" title="Diamant">P-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">PAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P80_(rocket_stage)" title="P80 (rocket stage)">P80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P120C" title="P120C">P120C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">P230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant#Topaze" title="Diamant">Topaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxwing_(rocket_motor)" title="Waxwing (rocket motor)">Waxwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(rocket_stage)" title="Zefiro (rocket stage)">Zefiro 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(rocket_stage)" title="Zefiro (rocket stage)">Zefiro 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(rocket_stage)" title="Zefiro (rocket stage)">Zefiro 40</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">S7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">S9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">S12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#Vehicle_description" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">S139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle_Mk_III#Vehicle_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III">S200</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salman_(rocket_motor)" title="Salman (rocket motor)">Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaem_100_(rocket)#Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaem 100 (rocket)">Rafe</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">LK-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">RSA-3</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">KM-V1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">KM-V2b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">M-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">M-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">M-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">M-34c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRB-A" title="SRB-A">SRB-A</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJ-60A" title="AJ-60A">AJ-60A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algol_(rocket_stage)" title="Algol (rocket stage)">Algol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_(rocket_stage)" title="Castor (rocket stage)">Castor 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite-Epoxy_Motor" title="Graphite-Epoxy Motor">GEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Orbus-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Orbus-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(rocket_stage)" title="Orion (rocket stage)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle SRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_(rocket_stage)" title="Star (rocket stage)">Star 37</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UA120" title="UA120">UA120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Rocket_Motor_Upgrade" title="Solid Rocket Motor Upgrade">SRMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-248" class="mw-redirect" title="X-248">X-248</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-254" class="mw-redirect" title="X-254">X-254</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations</li> <li>Engines in <i>italics</i> are under development</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_engines_and_motors141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_spacecraft_rocket_engines" title="Template:Orbital spacecraft rocket engines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_spacecraft_rocket_engines" title="Template talk:Orbital spacecraft rocket engines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_spacecraft_rocket_engines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital spacecraft rocket engines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_engines_and_motors141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spacecraft engines and motors</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">Liquid fuel</a> engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikar_(rocket_stage)" title="Ikar (rocket stage)">17D61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AJ10" title="AJ10">AJ10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT-4_(rocket_engine)" title="BT-4 (rocket engine)">BT-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(rocket_engine)" title="Curie (rocket engine)">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Draco" title="SpaceX Draco">Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDU-414" title="KDU-414">KDU-414</a> <ul><li>S5.19</li> <li>S5.114</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTDU-35" title="KTDU-35">KTDU-35</a> <ul><li>S5-35</li> <li>S5.53</li> <li>S5-60</li> <li>S5-66</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTDU-80" title="KTDU-80">KTDU-80</a> <ul><li>11D426</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11D428" title="11D428">11D428</a></li> <li>S5.79</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5.80" title="S5.80">S5.80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5.142" title="S5.142">S5.142</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTDU-425" title="KTDU-425">KTDU-425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEROS" title="LEROS">LEROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_Propulsion_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascent Propulsion System">LMAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_Propulsion_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent Propulsion System">LMDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-4D" title="R-4D">R-4D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-58" title="RD-58">RD-58</a> <ul><li>11D58</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S400_(rocket_engine)" title="S400 (rocket engine)">S400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5.4" title="S5.4">S5.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5.92" title="S5.92">S5.92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperDraco" title="SuperDraco">SuperDraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TR-201" title="TR-201">TR-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLR81" title="XLR81">XLR81</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg/120px-XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg/180px-XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg/240px-XLR-99_Rocket_Engine_USAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1145" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solid propellant motors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_(rocket_stage)" title="Star (rocket stage)">Star 37</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-15" title="FG-15">FG-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-36" title="FG-36">FG-36</a></li> <li>SpaB-65</li> <li>SpaB-140C</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apogee_kick_motor" title="Apogee kick motor">Apogee kick motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_apogee_engine" title="Liquid apogee engine">Liquid apogee engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Upper_stages36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Upper_stages" title="Template:Upper stages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Upper_stages" title="Template talk:Upper stages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Upper_stages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Upper stages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Upper_stages36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper stage">Upper stages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)#Attitude_Vernier_Upper_Module_(AVUM)" title="Vega (rocket)">AVUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briz_(rocket_stage)" title="Briz (rocket stage)">Briz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_(rocket_stage)#Castor_30" title="Castor (rocket stage)">Castor 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTS_(rocket_stage)" title="CTS (rocket stage)">CTS / SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Cryogenic_Second_Stage" title="Delta Cryogenic Second Stage">DCSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_DM-03" title="Blok DM-03">DM-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fregat" title="Fregat">Fregat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_(rocket_stage)" title="Star (rocket stage)">Star 27 / 37</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">/ 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_(rocket_stage)" title="Volga (rocket stage)">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanzheng" title="Yuanzheng">Yuanzheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Cryogenic_Evolved_Stage" title="Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage">Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KVTK_(rocket_stage)" title="KVTK (rocket stage)">KVTK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RM-81_Agena" title="RM-81 Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_(rocket_stage)" title="Able (rocket stage)">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altair_(rocket_stage)" title="Altair (rocket stage)">Altair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astris_(rocket_stage)" title="Astris (rocket stage)">Astris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_2BL" title="Blok 2BL">Blok 2BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blok_D" title="Blok D">Blok D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burner_(rocket_stage)" title="Burner (rocket stage)">Burner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta-D_(rocket_stage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta-D (rocket stage) (page does not exist)">Delta-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-K" title="Delta-K">Delta-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P" title="Delta-P">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPKM" class="mw-redirect" title="EPKM">EPKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-02" title="FG-02">FG-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikar_(rocket_stage)" title="Ikar (rocket stage)">Ikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KVD-1" title="KVD-1">KVD-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-IV" title="S-IV">Saturn IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">Saturn IVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Orbit_Stage" title="Transfer Orbit Stage">Transfer Orbit Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtage" title="Transtage">Transtage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Horizons335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Horizons" title="Template:New Horizons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Horizons" title="Template talk:New Horizons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Horizons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Horizons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Horizons335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Horizons" title="Timeline of New Horizons">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration of Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Horizons_topics" title="List of New Horizons topics">List of <i>New Horizons</i> topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/132524_APL" title="132524 APL">132524 APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_JY31" title="2011 JY31">2011 JY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">31</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_KW48" title="2011 KW48">2011 KW<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">48</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15810_Arawn" title="15810 Arawn">15810 Arawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">28978 Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">(307261) 2002 MS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(516977)_2012_HZ84" title="(516977) 2012 HZ84">(516977) 2012 HZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">84</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(556416)_2014_OE394" title="(556416) 2014 OE394">(556416) 2014 OE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">394</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_HE85" title="2012 HE85">2012 HE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">85</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rejected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_HM102" title="2011 HM102">2011 HM<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">102</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_MT69" title="2014 MT69">2014 MT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">69</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_OS393" title="2014 OS393">2014 OS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">393</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_PN70" title="2014 PN70">2014 PN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">70</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/120px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/250px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons#Science_payload" title="New Horizons">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_(spacecraft_instrument)" title="Alice (spacecraft instrument)">Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Imager" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Imager">Long Range Reconnaissance Imager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_Energetic_Particle_Spectrometer_Science_Investigation" title="Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation">PEPSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_(New_Horizons)" title="Ralph (New Horizons)">Ralph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REX_(New_Horizons)" title="REX (New Horizons)">REX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter" title="Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter">Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAP_(New_Horizons)" title="SWAP (New Horizons)">SWAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPHS-RTG" title="GPHS-RTG">GPHS-RTG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball Aerospace">Ball Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KinetX" title="KinetX">KinetX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Bagenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Bagenal">Frances Bagenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Binzel" title="Richard P. Binzel">Richard Binzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bowman" title="Alice Bowman">Alice Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_William_Buie" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc William Buie">Marc Buie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hardaway" title="Lisa Hardaway">Lisa Hardaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_May" title="Brian May">Brian May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Olkin" title="Cathy Olkin">Cathy Olkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sarokon" title="Daniel Sarokon">Daniel Sarokon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Showalter" title="Mark R. Showalter">Mark Showalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_A._Weaver" title="Hal A. Weaver">Hal Weaver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> (<small>launch vehicle</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> (<small>upper stage</small>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star 48B</a> (<small>3rd stage</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41</a> (<small>launch site</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluto_Kuiper_Express" title="Pluto Kuiper Express">Pluto Kuiper Express</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Horizons" title="Category:New Horizons">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parker_Solar_Probe89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:peachpuff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Template:Parker Solar Probe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Template talk:Parker Solar Probe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parker Solar Probe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parker_Solar_Probe89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:antiquewhite;"><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe#Instruments" title="Parker Solar Probe">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIELDS" title="FIELDS">FIELDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Science_Investigation_of_the_Sun" title="Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun">IS☉IS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWEAP" title="SWEAP">SWEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISPR" title="WISPR">WISPR</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parker_Solar_Probe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Parker_Solar_Probe.jpg/120px-Parker_Solar_Probe.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Parker_Solar_Probe.jpg/250px-Parker_Solar_Probe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="6501" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:antiquewhite;">Namesake</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; background:antiquewhite;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Solar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">Solar wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchback" title="Magnetic switchback">Magnetic switchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_streamer" title="Helmet streamer">Helmet streamer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">Delta IV Heavy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Star 48</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; 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Case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_48&oldid=1251723544">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_48&oldid=1251723544</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rocket_stages" title="Category:Rocket stages">Rocket stages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Solid-fuel_rockets" title="Category:Solid-fuel rockets">Solid-fuel rockets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alliant_Techsystems" title="Category:Alliant Techsystems">Alliant Techsystems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Horizons" title="Category:New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 October 2024, at 18:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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