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class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Religious_text" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Religious_text" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Religious+text" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Scripture" and "scriptures" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scripture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scripture (disambiguation)">Scripture (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sacred texts" redirects here. For the website, see <a href="/wiki/Internet_Sacred_Text_Archive" title="Internet Sacred Text Archive">Internet Sacred Text Archive</a>.</div> Religious texts, including scripture, are <a href="/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory)">texts</a> which various <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They often feature a compilation or discussion of beliefs, ritual practices, moral commandments and <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">laws</a>, ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and admonitions for fostering a religious community. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/220px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/330px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/440px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056"></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Vedic chant</a>) manuscript in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, a scripture of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, dated 1500–1000 BCE. It is the oldest religious text in any <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Vaticanus_B,_2Thess._3,11-18,_Hebr._1,1-2,2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Codex_Vaticanus_B%2C_2Thess._3%2C11-18%2C_Hebr._1%2C1-2%2C2.jpg/220px-Codex_Vaticanus_B%2C_2Thess._3%2C11-18%2C_Hebr._1%2C1-2%2C2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Codex_Vaticanus_B%2C_2Thess._3%2C11-18%2C_Hebr._1%2C1-2%2C2.jpg/330px-Codex_Vaticanus_B%2C_2Thess._3%2C11-18%2C_Hebr._1%2C1-2%2C2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Codex_Vaticanus_B%2C_2Thess._3%2C11-18%2C_Hebr._1%2C1-2%2C2.jpg/440px-Codex_Vaticanus_B%2C_2Thess._3%2C11-18%2C_Hebr._1%2C1-2%2C2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="620"></a><figcaption>A page from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> manuscript (4th century CE) in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Testament">Greek Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, currently preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, Rome.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Quran_-_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Holy_Quran_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-Holy_Quran_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Holy_Quran_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/330px-Holy_Quran_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Holy_Quran_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/440px-Holy_Quran_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1640"></a><figcaption>A page from one of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Quranic_manuscripts" title="Early Quranic manuscripts">early Quranic manuscripts</a> (7th century CE), currently preserved in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_India" title="National Museum of India">National Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> Within each religion, these sacred texts are revered as authoritative sources of guidance, wisdom, and <a href="/wiki/Divine_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine revelation">divine revelation</a>. They are often regarded as sacred or holy, representing the core teachings and principles that their followers strive to uphold.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_nomenclature">1 Etymology and nomenclature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History_of_religious_texts">2 History of religious texts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Authority_of_religious_texts">3 Authority of religious texts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_text&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and nomenclature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> According to Peter Beal, the term scripture – derived from "scriptura" (Latin) – meant "writings [manuscripts] in general" prior to the medieval era, then became "reserved to denote the texts of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Beyond Christianity, according to the Oxford World Encyclopedia, the term "scripture" has referred to a text accepted to contain the "sacred writings of a religion",<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> while The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions states it refers to a text "having [religious] authority and often collected into an accepted canon".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In modern times, this equation of the written word with religious texts is particular to the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, and is not retained in most other languages, which usually add an adjective like "<a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a>" to denote religious texts. Some religious texts are categorized as canonical, some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldCharlesworth2012-7">[7]</a> The term "canon" is derived from the Greek word "κανών", "a cane used as a measuring instrument". It connotes the sense of "measure, standard, norm, rule". In the modern usage, a religious canon refers to a "catalogue of sacred scriptures" that is broadly accepted to "contain and agree with the rule or canon of a particular faith", states Juan Widow.<a href="#cite_note-Widow2018p22-8">[8]</a> The related terms such as "non-canonical", "extracanonical", "deuterocanonical" and others presume and are derived from "canon". These derived terms differentiate a corpus of religious texts from the "canonical" literature. At its root, this differentiation reflects the sects and conflicts that developed and branched off over time, the competitive "acceptance" of a common minimum over time and the "rejection" of interpretations, beliefs, rules or practices by one group of another related socio-religious group.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The earliest reference to the term "canon" in the context of "a collection of sacred Scripture" is traceable to the 4th-century CE. The early references, such as the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Laodicea" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Laodicea">Synod of Laodicea</a>, mention both the terms "canonical" and "non-canonical" in the context of religious texts.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History_of_religious_texts">History of religious texts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_text&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of religious texts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religions">History of religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline of religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></div> One of the oldest known religious texts is the <a href="/wiki/Kesh_Temple_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesh Temple Hymn">Kesh Temple Hymn</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> a set of inscribed clay tablets which scholars typically date around 2600 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, although only considered by some scholars as a religious text, has origins as early as 2150 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-Dalley2000-14">[14]</a> and stands as one of the earliest literary works that includes various <a href="/wiki/Mythological" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythological">mythological</a> figures and themes of interaction with the divine.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, a scripture of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, is dated 1500 BCE. It is one of the oldest known complete religious texts that has survived into the modern age.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> There are many possible dates given to the first writings which can be connected to Talmudic and Biblical traditions, the earliest of which is found in scribal documentation of the 8th century BCE,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> followed by administrative documentation from temples of the 5th and 6th centuries BCE,<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> with another common date being the 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> High rates of mass production and distribution of religious texts did not begin until the invention of the printing press in 1440,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> before which all religious texts were hand written copies, of which there were relatively limited quantities in circulation. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Authority_of_religious_texts">Authority of religious texts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_text&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Authority of religious texts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The relative authority of religious texts develops over time and is derived from the ratification, <a href="/wiki/Enforcement" title="Enforcement">enforcement</a>, and its use across generations. Some religious texts are accepted or categorized as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canonical" class="extiw" title="wikt:canonical">canonical</a>, some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldCharlesworth2012-7">[7]</a> "Scripture" (or "scriptures") is a subset of religious texts considered to be "especially authoritative",<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> revered and "holy writ",<a href="#cite_note-britscripture-23">[23]</a> "sacred, canonical", or of "supreme authority, special status" to a religious community.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1994p12-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham1993p44-25">[25]</a> The terms sacred text and religious text are not necessarily interchangeable in that some religious texts are believed to be <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> because of the belief in some theistic religions such as the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> that the text is <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinely</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernaturally</a> <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revealed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">divinely inspired</a>, or in non-theistic religions such as some <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> they are considered to be the central tenets of their eternal <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>. In contrast to sacred texts, many religious texts are simply narratives or discussions pertaining to the general themes, interpretations, practices, or important figures of the specific religion. In some religions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>), the canonical texts include a particular text (<a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>) but is "an unsettled question", according to <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Nida" title="Eugene Nida">Eugene Nida</a>. In others (<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>), there "has never been a definitive canon".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> While the term scripture is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> scriptura, meaning "writing", most sacred scriptures of the world's major religions were originally a part of their <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, and were "passed down through memorization from generation to generation until they were finally committed to writing", according to <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britscripture-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> are the traditions and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time evidently saw and followed and passed on to the next generations.<a href="#cite_note-el-Dabbas-1979-65-30">[30]</a> According to classical Islamic theories,<a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:7-31">[31]</a> the sunnah are documented by <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> (the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions or disapprovals attributed to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>), and alongside the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (the book of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>) are the divine revelation (<a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">wahy</a>) delivered through Muhammad<a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:7-31">[31]</a> that make up the primary sources of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">belief/theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc-abu-al-fadl-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-AQTU-33">[33]</a> However sects of Islam differ on which hadiths (if any) should be accepted as canonical (see <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Criticism of hadith</a>). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_text&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts" title="List of religious texts">List of religious texts</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_text&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Elster2003" class="citation journal cs1">Charles Elster (2003). "Authority, Performance, and Interpretation in Religious Reading: Critical Issues of Intercultural Communication and Multiple Literacies". Journal of Literacy Research. 35 (1): 667–670.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Literacy+Research&rft.atitle=Authority%2C+Performance%2C+and+Interpretation+in+Religious+Reading%3A+Critical+Issues+of+Intercultural+Communication+and+Multiple+Literacies&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=667-670&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Charles+Elster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988">, Quote: "religious texts serve two important regulatory functions: on the group level, they regulate liturgical ritual and systems of law; at the individual level, they (seek to) regulate ethical conduct and direct spiritual aspirations." </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_Nida1994" class="citation journal cs1">Eugene Nida (1994). "The Sociolinguistics of Translating Canonical Religious Texts". TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction. 7 (1). Érudit: Université de Montréal: 195–197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TTR%3A+Traduction%2C+Terminologie%2C+R%C3%A9daction&rft.atitle=The+Sociolinguistics+of+Translating+Canonical+Religious+Texts&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195-197&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Eugene+Nida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988">, Quote: "The phrase "religious texts" may be understood in two quite different senses: (1) texts that discuss historical or present-day religious beliefs and practices of a believing community and (2) texts that are crucial in giving rise to a believing community." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicoeur1974" class="citation journal cs1">Ricoeur, Paul (1974). "Philosophy and Religious Language". The Journal of Religion. 54 (1). University of Chicago Press: 71–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F486374">10.1086/486374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144691132">144691132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Philosophy+and+Religious+Language&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-85&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F486374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144691132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ricoeur&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Beal2008" class="citation book cs1">Peter Beal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TekTDAAAQBAJ">A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology: 1450 to 2000</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926544-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926544-2"><bdi>978-0-19-926544-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+English+Manuscript+Terminology%3A+1450+to+2000&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926544-2&rft.au=Peter+Beal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTekTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-10395">"Scriptures"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo">The World Encyclopedia</a>. Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954609-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scriptures&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954609-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001%2Facref-9780199546091-e-10395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowker2000" class="citation book cs1">John Bowker (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-6484">"Scripture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192800947">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280094-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scripture&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280094-7&rft.au=John+Bowker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192800947.001.0001%2Facref-9780192800947-e-6484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonaldCharlesworth2012-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldCharlesworth2012_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldCharlesworth2012_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Martin_McDonaldJames_H._Charlesworth2012" class="citation book cs1">Lee Martin McDonald; James H. Charlesworth (5 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYIebgV1_e0C&pg=PA25">'Noncanonical' Religious Texts in Early Judaism and Early Christianity</a>. A&C Black. pp. 1–5, 18–19, 24–25, 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-12419-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-12419-7"><bdi>978-0-567-12419-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Noncanonical%27+Religious+Texts+in+Early+Judaism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=1-5%2C+18-19%2C+24-25%2C+32-34&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-567-12419-7&rft.au=Lee+Martin+McDonald&rft.au=James+H.+Charlesworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYIebgV1_e0C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Widow2018p22-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Widow2018p22_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Carlos_Ossandón_Widow2018" class="citation book cs1">Juan Carlos Ossandón Widow (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJByDwAAQBAJ">The Origins of the Canon of the Hebrew Bible</a>. Brill Academic. pp. 22–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38161-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38161-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38161-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Canon+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=22-27&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38161-2&rft.au=Juan+Carlos+Ossand%C3%B3n+Widow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJByDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerbern_Oegema2012" class="citation book cs1">Gerbern Oegema (2012). Lee Martin McDonald and James H. Charlesworth (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYIebgV1_e0C">'Noncanonical' Religious Texts in Early Judaism and Early Christianity</a>. A&C Black. pp. 18–23 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-12419-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-12419-7"><bdi>978-0-567-12419-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Noncanonical%27+Religious+Texts+in+Early+Judaism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=18-23+with+footnotes&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-567-12419-7&rft.au=Gerbern+Oegema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYIebgV1_e0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherMeade2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon L.</a>; Meade, John D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpg4DwAAQBAJ">The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity: Texts and Analysis</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. xii–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879249-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879249-9"><bdi>978-0-19-879249-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Lists+from+Early+Christianity%3A+Texts+and+Analysis&rft.pages=xii-xiii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879249-9&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft.au=Meade%2C+John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpg4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1942" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Samuel (1942). 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The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 20 (3): 299–302. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43710550">43710550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Oral+Tradition+Upon+Exegesis+and+the+Senses+of+Scripture&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-302&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43710550%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Carroll+Stuhlmueller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-el-Dabbas-1979-65-30"><a href="#cite_ref-el-Dabbas-1979-65_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQaziEl-Dabbas1979" class="citation book cs1">Qazi, M. A.; El-Dabbas, Mohammed Saʿid (1979). A Concise Dictionary of Islamic Terms. Lahore, Pakistan: Kazi Publications. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Terms&rft.place=Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Kazi+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Qazi&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=El-Dabbas%2C+Mohammed+Sa%CA%BFid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:7-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:7_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:7_31-1">b</a> <a href="#DWBRTMIT1996">Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought, 1996</a>: p.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-abc-abu-al-fadl-32"><a href="#cite_ref-abc-abu-al-fadl_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2011" class="citation journal cs1">Abou El Fadl, Khaled (22 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2011/03/22/3170810.htm">"What is Shari'a?"</a>. ABC Religion and Ethics. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.atitle=What+is+Shari%27a%3F&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F22%2F3170810.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AQTU-33"><a href="#cite_ref-AQTU_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://askaquestionto.us/question-answer/revealedbook/what-is-the-difference-between-quran-and-sunnah">"What is the Difference Between Quran and Sunnah?"</a>. Ask a Question to Us. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ask+a+Question+to+Us&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Difference+Between+Quran+and+Sunnah%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faskaquestionto.us%2Fquestion-answer%2Frevealedbook%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-quran-and-sunnah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+text" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_text&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/themes">The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_text&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_geskrifte" title="Heilige geskrifte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heilige geskrifte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%81%E1%8D%8D" title="እምነት ጽሁፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እምነት ጽሁፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="نصوص مقدسة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نصوص مقدسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_sagrau" title="Libro sagrau – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Libro sagrau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_kitab" title="Müqəddəs kitab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs kitab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="ধর্মগ্রন্থ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মগ্রন্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_suci" title="Kitab suci – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kitab suci" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_suci" title="Kitab suci – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kitab suci" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_sagrat" title="Text sagrat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Text sagrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%A1_kniha" title="Svatá kniha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatá kniha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgrythur" title="Ysgrythur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysgrythur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Schriften" title="Heilige Schriften – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heilige Schriften" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BChakiri" title="Pühakiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pühakiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Ιερό κείμενο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιερό κείμενο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_sagrado" title="Libro sagrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro sagrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanktaj_libroj" title="Sanktaj libroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sanktaj libroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کتاب دینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب دینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texte_sacr%C3%A9" title="Texte sacré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Texte sacré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillige_tekst" title="Hillige tekst – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hillige tekst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacris_Scrituris" title="Sacris Scrituris – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sacris Scrituris" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%84" title="경전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="धर्म ग्रंथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्म ग्रंथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_suci" title="Kitab suci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testo_sacro" title="Testo sacro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testo sacro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A9" title="כתבי קודש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתבי קודש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab" title="Kitab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kitab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಗ್ರಂಥಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қасиетті жазулар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қасиетті жазулар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B5" title="ຄຳພີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄຳພີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_sacer" title="Liber sacer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber sacer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93tie_raksti" title="Svētie raksti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētie raksti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ventra%C5%A1tis" title="Šventraštis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šventraštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_k%C3%B6nyv" title="Szent könyv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent könyv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="धर्मग्रंथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धर्मग्रंथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teks_keagamaan" title="Teks keagamaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teks keagamaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilig_boek" title="Heilig boek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heilig boek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%85%B8" title="聖典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellige_b%C3%B8ker" title="Hellige bøker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hellige bøker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilage_b%C3%B8ker" title="Heilage bøker – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heilage bøker" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="مذہبی متون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مذہبی متون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%DB%90" title="اسماني کتابونه او صحيفې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسماني کتابونه او صحيفې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_sacr%C3%A0" title="Test sacrà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Test sacrà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99te_ksi%C4%99gi" title="Święte księgi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święte księgi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro_sagrado" title="Livro sagrado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro sagrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_sacru" title="Text sacru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Text sacru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haly_beuk" title="Haly beuk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Haly beuk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksti_fetar" title="Teksti fetar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teksti fetar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testi_sacri" title="Testi sacri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Testi sacri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripture" title="Scripture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scripture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4t%C3%A1_kniha" title="Svätá kniha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svätá kniha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verska_literatura" title="Verska literatura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Verska literatura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Свети списи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свети списи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_spisi" title="Sveti spisi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sveti spisi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4_kirjoitus" title="Pyhä kirjoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhä kirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helig_skrift" title="Helig skrift – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helig skrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasulatang_panrelihiyon" title="Kasulatang panrelihiyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasulatang panrelihiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పవిత్ర గ్రంధములు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పవిత్ర గ్రంధములు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="คัมภีร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คัมภีร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsal_metin" title="Kutsal metin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kutsal metin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Святі тексти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Святі тексти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="مذہبی متون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مذہبی متون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_b%E1%BA%A3n_t%C3%B4n_gi%C3%A1o" title="Văn bản tôn giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn bản tôn giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_live" title="Sint live – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sint live" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8" title="宗教经典 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宗教经典" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8" title="宗教經典 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="宗教經典" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C5%9Fteyo_firaz" title="Nuşteyo firaz – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nuşteyo firaz" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8" title="宗教經典 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宗教經典" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Suci" title="Kitab Suci – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kitab Suci" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 September 2024, at 17:59 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li 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