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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Major_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Major ranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Erosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_"Montes"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_"Montes""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extraterrestrial "Montes"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_"Montes"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain range</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergreeks" title="Bergreeks – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bergreeks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebirge" title="Gebirge – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gebirge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سلسلة جبلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلسلة جبلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordelera" title="Cordelera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cordelera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordal" title="Cordal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cordal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="परबत माला – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="परबत माला" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvytyrys%C3%BDi" title="Yvytyrysýi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvytyrysýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="МугӀрузул рахас – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="МугӀрузул рахас" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunu_qullu" title="Khunu qullu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Khunu qullu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F_silsil%C9%99si" title="Dağ silsiləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dağ silsiləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="سیراداغ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیراداغ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soa%E2%81%BF-me%CC%8Dh" title="Soaⁿ-me̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soaⁿ-me̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Тау һырты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тау һырты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Горны хрыбет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Горны хрыбет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3" title="Горны сьцяг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Горны сьцяг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="परबत माला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="परबत माला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabukidan" title="Kabukidan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kabukidan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Планинска верига – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планинска верига" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planinski_lanac" title="Planinski lanac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Planinski lanac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradennad_venezio%C3%B9" title="Aradennad venezioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aradennad venezioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serralada" title="Serralada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Serralada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poho%C5%99%C3%AD" title="Pohoří – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pohoří" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandundu" title="Mandundu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mandundu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjergk%C3%A6de" title="Bjergkæde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bjergkæde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebirge" title="Gebirge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gebirge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4estik" title="Mäestik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mäestik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Οροσειρά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οροσειρά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera" title="Cordillera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cordillera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montara_sistemo" title="Montara sistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montara sistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendikate" title="Mendikate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendikate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87" title="رشته‌کوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رشته‌کوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_de_montagnes" title="Chaîne de montagnes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaîne de montagnes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtme" title="Berchtme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berchtme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliabhraon" title="Sliabhraon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sliabhraon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilleira" title="Cordilleira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cordilleira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Дукъ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дукъ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="पर्वतमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्वतमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorje" title="Gorje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gorje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaro" title="Montaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Montaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabambantayan" title="Kabambantayan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kabambantayan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan" title="Pegunungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjallgar%C3%B0ur" title="Fjallgarður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjallgarður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catena_montuosa" title="Catena montuosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catena montuosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רכס הרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכס הרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тау тизгин – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тау тизгин" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ქედი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82" title="Таулы үстірт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таулы үстірт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safu_ya_milima" title="Safu ya milima – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Safu ya milima" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAze%C3%A7iya" title="Rêzeçiya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêzeçiya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тоо кыры – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тоо кыры" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad%C3%ABina_de_cr%C3%ABps" title="Ciadëina de crëps – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciadëina de crëps" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_continui" title="Montes continui – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Montes continui" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalnu_gr%C4%93da" title="Kalnu grēda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalnu grēda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Суварин цӀиргъ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Суварин цӀиргъ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalnag%C5%ABbris" title="Kalnagūbris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalnagūbris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ma%27arlinsi" title="ma'arlinsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ma'arlinsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_de_monts" title="Cadena de monts – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cadena de monts" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegys%C3%A9g" title="Hegység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिमश्रृङ्खला – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिमश्रृङ्खला" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Планински венец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Планински венец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandavan-tendrombohitra" title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tandavan-tendrombohitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="പർവതനിരകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പർവതനിരകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="पर्वतरांग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पर्वतरांग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ქჷნდჷრი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქჷნდჷრი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سلسله جبليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلسله جبليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjaran" title="Banjaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Banjaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebergte_(aardrijkskunde)" title="Gebergte (aardrijkskunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gebergte (aardrijkskunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिमशृङ्खला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिमशृङ्खला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%84)" title="РагӀ (рельеф) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="РагӀ (рельеф)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beragkeed" title="Beragkeed – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beragkeed" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjellkjede" title="Fjellkjede – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjellkjede" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjellkjede" title="Fjellkjede – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fjellkjede" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_de_montanha" title="Cadena de montanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cadena de montanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਰਬਤ ਲੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਬਤ ਲੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پہاڑی دھارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہاڑی دھارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%86" title="ជួរភ្នំ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជួរភ្នំ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cuch_g%C3%B3rski" title="Łańcuch górski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łańcuch górski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilheira" title="Cordilheira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cordilheira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C8%9B_montan" title="Lanț montan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lanț montan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla" title="Walla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Walla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Горы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Горы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Горный хребет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горный хребет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сис (география) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сис (география)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargmali" title="Vargmali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vargmali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mountain range" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="جبلن جا سلسلا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جبلن جا سلسلا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohorie" title="Pohorie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pohorie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorovje" title="Gorovje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gorovje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زنجیرەچیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زنجیرەچیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Планински масив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Планински масив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planinski_masiv" title="Planinski masiv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Planinski masiv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoristo" title="Vuoristo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuoristo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergskedja" title="Bergskedja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bergskedja" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographic area containing several geologically related mountains</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For financial options, see <a href="/wiki/Exotic_option" title="Exotic option">Mountain range (options)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_9_image_of_the_Namcha_Barwa_Himal_range,_AS09-23-3511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apollo_9_image_of_the_Namcha_Barwa_Himal_range%2C_AS09-23-3511.jpg/330px-Apollo_9_image_of_the_Namcha_Barwa_Himal_range%2C_AS09-23-3511.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apollo_9_image_of_the_Namcha_Barwa_Himal_range%2C_AS09-23-3511.jpg/495px-Apollo_9_image_of_the_Namcha_Barwa_Himal_range%2C_AS09-23-3511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Apollo_9_image_of_the_Namcha_Barwa_Himal_range%2C_AS09-23-3511.jpg/660px-Apollo_9_image_of_the_Namcha_Barwa_Himal_range%2C_AS09-23-3511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5286" data-file-height="5333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa_Himal" title="Namcha Barwa Himal">Namcha Barwa Himal</a>, east part of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> as seen from space by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mountain range</b> or <b>hill range</b> is a series of <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">hills</a> arranged in a line and connected by high ground. A <b>mountain system</b> or <b>mountain belt</b> is a group of mountain ranges with similarity in form, structure, and alignment that have arisen from the same cause, usually an <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain ranges are formed by a variety of geological processes, but most of the significant ones on Earth are the result of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain ranges are also found on many planetary mass objects in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and are likely a feature of most <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a>. </p><p>Mountain ranges are usually segmented by <a href="/wiki/Highland" title="Highland">highlands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">mountain passes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a>. Individual mountains within the same mountain range do not necessarily have the same <a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">geologic structure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a>. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust sheets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fault-block_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-block mountain">uplifted blocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">fold</a> mountains, and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> landforms resulting in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">rock types</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_ranges">Major ranges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif/300px-World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif/450px-World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif/600px-World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge#Global_system" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Ocean Ridge</a>, the world's longest mountain range (chain)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earth's land surface are associated with either the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a>. The Pacific Ring of Fire includes the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of South America, extends through the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Cordillera" title="North American Cordillera">North American Cordillera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Range" title="Aleutian Range">Aleutian Range</a>, on through <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Andes is 7,000 kilometres (4,350 mi) long and is often considered the world's longest mountain system.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alpide belt stretches 15,000 km across southern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> in Maritime <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, including the ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, which is 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mountain ranges outside these two systems include the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cordillera" title="Arctic Cordillera">Arctic Cordillera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Mountains" title="East Siberian Mountains">East Siberians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinling" title="Qinling">Qinling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byrranga_Mountains" title="Byrranga Mountains">Byrrangas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Annamite_Range" title="Annamite Range">Annamite Range</a>. If the definition of a mountain range is stretched to include underwater mountains, then the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Ridge">Ocean Ridge</a> forms the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of 65,000 kilometres (40,400 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andes_70.30345W_42.99203S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Andes_70.30345W_42.99203S.jpg/220px-Andes_70.30345W_42.99203S.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Andes_70.30345W_42.99203S.jpg/330px-Andes_70.30345W_42.99203S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Andes_70.30345W_42.99203S.jpg/440px-Andes_70.30345W_42.99203S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, the longest mountain range on the surface of the Earth, have a dramatic impact on the climate of South America</figcaption></figure> <p>The position of mountain ranges influences climate, such as rain or snow.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools, producing <a href="/wiki/Orography" title="Orography">orographic</a> precipitation (rain or snow). As the air descends on the leeward side, it warms again (following the <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic lapse rate">adiabatic lapse rate</a>) and is drier, having been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> will affect the leeward side of a range.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, large mountain ranges, such as the Andes, compartmentalize continents into distinct <a href="/wiki/Climate_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate regions">climate regions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erosion">Erosion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Erosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mountain ranges are constantly subjected to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosional</a> forces which work to tear them down.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">basins</a> adjacent to an eroding mountain range are then filled with sediments that are buried and turned into <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains. </p><p>The early <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> uplift of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> of Colorado provides an example. As the uplift was occurring some 10,000 feet (3,000 m) of mostly <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> sedimentary <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> were removed by erosion over the core of the mountain range and spread as sand and clays across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift. The removal of such a mass from the core of the range most likely caused further uplift as the region adjusted <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostatically</a> in response to the removed weight. </p><p>Rivers are traditionally believed to be the principal cause of mountain range erosion, by cutting into bedrock and transporting sediment. Computer simulation has shown that as mountain belts change from tectonically active to inactive, the rate of erosion drops because there are fewer abrasive particles in the water and fewer landslides.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_"Montes""><span id="Extraterrestrial_.22Montes.22"></span>Extraterrestrial "Montes"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial "Montes""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_mountains_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of tallest mountains in the Solar System">List of tallest mountains in the Solar System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montes_Apenninus_AS15-M-1423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Montes_Apenninus_AS15-M-1423.jpg/220px-Montes_Apenninus_AS15-M-1423.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Montes_Apenninus_AS15-M-1423.jpg/330px-Montes_Apenninus_AS15-M-1423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Montes_Apenninus_AS15-M-1423.jpg/440px-Montes_Apenninus_AS15-M-1423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Montes_Apenninus" title="Montes Apenninus">Montes Apenninus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> was formed by an impact event.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mountains on other planets and <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> of the Solar System, including the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, are often isolated and formed mainly by processes such as impacts, though there are examples of mountain ranges (or "Montes") somewhat similar to those on Earth. <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a><sup id="cite_ref-MitriBland2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MitriBland2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(dwarf_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (dwarf planet)">Pluto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150724-lg_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150724-lg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular, exhibit large mountain ranges in chains composed mainly of ices rather than rock. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Mithrim_Montes" title="Mithrim Montes">Mithrim Montes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doom_Mons" title="Doom Mons">Doom Mons</a> on Titan, and <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Montes" title="Tenzing Montes">Tenzing Montes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Montes" title="Hillary Montes">Hillary Montes</a> on Pluto. Some terrestrial planets other than Earth also exhibit rocky mountain ranges, such as <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a> on <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> taller than any on Earth<sup id="cite_ref-KeepHansen1994_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeepHansen1994-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tartarus_Montes" title="Tartarus Montes">Tartarus Montes</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plescia2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plescia2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jupiter's moon <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> has mountain ranges formed from tectonic processes including the <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6saule_Montes" title="Boösaule Montes">Boösaule</a>, Dorian, Hi'iaka and <a href="/wiki/Euboea_Montes" title="Euboea Montes">Euboea Montes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaeger2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaeger2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_range&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Cordillera">Cordillera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">Drainage divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" title="List of mountain ranges">List of mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_mountain_ranges" title="Category:Lists of mountain ranges">Category:Lists of mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">List of mountain types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Lists of mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">Massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_chain" title="Mountain chain">Mountain chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountain formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">Ridge</a> – an elongated mountain or hill, or chain of them</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span 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.reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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"Structural history of Maxwell Montes, Venus: Implications for Venusian mountain belt formation". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>99</b> (E12): 26015. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JGR....9926015K">1994JGR....9926015K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F94JE02636">10.1029/94JE02636</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53311663">53311663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Structural+history+of+Maxwell+Montes%2C+Venus%3A+Implications+for+Venusian+mountain+belt+formation&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=E12&rft.pages=26015&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F94JE02636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53311663%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0148-0227&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994JGR....9926015K&rft.aulast=Keep&rft.aufirst=Myra&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Vicki+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plescia2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plescia2003_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlescia2003" class="citation journal cs1">Plescia, J.B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1259599">"Cerberus Fossae, Elysium, Mars: a source for lava and water"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>164</b> (1): 79–95. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..164...79P">2003Icar..164...79P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900139-8">10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00139-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035">0019-1035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Cerberus+Fossae%2C+Elysium%2C+Mars%3A+a+source+for+lava+and+water&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-95&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900139-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..164...79P&rft.aulast=Plescia&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1259599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaeger2003-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaeger2003_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jaeger, W. L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001946">"Orogenic tectonism on Io"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>108</b> (E8): 12–1–12–18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRE..108.5093J">2003JGRE..108.5093J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JE001946">10.1029/2002JE001946</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a>.</cite><span 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mountain ranges">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mountain_ranges" class="extiw" title="voy:Mountain ranges">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/rangindx.aspx">Peakbagger Ranges Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bivouac.com/PgxPg.asp?PgxId=276">Bivouac.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth's landforms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_landforms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms" title="Glossary of landforms">List of landforms</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountainous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(landform)" title="Flat (landform)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill" title="Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">Mountain</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableland" title="Tableland">Tableland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental plain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_sediment_processes" title="Fluvial sediment processes">Fluvial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">Lake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_island" title="Lake island">island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">mouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">Glacial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">Arête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">Esker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Ice field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">Tunnel valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Oceanic and<br /> coastal landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">Volcanic island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volcanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">Lava field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">Volcanic crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">Volcanic crater lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_dam" title="Volcanic dam">Volcanic dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">Volcanic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plateau" title="Volcanic plateau">Volcanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plug" title="Volcanic plug">Volcanic plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_rock" title="Wall rock">Wall rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">Dry lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhill" title="Sandhill">Sandhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">Artificial island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">Polder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geographical_feature" title="Geographical feature">Geographical feature</a></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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