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为什么是开发者必须了解的核心技术？</span></div></div><div class="mod-article-content"><div class="mod-header"><div class="mod-header__top"><div class="mod-header__title"><h1 class="title-text">什么是 JVM？JVM 为什么是开发者必须了解的核心技术？</h1></div></div><div class="mod-article-source header"><div class="mod-article-source__main"><div class="mod-article-source__avatar"><img src="https://developer.qcloudimg.com/http-save/10011/1b9c3652fd10c71666f670e276e212aa.jpg" alt="作者头像"/></div><div class="mod-article-source__detail"><div class="mod-article-source__name"><span>码哥字节</span></div></div><button class="cdc-btn mod-article-source__operate cdc-btn--primary"><span><i></i>关注</span></button></div></div><div class="mod-header__bottom"><div class="mod-header__detail"><div class="mod-header__date"><span class="date-text">发布于 2024-11-26 08:48:05</span></div><div class="mod-header__date is-mobile"><span class="date-text">发布于 2024-11-26 08:48:05</span></div><div class="mod-header__infos"><div class="cdc-icon__list"><span 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class="cdc-svg-icon-con is-operate"><span class="cdc-svg-icon" style="width:16px;height:16px"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="currentcolor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.21101 2.54545C8.80733 1.81818 7.79814 1.81818 7.39446 2.54545L1.94481 12.3636C1.54113 13.0909 2.04573 14 2.85308 14H13.7524C14.5597 14 15.0643 13.0909 14.6607 12.3636L9.21101 2.54545ZM2.85308 12.9091L8.30273 3.09091L13.7524 12.9091H2.85308ZM8.00037 6H9.00037V10H8.00037V6ZM8.00037 11H9.00037V12H8.00037V11Z" fill="currentcolor"></path></svg></span><span class="cdc-svg-icon-text">举报</span></span></div></div></div><div class="mod-header__special"><div class="cdc-special-guide"><span><i class="cdc-special-guide-icon"></i>文章被收录于专栏：</span><a class="cdc-special-guide-name">Java 技术栈</a></div></div></div><div class="mod-content"><div class="mod-content__markdown"><div><div class="rno-markdown new-version rno-"><p>大家好，我是码哥。</p><p>Java 虚拟机（Java Virtual Machine，JVM）是 Java 技术体系的核心组成部分，它使得 Java 程序能够实现“一次编译，到处运行”的跨平台特性。</p><p>JVM 不仅运行 Java 程序，还承担了内存管理、垃圾回收、即时编译（JIT）等关键任务，是现代 Java 开发不可或缺的基础设施。</p><p>在本章中，我们将全面解析 JVM 的作用、设计目标、在 Java 技术体系中的地位，以及它的演变历史和主流实现，为后续深入理解 JVM 的内部工作机制打下坚实基础。</p><h3 id="7g0li" name="JVM-%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%9A%E5%B0%B1%E5%83%8F%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E2%80%9C%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD%E7%AE%A1%E5%AE%B6%E2%80%9D"><strong>JVM 的作用：就像一个“全能管家”</strong></h3><p>JVM 是一个运行时环境，主要负责加载字节码（.class 文件）、执行程序指令、管理内存等。其核心作用如下：</p><ol class="ol-level-0"><li><strong>跨平台支持</strong><ul class="ul-level-1"><li>Java 程序通过 <code>javac</code> 编译为平台无关的字节码，由 JVM 在目标平台上解释或编译为本地机器码运行。</li><li>实现了“一次编译，到处运行”的特性。</li></ul></li><li><strong>内存管理</strong><ul class="ul-level-1"><li>JVM 负责分配和回收 Java 程序使用的内存，开发者无需手动管理堆栈，避免了许多常见的内存泄漏问题。</li></ul></li><li><strong>安全性保障</strong><ul class="ul-level-1"><li>JVM 通过类加载器和字节码验证器确保程序运行的安全性，防止恶意代码执行。</li></ul></li><li><strong>性能优化</strong><ul class="ul-level-1"><li>JVM 内置即时编译器（JIT），在运行时将热点代码编译为高效的本地机器码。</li></ul></li></ol><p>它不仅为程序提供“房间”（内存分配），还负责打扫卫生（垃圾回收）、监督安全（类加载器）、优化生活效率（JIT 编译器）。</p><h3 id="8c9ie" name="JVM-%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD"><strong>JVM 的核心功能</strong></h3><p>JVM 的功能可以分为以下几个核心模块：</p><figure class=""><div class="rno-markdown-img-url" style="text-align:center"><div class="rno-markdown-img-url-inner" style="width:100%"><div style="width:100%"><img src="https://developer.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-2253892/60bd136b9f023ae108496beffb65badc.png" alt="" style="width:100%"/></div></div></div></figure><p><strong>类加载</strong></p><ul class="ul-level-0"><li>负责加载和验证 <code>.class</code> 文件。</li><li>支持自定义类加载器，灵活扩展应用的加载逻辑。</li></ul><p><strong>字节码执行</strong></p><ul class="ul-level-0"><li>JVM 可通过解释器逐行解释执行字节码。</li><li>配合 JIT 编译器，将热点代码动态编译为本地机器码，提高执行效率。</li></ul><p><strong>内存管理</strong></p><ul class="ul-level-0"><li>包括堆内存（Heap）和栈内存（Stack）管理，自动分配对象存储位置。</li></ul><p><strong>垃圾回收</strong></p><ul class="ul-level-0"><li>使用垃圾回收机制（GC）自动释放不再使用的内存，减少内存泄漏和碎片化。</li></ul><p><strong>即时编译（JIT）</strong></p><ul class="ul-level-0"><li>在运行时动态优化程序代码，将热点代码编译为高效的机器码执行，显著提升性能。</li></ul><h3 id="fh32p" name="JVM-%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87"><strong>JVM 的设计目标</strong></h3><p>JVM 的设计目标契合 Java 的技术哲学：</p><ol class="ol-level-0"><li><strong>可移植性</strong>：JVM 是字节码和底层操作系统之间的桥梁，通过屏蔽硬件和平台的差异，确保 Java 程序可以跨平台运行。</li><li><strong>高性能</strong>：JVM 引入即时编译、分代垃圾回收等机制，尽可能接近本地代码的执行效率。</li><li><strong>安全性</strong>：类加载器和字节码验证器提供了多层保护，防止运行恶意代码。</li><li><strong>多语言支持</strong>：现代 JVM（如 GraalVM）已扩展支持多种编程语言，包括 Scala、Kotlin，甚至 Python 等非 Java 语言。</li></ol><p><strong>JVM 就像一台“翻译机</strong></p><p>它能将一种“通用语言”（字节码）翻译成适合任何设备的指令，而翻译过程中还会进行优化和安全检查。</p><h3 id="4j947" name="Java-%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90"><strong>Java 技术体系的组成</strong></h3><p>Java 技术体系由以下三部分组成：</p><figure class=""><div class="rno-markdown-img-url" style="text-align:center"><div class="rno-markdown-img-url-inner" style="width:100%"><div style="width:100%"><img src="https://developer.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-2253892/bb517cc92e6d5c31214cbd5f3f5945f0.png" alt="" style="width:100%"/></div></div></div></figure><ol class="ol-level-0"><li><strong>Java 编程语言</strong>：提供简单易用的语法规则，让开发者快速实现业务逻辑。</li><li><strong>Java 标准类库</strong>：提供丰富的功能模块，包括集合框架、并发工具、I/O 操作等。</li><li><strong>Java 虚拟机（JVM）</strong>：执行 Java 程序的运行时环境，负责字节码执行、内存管理和性能优化。</li></ol><h3 id="cij9o" name="JVM-%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B"><strong>JVM 的发展历程</strong></h3><p>JVM 的发展紧密伴随 Java 技术的演变：</p><figure class=""><div class="rno-markdown-img-url" style="text-align:center"><div class="rno-markdown-img-url-inner" style="width:100%"><div style="width:100%"><img src="https://developer.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-2253892/1ca10f2853de6718f81ceca37d475f32.png" alt="" style="width:100%"/></div></div></div></figure><ol class="ol-level-0"><li><strong>1995 年：Sun Classic JVM</strong>，第一代 JVM，采用解释执行，性能较低。</li><li><strong>1999 年：HotSpot JVM</strong>，引入即时编译（JIT）技术，显著提升性能，成为主流实现。</li><li><strong>2000 年：BEA JRockit JVM</strong>，专注于服务器端优化，提供更高的并发支持。</li><li><strong>2006 年：OpenJDK</strong>，Sun 将 JVM 开源，推动 Java 社区的快速发展。</li><li><strong>2018 年：GraalVM</strong>，引入多语言支持和高性能编译器，扩展 JVM 的应用场景。</li></ol><p>目前，主流 JVM 包括：</p><ol class="ol-level-0"><li><strong>HotSpot JVM</strong>，Oracle JDK 的默认 JVM，适用于绝大多数应用场景。</li><li><strong>OpenJ9 JVM</strong>，IBM 开发的轻量级 JVM，专注于内存使用优化和快速启动。</li><li><strong>GraalVM</strong>，支持多语言运行和即时编译的现代 JVM，实现了更强的生态扩展性。</li></ol><h3 id="cei11" name="%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E"><strong>最后</strong></h3><p>通过本章，我们全面了解了 JVM 的作用、功能、设计目标和发展历程。</p><p>JVM 的出现为 Java 程序提供了跨平台、高性能和安全性的保障，是 Java 技术体系的基石。</p><p>在接下来的章节中，我们将深入解析 JVM 的运行时数据区域、垃圾回收机制、类加载与字节码执行等核心模块，为高性能调优提供理论支持。</p></div></div></div><div class="mod-content__source"><div class="mod-content__source-inner"><div class="mod-content__source-title">本文参与 <a href="/developer/support-plan" target="_blank">腾讯云自媒体同步曝光计划</a>，分享自微信公众号。</div><div 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语言。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":5,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"uvu6","text":"JVM 就像一台“翻译机","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":12,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bcfud","text":"它能将一种“通用语言”（字节码）翻译成适合任何设备的指令，而翻译过程中还会进行优化和安全检查。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4j947","text":"Java 技术体系的组成","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":12,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"text":"Java-%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90"}},{"key":"87k00","text":"Java 技术体系由以下三部分组成：","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5e3hm","text":"\ud83d","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":1}],"data":{}},{"key":"dgn9q","text":"Java 编程语言：提供简单易用的语法规则，让开发者快速实现业务逻辑。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":9,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fl2tm","text":"Java 标准类库：提供丰富的功能模块，包括集合框架、并发工具、I/O 操作等。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":9,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6cuo6","text":"Java 虚拟机（JVM）：执行 Java 程序的运行时环境，负责字节码执行、内存管理和性能优化。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":13,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"cij9o","text":"JVM 的发展历程","type":"header-two","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":9,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{"text":"JVM-%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B"}},{"key":"aio9q","text":"JVM 的发展紧密伴随 Java 技术的演变：","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"buu8o","text":"\ud83d","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":2}],"data":{}},{"key":"emnu0","text":"1995 年：Sun Classic JVM，第一代 JVM，采用解释执行，性能较低。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":22,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"13jsg","text":"1999 年：HotSpot JVM，引入即时编译（JIT）技术，显著提升性能，成为主流实现。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":18,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1ln2f","text":"2000 年：BEA JRockit JVM，专注于服务器端优化，提供更高的并发支持。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":22,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6rph2","text":"2006 年：OpenJDK，Sun 将 JVM 开源，推动 Java 社区的快速发展。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":14,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1ej3a","text":"2018 年：GraalVM，引入多语言支持和高性能编译器，扩展 JVM 的应用场景。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":14,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"e93pb","text":"目前，主流 JVM 包括：","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"agt4h","text":"HotSpot JVM，Oracle JDK 的默认 JVM，适用于绝大多数应用场景。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":11,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f2vk9","text":"OpenJ9 JVM，IBM 开发的轻量级 JVM，专注于内存使用优化和快速启动。","type":"ordered-list-item","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":10,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"eevk5","text":"GraalVM，支持多语言运行和即时编译的现代 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虚拟机（Java Virtual Machine，JVM）是 Java 技术体系的核心组成部分，它使得 Java 程序能够实现“一次编译，到处运行”的跨平台特性。\nJVM 不仅运行 Java 程序，还承担了内存管理、垃圾回收、即时编译（JIT）等关键任务，是现代 Java 开发不可或缺的基础设施。\n在本章中，我们将全面解析 JVM 的作用、设计目标、在 Java 技术体系中的地位，以及它的演变历史和主流实现，为后续深入理解 JVM 的内部工作机制打下坚实基础。\nJVM 的作用：就像一个“全能管家”\nJVM 是一个运行时环境，主要负责加载字节码（.class 文件）、执行程序指令、管理内存等。其核心作用如下：\n跨平台支持\nJava 程序通过 javac 编译为平台无关的字节码，由 JVM 在目标平台上解释或编译为本地机器码运行。\n实现了“一次编译，到处运行”的特性。\n内存管理\nJVM 负责分配和回收 Java 程序使用的内存，开发者无需手动管理堆栈，避免了许多常见的内存泄漏问题。\n安全性保障\nJVM 通过类加载器和字节码验证器确保程序运行的安全性，防止恶意代码执行。\n性能优化\nJVM 内置即时编译器（JIT），在运行时将热点代码编译为高效的本地机器码。\n它不仅为程序提供“房间”（内存分配），还负责打扫卫生（垃圾回收）、监督安全（类加载器）、优化生活效率（JIT 编译器）。\nJVM 的核心功能\nJVM 的功能可以分为以下几个核心模块：\n类加载\n负责加载和验证 .class 文件。\n支持自定义类加载器，灵活扩展应用的加载逻辑。\n字节码执行\nJVM 可通过解释器逐行解释执行字节码。\n配合 JIT 编译器，将热点代码动态编译为本地机器码，提高执行效率。\n内存管理\n包括堆内存（Heap）和栈内存（Stack）管理，自动分配对象存储位置。\n垃圾回收\n使用垃圾回收机制（GC）自动释放不再使用的内存，减少内存泄漏和碎片化。\n即时编译（JIT）\n在运行时动态优化程序代码，将热点代码编译为高效的机器码执行，显著提升性能。\nJVM 的设计目标\nJVM 的设计目标契合 Java 的技术哲学：\n可移植性：JVM 是字节码和底层操作系统之间的桥梁，通过屏蔽硬件和平台的差异，确保 Java 程序可以跨平台运行。\n高性能：JVM 引入即时编译、分代垃圾回收等机制，尽可能接近本地代码的执行效率。\n安全性：类加载器和字节码验证器提供了多层保护，防止运行恶意代码。\n多语言支持：现代 JVM（如 GraalVM）已扩展支持多种编程语言，包括 Scala、Kotlin，甚至 Python 等非 Java 语言。\nJVM 就像一台“翻译机\n它能将一种“通用语言”（字节码）翻译成适合任何设备的指令，而翻译过程中还会进行优化和安全检查。\nJava 技术体系的组成\nJava 技术体系由以下三部分组成：\nJava 编程语言：提供简单易用的语法规则，让开发者快速实现业务逻辑。\nJava 标准类库：提供丰富的功能模块，包括集合框架、并发工具、I/O 操作等。\nJava 虚拟机（JVM）：执行 Java 程序的运行时环境，负责字节码执行、内存管理和性能优化。\nJVM 的发展历程\nJVM 的发展紧密伴随 Java 技术的演变：\n1995 年：Sun Classic JVM，第一代 JVM，采用解释执行，性能较低。\n1999 年：HotSpot JVM，引入即时编译（JIT）技术，显著提升性能，成为主流实现。\n2000 年：BEA JRockit JVM，专注于服务器端优化，提供更高的并发支持。\n2006 年：OpenJDK，Sun 将 JVM 开源，推动 Java 社区的快速发展。\n2018 年：GraalVM，引入多语言支持和高性能编译器，扩展 JVM 的应用场景。\n目前，主流 JVM 包括：\nHotSpot JVM，Oracle JDK 的默认 JVM，适用于绝大多数应用场景。\nOpenJ9 JVM，IBM 开发的轻量级 JVM，专注于内存使用优化和快速启动。\nGraalVM，支持多语言运行和即时编译的现代 JVM，实现了更强的生态扩展性。\n最后\n通过本章，我们全面了解了 JVM 的作用、功能、设计目标和发展历程。\nJVM 的出现为 Java 程序提供了跨平台、高性能和安全性的保障，是 Java 技术体系的基石。\n在接下来的章节中，我们将深入解析 JVM 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