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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast,_soundtrack_and_streaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Broadcast, soundtrack and streaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast,_soundtrack_and_streaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Live music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artist_management,_representation_and_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artist_management,_representation_and_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Artist management, representation and staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artist_management,_representation_and_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_business_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_business_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Emerging business models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_business_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_printed_music_and_recorded_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_printed_music_and_recorded_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of printed music and recorded music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_printed_music_and_recorded_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of printed music and recorded music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_printed_music_and_recorded_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history:_Printed_music_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history:_Printed_music_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history: Printed music in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history:_Printed_music_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advent_of_recorded_music_and_radio_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advent_of_recorded_music_and_radio_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Advent of recorded music and radio broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advent_of_recorded_music_and_radio_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_digital_online_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_digital_online_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rise of digital online distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_digital_online_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sales statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sales_statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sales statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sales_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_album_volume_sales_growth_in_2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_album_volume_sales_growth_in_2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Digital album volume sales growth in 2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_album_volume_sales_growth_in_2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albums_sales_and_market_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albums_sales_and_market_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Albums sales and market value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albums_sales_and_market_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recorded_music_retail_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recorded_music_retail_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Recorded music retail sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recorded_music_retail_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003–2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003–2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>2003–2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003–2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_revenue_by_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_revenue_by_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Total revenue by year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_revenue_by_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Associations and organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music industry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89" title="صناعة الموسيقى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صناعة الموسيقى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="সঙ্গীত শিল্প – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সঙ্গীত শিল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriya_kan_musika" title="Industriya kan musika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Industriya kan musika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Музикална индустрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Музикална индустрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_musical" title="Indústria musical – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indústria musical" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikindustrie" title="Musikindustrie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musikindustrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusikat%C3%B6%C3%B6stus" title="Muusikatööstus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muusikatööstus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μουσική βιομηχανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσική βιομηχανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_musical" title="Industria musical – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Industria musical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_industrio" title="Muzika industrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muzika industrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="صنعت موسیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صنعت موسیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie_musicale" title="Industrie musicale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Industrie musicale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85_%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85" title="음악 산업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음악 산업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="संगीत उद्योग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संगीत उद्योग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_musik" title="Industri musik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Industri musik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_musicale" title="Industria musicale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Industria musicale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="תעשיית המוזיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעשיית המוזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnia_ya_muziki" title="Tasnia ya muziki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tasnia ya muziki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeneipar" title="Zeneipar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zeneipar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Музичка индустрија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Музичка индустрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_muzik" title="Industri muzik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Industri muzik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziekindustrie" title="Muziekindustrie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muziekindustrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD" title="音楽産業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音楽産業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkbransjen" title="Musikkbransjen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikkbransjen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikkindustri" title="Musikkindustri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Musikkindustri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8D_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د موسیقۍ سوداګري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د موسیقۍ سوداګري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_muzyczny" title="Przemysł muzyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przemysł muzyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_da_m%C3%BAsica" title="Indústria da música – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indústria da música" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Музыкальный бизнес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыкальный бизнес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Music industry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudobn%C3%BD_priemysel" title="Hudobný priemysel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hudobný priemysel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="پیشەسازیی مۆسیقا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیشەسازیی مۆسیقا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzi%C4%8Dka_industrija" title="Muzička industrija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Muzička industrija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiikkiteollisuus" title="Musiikkiteollisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musiikkiteollisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikbranschen" title="Musikbranschen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musikbranschen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik_end%C3%BCstrisi" title="Müzik endüstrisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müzik endüstrisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Музична індустрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музична індустрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p_%C3%A2m_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Công nghiệp âm nhạc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghiệp âm nhạc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="音樂工業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音樂工業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_distribution&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Record distribution">Record distribution</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Companies and individuals that create and sell music</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg/250px-MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg/330px-MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg/500px-MCI_equipped_Studiod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Musicians working in a <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers,_Towersey_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg/250px-Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg/330px-Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg/500px-Crowd_watching_The_Proclaimers%2C_Towersey_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>An audience watching a <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concert</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>music industry</b> are individuals and organizations that earn money by <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">writing songs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical compositions</a>, creating and selling <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recorded music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>, presenting <a href="/wiki/Live_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Live music">concerts</a>, as well as the organizations that aid, train, represent and supply <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> creators. Among the many individuals and organizations that operate in the industry are: the <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> who write songs and musical compositions; the <a href="/wiki/Singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Singer">singers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">bandleaders</a> who perform the music; the <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record labels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">music publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">music producers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">retail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">digital music stores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Performance_rights_organisation" title="Performance rights organisation">performance rights organizations</a> who create and sell recorded music and sheet music; and the <a href="/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent">booking agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">promoters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">music venues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">road crew</a>, and audio engineers who help organize and sell concerts. </p><p>The industry also includes a range of professionals who assist singers and musicians with their music careers. These include <a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">talent managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">artists and repertoire</a> managers, <a href="/wiki/Business_manager" title="Business manager">business managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">entertainment lawyers</a>; those who broadcast audio or video music content (<a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">broadcast radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcaster" title="Television broadcaster">TV stations</a>); <a href="/wiki/Music_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music journalist">music journalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_criticism" title="Music criticism">music critics</a>; <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">music educators and teachers</a>; manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> and music equipment; as well as many others. In addition to the businesses and artists there are organizations that also play an important role, including musician's unions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a>), not-for-profit performance-rights organizations (e.g. <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers" title="American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers">American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers</a>) and other associations (e.g. <a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_for_Women_in_Music" title="International Alliance for Women in Music">International Alliance for Women in Music</a>, a non-profit organization that advocates for <a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">women composers and musicians</a>). </p><p>The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, when <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">records</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, "the recording industry"—a reference to <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">recording performances of songs and pieces</a> and selling the recordings–began to be used as a loose synonym for "the music industry". In the 2000s, a majority of the music market is controlled by three major corporate labels: the French-owned <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>, the Japanese-owned <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sonybmg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sonybmg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the US-owned <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a>. Labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Independent_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent label">independent labels</a> (or "indies"). The largest portion of the live music market for concerts and tours is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Nation">Live Nation</a>, the largest promoter and <a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">music venue</a> owner. <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Nation">Live Nation</a> is a former subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/IHeartMedia" title="IHeartMedia">iHeartMedia Inc</a>, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>In the first decades of the 2000s, the music industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> (which includes both illegal <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> of songs and legal music purchases in <a href="/wiki/Online_music_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Online music store">online music stores</a>). A conspicuous indicator of these changes is total music sales: since the year 2000, sales of recorded music have dropped off substantially,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while, in contrast, <a href="/wiki/Live_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Live music">live music</a> has increased in importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Live_Nation_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Live_Nation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based platform operated by a computer company: <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>'s online <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2011, the music industry has seen consistent sales growth with streaming now generating more revenue per year than digital downloads. <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Amazon Music</a> are the largest streaming services by subscriber count.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_structure">Business structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Business structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main branches of the music industry are the <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">live music</a> industry, the <b>recording industry</b>, and all the companies that train, support, supply and represent musicians. </p><p>The recording industry produces three separate products: <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">compositions</a> (songs, pieces, lyrics), <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">recordings</a> (audio and video) and <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">media</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CDs</a> or <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>). These are each a type of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>: typically, compositions are owned by composers, recordings by record companies, and media by consumers. There may be many recordings of a single composition and a single recording will typically be distributed via many media. For example, the song "<a href="/wiki/My_Way" title="My Way">My Way</a>" is owned by its composers, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Anka" title="Paul Anka">Paul Anka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Claude François">Claude François</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>'s recording of "My Way" is owned by <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sid_Vicious" title="Sid Vicious">Sid Vicious</a>'s recording of "My Way" is owned by <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a>, and the millions of CDs and vinyl records that can play these recordings are owned by millions of individual consumers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compositions">Compositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Songs</a>, instrumental pieces and other musical compositions are created by <a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">songwriters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> and are originally owned by the composer, although they may be sold or the rights may be otherwise assigned. For example, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">work for hire</a>, the composition is owned immediately by another party. Traditionally, the copyright owner <a href="/wiki/Licensed" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensed">licenses</a> or "assigns" some of their rights to <a href="/wiki/Publishing_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Publishing companies">publishing companies</a>, by means of a <a href="/wiki/Publishing_contract" title="Publishing contract">publishing contract</a>. The publishing company (or a collection society operating on behalf of many such publishers, songwriters and composers) collects fees (known as "<a href="/wiki/Music_royalties" title="Music royalties">publishing royalties</a>") when the composition is used. A portion of the royalties are paid by the publishing company to the copyright owner, depending on the terms of the contract. <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">Sheet music</a> provides an income stream that is paid exclusively to the composers and their publishing company. Typically (although not universally), the publishing company will provide the owner with an <a href="/wiki/Advance_payment" title="Advance payment">advance</a> against future earnings when the publishing contract is signed. A publishing company will also promote the compositions, such as by acquiring song "placements" on <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings">Recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound_Gobo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sound_Gobo.jpg/200px-Sound_Gobo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sound_Gobo.jpg/300px-Sound_Gobo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sound_Gobo.jpg/400px-Sound_Gobo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>A musician in a recording studio</figcaption></figure> <p>Recordings are created by <a href="/wiki/Recording_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording artist">recording artists</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Singer">singers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">session musicians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensembles</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Backing_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Backing band">backing bands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm sections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a>, etc.) usually with the assistance and guidance from <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a>. They were traditionally made in <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studios</a> (which are rented for a daily or hourly rate) in a <a href="/wiki/Recording_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording session">recording session</a>. In the 21st century, advances in <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> technology have allowed many producers and artists to create "<a href="/wiki/Home_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Home studio">home studios</a>" using high-end computers and digital recording programs like <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a>, bypassing the traditional role of the commercial recording studio. The <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producer</a> oversees all aspects of the recording, making many of the logistic, financial and artistic decisions in cooperation with the artists. The record producer has a range of different responsibilities including choosing material and/or working with the composers, hiring session musicians, helping to <a href="/wiki/Musical_arrangement" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical arrangement">arrange</a> the songs, overseeing the musician performances, and directing the audio engineer during recording and mixing to get the best sound. <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineers</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Recording_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording engineer">recording</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">mixing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mastering_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastering engineer">mastering engineers</a>) are responsible for ensuring good audio quality during the recording. They select and set up microphones and use <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing consoles</a> to adjust the sound and level of the music. A recording session may also require the services of an <a href="/wiki/Arranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Arranger">arranger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchestrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestrator">orchestrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Studio_musician" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio musician">studio musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">session musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">vocal coaches</a>, or even a discreetly hired <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter to help with the lyrics or songwriting</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Feggans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feggans.jpg/200px-Ben_Feggans.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feggans.jpg/300px-Ben_Feggans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feggans.jpg/400px-Ben_Feggans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>A studio engineer working with an <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixer" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mixer">audio mixer</a> in a recording studio</figcaption></figure> <p>Recordings are (traditionally) owned by <a href="/wiki/Record_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Record companies">record companies</a>. Some artists own their own record companies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ani_DiFranco" title="Ani DiFranco">Ani DiFranco</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Recording_contract" title="Recording contract">recording contract</a> specifies the business relationship between a recording artist and the record company. In a traditional contract, the company provides an advance to the artist who agrees to make a recording that will be owned by the company. The <a href="/wiki/A%26R" class="mw-redirect" title="A&R">A&R</a> department of a record company is responsible for finding new talent and overseeing the recording process. The company pays for the recording costs and the cost of <a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">promoting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> the record. For physical media (such as <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CDs</a>), the company also pays to <a href="/wiki/Manufacture" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacture">manufacture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distribute</a> the physical recordings. Smaller record companies (known as "<a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">indies</a>") will form business relationships with other companies to handle many of these tasks. The record company pays the recording artist a portion of the income from the sale of the recordings, also known as a "royalty", but this is distinct from the publishing royalties described above. This portion is similar to a percentage, but may be limited or expanded by a number of factors (such as free goods, recoupable expenses, bonuses, etc.) that are specified by the record contract. <a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> members (as well as a few recording artists in special markets) are under contract to provide <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">work for hire</a>; they are typically only paid one-time fees or regular wages for their services, rather than ongoing royalties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical media (such as CDs or vinyl records) are sold by music <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retailers</a> and are owned by the consumers after they buy them. Buyers do not typically have the right to make digital copies from CDs or other media they buy, or rent or lease the CDs, because they do not own the recording on the CD, they only own the individual physical CD. A music distributor delivers crates of the packaged physical media from the manufacturer to the retailer and maintains commercial relationships with retailers and record companies. The music retailer pays the distributor, who in turn pays the <a href="/wiki/Record_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Record company">record company</a> for the recordings. The record company pays <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_royalties#Mechanical_royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical royalties">mechanical royalties</a> to the publisher and composer via a collection society. The record company then pays royalties, if contractually obligated, to the recording artist. </p><p>When music is digitally downloaded or <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streamed</a>, there is no physical media other than the consumer's computer memory on his or her portable media player or laptop. For this reason, artists such as Taylor Swift, Paul McCartney, Kings of Leon, and others have called for legal changes that would deny social media the right to stream their music without paying them royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the digital and online music market of the 2000s, the distributor becomes optional. Large online shops may pay the labels directly, but digital distributors do exist to provide distribution services for vendors large and small. When purchasing digital downloads or listening to music streaming, the consumer may be required to agree to record company and vendor licensing terms beyond those which are inherent in <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>; for example, some services may allow consumers to freely share the recording, but others may restrict the user to storing the music on a specific number of hard drives or devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast,_soundtrack_and_streaming"><span id="Broadcast.2C_soundtrack_and_streaming"></span>Broadcast, soundtrack and streaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Broadcast, soundtrack and streaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a recording is broadcast (either on radio or by a <a href="/wiki/Background_music" title="Background music">background music</a> service such as <a href="/wiki/Muzak_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzak Holdings">Muzak</a>), <a href="/wiki/Performance_rights_organisation" title="Performance rights organisation">performance rights organisations</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers" title="American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers">ASCAP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast Music Incorporated">BMI</a> in the US, SOCAN in Canada, or <a href="/wiki/Mechanical-Copyright_Protection_Society" title="Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society">MCPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/PRS_for_Music" title="PRS for Music">PRS</a> in the UK), collect a third type of royalty known as a performance royalty, which is paid to songwriters, composers and recording artists. This royalty is typically much smaller than publishing or <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_royalties#Mechanical_royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical royalties">mechanical royalties</a>. Within the past decade, more than "15 to 30 percent" of tracks on streaming services are unidentified with a specific artist. Jeff Price says "Audiam, an online music streaming service, has made over several hundred thousand dollars in the past year from collecting royalties from online streaming.<sup id="cite_ref-billboard.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ken Levitan, manager from Kings of Leon, Cheap Trick and others, "Youtube has become radio for kids". Because of the overuse of YouTube and offline streaming, album sales have fallen by 60 percent in the past few years.<sup id="cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When recordings are used in <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, the composer and their publishing company are typically paid through a <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_rights" title="Synchronization rights">synchronization license</a>. In the 2000s, online subscription services (such as <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(online_music_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapsody (online music service)">Rhapsody</a>) also provide an income stream directly to record companies, and through them, to artists, contracts permitting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_music">Live music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Live music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg/330px-Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg/500px-Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg/960px-Pro2Type_-_CSD_Stra%C3%9Fenfest_K%C3%B6ln_2013-1759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="2926" /></a><figcaption>A live musical performance at <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Pride" title="Cologne Pride">Cologne Pride</a>, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">promoter</a> brings together a performing artist and a <a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">venue</a> owner and arranges contracts. A <a href="/wiki/Booking_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Booking agency">booking agency</a> represents the artist to promoters, makes deals and books performances. Consumers usually buy tickets either from the venue or from a ticket distribution service such as <a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a>. In the US, <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Nation">Live Nation</a> is the dominant company in all of these roles: they own most of the large venues in the US, they are the largest promoter, and they own <a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a>. Choices about where and when to tour are decided by the <a href="/wiki/Artist_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist manager">artist's management</a> and the artist, sometimes in consultation with the <a href="/wiki/Record_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Record company">record company</a>. Record companies may finance a tour in the hopes that it will help promote the sale of recordings. However, in the 21st century, it has become more common to release recordings to promote ticket sales for live shows, rather than book tours to promote the sales of recordings. </p><p>Major, successful artists will usually employ a <a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">road crew</a>: a semi-permanent touring organization that travels with the artist during concert series. The road crew is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Tour_manager" title="Tour manager">tour manager</a>. Crew members provides <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">stage lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">live sound reinforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitar_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar technician">musical instrument maintenance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trucking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trucking">transportation</a>. On large tours, the road crew may also include an accountant, stage manager, bodyguard, hairdressers, makeup artists and <a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">catering</a> staff. Local crews are typically hired to help move equipment on and off stage. On a small tour with less financial backing, all of these jobs may be handled by just a few roadies or by the musicians themselves. Bands signed with small "indie" labels and bands in genres such as <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> are more likely to do tours without a road crew, or with minimal support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artist_management,_representation_and_staff"><span id="Artist_management.2C_representation_and_staff"></span>Artist management, representation and staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Artist management, representation and staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artists such as singers and musicians may hire several people from other fields to assist them with their career. The <a href="/wiki/Artist_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist manager">artist manager</a> oversees all aspects of an artist's career in exchange for a percentage of the artist's income. An <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">entertainment lawyer</a> assists them with the details of their contracts with record companies and other deals. A <a href="/wiki/Business_manager" title="Business manager">business manager</a> handles financial transactions, taxes, and bookkeeping. Unions, such as <a href="/wiki/AFTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="AFTRA">AFTRA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians" title="American Federation of Musicians">American Federation of Musicians</a> in the U.S. provide <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> and instrument insurance for musicians. A successful artist functions in the market as a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> and, as such, they may derive income from many other streams, such as <a href="/wiki/Merchandise" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchandise">merchandise</a>, personal endorsements, appearances (without performing) at events or Internet-based services.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are typically overseen by the artist's <a href="/wiki/Artist_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist manager">manager</a> and take the form of relationships between the artist and companies that specialize in these products. Singers may also hire a <a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">vocal coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance teacher">dance instructor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama teacher">acting coach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_trainer" title="Personal trainer">personal trainer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Life_coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Life coach">life coach</a> to help them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_business_models">Emerging business models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emerging business models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2000s, traditional lines that once divided singers, instrumentalists, publishers, record companies, distributors, retail and consumer electronics have become blurred or erased. Artists may record in a <a href="/wiki/Home_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Home studio">home studio</a> using a high-end <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> and a digital recording program such as <a href="/wiki/Pro_Tools" title="Pro Tools">Pro Tools</a> or use <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> to raise money for an expensive studio recording session without involving a record company. Artists may choose to exclusively promote and market themselves using only free online video sharing services such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> or using <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> websites, bypassing traditional promotion and marketing by a record company. In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> companies such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> have become <a href="/wiki/Online_music_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Online music store">digital music retailers</a>. New digital music distribution technologies and the trends towards using <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> of older songs in new songs or blending different songs to create <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">"mashup"</a> recordings have also forced both governments and the music industry to re-examine the definitions of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> and the rights of all the parties involved. Also compounding the issue of defining copyright boundaries is the fact that the definition of "royalty" and "copyright" varies from country to country and region to region, which changes the terms of some of these business relationships. </p><p>After 15 or so years of the Internet economy, the digital music industry platforms like <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Google Play</a> are major improvements over the early illegal file sharing days. However, the multitude of service offerings and revenue models make it difficult to understand the true value of each and what they can deliver for musicians and music companies. As well, there are major transparency problems throughout the music industry caused by outdated technology. With the emerging of new business models as streaming platforms, and online music services, a large amount of data is processed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access to <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> may increase transparency in the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_printed_music_and_recorded_music">History of printed music and recorded music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History of printed music and recorded music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history:_Printed_music_in_Europe">Early history: Printed music in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early history: Printed music in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CordierColor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/260px-CordierColor.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CordierColor.jpg/390px-CordierColor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/CordierColor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="644" /></a><figcaption>Prior to the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, the only way to copy <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> was by hand, a costly and time-consuming process. Pictured is the hand-written music manuscript for a French <a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a> chanson (song) from the late 1300s about love, entitled <i>Belle, bonne, sage</i>, by Baude Cordier. The <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a> is unusual in that it is written in a heart shape, with red notes indicating rhythmic <a href="#Notational_characteristics">alterations</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Music publishing using machine-printed <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> developed during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a> era in the mid-15th century. The development of music publication followed the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> technologies that were first developed for printing regular <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a>. After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing sheet music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of liturgical chants, dates from about 1465, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Gutenberg Bible</a> was printed. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand. To copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive, and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of secular (non-religious) music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Squarcialupi_Codex" title="Squarcialupi Codex">Squarcialupi Codex</a> of Italian <a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> music and the <a href="/wiki/Chantilly_Codex" title="Chantilly Codex">Chantilly Codex</a> of French <a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a> music. </p><p>The use of printing enabled sheet music to be reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to other cities and countries more quickly, and it also enabled music to be spread to more distant areas. Before the invention of music printing, a composer's music might only be known in the city she lived in and its surrounding towns, because only wealthy aristocrats would be able to afford to have hand copies made of her music. With music printing, though, a composer's music could be printed and sold at a relatively low cost to purchasers from a wide geographic area. As sheet music of major composer's pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in a wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and an Italian composer could buy pieces written by Dutch composers and learn how they wrote music. This led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions. </p><p>The pioneer of modern music printing was <a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a> (born in Fossombrone in 1466 – died in 1539 in Venice), a printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> was one of the major business and music centers during this period. His <i>Harmonice Musices Odhecaton</i>, a collection of chansons printed in 1501, is commonly misidentified as the first book of sheet music printed from movable type. That distinction belongs to the Roman printer Ulrich Han's <i>Missale Romanum</i> of 1476. Nevertheless, Petrucci's later work was extraordinary for the complexity of his white mensural notation and the smallness of his font. He printed the first book of <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> (music with two or more independent melodic lines) using movable type. He also published numerous works by the most highly regarded composers of the Renaissance, including <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a>. He flourished by focusing on Flemish works, rather than Italian, as they were very popular throughout Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a> era. His printing shop used the triple-impression method, in which a sheet of paper was pressed three times. The first impression was the staff lines, the second the words, and the third the notes. This method produced very clean and readable results, although it was time-consuming and expensive. </p><p>Until the 18th century, the processes of formal composition and of the printing of music took place for the most part with the support of <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">churches</a>. In the mid-to-late 18th century, performers and composers such as <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> began to seek more commercial opportunities to market their music and performances to the general public. After Mozart's death, his wife (<a href="/wiki/Constanze_Weber" class="mw-redirect" title="Constanze Weber">Constanze Weber</a>) continued the process of commercialization of his music through an unprecedented series of memorial concerts, selling his manuscripts, and collaborating with her second husband, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Nissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Nissen">Georg Nissen</a>, on a biography of Mozart.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png/250px-AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png/330px-AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png/500px-AmazingGraceFamiliarStyle.png 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>An example of mechanically printed sheet music</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet-music</a> publishers dominated the music industry. Before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a> technologies, the main way for music lovers to hear new symphonies and <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> arias (songs) was to buy the sheet music (often arranged for piano or for a small chamber music group) and perform the music in a living room, using friends who were amateur musicians and singers. In the United States, the music industry arose in tandem with the rise of "<a href="/wiki/Black_face" class="mw-redirect" title="Black face">black face</a>" <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrelsy</a>. Blackface is a form of theatrical makeup used predominantly by non-black performers to represent a <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black person</a>. The practice gained popularity during the 19th century and contributed to the spread of negative <a href="/wiki/Racial_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial stereotype">racial stereotypes</a> of African-American people.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late part of the century the group of music publishers and songwriters which dominated <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> in the United States became known as <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a>. The name originally referred to a specific place: West 28th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, and a plaque (see <a href="#plaque">below</a>) on the sidewalk on 28th Street between Broadway and Sixth commemorates it. The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when several music publishers set up shop in the same district of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear-cut. Some date it to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s when the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> and radio supplanted <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> as the driving force of American popular music, while others consider Tin Pan Alley to have continued into the 1950s when earlier styles of American popular music were upstaged by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Rock_%26_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock & roll">rock & roll</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advent_of_recorded_music_and_radio_broadcasting">Advent of recorded music and radio broadcasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advent of recorded music and radio broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/130px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/195px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/260px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="3724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frances_Densmore" title="Frances Densmore">Frances Densmore</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in 1916 where she was recording <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Chief" title="Mountain Chief">Mountain Chief</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology" title="Bureau of American Ethnology">Bureau of American Ethnology</a>. In this picture, Mountain Chief is listening to a recording.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg/250px-Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg/330px-Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A radio broadcasting system from 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>At the dawn of the early 20th century, the development of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a> began to function as a <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptive technology">disruptive technology</a> to the commercial interests which published sheet music. During the sheet music era, if a regular person wanted to hear popular new songs, he or she would buy the sheet music and play it at home on a piano, or learn the song at home while playing the <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> part on piano or guitar. Commercially released <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> records of musical performances, which became available starting in the late 1880s, and later the onset of widespread <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a>, starting in the 1920s, forever changed the way music was heard and listened to. Opera houses, concert halls, and clubs continued to produce music and musicians and singers continued to perform live, but the power of radio allowed bands, ensembles and singers who had previously performed only in one region to become popular on a nationwide and sometimes even a worldwide scale. Moreover, whereas attendance at the top symphony and opera concerts was formerly restricted to high-income people in a pre-radio world, with <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast radio">broadcast radio</a>, a much larger wider range of people, including lower and middle-income people could hear the best <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a>, popular singers and opera shows. </p><p>The "record industry" eventually replaced the sheet music publishers as the music industry's largest force. A multitude of record labels came and went. Some noteworthy labels of the earlier decades include the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>, Crystalate, <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a>, Edison Bell, <a href="/wiki/The_Gramophone_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gramophone Company">The Gramophone Company</a>, Invicta, Kalliope, <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many record companies died out as quickly as they had formed, and by the end of the 1980s, the "Big six" — <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a>, <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">WEA</a> and <a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA</a> — dominated the industry. <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> bought <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_International" title="CBS Records International">CBS Records</a> in 1987 and changed its name to Sony Music in 1991. In mid-1998, <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram Music Group</a> merged with MCA Music Entertainment creating what we now know as <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>. Since then, Sony and BMG merged in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Universal took over the majority of EMI's recorded music interests in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a>, also once part of the now defunct British conglomerate, is now co-owned by Sony as a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other industries, the record industry is characterised by many mergers and/or acquisitions, for the major companies as well as for middle sized business (recent example is given by the Belgium group <a href="/wiki/PIAS_Recordings" title="PIAS Recordings">PIAS</a> and French group <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_Mundi" title="Harmonia Mundi">Harmonia Mundi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genre-wise, music entrepreneurs expanded their industry models into areas like <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, in which composition and performance had continued for centuries on an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> self-supporting basis. Forming an <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">independent record label</a>, or "indie" label, or signing to such a label continues to be a popular choice for up-and-coming musicians, especially in genres like <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a>, even though indies cannot offer the same financial backing of major labels. Some bands prefer to sign with an indie label, because these labels typically give performers more artistic freedom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_digital_online_distribution">Rise of digital online distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rise of digital online distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_the_music_industry" title="2000s in the music industry">2000s in the music industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010s_in_the_music_industry" title="2010s in the music industry">2010s in the music industry</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 250px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-style: italic"><a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> U.S. Recorded Music Sales Charts (Interactive); Revenue and Volumes by Format. (1973 – )</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/40px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.tableau.com/views/U_S_RecordedMusicRevenuesbyFormat_0/RevenuesbyFormat?:embed=y&:embed_code_version=3&:loadOrderID=0&:display_count=yes&:origin=viz_share_link">Sales Reveneus by Format</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/40px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.tableau.com/views/U_S_RecordedMusicRevenuesbyFormat_0/SingleYear?:embed=y&:embed_code_version=3&:loadOrderID=0&:display_count=yes&:origin=viz_share_link">Revenue break down 2018</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/40px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.tableau.com/views/U_S_RecordedMusicSalesVolumesbyFormat_0/SalesVolumebyFormat?:embed=y&:embed_code_version=3&:loadOrderID=1&:display_count=yes&:origin=viz_share_link">Sales Volumes by Format</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/20px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/40px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.tableau.com/views/U_S_RecordedMusicSalesVolumesbyFormat_0/SalesVolumeSingleYear?:embed=y&:embed_code_version=3&:loadOrderID=1&:display_count=yes&:origin=viz_share_link">Sales Volumes breakdown 2018</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITunes_Store_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ITunes_Store_logo.svg/250px-ITunes_Store_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ITunes_Store_logo.svg/330px-ITunes_Store_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ITunes_Store_logo.svg/500px-ITunes_Store_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption>The logo for <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>'s online <a href="/wiki/ITunes_store" class="mw-redirect" title="ITunes store">iTunes store</a>, which sells digital files of songs and musical pieces–along with a range of other content, such as digital files of <a href="/wiki/TV_show" class="mw-redirect" title="TV show">TV shows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie">movies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the first decade of the 2000s, digitally downloaded and <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streamed music</a> became more popular than buying physical recordings (e.g. <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" title="Compact Cassette">tapes</a>). This gave consumers almost "friction-less" access to a wider variety of music than ever before, across multiple devices. At the same time, consumers spent less money on recorded music (both physically and digitally distributed) than they had in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total "music-business" revenues in the U.S. dropped by half, from a high of $14.6 billion in 1999 to $6.3 billion in 2009, according to <a href="/wiki/Forrester_Research" title="Forrester Research">Forrester Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide revenues for CDs, <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">vinyl</a>, cassettes and <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">digital downloads</a> fell from $36.9 billion in 2000<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to $15.9 billion in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to IFPI. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that the downward trend was expected to continue for the foreseeable future.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economist2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dramatic decline in revenue has caused large-scale layoffs inside the industry, driven some more venerable retailers (such as <a href="/wiki/Tower_Records_(music_retailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Records (music retailer)">Tower Records</a>) out of business and forced record companies, record producers, studios, recording engineers and musicians to seek new <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the rise of widespread illegal <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> of digital music-recordings, the record industry took aggressive legal action. In 2001 it succeeded in shutting down the popular music-website <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, and threatened legal action against thousands of individuals who participated in sharing music-song sound-files.<sup id="cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this failed to slow the decline in music-recording revenue and proved a <a href="/wiki/Public-relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-relations">public-relations</a> disaster for the music industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some academic studies have even suggested that downloads did not cause the decline in sales of recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2008 British Music Rights survey<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that 80% of people in Britain wanted a legal <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) file-sharing service, however only half of the respondents thought that the music's creators should be paid. The survey was consistent with the results of earlier research conducted in the United States, upon which the <a href="/wiki/Open_Music_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Music Model">Open Music Model</a> was based.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal digital downloads became widely available with the debut of the Apple <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of music distribution over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> has increased,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2011 digital music sales topped physical sales of music.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Atlantic Records reports that digital sales have surpassed physical sales.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2008_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as <i>The Economist</i> reported, "paid digital downloads grew rapidly, but did not begin to make up for the loss of revenue from CDs".<sup id="cite_ref-Economist2008_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 2010, Internet-based services such as <a href="/wiki/Deezer" title="Deezer">Deezer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora Radio">Pandora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Radio" title="ITunes Radio">Apple's iTunes Radio</a> began to offer subscription-based "<a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">pay to stream</a>" services over the Internet. With streaming services, the user pays a subscription to a company for the right to listen to songs and other media from a library. Whereas with legal digital download services, the purchaser owns a digital copy of the song (which they can keep on their computer or on a digital media player), with streaming services, the user never downloads the song file or owns the song file. The subscriber can only listen to the song for as long as they continue to pay the streaming subscription. Once the user stops paying the subscription, they cannot listen to audio from the company's repositories anymore. Streaming services began to have a serious impact on the industry in 2014. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Music streaming">music-streaming</a> industry in general, faces some criticism from artists claiming they are not being fairly compensated for their work as downloaded-music sales decline and music-streaming increases. Unlike physical or download sales, which pay a fixed price per song or album, Spotify pays artists based on their "market share" (the number of streams for their songs as a proportion of total songs streamed on the service).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spotify distributes approximately 70% to rights-holders, who will then pay artists based on their agreements. The variable, and (some say) inadequate nature of this compensation,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has led to criticism. Spotify reports paying on average US$0.006 to US$0.008 per stream. In response to concerns, Spotify claims that they are benefiting the music business by migrating "them away from piracy and less monetized platforms and allowing them to generate far greater royalties than before" by encouraging users to use their paid service.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA) revealed in its 2015 earnings report that streaming services were responsible for 34.3 percent of the year's U.S. recorded-music-industry revenue, growing 29 percent from the previous year and becoming the largest source of income, pulling in around $2.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US streaming revenue grew 57 percent to $1.6 billion in the first half of 2016 and accounted for almost half of industry sales.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with the $14.6 billion in revenue that was received in 1999 by the U.S. music industry from the sale of CDs. </p><p>The turmoil in the recorded-music industry in the 2000s altered the twentieth-century balance between artists, record companies, promoters, retail music-stores and consumers. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">big-box stores</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Best_Buy" title="Best Buy">Best Buy</a> sell more records than music-only CD stores, which have ceased to function as a major player in the music industry. Music-performing artists now rely on <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">live performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchandise" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchandise">merchandise</a> sales (T-shirts, sweatshirts, etc.) for the majority of their income, which in turn has made them more dependent – like pre-20th-century musicians – on patrons, now exemplified by music promoters such as <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_(events_promoter)" title="Live Nation (events promoter)">Live Nation</a> (which dominates tour promotion and owns or manages a large number of <a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">music venues</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Live_Nation_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Live_Nation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to benefit from all of an artist's income streams, record companies increasingly rely on the "<a href="/wiki/360_deal" title="360 deal">360 deal</a>", a new business-relationship pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a> and EMI in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the other extreme, record companies can offer a simple manufacturing- and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_deal" title="Distribution deal">distribution-deal</a>, which gives a higher percentage to the artist, but does not cover the expenses of marketing and promotion. </p><p>Companies like <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> help independent musicians produce their albums through <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">fans funding bands</a> they want to listen to.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many newer artists no longer see a <a href="/wiki/Record_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Record deal">record deal</a> as an integral part of their <a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">business plan</a> at all. Inexpensive recording-hardware and -software make it possible to record reasonable-quality music on a laptop in a bedroom and to distribute it over the Internet to a worldwide audience.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, in turn, has caused problems for recording studios, record producers and <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">audio engineers</a>: the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> reports that as many as half of the recording facilities in that city have failed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in the music industry have given consumers access to a wider variety of music than ever before, at a price that gradually approaches zero.<sup id="cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knopper2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a> on music-related software and hardware increased dramatically over the last decade,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> providing a valuable new income-stream for <a href="/wiki/Technology_company" title="Technology company">technology companies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandora_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora Radio">Pandora Radio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales_statistics">Sales statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sales statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">List of largest recorded music markets</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_album_volume_sales_growth_in_2014">Digital album volume sales growth in 2014</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digital album volume sales growth in 2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to IFPI,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the global digital album sales grew by 6.9% in 2014. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>US</td> <td>+2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>UK</td> <td>−2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>−3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Global (est.)</td> <td>+6.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: Nielsen SoundScan, Official Charts Company/BPI, GfK and IFPI estimate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">World music market sales shares, according to IFPI (2005)</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">EMI 13.4 (13.4%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:orange;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">WMG 11.3 (11.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:red;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Sony BMG 21.5 (21.5%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:blue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">UMG 25.5 (25.5%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:black;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Independent 28.4 (28.4%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:black;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Independent 28.4 (28.4%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:green;color:#000" title="EMI 13.4 (13.4%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.009turn)" title="EMI 13.4 (13.4%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.134turn)" title="WMG 11.3 (11.3%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.177turn)" title="WMG 11.3 (11.3%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.247turn)" title="Sony BMG 21.5 (21.5%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.337turn)" title="Sony BMG 21.5 (21.5%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.462turn)" title="UMG 25.5 (25.5%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.466turn)" title="UMG 25.5 (25.5%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p>Prior to December 1998, the industry was dominated by the "Big Six": Sony Music and BMG had not yet merged, and <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a> had not yet been absorbed into Universal Music Group. After the PolyGram-Universal merger, the 1998 market shares reflected a "Big Five", commanding 77.4% of the market, as follows, according to MEI World Report 2000: </p> <ul><li>Universal Music Group — 21.1%</li> <li>Sony Music Entertainment — 17.4%</li> <li>EMI — 14.1%</li> <li>Warner Music Group — 13.4%</li> <li>BMG — 11.4%</li> <li>Independent labels combined — 22.6%</li></ul> <p>In 2004, the joint venture of Sony and BMG created the 'Big Four' at a time the global market was estimated at $30–40 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total annual unit sales (CDs, music videos, <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3s</a>) in 2004 were 3 billion. Additionally, according to an <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI</a> report published in August 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the big four accounted for 71.7% of retail music sales: </p> <ul><li>Universal Music Group—25.5%</li> <li>Sony BMG Music Entertainment—21.5%</li> <li>EMI Group—13.4%</li> <li>Warner Music Group—11.3%</li> <li>Independent labels combined—28.3%</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279587269" /> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">US music market shares, according to Nielsen SoundScan (2011)</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">EMI (9.62%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:orange;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">WMG (19.13%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:red;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">SME (29.29%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:blue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">UMG (29.85%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:black;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Independent (12.11%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:black;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Independent (12.11%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie7" style="background:green;color:#000" title="EMI (9.62%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.026turn)" title="EMI (9.62%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.096turn)" title="WMG (19.13%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:orange;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.163turn)" title="WMG (19.13%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.287turn)" title="SME (29.29%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:red;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.330turn)" title="SME (29.29%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.580turn)" title="UMG (29.85%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.629turn)" title="UMG (29.85%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nielson_SoundScan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielson SoundScan">Nielsen SoundScan</a> in their 2011 report noted that the "big four" controlled about 88% of the market:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (US based) — 29.85%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a> (US based) — 29.29%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> (US based) — 19.13%</li> <li>EMI Group — 9.62%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Independent_record_labels" title="Category:Independent record labels">Independent labels</a> — 12.11%</li></ul> <p>After the absorption of EMI by Sony Music Entertainment and Universal Music Group in December 2011 the "big three" were created and on January 8, 2013, after the merger there were layoffs of forty workers from EMI. European regulators forced Universal Music to spin off EMI assets which became the Parlophone Label Group which was acquired by Warner Music Group.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nielson_SoundScan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielson SoundScan">Nielsen SoundScan</a> issued a report in 2012, noting that these labels controlled 88.5% of the market, and further noted:<sup id="cite_ref-NielsenReport2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NielsenReport2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (US based) which owns <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="EMI Music">EMI Music</a> — 32.41% + 6.78% of EMI Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a> (US based) which owns publishing arm of <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI Group</a> — 30.25%</li> <li>Warner Music Group— 19.15%</li> <li>Independent labels— 11.42%</li></ul> <p>Note: the IFPI and Nielsen Soundscan use different methodologies, which makes their figures difficult to compare casually, and impossible to compare scientifically.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Market shares as of September 2018 are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-IBISWorld_report_51221_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBISWorld_report_51221-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Warner Music Group — 25.1%</li> <li>Universal Music Group — 24.3%</li> <li>Sony Corporation — 22.1%</li> <li>Other — 28.5%</li></ul> <p>The largest players in this industry own more than 100 subsidiary record labels or sublabels, each specializing in a certain market niche. Only the industry's most popular artists are signed directly to the major label. These companies account for more than half of US market share. However, this has fallen somewhat in recent years, as the new digital environment allows smaller labels to compete more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-IBISWorld_report_51221_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBISWorld_report_51221-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albums_sales_and_market_value">Albums sales and market value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Albums sales and market value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Total album sales have declined in the early decades of the 21st century, leading some music critics to declare the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of the album">death of the album</a>. (For instance, the only albums that went platinum in the US in 2014 were the <a href="/wiki/Frozen_(soundtrack)" title="Frozen (soundtrack)">soundtrack to the Disney animated film <i>Frozen</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/1989_(Taylor_Swift_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 (Taylor Swift album)">Taylor Swift's <i>1989</i></a>, whereas several artists did in 2013.)<sup id="cite_ref-noplat_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noplat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table shows album sales and market value in the world in 2014. </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Music markets, with total retail value, and share of Physical, Digital records, 2014 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ranking </th> <th>Market </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Retail value <br /> US $ <br /><small>(millions)</small> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">% Change </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Physical </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Digital </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Performance rights </th> <th scope="col" style="width:7em;">Synchronization </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </th> <td><b>4,898.3 </b> </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>71% </td> <td>0% </td> <td>4% </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </th> <td><b>2,627.9</b> </td> <td>−5.5% </td> <td>78% </td> <td>17% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </th> <td><b>1,404.8 </b> </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>70% </td> <td>22% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </th> <td><b>1,334.6 </b> </td> <td>−2.8% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </th> <td><b>842.8 </b> </td> <td>−3.4% </td> <td>57% </td> <td>27% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </th> <td><b> 376.1</b> </td> <td>−6.8% </td> <td>32% </td> <td>56% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </th> <td><b>342.5 </b> </td> <td>−11.3% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>53% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </th> <td><b>265.8</b> </td> <td>19.2% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>58% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </th> <td><b>246.5 </b> </td> <td>2.0% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>37% </td> <td>21% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </th> <td><b>235.2</b> </td> <td>4.1% </td> <td>51% </td> <td>33% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </th> <td><b>204.8</b> </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>45% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>16 </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </th> <td><b>189.4</b> </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>15% </td> <td>73% </td> <td>10% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </th> <td><b>181.1</b> </td> <td>15.2% </td> <td>47% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>17% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </th> <td><b>130.3</b> </td> <td>−1.4% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>53% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </th> <td><b>119.9 </b> </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>14% </td> <td>72% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>2% </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </th> <td><b>114.9</b> </td> <td>−2.7% </td> <td>65% </td> <td>22% </td> <td>13% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </th> <td><b>111.2</b> </td> <td>−5.8% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>28% </td> <td>22% </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </th> <td><b>108.2</b> </td> <td>−8.1% </td> <td>52% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </th> <td><b>105.2</b> </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>87% </td> <td>0% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <td><b>100.2</b> </td> <td>−10.1% </td> <td>31% </td> <td>58% </td> <td>8% </td> <td>3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: IFPI 2014 annual report.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recorded_music_retail_sales">Recorded music retail sales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recorded music retail sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000">2000</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its June 30, 2000 annual report filed with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a>, Seagram reported that Universal Music Group made 40% of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> sales over the preceding year.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005">2005</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interim physical retail sales in 2005. All figures in millions. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Country info </th> <th colspan="4">Units </th> <th colspan="2">Value </th> <th colspan="2">Change (%) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Ranking </th> <th>Country name </th> <th>Singles </th> <th>CD </th> <th>DVD </th> <th>Total Units </th> <th>$ (in USD) </th> <th>Local Currency </th> <th>Units </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>US </td> <td>14.7 </td> <td>300.5 </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td>326.8 </td> <td>4783.2 </td> <td>4783.2 </td> <td>−5.70% </td> <td>−5.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>28.5 </td> <td>93.7 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>113.5 </td> <td>2258.2 </td> <td>239759 </td> <td>−6.90% </td> <td>−9.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>UK </td> <td>24.3 </td> <td>66.8 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>74.8 </td> <td>1248.5 </td> <td>666.7 </td> <td>−1.70% </td> <td>−4.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>58.7 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>887.7 </td> <td>689.7 </td> <td>−7.70% </td> <td>−5.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>France </td> <td>11.5 </td> <td>47.3 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>56.9 </td> <td>861.1 </td> <td>669.1 </td> <td>7.50% </td> <td>−2.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>14.7 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>278 </td> <td>216 </td> <td>−8.40% </td> <td>−12.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Canada </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>20.8 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>22.3 </td> <td>262.9 </td> <td>325 </td> <td>0.70% </td> <td>−4.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>14.5 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>17.2 </td> <td>259.6 </td> <td>335.9 </td> <td>−22.90% </td> <td>−11.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>India </td> <td>– </td> <td>10.9 </td> <td>– </td> <td>55.3 </td> <td>239.6 </td> <td>11500 </td> <td>−19.20% </td> <td>−2.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Spain </td> <td>1 </td> <td>17.5 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>19.1 </td> <td>231.6 </td> <td>180 </td> <td>−13.40% </td> <td>−15.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>8.7 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>11.1 </td> <td>190.3 </td> <td>147.9 </td> <td>−31.30% </td> <td>−19.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>– </td> <td>25.5 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>42.7 </td> <td>187.9 </td> <td>5234.7 </td> <td>−9.40% </td> <td>21.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Mexico </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>33.4 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>34.6 </td> <td>187.9 </td> <td>2082.3 </td> <td>44.00% </td> <td>21.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>17.6 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>151.7 </td> <td>390.3 </td> <td>−20.40% </td> <td>−16.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Austria </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>120.5 </td> <td>93.6 </td> <td>−1.50% </td> <td>−9.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Switzerland ** </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td>115.8 </td> <td>139.2 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Belgium </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>115.4 </td> <td>89.7 </td> <td>−13.80% </td> <td>−8.90% </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Norway </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>103.4 </td> <td>655.6 </td> <td>−19.70% </td> <td>−10.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>7.2 </td> <td>98.5 </td> <td>701.1 </td> <td>−29.00% </td> <td>−20.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>73.1 </td> <td>423.5 </td> <td>3.70% </td> <td>−4.20% </td></tr> <tr style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ccc"> <td> </td> <td>Top 20 </td> <td>74.5 </td> <td>757.1 </td> <td>42.8 </td> <td>915.2 </td> <td>12378.7 </td> <td> </td> <td>−6.60% </td> <td>−6.30% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2003–2007"><span id="2003.E2.80.932007"></span>2003–2007</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2003–2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approximately 21% of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_revenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross revenue">gross CD revenue</a> numbers in 2003 can be attributed to used CD sales.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This number grew to approximately 27% in 2007.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The growth is attributed to increasing on-line sales of used product by outlets such as Amazon.com, the growth of used music media is expected to continue to grow as the cost of digital downloads continues to rise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The sale of used goods financially benefits the vendors and online marketplaces, but in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/First-sale_doctrine" title="First-sale doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a> prevents copyright owners (record labels and publishers, generally) from "double dipping" through a levy on the sale of used music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011">2011</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-2011, the RIAA trumpeted a sales increase of 5% over 2010, stating that "there's probably no one single reason" for the bump.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012">2012</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2012 Industry Report shows overall music sales increased 3.1% over 2011. Digital sales caused this increase, with a Digital Album sales growth of 14.1% and Digital Track sales growth of 5.1%, whereas Physical Music sales decreased by 12.8% versus 2011. Despite the decrease, physical albums were still the dominant album format. Vinyl Record sales increased by 17.7% and Holiday Season Album sales decreased by 7.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-NielsenReport2012_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NielsenReport2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_revenue_by_year">Total revenue by year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Total revenue by year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Global trade revenue according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Revenue </th> <th>Change </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>$20.7 billion </td> <td>−3% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>$19.6 billion </td> <td>−5% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>$18.8 billion </td> <td>−4% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>$18.4 billion </td> <td>−2% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>$17.4 billion </td> <td>−5% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>$16.8 billion </td> <td>−3.4% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-billboard.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>$16.2 billion </td> <td>−4% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-billboard.com_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Includes sync revenues) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>$16.5 billion </td> <td>+2% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>$15 billion </td> <td>−9% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>$14.97 billion </td> <td>−0.2% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>$15 billion </td> <td>+3.2% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>$15.7 billion </td> <td>+5% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-auto_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>$17.4 billion </td> <td>+10.8% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-auto_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>$19.1 billion </td> <td>+9.7% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-auto_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>$20.2 billion </td> <td>+8.2% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>$21.6 billion </td> <td>+7.4% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>$25.9 billion </td> <td>+18.5% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>$26.2 billion </td> <td>+9% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry_of_Asia" title="Music industry of Asia">Music industry of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry_of_East_Asia" title="Music industry of East Asia">Music industry of East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_popular_music" title="Nordic popular music">Music industry of Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_music_industry" title="Category:British music industry">Music industry of the U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry_of_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music industry of Nigeria (page does not exist)">Music industry of Nigeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations_and_organizations">Associations and organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Associations and organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_associations_and_organizations" title="List of music associations and organizations">List of music associations and organizations</a> covers examples from around the world, ranging from huge international bodies to smaller national-level bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col 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href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_community" title="Music community">Music community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label_record" title="White label record">White label record</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/19px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/29px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/38px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/20px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/40px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sonybmg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sonybmg_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sony Corporation announced October 1, 2008, that it had completed the acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG, which was originally announced on August 5, 2008. Ref: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003004815/http://www.sony.com/SCA/press/081001.shtml">"Sony's acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% Stake in Sony BMG complete"</a> (Press release). Sony Corporation of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sony.com/SCA/press/081001.shtml">the original</a> on October 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony%27s+acquisition+of+Bertelsmann%27s+50%25+Stake+in+Sony+BMG+complete.&rft.pub=Sony+Corporation+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.com%2FSCA%2Fpress%2F081001.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203652/http://www.economist.com/background/displayBackground.cfm?story_id=10498664">"The Music Industry"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. October 15, 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Music+Industry&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbackground%2FdisplayBackground.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D10498664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2010" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, David (February 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2010/02/02/news/companies/napster_music_industry/">"Music's lost decade: Sales cut in half"</a>. <i>CNN Money</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627183249/https://money.cnn.com/2010/02/02/news/companies/napster_music_industry/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Money&rft.atitle=Music%27s+lost+decade%3A+Sales+cut+in+half&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2010%2F02%2F02%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2Fnapster_music_industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Live_Nation-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Live_Nation_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Live_Nation_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeabrook2009" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Seabrook" title="John Seabrook">Seabrook, John</a> (August 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/08/10/090810fa_fact_seabrook">"The Price of the Ticket"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. Annals of Entertainment. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021050008/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/08/10/090810fa_fact_seabrook">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Price+of+the+Ticket&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2009-08-10&rft.aulast=Seabrook&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2009%2F08%2F10%2F090810fa_fact_seabrook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070502/http://www.dailywireless.org/2011/02/14/mobile-world-congress-2011/">"Mobile World Congress 2011"</a>. <i>dailywireless.org</i>. February 14, 2011. 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Apple, the world's largest music retailer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dailywireless.org&rft.atitle=Mobile+World+Congress+2011&rft.date=2011-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailywireless.org%2F2011%2F02%2F14%2Fmobile-world-congress-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeePDT" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Tyler; PDT, on 4 May 2020 15:51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ubergizmo.com/2020/04/spotify-largest-music-streaming-service-2019/">"Spotify Was The Largest Music Streaming Service For 2019"</a>. <i>Ubergizmo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205081059/https://www.ubergizmo.com/2020/04/spotify-largest-music-streaming-service-2019/">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ubergizmo&rft.atitle=Spotify+Was+The+Largest+Music+Streaming+Service+For+2019&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft.au=PDT%2C+on+4+May+2020+15%3A51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubergizmo.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fspotify-largest-music-streaming-service-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knopper2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopper2009_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnopper2009" class="citation book cs1">Knopper, Steve (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appetiteforselfd00knop_0"><i>Appetite for Self-Destruction: the Spectacular Crash of the Record Industry in the Digital Age</i></a></span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.dcc-studios.com/blog/why-branding-is-important-for-djs-and-producers/">the original</a> on September 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 4, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015914/http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2015/08/transparency-in-the-music-industry.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hypebot.com&rft.atitle=Creating+Transparency+In+The+Music+Industry&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hypebot.com%2Fhypebot%2F2015%2F08%2Ftransparency-in-the-music-industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlover" class="citation news cs1">Glover, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/sep/02/classicalmusicandopera">"Dear Constanze | Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216162406/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/sep/02/classicalmusicandopera">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dear+Constanze+%26%23124%3B+Music&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2005%2Fsep%2F02%2Fclassicalmusicandopera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the "darky"/"coon" distinction see, for example, note 34 on p. 167 of Edward Marx and Laura E. Franey's annotated edition of Yone Noguchi, <i>The American Diary of a Japanese Girl</i>, Temple University Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59213-555-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59213-555-2">1-59213-555-2</a>. See also Lewis A. Erenberg (1984), <i>Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1930</i>, University of Chicago Press, p. 73, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-21515-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-21515-6">0-226-21515-6</a>. For more on the "darky" stereotype, see J. Ronald Green (2000), <i>Straight Lick: The Cinema of Oscar Micheaux</i>, Indiana University Press, pp. 134, 206, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33753-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33753-4">0-253-33753-4</a>; p. 151 of the same work also alludes to the specific "coon" archetype.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/band/vintage78rpm/great78/Early_Record_Labels.htm">"Early Record Label History"</a>. Angelfire.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218021718/http://www.angelfire.com/band/vintage78rpm/great78/Early_Record_Labels.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Record+Label+History&rft.pub=Angelfire.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fband%2Fvintage78rpm%2Fgreat78%2FEarly_Record_Labels.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3908405.stm">"Sony and BMG merger backed by EU"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060317075843/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3908405.stm">Archived</a> March 17, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, July 19, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Sweney <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/sep/21/universal-emi-takeover-approved">"Universal's £1.2bn EMI takeover approved – with conditions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927140940/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/sep/21/universal-emi-takeover-approved">Archived</a> September 27, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i> (London),</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalperin2012" class="citation web cs1">Halperin, Shirley (June 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/emi-music-publishing-sold-sony-atv-estate-michael-jackson-343848">"Sold! EMI Music Publishing to Consortium Led by Sony/ATV, Michael Jackson Estate for $2.2 Billio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124190516/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/emi-music-publishing-sold-sony-atv-estate-michael-jackson-343848">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Sold%21+EMI+Music+Publishing+to+Consortium+Led+by+Sony%2FATV%2C+Michael+Jackson+Estate+for+%242.2+Billio&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Femi-music-publishing-sold-sony-atv-estate-michael-jackson-343848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mario_d%27Angelo" title="Mario d'Angelo">Mario d'Angelo</a>: "Does globalisation mean ineluctable concentration?" in Roche F., Marcq B., Colomé D. (eds)<i>The Music Industry in the New Economy, Report of the Asia-Europe Seminar</i> (Lyon 2001) IEP de Lyon/Asia-Europe Foundation/Eurical, 2002, pp.53–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCardle2010" class="citation journal cs1">McCardle, Megan (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/05/the-freeloaders/8027/">"The Freeloaders"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221072424/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/05/the-freeloaders/8027/">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2010</span>. <q>industry revenues have been declining for the past 10 years</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Freeloaders&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=McCardle&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2010%2F05%2Fthe-freeloaders%2F8027%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2010" class="citation web cs1">Goldman, David (February 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2010/02/02/news/companies/napster_music_industry/">"Music's lost decade: Sales cut in half"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203153954/https://money.cnn.com/2010/02/02/news/companies/napster_music_industry/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2018</span>. <q>[...] it would appear all is well in the recording industry. But at the end of last year, the music business was worth half of what it was ten years ago and the decline doesn't look like it will be slowing anytime soon. [...] Total revenue from U.S. music sales and licensing plunged to $6.3 billion in 2009, according to Forrester Research. In 1999, that revenue figure topped $14.6 billion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music%27s+lost+decade%3A+Sales+cut+in+half.&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2010%2F02%2F02%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2Fnapster_music_industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615102028/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2000.pdf">"2000 Industry World Sales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IFPI annual report</i>. April 9, 2001. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard+Magazine&rft.atitle=IFPI+2011+Report%3A+Global+Recorded+Music+Sales+Fall+8.4%25%3B+Eminem%2C+Lady+Gaga+Top+Int%27l+Sellers&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.aulast=Smirke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.biz%2Fbbbiz%2Findustry%2Fglobal%2Fifpi-2011-report-global-recorded-music-sales-1005100902.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2008_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2008_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArango2008" class="citation news cs1">Arango, Tim (November 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/business/media/26music.html">"Digital Sales Surpass CDs at Atlantic"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413041709/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/business/media/26music.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Digital+Sales+Surpass+CDs+at+Atlantic&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.aulast=Arango&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F26music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist2008-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist2008_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist2008_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDQJRGGQ">"The music industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+music+industry&rft.date=2008-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3DE1_TDQJRGGQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorland2004" class="citation web cs1">Borland, John (March 29, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/2100-1027_3-5181562.html">"Music sharing doesn't kill CD sales, study says"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2012</span>. <q>According to a Nielsen and Billboard report, digital music purchases accounted for 50.3% of music sales in 2011.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Digital+music+sales+top+physical+sales&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft.aulast=Segall&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2012%2F01%2F05%2Ftechnology%2Fdigital_music_sales%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Lee (July 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/lets-keep-music-special-f-spotify(e268a666-8395-4160-9d07-4754052dff5d).html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Let's keep music special. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Taylor+Swift+Shuns+%27Grand+Experiment%27+of+Streaming+Music&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Grow&rft.aufirst=Kory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Ftaylor-swift-shuns-grand-experiment-of-streaming-music-20141106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander" class="citation web cs1">Friedlander, Joshua P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RIAA-2015-Year-End-shipments-memo.pdf">"News and Notes on 2015 RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Combining all categories of streaming music (subscription, ad-supported on-demand, and SoundExchange distributions), revenues grew 29% to $2.4 billion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+and+Notes+on+2015+RIAA+Shipment+and+Revenue+Statistics&rft.pub=RIAA&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Joshua+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FRIAA-2015-Year-End-shipments-memo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlake2016" class="citation web cs1">Blake, Andrew (March 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/mar/23/streaming-made-more-revenue-for-music-industry-in-/">"Streaming made more revenue for music industry in 2015 than digital downloads, physical sales"</a>. 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Today">U.S.A. Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628232058/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-10-13-apogee-gio-music_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.A.+Today&rft.atitle=Musicians+ditch+studios+for+tech+such+as+GiO+for+Macs&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2F2009-10-13-apogee-gio-music_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Olivarez-Giles2009" class="citation news cs1">Nathan Olivarez-Giles (October 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-smallbiz-studios13-2009oct13,0,3516140.story">"Recording studios are being left out of the mix"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018093607/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-smallbiz-studios13-2009oct13,0,3516140.story">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Recording+studios+are+being+left+out+of+the+mix&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.au=Nathan+Olivarez-Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-fi-smallbiz-studios13-2009oct13%2C0%2C3516140.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626030458/http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/Digital-Music-Report-2014.pdf">"Digital Music Report 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/Digital-Music-Report-2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Music+Report+2014&rft.pages=9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fdownloads%2FDigital-Music-Report-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/news/marketingdata/default.asp">RIAA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070521233108/http://www.riaa.com/News/marketingdata/default.asp">Archived</a> May 21, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> the world music market is estimated at $40 billion, but according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/">IFPI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081107002416/http://www.ifpi.org/">Archived</a> November 7, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2004) it is estimated at $32 billion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109183024/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/20050802.html">"IFPI releases definitive statistics on global market for recorded music"</a>. Ifpi.org. August 2, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/20050802.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFPI+releases+definitive+statistics+on+global+market+for+recorded+music&rft.pub=Ifpi.org&rft.date=2005-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fcontent%2Fsection_news%2F20050802.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report">"The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022151240/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120105005547/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2011-Music-Industry-Report">Archived</a> October 22, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Business Wire (January 5, 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Pakinkis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/emi-lay-offs-reported-in-the-us/053075">"EMI lay-offs reported in the US,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130211022344/http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/emi-lay-offs-reported-in-the-us/053075">Archived</a> February 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Music Week (January 8, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NielsenReport2012-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NielsenReport2012_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NielsenReport2012_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130104005149/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2012-Music-Industry-Report">"The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2012 Music Industry Report,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112121109/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130104005149/en/Nielsen-Company-Billboard%E2%80%99s-2012-Music-Industry-Report">Archived</a> January 12, 2013, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Business Wire (January 4, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723044641/http://clicknoise.net/digital-music-futures-and-the-independent-music-industry/">"Digital Music Futures and the Independent Music Industry"</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, <i>Clicknoise.net</i>, February 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBISWorld_report_51221-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBISWorld_report_51221_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBISWorld_report_51221_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">IBISWorld report 51221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noplat-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noplat_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2014" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Hugh (October 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2014/10/16/not-one-artists-album-has-gone-platinum-in-2014/">"Not One Artist's Album Has Gone Platinum In 2014"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018132306/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2014/10/16/not-one-artists-album-has-gone-platinum-in-2014/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Not+One+Artist%27s+Album+Has+Gone+Platinum+In+2014&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fhughmcintyre%2F2014%2F10%2F16%2Fnot-one-artists-album-has-gone-platinum-in-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanders" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2014/11/05/361577726/taylor-swift-platinum-party-of-one">"Taylor Swift, Platinum Party of One"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105200106/https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2014/11/05/361577726/taylor-swift-platinum-party-of-one">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Taylor+Swift%2C+Platinum+Party+of+One&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Ftherecord%2F2014%2F11%2F05%2F361577726%2Ftaylor-swift-platinum-party-of-one&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2015E.pdf">"RIAJ Yearbook 2015: IFPI 2013, 2014. Global Sales of Recorded Music"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan" title="Recording Industry Association of Japan">Recording Industry Association of Japan</a>. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616042954/http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2015E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIAJ+Yearbook+2015%3A+IFPI+2013%2C+2014.+Global+Sales+of+Recorded+Music&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaj.or.jp%2Fe%2Fissue%2Fpdf%2FRIAJ2015E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.58n4.htm#445">"Seagram Co Ltd – '10-K405' for 6/30/00"</a>. SEC Info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060856/http://www.secinfo.com/dsvr4.58n4.htm#445">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seagram+Co+Ltd+%E2%80%93+%2710-K405%27+for+6%2F30%2F00&rft.pub=SEC+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secinfo.com%2Fdsvr4.58n4.htm%23445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021050119/http://www.riaa.com/blog.php?content_selector=riaa-news-blog&blog_selector=Midyear-Digital-Music-Milestones&news_month_filter=7&news_year_filter=2011&searchterms=Music%20sales&terminclude=&termexact=">"Midyear Digital Music Milestones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a></i>. July 11, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/blog.php?content_selector=riaa-news-blog&blog_selector=Midyear-Digital-Music-Milestones&news_month_filter=7&news_year_filter=2011&searchterms=Music%20sales&terminclude=&termexact=">the original</a> on October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2012</span>. <q>There's probably no one single reason, but we'd like to think that enhanced marketing efforts – like the sale of music at nontraditional outlets – and anti-piracy successes like the closure of LimeWire have helped.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft.atitle=Midyear+Digital+Music+Milestones&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fblog.php%3Fcontent_selector%3Driaa-news-blog%26blog_selector%3DMidyear-Digital-Music-Milestones%26news_month_filter%3D7%26news_year_filter%3D2011%26searchterms%3DMusic%2520sales%26terminclude%3D%26termexact%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/03/news.musicnews">Downloads fail to stem fall in global music sales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709020829/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/03/news.musicnews">Archived</a> July 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press Release: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2005.pdf">"Digital Formats continue to drive the Global Music Market,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027121816/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/worldsales2005.pdf">Archived</a> October 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IFPI (London, March 31, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musically.com/2008/05/15/ifpi-reveals-2007-recorded-music-revenues-decline/">"IFPI reveals 2007 recorded music revenues decline"</a>. Music Ally. May 15, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060738/http://musically.com/2008/05/15/ifpi-reveals-2007-recorded-music-revenues-decline/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFPI+reveals+2007+recorded+music+revenues+decline&rft.pub=Music+Ally&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusically.com%2F2008%2F05%2F15%2Fifpi-reveals-2007-recorded-music-revenues-decline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sales-idUSTRE53K5VY20090421">"Global music sales down 8 percent in 2008: IFPI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. April 21, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018201305/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-sales-idUSTRE53K5VY20090421">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+music+sales+down+8+percent+in+2008%3A+IFPI&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2009-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-sales-idUSTRE53K5VY20090421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/1178545/ifpi-2011-report-global-recorded-music-sales-fall-84-eminem-lady">"IFPI 2011 Report: Global Recorded Music Sales Fall 8.4%; Eminem, Lady Gaga Top Int'l Sellers"</a>. Billboard. March 30, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105102842/https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/1178545/ifpi-2011-report-global-recorded-music-sales-fall-84-eminem-lady">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFPI+2011+Report%3A+Global+Recorded+Music+Sales+Fall+8.4%25%3B+Eminem%2C+Lady+Gaga+Top+Int%27l+Sellers&rft.pub=Billboard&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbiz%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fglobal%2F1178545%2Fifpi-2011-report-global-recorded-music-sales-fall-84-eminem-lady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1549915/ifpi-digital-music-report-2013-global-recorded-music">IFPI Digital Music Report 2013: Global Recorded Music Revenues Climb for First Time Since 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516211549/https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1549915/ifpi-digital-music-report-2013-global-recorded-music">Archived</a> May 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Billboard</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/5937645/ifpi-music-report-2014-global-recorded-music-revenues-fall-4">IFPI Digital Music Report 2014: Global Recorded Music Revenues Down 4%</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022052205/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/5937645/ifpi-music-report-2014-global-recorded-music-revenues-fall-4">Archived</a> October 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Billboard</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmirke2015" class="citation web cs1">Smirke, Richard (April 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6531734/ifpi-report-2015-us-recording-industry-up-2-percent-global-drop">"Global Record Business Dips Slightly, U.S. Ticks Upwards In IFPI's 2015 Report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard.com">billboard.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419070323/http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6531734/ifpi-report-2015-us-recording-industry-up-2-percent-global-drop">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=billboard.com&rft.atitle=Global+Record+Business+Dips+Slightly%2C+U.S.+Ticks+Upwards+In+IFPI%27s+2015+Report&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=Smirke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F6531734%2Fifpi-report-2015-us-recording-industry-up-2-percent-global-drop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7332929/ifpi-global-digital-music-services-revenue-growth-report">"IFPI Global Report: Digital Revenues Surpass Physical for the First Time as Streaming Explodes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. April 12, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709010815/http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7332929/ifpi-global-digital-music-services-revenue-growth-report">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=IFPI+Global+Report%3A+Digital+Revenues+Surpass+Physical+for+the+First+Time+as+Streaming+Explodes&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7332929%2Fifpi-global-digital-music-services-revenue-growth-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322173813/https://www.ifpi.org/downloads/GMR2016.pdf">"IFPI Global Music Report 2016: State of the Industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ifpi.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/GMR2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ifpi.org&rft.atitle=IFPI+Global+Music+Report+2016%3A+State+of+the+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fdownloads%2FGMR2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/02/streaming-accounted-for-nearly-half-of-music-revenues-worldwide-in-2018/">"Streaming accounted for nearly half of music revenues worldwide in 2018"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. April 2, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230121164418/https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/02/streaming-accounted-for-nearly-half-of-music-revenues-worldwide-in-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Streaming+accounted+for+nearly+half+of+music+revenues+worldwide+in+2018&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2019%2F04%2F02%2Fstreaming-accounted-for-nearly-half-of-music-revenues-worldwide-in-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifpi.org/our-industry/industry-data/">"GLOBAL MUSIC REPORT"</a>. <i>IFPI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804000222/https://www.ifpi.org/our-industry/industry-data/">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFPI&rft.atitle=GLOBAL+MUSIC+REPORT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Four-industry%2Findustry-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-issues-annual-global-music-report-2021/">"GLOBAL MUSIC REPORT"</a>. <i>IFPI</i>. March 23, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325201021/https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-issues-annual-global-music-report-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFPI&rft.atitle=GLOBAL+MUSIC+REPORT&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fifpi-issues-annual-global-music-report-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-18-5-in-2021/">"GLOBAL MUSIC REPORT"</a>. <i>IFPI</i>. March 22, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322182622/https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-18-5-in-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFPI&rft.atitle=GLOBAL+MUSIC+REPORT&rft.date=2022-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-18-5-in-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHatton2023" class="citation web cs1">Hatton, Carl (March 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-9-in-2022/">"IFPI Global Music Report: Global Recorded Music Revenues Grew 9% In 2022"</a>. <i>IFPI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927042300/https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-9-in-2022/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFPI&rft.atitle=IFPI+Global+Music+Report%3A+Global+Recorded+Music+Revenues+Grew+9%25+In+2022&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fifpi-global-music-report-global-recorded-music-revenues-grew-9-in-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrasilovsky_et_al._2007" class="citation cs2">Krasilovsky, M. William; Shemel, Sidney; Gross, John M.; Feinstein, Jonathan (2007), <i>This Business of Music</i> (10th ed.), Billboard Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7729-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-7729-2"><bdi>0-8230-7729-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Business+of+Music&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-8230-7729-2&rft.aulast=Krasilovsky&rft.aufirst=M.+William&rft.au=Shemel%2C+Sidney&rft.au=Gross%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Feinstein%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section <b>may need cleanup</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Beeching, Angela. <i>Beyond Talent: Creating a Successful Career in Music</i>, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2020</li> <li>Cutler, David. <i>The Savvy Musician</i>. Helius Press, 2009</li> <li>Gerd Leonhard: <i>Music Like Water – the inevitable music ecosystem</i></li> <li>Klickstein, Gerald. <i>The Musician's Way: a Guide to Practice, Performance, and Wellness</i>. Oxford University Press, 2009</li> <li>Lebrecht, Norman: <i>When the Music Stops: Managers, Maestros and the Corporate Murder of Classical Music</i>, Simon & Schuster 1996</li> <li>Imhorst, Christian: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imhorst.net/?page_id=21">The 'Lost Generation' of the Music Industry</a>, published under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> 2004</li> <li>The Methods Reporter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112051509/http://www.methodsreporter.com/2007/01/07/recording-industry-music-download-lawsuit/">Music Industry Misses Mark with Wrongful Suits</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm01/main.html">Music CD Industry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626004356/http://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm01/main.html">Archived</a> June 26, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a mid-2000 overview put together by Duke University undergraduate students</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_d%27Angelo" title="Mario d'Angelo">Mario d'Angelo</a>: "Does globalisation mean ineluctable concentration ?" in Roche F., Marcq B., Colomé D. (eds)<i>The Music Industry in the New Economy, Report of the Asia-Europe Seminar</i> (Lyon 2001) IEP de Lyon/Asia-Europe Foundation/Eurical, 2002, pp. 53–60.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_d%27Angelo" title="Mario d'Angelo">Mario d'Angelo</a>: <i>Perspectives de gestion des institutions musicales en Europe</i> (Management Perspectives for Musical Institutions in Europe), OMF Series, Paris-Sorbonne University, Ed. Musicales Aug. Zurfluh, Bourg-la-Reine, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84591-130-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-84591-130-0">2-84591-130-0</a></li> <li>Hill, Dave: <i>Designer Boys and Material Girls: Manufacturing the [19]80s Pop Dream</i>. Poole, Eng.: Blandford Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1857-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1857-9">0-7137-1857-9</a></li> <li>Rachlin, Harvey. <i>The Encyclopedia of the Music Business</i>. First ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1981. xix, 524 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-014913-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-014913-2">0-06-014913-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328163133/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1994/356recordedmusic.htm#full">The supply of recorded music</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>: A report on the supply in the UK of prerecorded compact discs, vinyl discs and tapes containing music. Competition Commission, 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillett,_A._G.,_&_Smith,_G.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gillett, A. G., & Smith, G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fartv.2015.0000">"Creativities, innovation, and networks in garage punk rock: A case study of the Eruptörs"</a>. <i>Artivate: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fartv.2015.0000">10.1353/artv.2015.0000</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2164-7747">2164-7747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54907273">54907273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artivate%3A+A+Journal+of+Entrepreneurship+in+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Creativities%2C+innovation%2C+and+networks+in+garage+punk+rock%3A+A+case+study+of+the+Erupt%C3%B6rs&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54907273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2164-7747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fartv.2015.0000&rft.au=Gillett%2C+A.+G.%2C+%26+Smith%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Fartv.2015.0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+industry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Tschmuck, Peter: <i>Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry</i>, Springer 2006.</li> <li>Knopper, S., 2011. The New Economics of the Music Industry. <i>Rolling Stone</i>, <i>25</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_industry&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/">Salon article on Courtney Love's criticism of record industry business practices</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/opa/2002/06/3tenors.htm">Federal Trade Commission press release regarding price fixing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060305165248/http://ag.state.nv.us/agpress/2002/02_0930b.pdf">Antitrust settlement in Nevada price-fixing case</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bipc.bl.uk/music-industry-guide">The British Library – Music Industry Guide (sources of information)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025152024/http://bipc.bl.uk/music-industry-guide">Archived</a> October 25, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thembj.org">Academic articles about the music industry</a> The Music Business Journal</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry528" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas" title="Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas">AMPROFON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing" title="Disney Music Publishing">Disney Music Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors<br />and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Business_structure">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release<br />formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">Eight-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Argentina Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Brasil Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts"><i>Rolling Stone</i> Top 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)"><i>Idol</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a> <ul><li>In: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(Females)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>Genre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_gospel_music_artists" title="List of best-selling gospel music artists">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nationality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth" title="List of music artists by net worth">Wealthiest musical artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the music industry">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals" title="List of largest music deals">Largest music deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Most expensive albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Most valuable records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label_record" title="White label record">White label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/15px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/23px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/30px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_industry" title="Category:Music industry">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music956" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music956" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="8129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Timor-Leste" title="Music of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_music_articles" title="Index of music articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_music" title="Outline of music">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_musical_events" title="Timeline of musical events">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_albums" title="Lists of albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Classical and art music traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Classical music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and regional genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_jazz_and_popular_music" title="Glossary of jazz and popular music">Jazz and popular music glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Music and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_politics" title="Music and politics">Music and politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_political_warfare" title="Music and political warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_sleep" title="Music and sleep">Music and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_community" title="Music community">Music community</a></li> <li><a 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aria-labelledby="Major_industries631" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Industries" title="Template:Industries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Industries" title="Template talk:Industries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Industries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Industries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_industries631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Natural_sector631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Natural sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Arable farming">Arable farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereal#Production" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume#Uses" title="Legume">Legumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_farming" title="Vegetable farming">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oilseeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_crop" title="Permanent crop">Permanent crops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Apples et al.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry#Commercial_production" title="Berry">Berries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Stone fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits#Tropical_and_tropical-like_fruit" title="List of culinary fruits">Tropical fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean#Cultivation" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)#Production" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture_industry" title="Horticulture industry">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floral_industry" title="Floral industry">Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_company" title="Seed company">Seeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">Beef cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming#Market" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Other livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool#Production" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Farming" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk#Production_process" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Fur trapping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan#Economic_and_environmental_issues" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Tree tapping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense#Production" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic#Production" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha#Uses" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup#Production" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)#Cultivation" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber#Production" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_syrup" title="Palm syrup">syrup</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval stores industry">Pine resin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Wild mushrooms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">Fungiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy#Fisheries" title="Anchovy">Anchovies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring#Fisheries" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine#Fisheries" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock#Fisheries" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock#Fisheries" title="Alaska pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel#Fisheries" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark#Fishery" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#Fisheries" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Fishing_industry" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid#Commercial_fishing" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Farming" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">Pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Both <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clam_digging" title="Clam digging">Clams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Seafood_industry" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp#Human_uses" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel industry">Fossil fuels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_industry" title="Oil shale industry">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">Tar sands</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mining of ores <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium#Production_and_refinement" title="Aluminium">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper#Production" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_ore#Production_and_consumption" title="Iron ore">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_mining" title="Silver mining">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum#Production" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium#Production" title="Lithium">Lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element#Global_rare-earth_production" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other minerals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Production" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash#Production" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt#Production" title="Salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur#Production" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_pit" title="Gravel pit">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_mining" title="Chalk mining">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_pit" title="Clay pit">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum#Mining" title="Gypsum">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone#Uses" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone#Production" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite#Industry" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble#Production" title="Marble">Marble</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Industrial_sector631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Industrial sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">Light industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_manufacturing" title="Feed manufacturing">Animal feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baking#Commercial_baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li>Dairy products</li> <li>Flour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Prepared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preserved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_making" title="Candy making">Sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil#Production" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_industry" title="Drink industry">Beverages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewing industry">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a></li> <li>Liquor</li> <li>Soft drinks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linens" title="Linens">Linens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressmaker" title="Dressmaker">Dressmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">Hatmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">Tailoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Secure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li></ul></li> <li>Media reproduction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_phonograph_records" title="Production of phonograph records">Phonographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">Optical discs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Metal fabrication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Boilermaking">Boilermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builders_hardware" title="Builders hardware">Builders'</a> & <a href="/wiki/Household_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Household hardware">household hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locksmithing" title="Locksmithing">Locksmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">Machining</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">Powder metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">Prefabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_finishing" title="Surface finishing">Surface finishing</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other fabrication <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">Glassblowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">Sintering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Furniture</li> <li>Other goods <ul><li>Baggage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_industry" title="Bicycle industry">Bicycles</a></li> <li>Jewellery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">Medical supplies</a></li> <li>Musical instruments</li> <li>Office supplies</li> <li>Outdoors & sports equipment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy#Economics" title="Toy">Toys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrical <br /> & optical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board#Manufacturing" title="Printed circuit board">Circuit boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">Semiconductors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer industry">Computers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers" title="List of computer system manufacturers">Computer systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">Parts & peripherals</a></li> <li>Blank <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Storage_media" title="Computer data storage">storage media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Communications equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone#Sales" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_equipment_provider" title="Network equipment provider">Network infrastructure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics#Products" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_set#Major_manufacturers" title="Television set">Televisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console#Market" title="Video game console">Video game consoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a> <ul><li>Clocks and watches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device#Consumer_applications" title="Satellite navigation device">GPS devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_instrument#List_of_scientific_instruments_manufacturers" title="Scientific instrument">Scientific instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging#Industry" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_instrument" title="Optical instrument">Optical instruments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Cameras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Gun</a> & <a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">spotting scopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_construction" title="Laser construction">Laser construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_manufacturing_and_testing" title="Optical manufacturing and testing">Lens grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescopes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_device" title="Electrical device">Electrical equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">Electrical</a> & <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> cables</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Chemicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Coal & <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Bitumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">Fuel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">Mineral oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">Petroleum jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_oil" title="Synthetic oil">Synthetic oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">Tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_chemicals" title="Commodity chemicals">Commodity chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer#Production" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">Industrial gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Allotropes" title="Chemical element">Pure elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciality_chemicals" title="Speciality chemicals">Speciality chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">Agrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">Aroma compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">Cleaning products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paints</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">Perfumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toiletries" class="mw-redirect" title="Toiletries">Toiletries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_chemical" title="Fine chemical">Fine chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">Pharmaceuticals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics" title="Production of antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">Blood products</a></li> <li>Chemical & hormonal <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">Generic drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liming_(leather_processing)" title="Liming (leather processing)">Liming</a> & <a href="/wiki/Deliming" title="Deliming">deliming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currier" title="Currier">Currying</a> & <a href="/wiki/Oiling_(leather_processing)" title="Oiling (leather processing)">oiling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Composite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sizing#Papermaking" title="Sizing">Sizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">Rubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tire_manufacturing" title="Tire manufacturing">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanized rubber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">Specialty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelletizing" title="Pelletizing">Pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">Synthetic fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastics</a> & <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">Borosilicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">Fused quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda%E2%80%93lime_glass" title="Soda–lime glass">Soda-lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">Glass wool</a> & <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain#Other_uses" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">Refractory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement#Cement_industry_in_the_world" title="Cement">Cement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">Plaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-mix_concrete" title="Ready-mix concrete">Ready-mix concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other mineral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a> & <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">advanced materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_wool" title="Mineral wool">Mineral wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_gem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic gem">Synthetic gems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">Metal refining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_smelting" title="Aluminium smelting">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">Copper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_(metalworking)" title="Forming (metalworking)">Formed metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">Rolled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">Forged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">Cast metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">Heavy industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_industry" title="Machine industry">Machinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool_builder" title="Machine tool builder">Machine tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">Power</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automobiles</a></li> <li>Other heavy <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace industry">Aerospace</a> & <a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Ships</a> & <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore platforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas#Domestic_use" title="Natural gas">Gas distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_industry" title="Waste management industry">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">Telecom networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">Telephone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_property" title="Commercial property">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Residential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge building">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadbuilding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadbuilding">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Construction" title="Tunnel">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal#Construction" title="Canal">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging#Major_dredging_companies" title="Dredging">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbors</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specialty trades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">Electrical wiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_mechanic" title="Elevator mechanic">Elevators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning#HVAC_industry_and_standards" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator" title="House painter and decorator">Painting and decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Site preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Service_sector631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Service sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_dealership" title="Car dealership">Car dealership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast-moving_consumer_goods" title="Fast-moving consumer goods">Consumer goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">General store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">Grocery store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">Mail order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_store" title="Specialty store">Specialty store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholesaling" title="Wholesaling">Wholesale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broker" title="Broker">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">Distribution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a> <br /> & Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_company" title="Moving company">Moving company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trucking">Trucking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger transport">Passenger transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">Car rentals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger rail">Passenger rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">Warehousing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self_storage" title="Self storage">Self storage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">Hospitality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodservice" title="Foodservice">Foodservice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drink service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">Financial services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_adviser" title="Financial adviser">Financial advice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Money transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_card_industry" title="Payment card industry">Payment cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_services" title="Professional services">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_network" title="Accounting network">Accounting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_services" title="Assurance services">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">Bookkeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_advisor" title="Tax advisor">Tax advice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_firm" title="Architectural firm">Architecture</a> & <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspection" title="Inspection">Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_test" title="Physical test">Physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_testing" title="Product testing">product</a>, & <a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">system testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Product</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulting_firm" title="Consulting firm">Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_industry" title="Advertising industry">Advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_industry" title="Language industry">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic research</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_industry" title="Healthcare industry">Healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medicine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentist_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentist office">Dentist offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">Residential care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entertainment#Industry" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a><br /> & <a href="/wiki/Leisure_industry" title="Leisure industry">leisure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Audio-visual <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Film</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_industry" title="Radio industry">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television#Content" title="Television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Sport</a></li> <li>Travel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_travel" title="Business travel">Business travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_line" title="Cruise line">Cruise lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">Gambling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcade" title="Amusement arcade">Arcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">Amusement parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">Fairgrounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game_industry" title="Tabletop game industry">Tabletop games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <br /> & <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Written <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">Hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Websites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoring" title="Tutoring">Tutoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">Leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">Renting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_agency" title="Employment agency">Staffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Private investigation</a> & <a href="/wiki/Security_company" title="Security company">security</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maintenance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">Janitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_maintenance" title="Landscape maintenance">Landscaping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Repairs</a></li> <li>Personal services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_salon" title="Beauty salon">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">Dry cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral industry">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maid_service" title="Maid service">Maid service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_industry" title="Pet industry">Pet care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_industry" title="Poverty industry">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_classification" title="Industry classification">Classification <br /> standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Production-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification">ANZSIC</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="International Standard Industrial Classification">ISIC</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_Classification_of_Economic_Activities_in_the_European_Community" title="Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community">NACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System" title="North American Industry Classification System">NAICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Standard Industrial Classification">SIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Standard_Industrial_Classification_of_Economic_Activities" title="United Kingdom Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities">UKSIC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Market-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Industry_Classification_Standard" title="Global Industry Classification Standard">GICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Classification_Benchmark" title="Industry Classification Benchmark">ICB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Refinitiv_Business_Classification" title="The Refinitiv Business Classification">TRBC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">Inputs</a> <br /> & <a href="/wiki/Output_(economics)" title="Output (economics)">outputs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding" title="Funding">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">Goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_good" title="Intermediate good">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">Raw material</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li>Primary inputs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_capital" title="Physical capital">Physical capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">Centralization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">Horizontal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopsony" title="Monopsony">Monopsony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Enforced breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">Freelancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesteading" title="Homesteading">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system" title="Putting-out system">Putting-out system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">Spinning-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_(economics)" title="Category:Industry (economics)"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Industries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Industries"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industry" title="Outline of industry"><b>Outline</b></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1868" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746359#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Musikwirtschaft"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4268614-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Music trade"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088944">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Industrie de la musique et du son"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124782420">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Industrie de la musique et du son"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124782420">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="音楽産業"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00800658">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hudební průmysl"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph202170&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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