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id="toc-Radical_political_activism_(1962–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouvelle_Droite_and_media_fame_(1968–1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouvelle_Droite_and_media_fame_(1968–1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><i>Nouvelle Droite</i> and media fame (1968–1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouvelle_Droite_and_media_fame_(1968–1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_re-emergence_(1994–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_re-emergence_(1994–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Intellectual re-emergence (1994–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_re-emergence_(1994–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnopluralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnopluralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ethnopluralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnopluralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Liberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monotheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monotheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Monotheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monotheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Private life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alain de Benoist</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="آلان دو بنوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آلان دو بنوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BD_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC" title="Αλέν ντε Μπενουά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλέν ντε Μπενουά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="آلن دو بنوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلن دو بنوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അലേൻ ഡി ബെനോയിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലേൻ ഡി ബെനോയിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="آلان دو بنوا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آلان دو بنوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Бенуа, Ален де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенуа, Ален де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alain de Benoist" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Ален де Бенуа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ален де Бенуа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E7%93%A6" title="阿兰·德·伯努瓦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿兰·德·伯努瓦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French journalist and political theorist (born 1943)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alain de Benoist</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alain_de_Benoist_dans_le_documentaire_Alain_de_Benoist._R%C3%A9ponses_de_Simone_Olla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alain_de_Benoist_dans_le_documentaire_Alain_de_Benoist._R%C3%A9ponses_de_Simone_Olla.png/220px-Alain_de_Benoist_dans_le_documentaire_Alain_de_Benoist._R%C3%A9ponses_de_Simone_Olla.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alain_de_Benoist_dans_le_documentaire_Alain_de_Benoist._R%C3%A9ponses_de_Simone_Olla.png/330px-Alain_de_Benoist_dans_le_documentaire_Alain_de_Benoist._R%C3%A9ponses_de_Simone_Olla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alain_de_Benoist_dans_le_documentaire_Alain_de_Benoist._R%C3%A9ponses_de_Simone_Olla.png/440px-Alain_de_Benoist_dans_le_documentaire_Alain_de_Benoist._R%C3%A9ponses_de_Simone_Olla.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Alain de Benoist in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1943-12-11</span>) </span>11 December 1943<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 81)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Modernization and secularization of Christian values, repaganization of the West, <i><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">pensée unique</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alain de Benoist</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">də bə-<span style="font-size:90%">NWAH</span></i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[alɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>bənwa]</a></span>; born 11 December 1943), also known as <b>Fabrice Laroche</b>, <b>Robert de Herte</b>, <b>David Barney</b>, and other <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen names</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a French political philosopher and journalist, a founding member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> (France's <a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">New Right</a>), and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ethno-nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-nationalist">ethno-nationalist</a> think tank <a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a>. </p><p>Principally influenced by thinkers of the <a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Conservative Revolution">German Conservative Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016106_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016106-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de Benoist is opposed to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, and what he sees as embodying and promoting those values, namely the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011335_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011335-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He theorized the notion of <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a>, a concept which relies on preserving and mutually respecting individual and bordered ethno-cultural regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His work has been influential with the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> movement in the United States, and he presented a lecture on identity at a <a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a> conference hosted by <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a>; however, he has distanced himself from the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_famille_fr_Benoist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blason_famille_fr_Benoist.svg/220px-Blason_famille_fr_Benoist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blason_famille_fr_Benoist.svg/330px-Blason_famille_fr_Benoist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blason_famille_fr_Benoist.svg/440px-Blason_famille_fr_Benoist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of the House de Benoist</figcaption></figure> <p>Alain de Benoist was born on 11 December 1943 in Saint-Symphorien (now part of <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>), <a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a>, the son of a head of sales at <a href="/wiki/Guerlain" title="Guerlain">Guerlain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also named Alain de Benoist, and Germaine de Benoist, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Langouët.<sup id="cite_ref-WhosWho_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhosWho-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up in a bourgeois and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother came from the lower-middle class of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, and his father belonged to the Belgian nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, his father was a member of the <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> armed group <a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a>. He was a self-declared <a href="/wiki/Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist">Gaullist</a>, whereas his wife Germaine was rather left-leaning,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the extended de Benoist family was divided between <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> during the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199161_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199161-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandmother, Yvonnes de Benoist, was the secretary of <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Gustave Le Bon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBöhm200851_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBöhm200851-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist is also the great-nephew of French <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolist</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBöhm200847_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBöhm200847-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_(1957–1961)"><span id="Early_life_.281957.E2.80.931961.29"></span>Early life (1957–1961)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life (1957–1961)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Benoist was still in high school at <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Montaigne_(Paris)" title="Lycée Montaigne (Paris)">Montaigne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">Louis-le-Grand</a> lycées during the turmoils of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian war</a> (1954–1962),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994110_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994110-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a period that shaped his political views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, he met the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> journalist and conspiracy theorist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Henry Coston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the age of 15, de Benoist became interested in the nationalist right; he started a career as a journalist in 1960 by writing literary pieces and pamphlets for Coston's magazine <i>Lectures Françaises</i>, generally in defence of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> and the pro-colonial paramilitary organization <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Arm%C3%A9e_Secr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Armée Secrète">Organisation Armée Secrète</a> (OAS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994114_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994114-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist stayed away from Coston’s conspiracy theories on the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coston,_Henri_Georges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coston%2C_Henri_Georges.jpg/164px-Coston%2C_Henri_Georges.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coston%2C_Henri_Georges.jpg/246px-Coston%2C_Henri_Georges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coston%2C_Henri_Georges.jpg/328px-Coston%2C_Henri_Georges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Aged 16 at the time, de Benoist began his career as a journalist in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Henry Coston</a>'s magazine <i>Lectures Françaises</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aged 17 in 1961, de Benoist met <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">François d'Orcival</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with whom he became the editor of <i>France Information</i>, an underground pro-OAS newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy201686_n.1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamy201686_n.1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he started to attend the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> and joined the far-right student society <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nationalist_Students" title="Federation of Nationalist Students">Federation of Nationalist Students</a> (FEN).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994110_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994110-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, he became the secretary of the group's magazine, <i>Cahiers universitaires</i>, in which he wrote the main articles along with d'Orcival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a student in law and literature, he began a period of political activism and developed a passion for <a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">fantastique</a> cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199161_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199161-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Taguieff" title="Pierre-André Taguieff">Pierre-André Taguieff</a>, de Benoist possessed an intellectual curiosity that was lacking among his elder colleagues like <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a> (1935–2013) or <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Jean Mabire</a> (1927–2006), and the young journalist led them to discover a conceptual universe "that they could not imagine", no more than its "possible ideological exploitations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994136_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994136-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_political_activism_(1962–1967)"><span id="Radical_political_activism_.281962.E2.80.931967.29"></span>Radical political activism (1962–1967)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radical political activism (1962–1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Benoist met <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, he took part in the creation of <i><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/White_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalist">white nationalist</a> magazine founded by Venner and in which de Benoist began to work as a journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published at that times his first essays: <i><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Salan" title="Raoul Salan">Salan</a> devant l'opinion</i> ("Salan faces the [public] opinion", 1963) and <i>Le courage est leur patrie</i> ("Braveness is their motherland", 1965), defending <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> and the OAS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1963 and 1965, de Benoist was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rationalist_Union" title="Rationalist Union">Rationalist Union</a>; he probably began to read <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">criticism of Christianity</a> during that period. De Benoist met Rougier, who was also a member of the organization, and his ideas deeply influenced de Benoist's own anti-Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994137_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994137-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, de Benoist wrote: "We oppose Rougier to <a href="/wiki/Sartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartre">Sartre</a>, as we oppose verbal delirium to logics ..., because biological realism is the best support against those idealistic chimeras".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist became in 1964 the editor-in-chief of the weekly publication <i>Europe-Action Hebdomaire</i>, renamed <i>L'Observateur Européen</i> in October 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994143–144_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994143–144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> magazine <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9fense_de_l%E2%80%99Occident" class="mw-redirect" title="Défense de l’Occident">Défense de l'Occident</a></i>, founded in 1952 by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Maurice Bardèche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg/165px-Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg/248px-Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, then the president of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, prefaced de Benoist's 1965 book <i>Rhodésie, pays des lions fidèles</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After a visit to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> government, de Benoist co-wrote with Gilles Fournier the 1965 essay <i>Vérité pour l'Afrique du Sud</i> ("Truth for South Africa"), in which they endorsed <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007121_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, he co-wrote with D'Orcival another essay, <i>Rhodésie, pays des lions fidèles</i> ("Rhodesia, country of the faithful lions"), in defence of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, a breakaway country in southern Africa ruled at that time by a <a href="/wiki/White_minority_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="White minority rule">white-minority government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, the then prime minister of the unrecognized state, prefaced the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199173_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199173-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning from a trip to the United States in 1965, de Benoist deplored the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation in the United States</a>, and wrote as a prediction that the system would survive outside the law, thus in a more violent way.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In two essays published in 1966, <i>Les Indo-Européens</i> ("The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a>") and <i>Qu'est-ce que le nationalisme?</i> ("What Is Nationalism?"), de Benoist contributed to define a new form of <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European nationalism</a> in which the European civilization — to be understood as the "white race"<sup id="cite_ref-DeBenoist1966_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBenoist1966-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — would be considered above its constituting ethnic groups, all united within a common empire and civilization superseding the nation states. This agenda was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a> (REL) during the <a href="/wiki/1967_French_legislative_election" title="1967 French legislative election">1967 French legislative election</a> (de Benoist was a member of the REL national council), and later became a core idea of GRECE since its foundation in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The successive failures of the far-right movements de Benoist had supported since the early 1960s — from the dissolution of OAS and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a> of 1962, to the electoral defeat of presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour</a> in 1965 (in which he had participated via the <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassroots movement">grassroots movement</a> T.V. Committees), to the debacle of the REL in the March 1967 election — led de Benoist to question his political involvement. In the fall of 1967, he decided to make a "permanent and complete break with political action" and to focus on a <a href="/wiki/Meta-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-political">meta-political</a> strategy by launching a review.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017132–133_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017132–133-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">May 1968 events in France</a>, then aged 25, de Benoist worked as a journalist for the <a href="/wiki/Professional_magazine" title="Professional magazine">professional magazine</a> <i>L'Écho de la presse et de la publicité</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouvelle_Droite_and_media_fame_(1968–1993)"><span id="Nouvelle_Droite_and_media_fame_.281968.E2.80.931993.29"></span><i>Nouvelle Droite</i> and media fame (1968–1993)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nouvelle Droite and media fame (1968–1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne</a> (GRECE) was founded in January 1968 in order to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Metapolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapolitical">metapolitical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnonationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonationalist">ethnonationalist</a> think-tank promoting the ideas of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i>. Although the organization was established with former militants of the REL and FEN, de Benoist has been described by scholars as its leader and "most authoritative spokesman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003116_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003116-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200035_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200035-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, de Benoist adapted his geopolitical view-points and went from a pro-colonial attitude towards an advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third-Worldism</a> against capitalist America and communist Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199176_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199176-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the defence of the "last outposts of the West" towards <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994300_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994300-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from a biological to a cultural approach of the notion of <a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">alterity</a>, an idea which he developed in his <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralist</a> theories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001339_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001339-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Benoist's works, along with others published by the think tank, began to attract public attention in the late 1970s, when the media coined the term <i>Nouvelle Droite</i> to label the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001333–334_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001333–334-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started to write articles for mainstream right-wing magazines, namely <i><a href="/wiki/Valeurs_actuelles" title="Valeurs actuelles">Valeurs Actuelles</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Spectacle_du_Monde" title="Le Spectacle du Monde">Le Spectacle du Monde</a></i> from 1970 to 1982, and <i>Le Figaro Dimanche</i> (renamed in 1978 <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Le Figaro Magazine</a></i>) from 1977 to 1982; he then wrote for the videos section of <i>Le Figaro Magazine</i> until 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist was awarded in 1978 the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Prix_de_l%27essai" title="Prix de l'essai">Prix de l'essai</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> for his book <i>View for the Right</i> (<i>Vu de droite: Anthologie critique des idées contemporaines</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1980 and 1992, he was a regular participant in the radio program <i>Panorama</i> on <a href="/wiki/France_Culture" title="France Culture">France Culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994246_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994246-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although de Benoist had announced his retirement from political parties and elections to focus on <a href="/wiki/Metapolitics" title="Metapolitics">metapolitics</a> in 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017132–133_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017132–133-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he ran as a candidate for the far-right <a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election" title="1979 European Parliament election">1979 European Parliament election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988124_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988124-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="1984 European Parliament election in France">1984 European Parliament election in France</a>, de Benoist announced his intention to vote for the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a>, and justified his choice by describing the party as the most credible anti-capitalist, anti-liberal, and anti-American political force then active in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001343_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001343-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Benoist met Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a> in 1989 and the two of them soon became close collaborators. De Benoist was invited in Moscow by Dugin in 1992, and Dugin presented himself as the Moscow correspondent of GRECE for a time. De Benoist briefly served as a board member of Dugin's magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Elementy" title="Elementy">Elementy</a></i> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two authors eventually broke off their relationship in 1993 after a virulent campaign in French and German media against the "<a href="/wiki/Red-brown_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-brown alliance">red and brown</a> threat" in Russia. Whereas de Benoist acknowledged ideological differences with Dugin, especially on <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, they have maintained regular exchanges since then.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_re-emergence_(1994–present)"><span id="Intellectual_re-emergence_.281994.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Intellectual re-emergence (1994–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intellectual re-emergence (1994–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979 and 1993, two press campaigns launched in French liberal media against de Benoist damaged his public reputation and influence in France by claiming that he was in reality a "closet Fascist" or a "Nazi". The journalists accused de Benoist of hiding his racist and anti-egalitarian beliefs in a seemingly acceptable public agenda, replacing the doomed hierarchy of races with the less suspicious concept of <a href="/wiki/Ethno-pluralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-pluralism">ethno-pluralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he still frequently comments on politics, de Benoist chose in the early 1990s to focus on his intellectual activity and to avoid media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2000s onward, public interest for de Benoist's works have re-emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His writings have been published in several far-right journals, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Historical_Review" title="Journal of Historical Review">Journal of Historical Review</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Occidental_Quarterly" title="The Occidental Quarterly">Occidental Quarterly</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tyr_(journal)" title="Tyr (journal)">Tyr</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> academic journal <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)"><i>Telos</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016149–151_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016149–151-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist was one of the signatories of the 2002 <i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Against_the_Death_of_the_Spirit_and_the_Earth" title="Manifesto Against the Death of the Spirit and the Earth">Manifesto Against the Death of the Spirit and the Earth</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Cuevas2009276–277_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Cuevas2009276–277-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reportedly because "it seemed to [him] that it reacts against the practical materialism that is part of a dominant ideology, an ideology for which there is nothing beyond material concerns".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanromán2006_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanromán2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20110402_Alain_de_Benoist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20110402_Alain_de_Benoist.jpg/322px-20110402_Alain_de_Benoist.jpg" decoding="async" width="322" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20110402_Alain_de_Benoist.jpg/483px-20110402_Alain_de_Benoist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/20110402_Alain_de_Benoist.jpg/644px-20110402_Alain_de_Benoist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>De Benoist (centre) at the Delta Foundation symposium of Antwerp in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>In a 2002, in a republication of his book <i>View from the Right</i>, de Benoist reiterated what he wrote in 1977 that the greatest danger in the world at that time was the "progressive disappearance of diversity from the world", including biodiversity of animals, cultures and peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist is now the editor of two magazines: the yearly <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i> (since 1968) and the quarterly <i>Krisis</i> (since 1988).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201973,_75_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201973,_75-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the extent of the relationship is debated by scholars, de Benoist and the <i>Nouvelle Droite</i> are generally viewed as influential on the ideological and political structure of the <a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201973_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201973-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LionsNorth2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LionsNorth2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> has also claimed to have been inspired by de Benoist's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201973_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201973-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his early writings, de Benoist was close to pro-colonial movements and followed an ethno-biological approach of social science,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeBenoist1966_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBenoist1966-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> endorsing <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> as the "last outpost of the West" at a time of "decolonization and international negrification".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007121_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1970s onward, he has gradually moved towards the defence of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> against <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>, and has adopted a cultural definition of <i>difference</i>, which is theorized in his concept of <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001339_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001339-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have questioned whether this evolution should be regarded as a sincere ideological detachment from the biological racism of his activist youth,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or rather as a meta-political strategy set up to disguise non-egalitarian ideas behind more acceptable concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist is also an ardent critic of <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalization</a>, unrestricted mass <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern society">postmodern society</a>, and what he calls the "ideology of sameness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a> describes the key idea of de Benoist in those terms: "[T]hrough the use of <a href="/wiki/Meta-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-politics">meta-politics</a>, to think the ways and means that are necessary in order for European civilization, based on the cultural values shared on the continent until the advent of globalization, to thrive and be perpetuated."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although de Benoist embodies the core values of GRECE and the <i>Nouvelle Droite</i>, his works are not always identical to those of other thinkers of the movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is opposed in particular to political violence, and he has declared that he had been building "a school of thought, not a political movement."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, he disavowed <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a>'s "strongly racist" ideas regarding Muslims after the publication of <i>The Colonization of Europe: Speaking Truth about Immigration and Islam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity">Identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, de Benoist defined <i>identity</i> as a dialogical phenomenon, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_dialogue" title="Philosophy of dialogue">philosophy of dialogue</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ich_und_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Ich und Du">Ich und Du</a></i> concept. According to him, one's identity is made of two components: the "objective part" coming from one's background (ethnicity, religion, family, nationality), and the "subjective part" freely chosen by the individual. Identity is therefore a perpetual evolution rather than a definitive notion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, de Benoist dismissed the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">Front National</a>'s use of ethnopluralism on the grounds that it portrayed "difference as an absolute, whereas, by definition, it exists only relationally."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017124_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017124-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-also_Camus_&_Lebourg_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-also_Camus_&_Lebourg-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, he had written: "Race is the only real unit encompassing individual variations. The objective study of history shows that only the European race (white race, caucasian) has continued to progress since its appearance on the rising path of the evolution of the living, unlike races stagnant in their development, therefore in virtual regression."<sup id="cite_ref-DeBenoist1966_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBenoist1966-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610,_Oswald_Spengler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/191px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/287px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/383px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a> have had a strong influence on de Benoist's thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016186_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016186-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>If scholars like <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Taguieff" title="Pierre-André Taguieff">Pierre-André Taguieff</a> have characterized the <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> as a form of mixophobia due to its focus on the notion of difference, de Benoist has also criticized what he calls "the pathology of identity", that is to say the political use of identity by the <a href="/wiki/Populist_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Right">populist Right</a> in order to push an "us versus them" debate escorted by what he considers to be "[systematic] and [irrational] hating". The difficulty of understanding de Benoist’s views on identity rests upon the fact that his writings have experienced multiple re-synthesis since the 1960s. In 1974, he said "there is no superior race. All races are superior and each of them has its own genius."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201978-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, he had written: "The European race does not have absolute superiority. It is only the most capable of progressing in the direction of evolution ... Racial factors being statistically hereditary, each race has its own psychology. All psychology generates value."<sup id="cite_ref-DeBenoist1966_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBenoist1966-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>'s distinction between friend and enemy as the core issue of politics. Despite this, he sees immigrants as eventually victims of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, and has argued that immigration was first of all a consequence of multinational companies being greedy for profits and preferring to import cheap labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201978-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnopluralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Benoist rejects the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> on the grounds that both liberalism and nationalism eventually derive from the same <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201976_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201976-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that what he describes as the centralized and <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a> state established by the French Republic had destroyed regional identities in its project of a "one and indivisible" France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stands instead for the political autonomy of each and every group, favouring an integral federalism built on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a>, which in his views would transcend the nation state and give way for both regional and Europe identities to thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist believes that knowledge of ethnic and religious traditions is a duty that must be passed on to following generations, and he has been critical of the idea of a moral imperative to <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201978-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalism">Liberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Liberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Benoist is a critic of the primacy of <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a>, an ideology that he sees embodied in <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>. While not a communist, de Benoist has been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> analysis of the nature of capitalism and conflicting class interests developed by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>. As a result, another of his core ideas is that the world is facing the "hegemony of capital" and the "pursuit of self-interest", two typical trends of the postmodern era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201978-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a>, if de Benoist can share anti-capitalist analysis with leftists, the nature of his goal is indeed different since de Benoist considers the unlimited expansion of the free market and <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> as key contributors to the erasure of peoples' identities. Furthermore, de Benoist acknowledges the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> but does not make an essential distinction between the two of them. He rather divides society between the "new dominant class" and the "people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, the editorial staff of his magazine <i>Eléments</i> described the danger of adopting a "systematic anti-egalitarianism [that could] lead to <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>, which might justify <a href="/wiki/Free-market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market economy">free-market economy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201978-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Benoist is opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Modern_American_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern American liberal">modern American liberal</a> idea of a <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A critic of the United States, he has been quoted as saying: "Some people do not accept the thought of one day having to wear the Red Army cap. In fact, it is a terrible prospect. However, this is not a reason to tolerate the idea of one day having to spend what we have left to live on by eating hamburgers in Brooklyn."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, he described European supporters of the first <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> as "collaborators of the American order".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monotheism">Monotheism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monotheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Benoist has supported ties with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> in the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the grounds that the relationship would be distinct from what he saw as the consumerism and materialism of the American society and from the bureaucracy and repression of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> alike.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also opposes <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as inherently intolerant, theocratic, and bent on persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Benoist's influences include <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Vilfredo Pareto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Arnold Gehlen</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Lupasco" title="Stéphane Lupasco">Stéphane Lupasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Helmut Schelsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolutionaries</a> including <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-conformists_of_the_1930s" title="Non-conformists of the 1930s">non-conformists of the 1930s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Althusius" title="Johannes Althusius">Johannes Althusius</a>, interwar <a href="/wiki/Austro-Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Marxists">Austro-Marxists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Communitarian">communitarian</a> philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critics">Critics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of de Benoist like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sheehan_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sheehan (academic)">Thomas Sheehan</a> argue he has developed a novel restatement of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a>, using an <a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">ideal type</a> definition of fascism, which includes "populist ultra-nationalism" and "<a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">palingenesis</a>" (heroic rebirth), argues that the <i>Nouvelle Droite</i> draws on such fascist ideologues as <a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a> in a way that allows <i>Nouvelle Droite</i> ideologues like de Benoist to claim a "metapolitical" stance but which nonetheless has residual fascist ideological elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin2000_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2000-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to accusations of fascism, de Benoist notes his support of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a>, as well as his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, characteristics of historical Fascism.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist's critics also claim his views recall <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> attempts to replace German Christianity with its own paganism.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They note that de Benoist's rejection of the French Revolution's legacy and the allegedly abstract <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Rights of Man</a> ties him to the same <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a> right-wing tradition as counter-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimists</a>, fascists, <a href="/wiki/Vichyites" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichyites">Vichyites</a>, and integral nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_life">Private life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Private life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Identifying as <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">neo-pagan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de Benoist married Doris Christians, a German citizen, on 21 June 1972. They have two children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WhosWho_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhosWho-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a member of <a href="/wiki/Mensa_International" title="Mensa International">Mensa International</a>, a <a href="/wiki/High-IQ_society" title="High-IQ society">high-IQ society</a> whose former president of the French branch was a member of the patronage committee of <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Benoist owns the largest private library in France, with an estimate of 150,000<sup id="cite_ref-FranceCulture_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranceCulture-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 250,000 books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><i>Salan devant l'opinion</i> (under the pen name of Fabrice Laroche) (Saint-Just, 1963).</li> <li><i>Le courage est leur patrie</i> (under the pen name of Fabrice Laroche, with <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">François d'Orcival</a>) (Saint-Just, 1965).</li> <li><i>Vérité pour l'Afrique du Sud</i> (under the pen name of Fabrice Laroche, with Gilles Fournier) (Saint-Just, 1965).</li> <li><i>Les Indo-Européens</i> (G.E.D., 1966).</li> <li><i> Rhodésie, pays des lions fidèles</i> (with François d'Orcival) (Table Ronde, 1966).</li> <li><i>Avec ou sans Dieu : l'avenir des valeurs chrétiennes</i> (with Jean-Luc Marion) (Beauchesne, 1970).</li> <li><i>L'Empirisme logique et la Philosophie du Cercle de Vienne</i> (<i>Nouvelle École</i>, 1970).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>: Morale et « Grande Politique »</i> (GRECE, 1973).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> et l'Éthologie moderne</i> (<i>Nouvelle École</i>, 1975).</li> <li><i>Vu de droite. Anthologie critique des idées contemporaines</i> (Copernic, 1977). (<a href="/wiki/Prix_de_l%27essai" title="Prix de l'essai">grand prix de l'essai de l'Académie française</a> 1978)</li> <li><i>Les Bretons</i> (Les Cahiers de <i>la Bretagne réelle</i>, n°396 <i>bis</i>, 1978).</li> <li><i>Les Idées à l'endroit</i> (Libres-Hallier, 1978).</li> <li><i>Le Guide pratique des prénoms</i> (under the pen name of Robert de Herte, with  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] Alain de Benoist), coll. « Hors-série d'"Enfants-Magazine" » (Publications Groupe Média, 1979).</li> <li><i>Comment peut-on être païen ?</i> (Albin Michel, 1981).</li> <li><i>Les Traditions d'Europe</i> (Paris: Labyrinthe, 1982).</li> <li><i>Orientations pour des années décisives</i> (Labyrinthe, 1982).</li> <li><i>Fêter Noël. Légendes et Traditions</i> (Atlas-Edena, 1982).</li> <li><i>Démocratie : le problème</i> (Labyrinthe, 1985)</li> <li>(in collaboration with Andre Béjin & Julien Freund) <i>Racismes, Antiracismes</i> (Paris: Librairie des Méridiens, 1986)</li> <li>(with Thomas Molnar) <i>L'éclipse du sacré: discours et résponses</i> (Paris: Table ronde, 1986)</li> <li><i>Europe, Tiers monde, même combat</i> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Robert_Laffont" title="Éditions Robert Laffont">Robert Laffont</a>, 1986).</li> <li><i>Le Grain de sable. Jalons pour une fin de siècle</i> (Labyrinthe, 1994).</li> <li><i>Nationalisme : Phénoménologie et Critique</i> (GRECE, 1994).</li> <li><i>Démocratie représentative et Démocratie participative</i> (GRECE, 1994).</li> <li><i>Nietzsche et la Révolution conservatrice</i> (GRECE, 1994).</li> <li><i>L'Empire intérieur</i> (Fata Morgana, 1995).</li> <li><i>La Ligne de mire. Discours aux citoyens européens, t. 1 : 1972–1987</i> (Labyrinthe, 1995).</li> <li><i>Famille et Société. Origine, Histoire, Actualité</i> (Labyrinthe, 1996).</li> <li><i>La Ligne de mire. Discours aux citoyens européens, t. 2 : 1988–1995</i> (Labyrinthe, 1996).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Céline</a> et l'Allemagne, 1933–1945. Une mise au point</i> (Le Bulletin célinien, 1996).</li> <li><i>Horizon 2000. Trois entretiens avec Alain de Benoist</i> (GRECE, 1996).</li> <li><i>La Légende de <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a></i> (Cercle Ernest Renan, 1996).</li> <li><i>Indo-Européens : à la recherche du foyer d'origine</i> (<i>Nouvelle École</i>, 1997).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a>. Une bio-bibliographie</i> (Guy Trédaniel, 1997).</li> <li><i>Communisme et Nazisme. 25 réflexions sur le totalitarisme au XXe siècle</i> (Labyrinthe, 1998).</li> <li><i>L'Écume et les Galets. 1991–1999 : dix ans d'actualité vue d'ailleurs</i> (Labyrinthe, 2000).</li> <li><i>Jésus sous l'œil critique des historiens</i> (Cercle Ernest Renan, 2000).</li> <li><i>Bibliographie d'Henri Béraud</i> (Association rétaise des Amis d'Henri Béraud, 2000).</li> <li><i>Dernière Année. Notes pour conclure le siècle</i> (L'Âge d'Homme, 2001).</li> <li><i>Jésus et ses Frères</i> (Cercle Ernest Renan, 2001).</li> <li><i>Louis Rougier. Sa vie, son œuvre</i> (Cercle Ernest Renan, 2002).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a> et <a href="/wiki/L%27Action_fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Action française">l'Action française</a>. Une bibliographie</i>, BCM, 2002</li> <li><i>Qu'est-ce qu'un militant ?</i> (sous le pseudonyme de Fabrice Laroche, réédition d'un article paru en 1963) (Ars Magna, 2003).</li> <li><i>Critiques-Théoriques</i> (L'Âge d'Homme, 2003).</li> <li><i>Au-delà des droits de l'homme. Pour défendre les libertés</i> (éditions Krisis, 2004).</li> <li><i>Bibliographie générale des droites françaises. 1, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Gustave Le Bon</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Pierre Drieu La Rochelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Montherlant" title="Henry de Montherlant">Henry de Montherlant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Thierry Maulnier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Julien Freund</a></i> (Éditions Dualpha, coll. « Patrimoine des lettres », Coulommiers, 2004), 609 p.</li> <li><i>Bibliographie générale des droites françaises. 2, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Georges Valois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Abel Bonnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Henri Béraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Lucien Rebatet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a></i> (Éditions Dualpha, coll. « Patrimoine des lettres », Coulommiers, 2004), 472 p.</li> <li><i>Bibliographie générale des droites françaises. 3, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Louis de Bonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Léon Daudet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Jacques Bainville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Benjamin" title="René Benjamin">René Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Henri Massis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Maurice Bardèche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Jean Cau</a></i> (Éditions Dualpha, coll. « Patrimoine des lettres », Coulommiers, 2005), 648 p.</li> <li><i>Bibliographie générale des droites françaises. 4, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Soury" class="extiw" title="fr:Jules Soury">Jules Soury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_P%C3%A9guy" title="Charles Péguy">Charles Péguy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Chateaubriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse de Chateaubriant">Alphonse de Chateaubriant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Jacques Benoist-Méchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Thibon" title="Gustave Thibon">Gustave Thibon</a>, Saint-Loup (<a href="/wiki/Marc_Augier" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Augier">Marc Augier</a>), <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a></i> (Éditions Dualpha, coll. « Patrimoine des lettres », Coulommiers, 2005), 736 p.</li> <li><i>Jésus et ses Frères, et autres écrits sur le christianisme, le paganisme et la religion</i> (éditions Les Amis d'Alain de Benoist, 2006).</li> <li><i>C'est-à-dire. Entretiens-Témoignages-Explications</i> (2 volumes) (éditions Les Amis d'Alain de Benoist, 2006).</li> <li><i>Nous et les autres. Problématique de l'identité</i> (éditions Krisis, 2006).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> actuel</i> (éditions Krisis, 2007).</li> <li><i>Demain, la décroissance ! Penser l'écologie jusqu'au bout</i> (Edite, 2007).</li> <li><i>Dictionnaire des prénoms : d'hier et d'aujourd'hui, d'ici et d'ailleurs</i> (Jean Picollec, 2009).</li> <li><i>Mémoire vive / Entretiens avec François Bousquet</i> (Éditions de Fallois, Collection « Littérature », 2 mai 2012).</li> <li><i>Edouard Berth ou le socialisme héroïque. Sorel, Maurras, Lenine</i> (Pardès, 2013).</li> <li><i>Les Démons du Bien, Du nouvel ordre moral à l'idéologie du genre</i> (Pierre-Guillaume de Roux, 2013).</li> <li><i>Quatre figures de la Révolution Conservatrice allemande - Werner Sombart -Arthur Moeller van den Bruck -Ernst Niekisch - Oswald Spengler</i> (Éditions Les Amis d'Alain de Benoist, 2014).</li> <li><i>Le traité transatlantique et autres menaces</i> (Pierre-Guillaume de Roux, 2015).</li> <li><i>Au-delà des droits de l'Homme. Pour défendre les libertés</i> (Pierre-Guillaume de Roux, 2016).</li> <li><i>Droite-gauche, c'est fini ! : Le moment populiste</i> (Pierre-Guillaume de Roux, 2017).</li> <li><i>Ce que penser veut dire. Penser avec Goethe, Heidegger, Rousseau, Schmitt, Péguy, Arendt…</i> (Éditions du Rocher, 2017).</li> <li><i>Contre le libéralisme</i> (Le Rocher, 2019).</li> <li><i>Ernst Jünger : entre les dieux et les titans</i> (Via Romana, 2020).</li> <li><i>La Puissance et la Foi : essais de théologie politique</i> (Pierre-Guillaume de Roux, 2021).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974–75_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016106-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016106_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011335-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011335_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2011">Bar-On 2011</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2001">Bar-On 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCulloch2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCulloch2006">McCulloch 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2017" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Dana (30 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/the-french-ideologues-who-inspired-the-alt-right">"The French Ideologues Who Inspired the Alt-Right"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+French+Ideologues+Who+Inspired+the+Alt-Right&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-french-ideologues-who-inspired-the-alt-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohdin2018" class="citation news cs1">Mohdin, Aamna (30 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1176355/how-richard-spencer-and-the-alt-right-are-adopting-left-wing-language-to-recruit-leftie-men/">"The alt-right are targeting disgruntled white male lefties to join their movement"</a>. <i>Quartz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=The+alt-right+are+targeting+disgruntled+white+male+lefties+to+join+their+movement&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft.aulast=Mohdin&rft.aufirst=Aamna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1176355%2Fhow-richard-spencer-and-the-alt-right-are-adopting-left-wing-language-to-recruit-leftie-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza2002_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2002">Milza 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhosWho-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhosWho_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhosWho_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_France" title="Who's Who in France">Who's Who in France</a></i> (in French). J. Lafitte. 2013. p. 250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+France&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=J.+Lafitte&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199161-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199161_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199161_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1991">Duranton-Crabol 1991</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBöhm200851-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBöhm200851_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBöhm2008">Böhm 2008</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBöhm200847-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBöhm200847_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBöhm2008">Böhm 2008</a>, p. 47: "Es ist allgemein bekannt, daß er der Großneffe von Gustave Moreau (1826-1898) ist..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994110-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994110_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994110_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994114-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994114_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201974-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201974_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamy201686_n.1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamy201686_n.1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamy2016">Lamy 2016</a>, p. 86 n.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994136-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994136_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199165–66_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1991">Duranton-Crabol 1991</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994137-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994137_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994143–144-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994143–144_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShields2007121-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007121_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShields2007121_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199173-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199173_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1991">Duranton-Crabol 1991</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShields2007">Shields 2007</a>, p. 121; de Benoist Oct. 1965, <abbr>pp.</abbr> 9–12: "The legal segregation removed (and it will be removed everywhere, we must not be under any illusions) is immediately replaced by a <i>de facto</i> segregation over which the legal, and therefore peaceful, means have no more influence." (<i><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></i> 34).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeBenoist1966-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeBenoist1966_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeBenoist1966_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeBenoist1966_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeBenoist1966_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Benoist 1966, pp. 8–9: "Race is the only real unit encompassing individual variations. The objective study of history shows that only the European race (white race, caucasian) has continued to progress since its appearance on the rising path of the evolution of the living, unlike races stagnant in their development, therefore in virtual regression ... The European race does not have absolute superiority. It is only the most capable of progressing in the direction of evolution ... Racial factors being statistically hereditary, each race has its own psychology. All psychology generates value." (<i>Qu'est-ce que le nationalisme?</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff19934–6_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1993">Taguieff 1993</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017132–133-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017132–133_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017132–133_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003116-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowski2003116_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpektorowski2003">Spektorowski 2003</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200035-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200035_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2000">Griffin 2000</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199176-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol199176_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1991">Duranton-Crabol 1991</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994300-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994300_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001339-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001339_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001339_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2001">Bar-On 2001</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001333–334-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001333–334_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2001">Bar-On 2001</a>, pp. 333–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994203,_407_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, pp. 203, 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On201639_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994246-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994246_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988124-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuranton-Crabol1988124_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1988">Duranton-Crabol 1988</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001343-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2001343_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2001">Bar-On 2001</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamir_Bar-On2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tamir Bar-On (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F221162512X631198">"The French New Right's Quest for Alternative Modernity"</a>. <i>Fascism</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F221162512X631198">10.1163/221162512X631198</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153968851">153968851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fascism&rft.atitle=The+French+New+Right%27s+Quest+for+Alternative+Modernity&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F221162512X631198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153968851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Tamir+Bar-On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F221162512X631198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelandMinkenbergMays2014" class="citation book cs1">Deland, Mats; Minkenberg, Michael; Mays, Christin (2014). <i>In the Tracks of Breivik: Far Right Networks in Northern and Eastern Europe</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643905420" title="Special:BookSources/9783643905420"><bdi>9783643905420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Tracks+of+Breivik%3A+Far+Right+Networks+in+Northern+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783643905420&rft.aulast=Deland&rft.aufirst=Mats&rft.au=Minkenberg%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mays%2C+Christin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2011_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2011">Bar-On 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Benoist, Alain (March 1994). "The "European New Right' An Interview with Alain de Benoist." <i>The Journal of Historical Review</i>. pp 28–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Benoist, Alain (April 1996). "Monotheism vs. Polytheism". <i>Chronicles</i>, pp. 20–23; (July 2003). "The Modern Conception of Sovereignty", pp. 21–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Benoist, Alain (Summer 2003). "Democracy Revisited: The Ancients and the Moderns". <i>The Occidental Quarterly</i>. pp. 47–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2005" class="citation journal cs1">François, Stéphane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fsoc.088.0109">"The gods looked down : la musique " industrielle " et le paganisme"</a>. <i>Sociétés</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fsoc.088.0109">10.3917/soc.088.0109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0765-3697">0765-3697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s&rft.atitle=The+gods+looked+down+%3A+la+musique+%22+industrielle+%22+et+le+paganisme&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fsoc.088.0109&rft.issn=0765-3697&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fsoc.088.0109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016149–151-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016149–151_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, pp. 149–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Cuevas2009276–277-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Cuevas2009276–277_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález_Cuevas2009">González Cuevas 2009</a>, pp. 276–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanromán2006-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanromán2006_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanromán2006">Sanromán 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201973,_75-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201973,_75_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, pp. 73, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201973-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201973_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201973_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LionsNorth2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LionsNorth2_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeitelbaum2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Teitelbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Teitelbaum">Teitelbaum, Benjamin R.</a> (2017). <i>Lions of the North: Sounds of the New Nordic Radical Nationalism</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190212599" title="Special:BookSources/9780190212599"><bdi>9780190212599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lions+of+the+North%3A+Sounds+of+the+New+Nordic+Radical+Nationalism&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190212599&rft.aulast=Teitelbaum&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Benoist 1970, p. 88: "What makes a population move towards greater quality is that valuable men, the elites, can in turn procreate and transmit, according to the laws of heredity, their exceptional abilities and gifts." (<i>Avec ou sans Dieu ?</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Stéphane François">François, Stéphane</a> (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/france/2015/03/09/alain-de-benoist-n-a-rien-a-voir-avec-le-fn_1217324">"Polémique Valls-Onfray : Les néodroitiers ont contribué à structurer le FN, sans en devenir la matrice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Pol%C3%A9mique+Valls-Onfray+%3A+Les+n%C3%A9odroitiers+ont+contribu%C3%A9+%C3%A0+structurer+le+FN%2C+sans+en+devenir+la+matrice&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Ffrance%2F2015%2F03%2F09%2Falain-de-benoist-n-a-rien-a-voir-avec-le-fn_1217324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaguieff1994_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaguieff1994">Taguieff 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2014). "A Response to Alain de Benoist". <i>Journal for the Study of Radicalism</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.2.0123">10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-1189">1930-1189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123">10.14321/jstudradi.8.2.0123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143809038">143809038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Radicalism&rft.atitle=A+Response+to+Alain+de+Benoist&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1930-1189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143809038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.2.0123%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.2.0123&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201975–76_55-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">France;Ideas and bombs The Economist 23 August 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017124-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017124_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016186-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016186_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201978-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201978_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamus201976-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamus201976_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamus2019">Camus 2019</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Benoist2014" class="citation journal cs1">De Benoist, Alain (2014). "Alain de Benoist Answers Tamir Bar-On". <i>Journal for the Study of Radicalism</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.1.0141">10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0141">10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144595116">144595116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Radicalism&rft.atitle=Alain+de+Benoist+Answers+Tamir+Bar-On&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144595116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.1.0141%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14321%2Fjstudradi.8.1.0141&rft.aulast=De+Benoist&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EuropeanSonAnInterviewWithAlainDeBenoist">"European Son : An Interview with Alain de Benoist"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Son+%3A+An+Interview+with+Alain+de+Benoist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEuropeanSonAnInterviewWithAlainDeBenoist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertini2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albertini, Dominique (8 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/04/08/la-passion-russe-de-l-extreme-droite_1444969">"La passion russe de l'extrême droite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=La+passion+russe+de+l%27extr%C3%AAme+droite&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.aulast=Albertini&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Ffrance%2F2016%2F04%2F08%2Fla-passion-russe-de-l-extreme-droite_1444969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Benoist1982" class="citation book cs1">De Benoist, Alain (1982). <i>Orientations pour des années décisives</i>. Paris: Labyrinthe. p. 76. <q>Certains ne se résignent pas à la pensée d'avoir un jour à porter la casquette de l'Armée rouge. De fait, c'est une perspective affreuse. Nous ne pouvons pas, pour autant, supporter l'idée d'avoir un jour à passer ce qui nous reste à vivre en mangeant des hamburgers du côté de Brooklyn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientations+pour+des+ann%C3%A9es+d%C3%A9cisives&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Labyrinthe&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=De+Benoist&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rone Tempest, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-15-mn-1225-story.html">"French Revive a Pastime"</a> <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, 15 February 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Under cover story The Guardian (London) 14 August 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The disharmonic convergence: the far left and the far right as strange bedfellows,s Whole Earth Review 22 June 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intolerance, American-Style;Given This Country's History of Religious Animosities, Thomas Fleming Writes Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pennsylvania) 21 December 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan1981" class="citation journal cs1">Sheehan, Thomas (Spring 1981). "Myth and Violence: The Fascism of Julius Evola and Alain de Benoist". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Research">Social Research</a></i>. <b>48</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>73. <q>Pages 66–67: To summarize: De Benoist's fascism is at odds with Evola's metaphysics but agrees with his social and political philosophy.... [F]or de Benoist, the organic State is an ideal that men can set for themselves and perhaps, with force, establish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=Myth+and+Violence%3A+The+Fascism+of+Julius+Evola+and+Alain+de+Benoist&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2000-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin2000_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2000">Griffin 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_de_Benoist" class="citation book cs1">Alain de Benoist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/AlainDeBenoistInterviewWithArthurVersluis"><i>Alain de Benoist Interview with Arthur Versluisâ</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alain+de+Benoist+Interview+with+Arthur+Versluis%C3%A2&rft.au=Alain+de+Benoist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAlainDeBenoistInterviewWithArthurVersluis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunic1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sunic, Tomislav (Winter 1995). "Marx, Moses, and the Pagans in the Secular City". <i>CLIO</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>188. <q>In the age that is heavily laced with the Biblical message, many modern pagan thinkers, for their criticism of biblical monotheism, have been attacked and stigmatized either as unrepentant atheists or as spiritual standard-bearers of fascism. Particularly Nietzsche, Heidegger, and more recently Alain de Benoist came under attack for allegedly espousing the philosophy which, for their contemporary detractors, recalled the earlier national socialist attempts to "dechristianize" and "repaganize" Germany. <sup>See notably the works by Alfred Rosenberg, <i>Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts</i>(München: Hoheneichen Verlag, 1933). Also worth noting is the name of Wilhelm Hauer, <i>Deutscher Gottschau</i> (Stuttgart: Karl Gutbrod, 1934), who significantly popularized Indo-European mythology among national socialists: on pages 240–54 Hauer discusses the difference between Judeo-Christian Semitic beliefs and European paganism.</sup></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CLIO&rft.atitle=Marx%2C+Moses%2C+and+the+Pagans+in+the+Secular+City&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sunic&rft.aufirst=Tomislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackesMoreau2011" class="citation book cs1">Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (2011). <i>The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+Europe%3A+Current+Trends+and+Perspectives&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Backes&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft.au=Moreau%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Halleux1992" class="citation journal cs1">de Halleux, André (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/thlou_0080-2654_1992_num_23_2_2562_t1_0255_0000_2">"Démètre Théraios (éd.), Quelle religion pour l'Europe ? Un débat sur l'identité religieuse des peuples européens. 1990"</a>. <i>Revue Théologique de Louvain</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">255–</span>256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Th%C3%A9ologique+de+Louvain&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9m%C3%A8tre+Th%C3%A9raios+%28%C3%A9d.%29%2C+Quelle+religion+pour+l%27Europe+%3F+Un+d%C3%A9bat+sur+l%27identit%C3%A9+religieuse+des+peuples+europ%C3%A9ens.+1990&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=de+Halleux&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fthlou_0080-2654_1992_num_23_2_2562_t1_0255_0000_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaguieff1981" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Taguieff" title="Pierre-André Taguieff">Taguieff, Pierre-André</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phdn.org/negation/taguieff-heritage-nazi-1981.html">"L'Héritage nazi. Des Nouvelles Droites européennes à la littérature niant le génocide"</a>. <i>Les Nouveaux Cahiers (reproduced in PHDN)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Nouveaux+Cahiers+%28reproduced+in+PHDN%29&rft.atitle=L%27H%C3%A9ritage+nazi.+Des+Nouvelles+Droites+europ%C3%A9ennes+%C3%A0+la+litt%C3%A9rature+niant+le+g%C3%A9nocide&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Taguieff&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphdn.org%2Fnegation%2Ftaguieff-heritage-nazi-1981.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FranceCulture-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FranceCulture_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/le-tete-tete/alain-de-benoist">"Alain de Benoist"</a>. <i>France Culture</i> (in French). 13 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+Culture&rft.atitle=Alain+de+Benoist&rft.date=2012-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.franceculture.fr%2Femissions%2Fle-tete-tete%2Falain-de-benoist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2001). "The Ambiguities of the Nouvelle Droite, 1968–1999". <i>The European Legacy</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">333–</span>351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10848770120051349">10.1080/10848770120051349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144359964">144359964</a> – via Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Legacy&rft.atitle=The+Ambiguities+of+the+Nouvelle+Droite%2C+1968%E2%80%931999&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10848770120051349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144359964%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2011" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2011). "Intellectual Right - Wing Extremism – Alain de Benoist's Mazeway Resynthesis since 2000". In Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (eds.). <i>The Extreme Right in Europe</i> (1 ed.). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. <span class="nowrap">333–</span>358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666369223.333">10.13109/9783666369223.333</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-36922-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-36922-7"><bdi>978-3-525-36922-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intellectual+Right+-+Wing+Extremism+%E2%80%93+Alain+de+Benoist%E2%80%99s+Mazeway+Resynthesis+since+2000&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2F9783666369223.333&rft.isbn=978-3-525-36922-7&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2016" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2016). <i>Where Have All The Fascists Gone?</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351873130" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351873130"><bdi>978-1351873130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Have+All+The+Fascists+Gone%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1351873130&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhm2008" class="citation book cs1">Böhm, Michael (2008). <i>Alain de Benoist und die Nouvelle Droite: ein Beitrag zur Ideengeschichte im 20. Jahrhundert</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1711-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1711-4"><bdi>978-3-8258-1711-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alain+de+Benoist+und+die+Nouvelle+Droite%3A+ein+Beitrag+zur+Ideengeschichte+im+20.+Jahrhundert&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-1711-4&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamusLebourg2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Camus, Jean-Yves</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Lebourg, Nicolas</a> (2017). <i>Far-Right Politics in Europe</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674971530" title="Special:BookSources/9780674971530"><bdi>9780674971530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far-Right+Politics+in+Europe&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780674971530&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Lebourg%2C+Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamus2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Camus, Jean-Yves</a> (2019). "Alain de Benoist and the New Right". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedgwick" title="Mark Sedgwick">Sedgwick, Mark</a> (ed.). <i>Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190877613" title="Special:BookSources/9780190877613"><bdi>9780190877613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alain+de+Benoist+and+the+New+Right&rft.btitle=Key+Thinkers+of+the+Radical+Right%3A+Behind+the+New+Threat+to+Liberal+Democracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190877613&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1988" class="citation book cs1">Duranton-Crabol, Anne-Marie (1988). <i>Visages de la Nouvelle droite: le GRECE et son histoire</i>. Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782724605617" title="Special:BookSources/9782724605617"><bdi>9782724605617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visages+de+la+Nouvelle+droite%3A+le+GRECE+et+son+histoire&rft.pub=Presses+de+la+Fondation+nationale+des+sciences+politiques&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9782724605617&rft.aulast=Duranton-Crabol&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuranton-Crabol1991" class="citation book cs1">Duranton-Crabol, Marie-Anne (1991). "Du combat pour l'Algérie française au combat pour la culture européenne". In Rioux, Jean-Pierre; Sirinelli, Jean-François (eds.). <i>La Guerre d'Algérie et les intellectuels français</i>. Éditions Complexe. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782870273777" title="Special:BookSources/9782870273777"><bdi>9782870273777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Du+combat+pour+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+fran%C3%A7aise+au+combat+pour+la+culture+europ%C3%A9enne&rft.btitle=La+Guerre+d%27Alg%C3%A9rie+et+les+intellectuels+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9782870273777&rft.aulast=Duranton-Crabol&rft.aufirst=Marie-Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Cuevas2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González Cuevas, Pedro Carlos (2009). "Las "otras" derechas en la España actual. Teólogos, "racionalistas" y neoderechistas". <i>Bulletin d'Histoire Contemporaine de l'Espagne</i> (in Spanish) (44). Aix-en-Provence: <a href="/wiki/Publications_de_l%27Universit%C3%A9_de_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Publications de l'Université de Provence">Publications de l’université de Provence</a>: <span class="nowrap">263–</span>278. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0987-4135">0987-4135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+d%27Histoire+Contemporaine+de+l%27Espagne&rft.atitle=Las+%22otras%22+derechas+en+la+Espa%C3%B1a+actual.+Te%C3%B3logos%2C+%22racionalistas%22+y+neoderechistas&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0987-4135&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Cuevas&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin, Roger</a> (2000). "Between metapolitics and apoliteia : The Nouvelle Droite's strategy for conserving the fascist vision in the 'interregnum'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Modern & Contemporary France</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F096394800113349">10.1080/096394800113349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-9489">0963-9489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143890750">143890750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+%26+Contemporary+France&rft.atitle=Between+metapolitics+and+apoliteia+%3A+The+Nouvelle+Droite%27s+strategy+for+conserving+the+fascist+vision+in+the+%27interregnum%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143890750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0963-9489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F096394800113349&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamy2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Lamy, Philippe (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=197696295"><i>Le Club de l'Horloge (1974-2002) : évolution et mutation d'un laboratoire idéologique</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_8_Vincennes-Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis">University of Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Le+Club+de+l%27Horloge+%281974-2002%29+%3A+%C3%A9volution+et+mutation+d%27un+laboratoire+id%C3%A9ologique&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Paris+8+Vincennes-Saint-Denis&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lamy&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudoc.abes.fr%2Fcbs%2FDB%3D2.1%2F%2FSRCH%3FIKT%3D12%26TRM%3D197696295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloch2006" class="citation journal cs1">McCulloch, Tom (2006). "The Nouvelle Droite in the 1980s and 1990s: Ideology and Entryism, the Relationship with the Front National". <i>French Politics</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200099">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-3419">1476-3419</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144813395">144813395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Nouvelle+Droite+in+the+1980s+and+1990s%3A+Ideology+and+Entryism%2C+the+Relationship+with+the+Front+National&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144813395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-3419&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200099&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilza2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Milza" title="Pierre Milza">Milza, Pierre</a> (2002). <i>L'Europe en chemise noire: Les extrêmes droites européennes de 1945 à aujourd'hui</i>. Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782213651064" title="Special:BookSources/9782213651064"><bdi>9782213651064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+en+chemise+noire%3A+Les+extr%C3%AAmes+droites+europ%C3%A9ennes+de+1945+%C3%A0+aujourd%27hui&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9782213651064&rft.aulast=Milza&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanromán2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanromán, Diego L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/181/18153296003.pdf">"Contra la muerte del espíritu: últimos avatares de una nouvelle droite a la española"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nómadas. Critical Journal of Social and Juridical Sciences</i> (in Spanish). <b>13</b> (1). Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Ediciones Complutense</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-6730">1578-6730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N%C3%B3madas.+Critical+Journal+of+Social+and+Juridical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Contra+la+muerte+del+esp%C3%ADritu%3A+%C3%BAltimos+avatares+de+una+nouvelle+droite+a+la+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1578-6730&rft.aulast=Sanrom%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Diego+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F181%2F18153296003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2007" class="citation book cs1">Shields, James G. (2007). <i>The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415372008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415372008"><bdi>978-0415372008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extreme+Right+in+France%3A+From+P%C3%A9tain+to+Le+Pen&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415372008&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpektorowski2003" class="citation journal cs1">Spektorowski, Alberto (2003). "The New Right: Ethno-regionalism, ethno-pluralism and the emergence of a neo-fascist 'Third Way'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Political Ideologies</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569310306084">10.1080/13569310306084</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143042182">143042182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=The+New+Right%3A+Ethno-regionalism%2C+ethno-pluralism+and+the+emergence+of+a+neo-fascist+%27Third+Way%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143042182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1356-9317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569310306084&rft.aulast=Spektorowski&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaguieff1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Taguieff" title="Pierre-André Taguieff">Taguieff, Pierre-André</a> (1993). "Origines et métamorphoses de la Nouvelle Droite". <i>Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire</i> (40): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3770354">10.2307/3770354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0294-1759">0294-1759</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3770354">3770354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vingti%C3%A8me+Si%C3%A8cle.+Revue+d%27histoire&rft.atitle=Origines+et+m%C3%A9tamorphoses+de+la+Nouvelle+Droite&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0294-1759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3770354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3770354&rft.aulast=Taguieff&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaguieff1994" class="citation book cs1">Taguieff, Pierre André (1994). <i>Sur la Nouvelle Droite: jalons d'une analyse critique</i>. Descartes et Cie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782910301026" title="Special:BookSources/9782910301026"><bdi>9782910301026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sur+la+Nouvelle+Droite%3A+jalons+d%27une+analyse+critique&rft.pub=Descartes+et+Cie&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9782910301026&rft.aulast=Taguieff&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-also_Camus_&_Lebourg-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-also_Camus_&_Lebourg_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interview with Alain de Benoits for <i>Le Monde</i>, May 1992. In the end, the editors did not publish it. Full text at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/alaindebenoist/pdf/entretien_sur_la_politique_francaise.pdf">https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/alaindebenoist/pdf/entretien_sur_la_politique_francaise.pdf</a>. There he had answered: <dl><dd>"Le droit à la différence est un principe et, comme tel, il ne vaut que par sa généralité. Autrement dit, je ne suis fondé à défendre ma différence que pour autant que je reconnais et respecte celle d'autrui. A partir du moment où vous instrumentalisez ce droit pour opposer votre différence à celle des autres, au lieu d'admettre que celle des autres ne menace pas la vôtre, mais au contraire la renforce, à partir du moment où vous considérez la différence, non comme ce qui permet le dialogue mais comme ce qui légitime son refus, lorsque par conséquent vous posez la différence comme un absolu alors qu'elle n'existe par définition que dans la relation, vous retombez dans le nationalisme tribal, dans l'appartenance comme subjectivité pure. On en voit les effets directs dans les inconséquences d'un Le Pen qui, en France, fait profession de défendre les traditions des « indigènes », mais justifie le colonialisme en Nouvelle-Calédonie et décrit la coutume kanak comme « rétrograde », ou bien encore parle de Dieu dans ses discours, mais soutient qu'on ne peut être à la fois bon Français et bon musulman!"</dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2013" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2013). <i>Rethinking the French New Right: Alternatives to Modernity</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96633-1"><bdi>978-1-135-96633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+French+New+Right%3A+Alternatives+to+Modernity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96633-1&rft.aulast=Bar-On&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_(book)" title="Fascism (book)">Fascism</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a> (1995), pp. 346–348.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_Reawakens" title="The Beast Reawakens">The Beast Reawakens</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Lee" title="Martin A. Lee">Martin A. Lee</a> (1997), pp. 208–213.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rees" title="Philip Rees">Rees, Philip</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_the_Extreme_Right_Since_1890" title="Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890"><i>Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-089301-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-089301-7"><bdi>978-0-13-089301-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Extreme+Right+Since+1890&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-13-089301-7&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueda2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rueda, Daniel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2021.1920722">"Alain de Benoist, ethnopluralism and the cultural turn in racism"</a>. <i>Patterns of Prejudice</i>. <b>55</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2021.1920722">10.1080/0031322X.2021.1920722</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244558523">244558523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Alain+de+Benoist%2C+ethnopluralism+and+the+cultural+turn+in+racism&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244558523%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2021.1920722&rft.aulast=Rueda&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0031322X.2021.1920722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlain+de+Benoist" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Yvan Blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden" title="Jonathan Bowden">Jonathan Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Jean Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Eichberg" title="Henning Eichberg">Henning Eichberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Javier_Esparza" class="mw-redirect" title="José Javier Esparza">José Javier Esparza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Haudry" title="Jean Haudry">Jean Haudry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Götz Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Jean-Yves Le Gallou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">Henry de Lesquen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Locchi" title="Giorgio Locchi">Giorgio Locchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lowell" title="Norman Lowell">Norman Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Jean Mabire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Michel Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Günter Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Bruno Mégret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_M%C3%BCller" title="Baal Müller">Baal Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">François d'Orcival</a> (until 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rollet" title="Maurice Rollet">Maurice Rollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Heimo Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Troy Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Dieter Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Steuckers" title="Robert Steuckers">Robert Steuckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Suni%C4%87" title="Tomislav Sunić">Tomislav Sunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Valla" title="Jean-Claude Valla">Jean-Claude Valla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Jean Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Karlheinz Weißmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Siemens_Foundation" title="Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation">Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation</a> (1964–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_l%27Horloge" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de l'Horloge">Club de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Right (UK)">New Right</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule-Seminar" title="Thule-Seminar">Thule-Seminar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_100_Flags" title="Europe of 100 Flags">Europe of 100 Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arktos_Media" title="Arktos Media">Arktos Media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TeKoS" title="TeKoS">TeKoS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Poniatowski" title="Michel Poniatowski">Michel Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alt-right115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alt-right_footer" title="Template:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alt-right_footer" title="Template talk:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alt-right_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alt-right footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alt-right115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Core</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Antifeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Words" title="Fourteen Words">Fourteen Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_skin" title="Ghost skin">Ghost skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_increase" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by natural increase">Increase in birth rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Large families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnostate" title="White ethnostate">White ethnostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Conspiracy <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurabia">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros#Conspiracy_theories_and_threats" title="George Soros">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexual_agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual agenda">Homosexual agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Murder of Seth Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident" title="USS Liberty incident">USS <i>Liberty</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Zionist Occupation Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_(U.S._political_right)" title="Alternative media (U.S. political right)">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DezNat" title="DezNat">DezNat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel" title="Incel">Incel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinism" title="Kinism">Kinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manosphere" title="Manosphere">Manosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_Going_Their_Own_Way" title="Men Going Their Own Way">Men Going Their Own Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAGA_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="MAGA Communism">MAGA Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confederate">Neo-Confederate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territorial_Imperative" title="Northwest Territorial Imperative">Northwest Territorial Imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)#Racial_issues" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Nordic racial paganism/Odalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultraconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lives_Matter" title="White Lives Matter">White Lives Matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Online<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">/pol/</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitChute" title="BitChute">BitChute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epik" title="Epik">Epik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voat" title="Voat">Voat</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Infowars" title="Infowars">Infowars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Identity_Ministries" title="Kingdom Identity Ministries">Kingdom Identity Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruc.info" title="Kuruc.info">Kuruc.info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Occidental_Quarterly" title="The Occidental Quarterly">The Occidental Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebel_News" title="Rebel News">Rebel News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/The_Donald" title="R/The Donald">Reddit (r/The_Donald)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard News Network">Vanguard News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDARE" title="VDARE">VDARE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Memes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Basket_of_deplorables" title="Basket of deplorables">Basket of deplorables</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Beta male</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryballs" title="Countryballs">Countryballs</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashwave">Fashwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Merchant" title="Happy Merchant">Happy Merchant</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/It%27s_okay_to_be_white" title="It's okay to be white">It's okay to be white</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonight#Moon_Man" title="Mac Tonight">Moon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPC_(meme)" title="NPC (meme)">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_gesture" title="OK gesture">OK gesture</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Owning_the_libs" title="Owning the libs">Owning the libs</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepe_the_Frog" title="Pepe the Frog">Pepe the Frog</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Red_pill_and_blue_pill" title="Red pill and blue pill">Red pill and blue pill</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Wing_Death_Squad" title="Right Wing Death Squad">Right Wing Death Squad</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Serbia_Strong" title="Serbia Strong">Remove Kebab</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shadilay" title="Shadilay">Shadilay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(slang)" title="Snowflake (slang)">Snowflake</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trash_Doves" title="Trash Doves">Trash Doves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)" title="Undercut (hairstyle)">Undercut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AltRight_Corporation" title="AltRight Corporation">AltRight Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist_Action" title="Anti-Communist Action">Anti-Communist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplorable_Pride" title="Deplorable Pride">Deplorable Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagolon" title="Diagolon">Diagolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred-Handers_(group)" title="Hundred-Handers (group)">Hundred-Handers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identit%C3%A4re_Bewegung_%C3%96sterreich" title="Identitäre Bewegung Österreich">Identitarian Movement of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Forum_(far-right_group)" title="London Forum (far-right group)">London Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Justice_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Justice Party (United States)">National Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Foundation" title="New Century Foundation">New Century Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Prayer" title="Patriot Prayer">Patriot Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_Publishers" title="Washington Summit Publishers">Washington Summit Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_of_Vinland" title="Wolves of Vinland">Wolves of Vinland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Berkeley_protests" title="2017 Berkeley protests">Berkeley protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comicsgate" title="Comicsgate">Comicsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeploraBall" title="DeploraBall">DeploraBall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Domestic_Terrorism_rally" title="End Domestic Terrorism rally">End Domestic Terrorism rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">Gamergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Macron_e-mail_leaks" title="2017 Macron e-mail leaks">Macron e-mail leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_2" title="Unite the Right 2">Unite the Right 2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assault_of_DeAndre_Harris" title="Assault of DeAndre Harris">Assault of DeAndre Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">Buffalo shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">Charleston church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville_car_attack" title="Charlottesville car attack">Charlottesville car attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Blaze_Bernstein" title="Murder of Blaze Bernstein">Murder of Blaze Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Timothy_Caughman" title="Murder of Timothy Caughman">Murder of Timothy Caughman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Portland_train_attack" title="2017 Portland train attack">Portland train attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Atomwaffen_Division_members_in_the_United_States_who_faced_criminal_charges" title="List of Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges">List of Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_activities_involving_the_Proud_Boys" title="Timeline of activities involving the Proud Boys">Timeline of activities involving the Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_crimes_involving_the_Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Timeline of crimes involving the Order of Nine Angles">Timeline of crimes involving the Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Allsup" title="James Allsup">James Allsup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weev" title="Weev">Andrew "weev" Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_Day" title="Vox Day">Theodore "Vox Day" Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Carl "Sargon of Akkad" Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Benjamin" title="Owen Benjamin">Owen Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimelow" title="Peter Brimelow">Peter Brimelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cantwell" title="Christopher Cantwell">Christopher Cantwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Cernovich" title="Mike Cernovich">Mike Cernovich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alain de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">John Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Donovan_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Donovan (writer)">Jack Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Mike Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Forwald" title="Haakon Forwald">Haakon Forwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Friberg" title="Daniel Friberg">Daniel Friberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gari%C3%A9py" title="Jean-François Gariépy">Jean-François Gariépy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Austin "Augustus Sol Invictus" Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(influencer)" title="Baked Alaska (influencer)">Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Goldy" title="Faith Goldy">Faith Goldy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Paul Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paul_Hasson" title="Christopher Paul Hasson">Christopher Paul Hasson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Matthew Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Hoffman_II" title="Michael A. Hoffman II">Michael A. Hoffman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hyde" title="Sam Hyde">Sam Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon_Irizarry" title="Dillon Irizarry">Dillon Irizarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Johnson" title="Charles C. Johnson">Charles C. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Johnson_(white_nationalist)" title="Greg Johnson (white nationalist)">Greg Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Johnson" title="William Daniel Johnson">William Daniel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Jorjani" title="Jason Jorjani">Jason Jorjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruuben_Kaalep" title="Ruuben Kaalep">Ruuben Kaalep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kawcyznski" title="Tom Kawcyznski">Tom Kawcyznski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Jason Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Douglas Murray </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_King" title="Steve King">Steve King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Kline" title="Elliott Kline">Elliott Kline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Linder" title="Alex Linder">Alex Linder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Little_(Neo-Nazi)" title="Patrick Little (Neo-Nazi)">Patrick Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_Lokteff" title="Lana Lokteff">Lana Lokteff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Loomer" title="Laura Loomer">Laura Loomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lowell" title="Norman Lowell">Norman Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">Kevin MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_MacKenzie_(activist)" title="Jeremy MacKenzie (activist)">Jeremy MacKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">James Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNallen" title="Stephen McNallen">Stephen McNallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Miller" title="Merlin Miller">Merlin Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Stephen Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Molyneux" title="Stefan Molyneux">Stefan Molyneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nehlen" title="Paul Nehlen">Paul Nehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GypsyCrusader" title="GypsyCrusader">Paul "GypsyCrusader" Nicholas Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Ethan Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Posobiec" title="Jack Posobiec">Jack Posobiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Pervert" title="Bronze Age Pervert">Bronze Age Pervert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ray_Ramsey" title="Paul Ray Ramsey">Paul Ray Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Regnery_II" title="William Regnery II">William Regnery II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Renshaw_(terrorist)" title="Jack Renshaw (terrorist)">Jack Renshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennial_Woes" title="Millennial Woes">Colin "Millennial Woes" Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rousseau" title="Thomas Rousseau">Thomas Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Sailer" title="Steve Sailer">Steve Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sellner" title="Martin Sellner">Martin Sellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewell_(neo-Nazi)" title="Thomas Sewell (neo-Nazi)">Thomas Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Southern" title="Lauren Southern">Lauren Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Stevens" title="Brett Stevens">Brett Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Taylor" title="Jared Taylor">Jared Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tila_Tequila" title="Tila Tequila">Tila Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosh_V" title="Roosh V">Daryush "Roosh V" Valizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Lucian Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Yiannopoulos" title="Milo Yiannopoulos">Milo Yiannopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_alt-right" title="Responses to the alt-right">Opposition<br />and<br />criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Steven "Destiny" Bonnell II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Ian "Vaush" Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hbomberguy" title="Hbomberguy">Harry "Hbomberguy" Brewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innuendo_Studios" title="Innuendo Studios">Ian "Innuendo Studios" Danskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_(journalist)" title="Robert Evans (journalist)">Robert Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Gorcenski" title="Emily Gorcenski">Emily Gorcenski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryle_Lamont_Jenkins" title="Daryle Lamont Jenkins">Daryle Lamont Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Angela Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Neiwert" title="David Neiwert">David Neiwert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_(YouTuber)" title="Shaun (YouTuber)">Shaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy Tube">Abigail "Philosophy Tube" Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Natalie "ContraPoints" Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Donna Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alt-America:_The_Rise_of_the_Radical_Right_in_the_Age_of_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt-America: The Rise of the Radical Right in the Age of Trump">Alt-America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angry_Goy_II" title="Angry Goy II">Angry Goy II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_Warlords" title="Culture Warlords">Culture Warlords</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Bargain" title="Devil's Bargain">Devil's Bargain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feels_Good_Man" title="Feels Good Man">Feels Good Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Speak_German" title="I Don't Speak German">I Don't Speak German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Came_From_Something_Awful" class="mw-redirect" title="It Came From Something Awful">It Came From Something Awful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kill_All_Normies" title="Kill All Normies">Kill All Normies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Fight" title="Knowledge Fight">Knowledge Fight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Right:_Meeting_the_Enemy" title="White Right: Meeting the Enemy">White Right: Meeting the Enemy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far-right_politics_in_France237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_far_right" title="Template:French far right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_far_right" title="Template talk:French far right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_far_right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French far right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_France237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">Far-right politics in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_League_of_France" title="Antisemitic League of France">Antisemitic League of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_National_Party" title="Breton National Party">Breton National Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faisceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisceau">Faisceau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenshirts_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenshirts (France)">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesses_Patriotes" title="Jeunesses Patriotes">Jeunesses Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">Ligue des Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Social_Movement" title="Revolutionary Social Movement">Revolutionary Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Solidarité Française">Solidarité Française</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Barrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cl%C3%A9menti_(politician)" title="Pierre Clémenti (politician)">Clémenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Deloncle" title="Eugène Deloncle">Deloncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dorg%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Dorgères">Dorgères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%27s_relationship_with_the_far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="François Mitterrand's relationship with the far right">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Plateau" title="Marius Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois" title="Henri Vaugeois">Vaugeois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />post-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise_(post_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Française (post war)">Action Française (post war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_Group" title="Charles Martel Group">Charles Martel Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nationalist_Students" title="Federation of Nationalist Students">Federation of Nationalist Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Alg%C3%A9rie_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Algérie Française">Front Algérie Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Groupe Union Défense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Nouvelle Résistance">Nouvelle Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occident_(movement)" title="Occident (movement)">Occident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Independent_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity and Independent Republicans">UNIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9s_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Comités TV">Comités TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Arm%C3%A9e_Secr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Armée Secrète">Organisation Armée Secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Network" title="Radical Network">Radical Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Rassemblement National Français">Rassemblement National Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Groups" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Groups">Revolutionary Nationalist Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Voie" class="mw-redirect" title="Troisième Voie">Troisième Voie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_Radicale" title="Unité Radicale">Unité Radicale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsav" title="Adsav">Adsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGRIF" title="AGRIF">AGRIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_First" title="Alsace First">Alsace First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Defence_of_the_Memory_of_Marshal_P%C3%A9tain" title="Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain">Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Reconciliation" title="Equality and Reconciliation">Equality and Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renewal" title="French Renewal">French Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Identity">Generation Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South_(France)" title="League of the South (France)">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_European_Resistance" title="National Council of European Resistance">National Council of European Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_France" title="Party of France">Party of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement National">Rassemblement National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty,_Identity_and_Freedoms" title="Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms">Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">The Patriots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Aliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Antony" title="Bernard Antony">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Ayoub" title="Serge Ayoub">Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bay" title="Nicolas Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Benedetti" title="Yvan Benedetti">Benedetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Binet_(neo-Fascist)" title="René Binet (neo-Fascist)">Binet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bompard" title="Jacques Bompard">Bompard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Bouchet" title="Christian Bouchet">Bouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bousquet" title="Pierre Bousquet">Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Brigneau" title="François Brigneau">Brigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Briois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">de Lesquen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">Duprat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fredriksen" title="Mark Fredriksen">Fredriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Gollnisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jalkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lang" title="Carl Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Le Gallou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luca" title="Charles Luca">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Maribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Gilles_Malliarakis" title="Jean-Gilles Malliarakis">Malliarakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Mégret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Philippot" title="Florian Philippot">Philippot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_de_Poncins" title="Léon de Poncins">de Poncins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pujo" title="Pierre Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">Rachline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ravier" title="Stéphane Ravier">Ravier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reynouard" title="Vincent Reynouard">Reynouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sidos" title="Pierre Sidos">Sidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Soral" title="Alain Soral">Soral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Stirbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Susini" title="Jean-Jacques Susini">Susini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Tixier-Vignancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boulangisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangisme">Boulangisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Pétainism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active publications and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Voltaire_(website)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulevard Voltaire (website) (page does not exist)">Boulevard Voltaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National-Hebdo" title="National-Hebdo">National-Hebdo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rivarol_(magazine)" title="Rivarol (magazine)">Rivarol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-Libert%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-Libertés">TV-Libertés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119202859">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82024959">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118912339">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118912339">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Benoist, Alain : de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV007245">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35845163">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Benoist, Alain de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20051019003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Laroche, Fabrice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20201080963&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Herte, Robert de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20201080962&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1102479">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/208431">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068263481">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90103995">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000217350&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000229579&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61006">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810633017305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007274905905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512077606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14702898">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Benoist, Alain de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05102915?l=en">CiNii</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119202859.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119202859">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026718189">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n14z1m">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&oldid=1262902338">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alain_de_Benoist&oldid=1262902338</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_births" title="Category:1943 births">1943 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living 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