CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91a090be5ff44703',cH: '5Xa2w8f9PIlFUO4PiQTxlrIFZ7nIpoVw29KzI6rH6kk-1740915061-1.2.1.1-6vy4WPMlO3CXLEJpYKs_B_4w3FGAo6HB23DP3MEM6cZFmXhHTw2MuH0WU9yx6n_I',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=nature%20language%20processing&__cf_chl_tk=_lcBRS3cHzkKkGF8aQYGN4pvRy_dS1WrwDlGCilbOJs-1740915061-1.0.1.1-OWZMmbpsy4Dl_ellUxYHLRSm3NLNjpqW1IC9VH3DnU0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740915061',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=nature%20language%20processing&__cf_chl_f_tk=_lcBRS3cHzkKkGF8aQYGN4pvRy_dS1WrwDlGCilbOJs-1740915061-1.0.1.1-OWZMmbpsy4Dl_ellUxYHLRSm3NLNjpqW1IC9VH3DnU0",md: "VhJ5EqlUzvOgX.4G5BOsHCQ_rJcDy.ewZB9smgnHAzA-1740915061-1.2.1.1-Pc0YOEC9hJLIIWFO.EkFhpFzx7JkR77KQ85uPdcZO0l8RvwvSFWilzobLquw04qiquvt3kxSO1YpmMF3YCyfQWTE03ykUfB1MCzhZH.c5LvqleDeoFRQ6iW0FAwF0oaMSv8YEf0YqIQv9a.YCtPlOsOD8IeveHp_ymke1Hz6JmPSNwlHgt5Ud58jtbnru_zMqCS49LUeSaImvSRZz5088Jm0X2G.mFr0m3kh8d4W.hlCzER4_sktNcZ9OTtTKEgiFpWiAiQ1vqTxm1cMIlPfXpoDl9hvxjEWVVDaRTiLjI8Kce9SmM1Ysh0__ttcyv.xfxILPUfnhilqB_Ejv0pRX7dJ8Zmxknpj4B.jOprp6m.jDeU_fJbd4mke4w.RIU5aXNoxbCEPJKAYFabfA_5NRTK0caAPvpeX2HY5dgD1WZqLtY40qpaFC66J2DpaaZhiogbinnY6CnRL5j4O7UiaYl8AM3Cn2hLPC5gs06zSPGH18BXTwSxPMOCM3PhkwKbg5NwQyM5LjRvAaDg1vzuW8aXjiuPY8IzAGvAFpHOUzlLLzMdV.Parjzqj09dav9LitxxNj6MT0goKAFcr60Xvs0kcqGHZ7GtQOvZc5it6HcWpBlUlNs0dzLX.nneStJqcsmgItG83rcH.oQ2ecRdr8eaUf12Kn_FAp2pTebYOwNTXwTrvoo3TlqaQ9I81XNtFyFeEdcL5BivNfe0A5w9umIFP4Sb3AvrhAa9ilsMO52hOTep0CjVnu7TThqmiqzxMsRRJl4dK5TpHIkqehmUvHhJUsXgWDopWvL_9fODOBCdy00R2uTbpOIP6mjASs1MG4rd29Hotrk8W8SKGNxj4qKIgmJcVcWYl_I92P2RcfeZmNNumwpjtU9yYvOuBtGUgIOOXGD2VQH.c88SmKHkRYQdV4hlfSnz3iJTfsShI.eUg62bQkD0sUWohvPftamsD_zQ6biNmkM0GdKQQnMrOZymF.oU_gmHx8DvcBOKduxOS7urmxH170CEjOwprYInyOeV8Kn2BVm4r.3_1uHTtPHatD4umhBXTSBtgYEFaby496xhX0he6NpDqN52QDvmXVZt9TWoc7gkf.lGvr0q6qXv638Lk_er4GIWsJyQwV3UONBnQqDPZvT4.qyoHoQL3IUH3IPRUooO3hic7XIUWB06gihaP0rrjf1atRdNrksx9tIvVjQDjCq.mrNVuWztBZpRCfjq_2eetKBOclpguLOjODaMHRRO90X7k2pdf_lwzSWUTeVpjdHvEyIE1AVpbQ8bvZgKCXK1o1YMkq_06xlBCq4gIzm2F.5dTpU_VV.pFcf65N7mrjZZJsbAI1kZl",mdrd: "HEIn1XKAo99N5T45TAbQqpW0AJQFy3x_H55vs9LcFd0-1740915061-1.2.1.1-Hh6urmWqTfmIp3gyzwnx4.3AEsPhhbw049GtSEo.NBeyACoWe8PbmdKPVKA6b3UZlvDza7Y93b3VmvS9FO4ipPDIVZw_pH0xizjqnPr1cFm9pVLvVBkfBSJhpyYNPLNumVo7c9H.HNNyf6tnnzMNuIE2JzQiI9NEmonHMhrkmEzJBu2IKioRzKB9P9pFswax0b252fAkdRL.kw7pXt7qr5CjWx8MJ1_Ryrj3XlXKH6bXO45omMgNlJ2w.wAoO7YsNwaSalmTD8oXO76EFD.i1yhix._uuB6qrvZu4MfVhCu55mjvlDdP5pJQkw7qEbm.xjCoIzMH6tPhV2rCjupF49g_4vcz6VKPlMB3ds4EeGGtFPfpNzPEQctsUCIVS5U3Y97oTYNy6wYr1sjThb65UUGm1VTQHg3qqg7NjpWCttq24q_i0eoV_ccEnfIig5t6YYDkoVAUDWGLmCLDWikJUkFP9L.UEMwotJVPuaPdQwzmCOoxvMuzStbygjCmHqfM.L2B5mdK9g2ruz_TrNRPG6QwC8gAXtByMpTGTanT_C3jyXC.hqxswfT7forboIeAYCG5l2ofp6Z6OdahGDnly95qktK5d96w_jp_P4sBOvdxYpFmVM0rn4HFeK8JbYyeq20HlyEQy2mAwHua9bdrhTUzcQQhN1.AmUfd0J0EXMmCc1nboWH5N5E1wSlWVIXHzmPGgc2fbRAdzWWbDhPqkdl_RCmdBvLZlphgujjmwyFhsLsZIlN7we.9wdU8jJrtQ.EEuyIYbKhjMSelBHtzC_3aeFnTRx62KtPtdyXDH.A5i0UQCUxJ5wZOUW4mGC.UiObG4qNgeQeNgj2T2ifiOnAQBVjfwroYuTCTUecUlPbiE1Gr2zP7oRhMpe.f7.q9DO0ANxnQ1sc_skWcDoeI15TJ1UA9lyzf1RrwZ7ITyS9bCyiY6IkdWzlK6530tLBDhgPsRwYTWy6oKMJlO8P8NizeGu5nCvveJLS4v0eZDbQQIE_cWNzg3BefhfLyQBpefNEt__mPUVo8yeqKx3JxyvMMJw7QX5jILCSpQbiYSKOOcFzFk4fUPuc9pcHCbmXyfniZnpiS2n03stfGLdBZ80vX2sBEpBhJUG3830cRV6HNNd69Yiddbbal4iDx5Ct6hFiiiLZpkOxaDP2iVEtyHAU.Srxx_yUYstyLhpiaIsRgD0m3RTw0QV.idRVJpBHhfH3Hl2.3yxLPgDjp61h5wmm93m5oiKBUR2SGeTkS1YVv2eKgV51p6l6ODJW4FLgMl6Hw3pWCX9.bIxBYc8GUmabHO94CORLz_H7r800rBGbRjALdgAzKrSHtolWzxIzzDCWAKoB_s5VosLc5rCBCis1nIMtT8X1EcitqCvI8.KrawLCYwNpOPEtvNQTtS3lI4yjiaDNnt2F9dglqL3O2gmVEo0gawUty2NABWif7z9JfQw.xUi4hmwl8tilhv6uXRoFtMV9xQWS0zrfGQ1PEujd8T2yCLNL8RsvV33kewm3V.DH1MzcyTDFqxs5pTXP315Y5l6T.vReVGePWNtap853zxihYY_EcHbWUPnPrWateGMuyQ6obnXmYMWezsAK0KX52NRrREfvBaH8bhu_YUCbWIcf7TstZFpAy7A0kofJYMOK7fiE2N5MK48TjGHgWANRX0ERtCQJSEvuhcPjMqOP_zMzCMqvFHROKjLeRLd6Iz6Gyn5VnKVxQMI4MLM6spYr1E4.phyRWmo3gs_AcLp7puZOH4pcne.0Ko8nsEbQIJoiYu17dYyDAWdMB7Z03uRth5OO72SGrEdJCivo4E5yIpfDEEEwm.vbaUzVfirTQPBMreo7rROhNyjDYqDH0JXvUSmm97IMxPiJVZCFnU9u_GyOURPEE1BUInEWqwRcfLwWbo86sC00fdwYNdKQXcyRD.ZM.jWU8bCer5DhrGhEIAXaYLq.v2Yc_A_lVBr3IN.L5HIW1yuQlDwPcps4HbEv_qwwWcaMQrC6LIVgDH1YxkDnOqkpUBP3YY5X2JV0"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91a090be5ff44703';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=nature%20language%20processing&__cf_chl_rt_tk=_lcBRS3cHzkKkGF8aQYGN4pvRy_dS1WrwDlGCilbOJs-1740915061-1.0.1.1-OWZMmbpsy4Dl_ellUxYHLRSm3NLNjpqW1IC9VH3DnU0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>