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.infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Fustat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الفُسطاط</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Fusṭāṭ</i></span>), also <b>Fostat</b>, was the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">capital of Egypt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Muslim_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim rule">Muslim rule</a>, and the historical centre of modern <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. It was built adjacent to what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> Muslim general <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a> immediately after the Muslim conquest of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in AD 641, and featured the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr">Mosque of Amr</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> built in Egypt. </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Fustat</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">الفسطاط</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Capital of Egypt, 641–750, 905–1168</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fostat-329.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A drawing of Fustat, from Rappoport's History of Egypt"><img alt="A drawing of Fustat, from Rappoport's History of Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fostat-329.jpg/250px-Fostat-329.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fostat-329.jpg/375px-Fostat-329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fostat-329.jpg/500px-Fostat-329.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="914"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">A drawing of Fustat, from Rappoport's <i>History of Egypt</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of the Tents</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fustat is located in Egypt"><img alt="Fustat is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Egypt_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.398%;left:53.721%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fustat"><img alt="Fustat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Fustat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Historical location in Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fustat&params=30_00_18_N_31_14_15_E_region:EG-C_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°00′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°14′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.00500°N 31.23750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.00500; 31.23750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">641–661</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">661–750</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">750–969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">969–1168</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">641</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(12th century)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city reached its peak in the 12th century, with a population of approximately 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-williams-37_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-37-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the centre of administrative power in Egypt, until it was ordered burnt in 1168 by its own <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a>, to keep its wealth out of the hands of the invading <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>. The remains of the city were eventually absorbed by nearby <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, which had been built to the north of Fustat in 969 when the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> conquered the region and created a new city as a royal enclosure for the Caliph. The area fell into disrepair for hundreds of years and was used as a rubbish dump. </p><p>Today, the ruins of Fustat lie within the modern district of <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>, with few buildings remaining from its days as a capital. Many archaeological digs have revealed the wealth of buried material in the area. Many ancient items recovered from the site are on display in Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Museum of Islamic Art</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Egyptian_capital"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Egyptian capital</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin_of_name"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_history"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Early history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Destruction_and_decline"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Destruction and decline</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_Fustat"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Modern Fustat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Egyptian_capital">Egyptian capital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Egyptian capital" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Fustat was the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of Egypt">capital of Egypt</a> for approximately 500 years. After the city's founding in 641, its authority was uninterrupted until 750, when the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> dynasty staged a revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>. This conflict was focused not in Egypt, but elsewhere in the Arab world. When the Abbasids gained power, they moved various capitals to more controllable areas. They had established the centre of their caliphate in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, moving the capital from its previous Umayyad location at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Similar moves were made throughout the new dynasty. In Egypt, they moved the capital from Fustat slightly north to the Abbasid city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">al-Askar</a>, which remained the capital until 868. When the <a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a> took control in 868, the Egyptian capital moved briefly to another nearby northern city, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qatta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qatta'i">al-Qatta'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lasted only until 905, when al-Qatta'i was destroyed and the capital was returned to Fustat. The city again lost its status as capital city when its own vizier, <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a>, ordered its burning in 1168, fearing it might fall into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric I of Jerusalem">Amalric</a>, king of the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. The capital of Egypt was ultimately moved to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origin_of_name">Origin of name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>According to legend, the location of Fustat was chosen by a bird: A dove laid an egg in the tent of <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a> (585–664), the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conqueror of Egypt</a>, just before he was to march against <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in 641. His camp at that time was just north of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> fortress of <a href="/wiki/Babylon_Fortress" title="Babylon Fortress">Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amr declared the dove's nest as a sign from God, and the tent was left untouched as he and his troops went off to battle. When they returned victorious, Amr told his soldiers to pitch their tents around his, giving his new capital city its name, <i>Miṣr al-Fusṭāṭ</i>, or <i>Fusṭāṭ Miṣr</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-D59_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> popularly translated as <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">city of the tents</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, though this is not an exact translation. </p><p>The word Miṣr was an ancient Semitic root designating Egypt, but in Arabic also has the meaning of a <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">large city, metropolis</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (or, as a verb, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to civilize</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), so the name <i>Miṣr al-Fusṭāṭ</i> could mean <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">metropolis of the tent</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. <i>Fusṭāṭ Miṣr</i> would mean <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the pavilion of Egypt</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. (Since it lacks the article on the word <i>Miṣr</i> it would not be <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the pavilion of the metropolis</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.) Egyptians to this day call Cairo <i>Miṣr</i>, or, in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>, <i>Maṣr</i>, even though this is properly the name of the whole country of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's first mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Mosque of Amr</a>, was later built in 642 on the same site of the commander's tent.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D59_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg/220px-Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg/220px-Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg/330px-Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg/440px-Le_Caire_mosqu%C3%A9e_Amr_ibn_al-As.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Mosque of Amr ibn al-As</a>. Though none of the original structure remains, this mosque was the first one built in Egypt, and it was around this location, at the site of the tent of the commander Amr ibn al-As, that the city of Fustat was built.</figcaption></figure> <p>For thousands of years, the capital of Egypt was moved with different cultures through multiple locations up and down the Nile, such as <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, depending on which dynasty was in power. After <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered Egypt around 331 BC, the capital became the city named for him, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast. This situation remained stable for nearly a thousand years. After the army of the Arabian Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> captured the region in the 7th century, shortly after the death of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, he wanted to establish a new capital. When Alexandria fell in September 641, <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a>, the commander of the conquering army, founded a new capital on the eastern bank of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early population of the city was composed almost entirely of soldiers and their families, and the layout of the city was similar to that of a garrison. Amr intended for Fustat to serve as a base from which to conquer North Africa, as well as to launch further campaigns against Byzantium.<sup id="cite_ref-D59_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D59-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained the primary base for Arab expansion in Africa until <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Qayrawan</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> in 670.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fustat developed as a series of tribal areas, <i>khittas</i>, around the central mosque and administrative buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-P91_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the settlers came from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, with the next largest grouping from western <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, along with some <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and Roman mercenaries. Arabic was generally the primary spoken dialect in Egypt, and was the language of written communication. <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> was still spoken in Fustat in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1353"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg/440px-Egyptian_-_Lusterware_Plate_with_Bird_Motif_-_Walters_482036.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">Lustreware</a> Plate with Bird Motif, 11th century. Archaeological digs have found many kilns and ceramic fragments in Fustat, and it was likely an important production location for Islamic ceramics during the Fatimid period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Fustat was the centre of power in Egypt under the Umayyad dynasty, which had started with the rule of <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a>, and headed the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> from 660 to 750. However, Egypt was considered only a province of larger powers, and was ruled by governors who were appointed from other Muslim centres such as <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Fustat was a major city, and in the 9th century, it had a population of approximately 120,000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But when General <a href="/wiki/Gawhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawhar">Gawhar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisian</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> captured the region, this launched a new era when Egypt was the centre of its own power. Gawhar founded a new city just north of Fustat on August 8, 969, naming it <i>Al Qahira</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Millennial_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millennial-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 971, the Fatimid Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz</a> moved his court from <a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">al-Mansuriya</a> in Tunisia to Al Qahira. But Cairo was not intended as a center of government at the time—it was used primarily as the royal enclosure for the Caliph and his court and army, while Fustat remained the capital in terms of economic and administrative power.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city thrived and grew, and in 987, the geographer Ibn Hawkal wrote that al-Fustat was approximately one third the size of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. By 1168, it had a population of 200,000. </p><p>The city was known for its prosperity, with shaded streets, gardens, and markets. It contained high-rise residential buildings, some seven storeys tall, which could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a> in the 10th century described them as <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> in the early 11th century described some of them rising up to 14 stories, with roof gardens on the top storey complete with ox-drawn water wheels for irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir-i-Khusron</a> wrote of the exotic and beautiful wares in the Fustat markets: iridescent pottery, crystal, and many fruits and flowers, even during the winter months. From 975 to 1075, Fustat was a major production centre for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">ceramics</a>, and one of the wealthiest cities in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-P91_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One report stated that it paid taxes that were equivalent to US$150,000 per day, to the administration of Caliph al-Mu'izz. Modern archaeological digs have turned up trade artefacts from as far away as Spain, China, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Excavations have also revealed intricate house and street plans; a basic unit consisted of rooms built around a central courtyard, with an arcade of arches on one side of the courtyard being the principal means of access.<sup id="cite_ref-P91_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P91-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Destruction_and_decline">Destruction and decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Destruction and decline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoFustatLandscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CairoFustatLandscape.jpg/250px-CairoFustatLandscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CairoFustatLandscape.jpg/250px-CairoFustatLandscape.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CairoFustatLandscape.jpg/375px-CairoFustatLandscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CairoFustatLandscape.jpg/500px-CairoFustatLandscape.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The ruins of Fustat in Old Cairo</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-12th century, the caliph of Egypt was the teenager <a href="/wiki/Athid" class="mw-redirect" title="Athid">Athid</a>, but his position was primarily ceremonial. The true power in Egypt was that of the vizier, <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a>. He had been involved in extensive political intrigue for years, working to repel the advances of both the Christian Crusaders, and the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nur al-Din</a> from Syria. Shawar managed this by constantly shifting alliances between the two, playing them against each other, and in effect keeping them in a stalemate where neither army could successfully attack Egypt without being blocked by the other.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1168, the Christian King <a href="/wiki/Amalric_I_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric I of Jerusalem">Amalric I of Jerusalem</a>, who had been trying for years to launch a successful attack on Egypt in order to expand the Crusader territories, had finally achieved a certain amount of success. He and his army entered Egypt, sacked the city of <a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a>, slaughtered nearly all of its inhabitants, and then continued on towards Fustat. Amalric and his troops camped just south of the city, and then sent a message to the young Egyptian caliph <a href="/wiki/Athid" class="mw-redirect" title="Athid">Athid</a>, only 18 years old, to surrender the city or suffer the same fate as Bilbeis.<sup id="cite_ref-tyerman_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyerman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeing that Amalric's attack was imminent, Shawar ordered Fustat city burned, to keep it out of Amalric's hands.<sup id="cite_ref-weapons_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weapons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Egyptian historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a> (1346–1442): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shawar ordered that Fustat be evacuated. He forced [the citizens] to leave their money and property behind and flee for their lives with their children. In the panic and chaos of the exodus, the fleeing crowd looked like a massive army of ghosts.... Some took refuge in the mosques and bathhouses...awaiting a Christian onslaught similar to the one in Bilbeis. Shawar sent 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> pots and 10,000 lighting bombs [mish'al] and distributed them throughout the city. Flames and smoke engulfed the city and rose to the sky in a terrifying scene. The blaze raged for 54 days....<sup id="cite_ref-weapons_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weapons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fustat_Indian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fustat_Indian.jpg/220px-Fustat_Indian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fustat_Indian.jpg/220px-Fustat_Indian.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fustat_Indian.jpg/330px-Fustat_Indian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Fustat_Indian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Indian textile fragment, circa 1545–1645, found in Fustat. Old, discarded textile fragments, are commonly found in the area, preserved in the dry climate of Egypt.</figcaption></figure><p>After the destruction of Fustat, the Syrian forces arrived and successfully repelled Amalric's forces. Then with the Christians gone, the Syrians were able to conquer Egypt themselves. The untrustworthy Shawar was put to death, and the reign of the Fatimids was effectively over. The Syrian general Shirkuh was placed in power, but died due to ill health just a few months later, after which his nephew <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> became vizier of Egypt on March 2, 1169, launching the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid">Ayyubid</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-tyerman_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tyerman-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Fustat no more than a dying suburb, the center of government moved permanently to nearby Cairo. Saladin later attempted to unite Cairo and Fustat into one city by enclosing them in massive walls, although this proved to be largely unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-P44_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1166 <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> went to Egypt and settled in Fustat, where he gained much renown as a physician, practising in the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">family of Saladin</a> and in that of his vizier Ḳaḍi al-Faḍil al-Baisami, and Saladin's successors. The title <i>Ra'is al-Umma</i> or <i>al-Millah</i> (Head of the Nation or of the Faith), was bestowed upon him. In Fustat, he wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> (1180) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">The Guide for the Perplexed</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his writings were later discovered among the manuscript fragments in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">geniza</a></i> (storeroom) of the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ezra_Synagogue" title="Ben Ezra Synagogue">Ben Ezra Synagogue</a>, located in Fustat. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> were in power from the 13th century to the 16th century, the area of Fustat was used as a rubbish dump, though it still maintained a population of thousands, with the primary crafts being those of pottery and trash-collecting. The layers of garbage accumulated over hundreds of years, and gradually the population decreased, leaving what had once been a thriving city a wasteland.<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Modern_Fustat">Modern Fustat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Fustat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Today, little remains of the grandeur of the old city. The three capitals, Fustat, <a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">al-Askar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qatta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qatta'i">al-Qatta'i</a> were absorbed into the growing city of Cairo. Some of the old buildings remain visible in the region known as "<a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>", but much of the rest has fallen into disrepair, overgrown with weeds or used as <a href="/wiki/Garbage_dumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage dumps">garbage dumps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest-remaining building from the area is probably the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a>, from the 9th century, which was built while the capital was in al-Qatta'i. The first mosque ever built in Egypt (and by extension, one of the first mosques built in Africa), the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr">Mosque of Amr</a>, is still in use, but has been extensively rebuilt over the centuries, and nothing remains of the original structure.<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2017 the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation was inaugurated on a site adjacent to the mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that further archaeological digs could yield substantial rewards, considering that the remains of the original city are still preserved under hundreds of years of rubbish.<sup id="cite_ref-eyewitness_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some archaeological excavations have taken place, the paths of streets are still visible, and some buildings have been partially reconstructed to waist-height. Some artifacts that have been recovered can be seen in Cairo's <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Museum of Islamic Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gascoigne_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gascoigne-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. A scholarly source should be used for reference on archeological excavations (June 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-williams-37-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-williams-37_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P44-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P44_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen (1999) p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlSayyad,_Nezar2011" class="citation book cs1">AlSayyad, Nezar (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cairohistoriesof0000alsa/page/75"><i>Cairo</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cairohistoriesof0000alsa/page/75">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674047860" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674047860"><bdi>978-0674047860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674047860&rft.au=AlSayyad%2C+Nezar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcairohistoriesof0000alsa%2Fpage%2F75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeomans, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eyewitness-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eyewitness_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eyewitness</i>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D59-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D59_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D59_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D59_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David (2000) p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorman,_Ernest1905" class="citation news cs1">Worman, Ernest (October 1905). "Notes on the Jews in Fustāt from Cambridge Genizah Documents". <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarterly_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Quarterly Review">Jewish Quarterly Review</a></i>. pp. 1–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Jews+in+Fust%C4%81t+from+Cambridge+Genizah+Documents&rft.pages=1-39&rft.date=1905-10&rft.au=Worman%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapidus, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P91-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P91_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P91_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P91_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen (1999) p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapidus, p. 52. "In general, Arabic became the language of written communication in administration, literature, and religion. Arabic also became the primary spoken dialect in the western parts of the Middle East – Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia and Iraq – where languages close to Arabic, such as Aramaic, were already spoken. The spread of Arabic was faster than the diffusion of Islam, but this is not to say that the process was rapid or complete. For example, Coptic was still spoken in Fustat in the 8th century."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason,_Robert_B.Keall,_Edward_J.1990" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Robert B.; Keall, Edward J. (1990). "Petrography of Islamic pottery from Fustat". <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>. Vol. 27. pp. 165–184. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000079">40000079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Petrography+of+Islamic+pottery+from+Fustat&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=165-184&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40000079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Mason%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Keall%2C+Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjeilin,_Tore" class="citation web cs1">Kjeilin, Tore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-cias.com/e.o/fustat.htm">"Fustat"</a>. Encyclopaedia of the Orient. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629175726/http://i-cias.com/e.o/fustat.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fustat&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Orient&rft.au=Kjeilin%2C+Tore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi-cias.com%2Fe.o%2Ffustat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millennial-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millennial_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeson,_Irene1969" class="citation magazine cs1">Beeson, Irene (September–October 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930163720/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196905/cairo-a.millennial.htm">"Cairo, a Millennial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a></i>. pp. 24, 26–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196905/cairo-a.millennial.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Cairo%2C+a+Millennial&rft.pages=24%2C+26-30&rft.date=1969-09%2F1969-10&rft.au=Beeson%2C+Irene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F196905%2Fcairo-a.millennial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behrens-Abouseif_1992_6_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Behrens-Abouseif1992" class="citation book cs1">Doris Behrens-Abouseif (1992). <i>Islamic Architecture in Cairo</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09626-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09626-4"><bdi>90-04-09626-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Architecture+in+Cairo&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-04-09626-4&rft.au=Doris+Behrens-Abouseif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarghusen,_Joan_D.Moulder,_Bob2001" class="citation book cs1">Barghusen, Joan D.; Moulder, Bob (2001). <i>Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Cairo</i>. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8225-3221-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8225-3221-2"><bdi>0-8225-3221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+and+Modern+Cairo&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8225-3221-2&rft.au=Barghusen%2C+Joan+D.&rft.au=Moulder%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason (1995) pp. 5–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maalouf, pp. 159–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tyerman-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tyerman_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tyerman_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyerman,_Christopher2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer"><i>God's War: a new history of the Crusades</i></a></span>. Belknap. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer/page/347">347</a>–349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02387-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02387-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+War%3A+a+new+history+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=347-349&rft.pub=Belknap&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02387-1&rft.au=Tyerman%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodswarnewhistor00tyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weapons-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weapons_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weapons_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZayn_Bilkadi1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Zayn Bilkadi (January–February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609223628/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm">"The Oil Weapons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a></i>. pp. 20–27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199501/the.oil.weapons.htm">the original</a> on 2011-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=The+Oil+Weapons&rft.pages=20-27&rft.date=1995-01%2F1995-02&rft.au=Zayn+Bilkadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F199501%2Fthe.oil.weapons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman,_Edward2008" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Edward (2008). <i>The Wisdom of Maimonides</i>. Boston: Shambhala Productions. pp. 163–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-590-30517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-590-30517-1"><bdi>978-1-590-30517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+Maimonides&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=163-165&rft.pub=Shambhala+Productions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-590-30517-1&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler,_Adam_T.2012" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Adam T. (2012). <i>Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road</i>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21859-8"><bdi>978-90-04-21859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Song+Blue+and+White+Porcelain+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21859-8&rft.au=Kessler%2C+Adam+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203073239/https://www.cairoscene.com/ArtsAndCulture/9-Stunning-Photos-of-the-Newly-Opened-National-Museum-of-Egyptian-Civilisation">"9 stunning photos of the newly opened National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Scene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cairo Scene (page does not exist)">Cairo Scene</a></i>. Feb 21, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairoscene.com/ArtsAndCulture/9-Stunning-Photos-of-the-Newly-Opened-National-Museum-of-Egyptian-Civilisation">the original</a> on December 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cairo+Scene&rft.atitle=9+stunning+photos+of+the+newly+opened+National+Museum+of+Egyptian+Civilisation&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairoscene.com%2FArtsAndCulture%2F9-Stunning-Photos-of-the-Newly-Opened-National-Museum-of-Egyptian-Civilisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gascoigne-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gascoigne_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlison_Gascoigne" class="citation web cs1">Alison Gascoigne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egyptvoyager.com/towns_cairo_history_islamic_fustat.htm">"Islamic Cairo"</a>. egyptvoyager.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202123922/http://www.egyptvoyager.com/towns_cairo_history_islamic_fustat.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Cairo&rft.pub=egyptvoyager.com&rft.au=Alison+Gascoigne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.egyptvoyager.com%2Ftowns_cairo_history_islamic_fustat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li>Abu-Lughod, Janet L. <i>Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious</i> (Princeton University Press, 1971). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03085-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03085-5">0-691-03085-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoniou,_Jim1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Antoniou, Jim (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3575/is_n1213_v203/ai_20633899">"Historic Cairo – rehabilitation of Cairo's historic monuments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural Review">Architectural Review</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Review&rft.atitle=Historic+Cairo+%E2%80%93+rehabilitation+of+Cairo%27s+historic+monuments&rft.date=1998-03&rft.au=Antoniou%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m3575%2Fis_n1213_v203%2Fai_20633899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2000" class="citation book cs1">David, Rosalie (2000). <i>The Experience of Ancient Egypt</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03263-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03263-6"><bdi>0-415-03263-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-03263-6&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Rosalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egypt00dkpu"><i>Eyewitness Travel: Egypt</i></a>. Dorlin Kindersley Limited, London. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2875-8"><bdi>978-0-7566-2875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+Travel%3A+Egypt&rft.pub=Dorlin+Kindersley+Limited%2C+London&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-2875-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegypt00dkpu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ghosh, Amitav, <i>In an Antique Land</i> (Vintage Books, 1994). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72783-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72783-3">0-679-72783-3</a>.</li> <li>Lapidus, Ira M. (1988). <i>A History of Islamic Societies</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22552-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22552-3">0-521-22552-3</a>.</li> <li>Maalouf, Amin (1984). <i>The Crusades Through Arab Eyes</i>. Al Saqi Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0898-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0898-4">0-8052-0898-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Robert B. (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World". <i>Muqarnas: Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture</i>. <b>XII</b>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10314-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10314-7"><bdi>90-04-10314-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas%3A+Annual+on+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.atitle=New+Looks+at+Old+Pots%3A+Results+of+Recent+Multidisciplinary+Studies+of+Glazed+Ceramics+from+the+Islamic+World&rft.volume=XII&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-04-10314-7&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1999" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (1999). <i>Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21332-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21332-0"><bdi>0-415-21332-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-21332-0&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans,_Richard2006" class="citation book cs1">Yeomans, Richard (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo0000yeom"><i>The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo</i></a></span>. Garnet & Ithaca Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85964-154-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85964-154-7"><bdi>1-85964-154-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Islamic+Cairo&rft.pub=Garnet+%26+Ithaca+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85964-154-7&rft.au=Yeomans%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo0000yeom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Caroline2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2002). <i>Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide</i>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-695-0" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-695-0"><bdi>977-424-695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Monuments+in+Cairo%3A+The+Practical+Guide&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=977-424-695-0&rft.au=Williams%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Old_Cairo#Fustat" class="extiw" title="commons:Old Cairo"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Fustat</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacharach,_Jere_L.2004" class="citation book cs1">Bacharach, Jere L. (2004). <i>Fustat Finds: Beads, Coins, Medical Instruments, Textiles, and Other Artifacts from the Awad Collection</i>. American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-393-5" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-393-5"><bdi>977-424-393-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fustat+Finds%3A+Beads%2C+Coins%2C+Medical+Instruments%2C+Textiles%2C+and+Other+Artifacts+from+the+Awad+Collection&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=977-424-393-5&rft.au=Bacharach%2C+Jere+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarekeet,_Elinoar1999" class="citation book cs1">Barekeet, Elinoar (1999). <i>Fustat on the Nile: The Jewish Elite in Medieval Egypt</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10168-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10168-3"><bdi>90-04-10168-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fustat+on+the+Nile%3A+The+Jewish+Elite+in+Medieval+Egypt&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-10168-3&rft.au=Barekeet%2C+Elinoar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubiak1987" class="citation book cs1">Kubiak, Wladyslaw (1987). <i>Al-Fusṭāṭ, its foundation and early urban development</i>. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-168-1" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-168-1"><bdi>977-424-168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Fus%E1%B9%AD%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%2C+its+foundation+and+early+urban+development&rft.place=Cairo%2C+Egypt&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=977-424-168-1&rft.aulast=Kubiak&rft.aufirst=Wladyslaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlon,_George_T.1974" class="citation journal cs1">Scanlon, George T. (1974). "The Pits of Fustat: Problems of Chronology". <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>. <b>60</b>. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 60: 60–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3856171">10.2307/3856171</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3856171">3856171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Pits+of+Fustat%3A+Problems+of+Chronology&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=60-78&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3856171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3856171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Scanlon%2C+George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlon,_George_T.Pinder-Wilson,_Ralph2001" class="citation book cs1">Scanlon, George T.; Pinder-Wilson, Ralph (2001). <i>Fustat Glass of the Early Islamic Period: Finds Excavated by the American Research Center in Egypt, 1964–1980</i>. Altajir World of Islam Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901435-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-901435-07-5"><bdi>1-901435-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fustat+Glass+of+the+Early+Islamic+Period%3A+Finds+Excavated+by+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt%2C+1964%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Altajir+World+of+Islam+Trust&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-901435-07-5&rft.au=Scanlon%2C+George+T.&rft.au=Pinder-Wilson%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_W._A.1921" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, W. A. (July 1921). "The Pottery of Fostat, Old Cairo". <i>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</i>. <b>39</b> (220): 11–13 + 16–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=The+Pottery+of+Fostat%2C+Old+Cairo&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=220&rft.pages=11-13+%2B+16-18&rft.date=1921-07&rft.au=Stewart%2C+W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFustat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Toler, Pamela D. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/January-2016/In-Fragments-from-Fustat,-Glimpses-of-a-Cosmopolit">"In Fragments from Fustat, Glimpses of a Cosmopolitan Old Cairo."</a> Aramco World. Volume 67 (1), pp. 4–9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895830331">895830331</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fustat&oldid=1253038940">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fustat&oldid=1253038940</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Fustat&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Florian Blaschke" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1729735274"> <span>Last edited on 24 October 2024, at 02:01</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="الفسطاط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفسطاط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ফুসতাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফুসতাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fustat" title="Al-Fustat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Fustat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Φουστάτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φουστάτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="فسطاط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فسطاط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fostat" title="Fostat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fostat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Ֆուստատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆուստատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="फ़ुस्तात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ुस्तात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fustat" title="Al-Fustat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Fustat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫുസ്തത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫുസ്തത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="الفسطاط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفسطاط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="フスタート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フスタート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fostate" title="Fostate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fostate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fustat" title="Al-Fustat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al-Fustat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фустат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фустат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фустат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фустат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fustat" title="Al-Fustat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Fustat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fustat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Фустат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фустат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="فسطاط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فسطاط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="福斯塔特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="福斯塔特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 October 2024, at 02:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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