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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shukhov_tower_shabolovka_moscow_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shukhov_tower_shabolovka_moscow_02.jpg/220px-Shukhov_tower_shabolovka_moscow_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shukhov_tower_shabolovka_moscow_02.jpg/330px-Shukhov_tower_shabolovka_moscow_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shukhov_tower_shabolovka_moscow_02.jpg/440px-Shukhov_tower_shabolovka_moscow_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shukhov_Tower" title="Shukhov Tower">Shukhov Tower</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>telecommunications in Russia</b> has undergone significant changes since the 1980s, radio was a major new technology in the 1920s, when the Communists had recently come to power. <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Soviet authorities</a> realized that the "ham" operator was highly individualistic and encouraged private initiative – too much so for the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> regime. Criminal penalties were imposed but the working solution was to avoid broadcasting over the air. Instead radio programs were transmitted by copper wire, using a hub and spoke system, to loudspeakers in approved listening stations, such as the "Red" corner of a factory.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in thousands of companies licensed to offer communication services today. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">enormous size of the country Russia today</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">state owned station</a>), the country leads in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_television_broadcast_stations" title="List of countries by number of television broadcast stations">the number of TV broadcast stations</a> and repeaters. The foundation for <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">liberalization of broadcasting</a> was laid by the decree signed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the USSR">President of the USSR</a> in 1990. Telecommunication is mainly regulated through the Federal Law "<i>On Communications</i>" and the Federal Law "<i>On Mass Media</i>" </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InfoCom-2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/InfoCom-2004.JPG/220px-InfoCom-2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/InfoCom-2004.JPG/330px-InfoCom-2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/InfoCom-2004.JPG/440px-InfoCom-2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>InfoCom-2004 telecom exhibit in Moscow</figcaption></figure> <p>There were few channels in the Soviet time, but in the past two decades many new state-run and private-owned <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_language_radio_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian language radio stations">radio stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">TV channels</a> appeared. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">Mobile TeleSeratout</a> The Soviet-time "Ministry of communications of the <a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a>" was through 1990s transformed to "Ministry for communications and informatization" and in 2004 it was renamed to "Ministry of information technologies and communications (Mininformsvyazi)", and since 2008 <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Mass_Media_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Mass Media (Russia)">Ministry of Communications and Mass Media</a>. </p><p>Censorship and the issue of <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">media freedom in Russia</a> have been main themes since the era of the telegraph. Russia is served by an extensive system of automatic <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a> connected by modern networks of <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic">fiber-optic</a> cable, <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radio_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radio relay">microwave radio relay</a>, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly, and includes <a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">roaming</a> service to foreign countries. <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber to the x</a> infrastructure has been expanded rapidly in recent years, principally by regional players including Southern Telecom Company, SibirTelecom, ER Telecom and Golden Telecom. Collectively, these players are having a significant impact of <a href="/wiki/Fiber_broadband" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber broadband">fiber broadband</a> in regional areas, and are enabling operators to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer demand">consumer demand</a> for faster access and bundled services. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">History of Russian journalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_(USSR)(Including_Latvia,_Lithuania,_Estonia,_Tannu_Tuva,_and_island_possessions)_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Net_-_DPLA_-_ccdbdf1ad827dafa3d8dd43a6b2e0935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28USSR%29%28Including_Latvia%2C_Lithuania%2C_Estonia%2C_Tannu_Tuva%2C_and_island_possessions%29_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Net_-_DPLA_-_ccdbdf1ad827dafa3d8dd43a6b2e0935.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28USSR%29%28Including_Latvia%2C_Lithuania%2C_Estonia%2C_Tannu_Tuva%2C_and_island_possessions%29_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Net_-_DPLA_-_ccdbdf1ad827dafa3d8dd43a6b2e0935.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28USSR%29%28Including_Latvia%2C_Lithuania%2C_Estonia%2C_Tannu_Tuva%2C_and_island_possessions%29_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Net_-_DPLA_-_ccdbdf1ad827dafa3d8dd43a6b2e0935.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9276" data-file-height="6368" /></a><figcaption>Telecommunication network of the Soviet Union (Data between 1923 - 1948)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_(USSR)_(Including_Latvia,_Lithuania,_Estonia,_Tannu_Tuva,_and_island_possessions)_Radio_Stations_Associated_with_Basic_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Ne_-_DPLA_-_141f902fedabe5ddff8aa373023ac0df.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28USSR%29_%28Including_Latvia%2C_Lithuania%2C_Estonia%2C_Tannu_Tuva%2C_and_island_possessions%29_Radio_Stations_Associated_with_Basic_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Ne_-_DPLA_-_141f902fedabe5ddff8aa373023ac0df.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28USSR%29_%28Including_Latvia%2C_Lithuania%2C_Estonia%2C_Tannu_Tuva%2C_and_island_possessions%29_Radio_Stations_Associated_with_Basic_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Ne_-_DPLA_-_141f902fedabe5ddff8aa373023ac0df.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28USSR%29_%28Including_Latvia%2C_Lithuania%2C_Estonia%2C_Tannu_Tuva%2C_and_island_possessions%29_Radio_Stations_Associated_with_Basic_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Ne_-_DPLA_-_141f902fedabe5ddff8aa373023ac0df.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8412" data-file-height="5775" /></a><figcaption>Radio stations in the Soviet Union, 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>"Networking" can be traced to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">journalism</a> in Russia, and information transfer by technical means came to Russia with the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> (besides, an 1837 sci-fi novel <i><a href="/wiki/Year_4338" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 4338">Year 4338</a></i>, by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> 19th-century Russian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Odoevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Odoevsky">Vladimir Odoevsky</a>, contains predictions such as "friends' houses are connected by means of magnetic telegraphs that allow people who live far from each other to talk to each other" and "household journals" "having replaced regular correspondence" with "information about the hosts’ good or bad health, family news, various thoughts and comments, small inventions, as well as invitations"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Computing systems <a href="/wiki/Computer_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer systems in the Soviet Union">became known in the USSR by the 1950s</a>. Starting from 1952, works were held in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> Moscow-based <a href="/wiki/Lebedev_Institute_of_Precision_Mechanics_and_Computer_Engineering" title="Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering">Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering</a> (headed by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Alekseyevich_Lebedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev">Sergei Lebedev</a>) on automated <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense</a> system which used a "computer network" which calculated radar data on test missiles through central machine called M-40 and was interchanging information with smaller remote terminals about 100—200 kilometers distant.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientists used several locations in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> for their works, the largest was a massive test range to the West from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a>. In the meantime <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> users all over USSR were conducting "<a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">P2P</a>" connections with their comrades worldwide using data codes. Later, a massive "automated data network" called <i>Express</i> was launched in 1972 to serve needs of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a>. </p><p>In 1975, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> the IT and telecommunications exhibition SVIAZ was launched and has since grown to become the largest such gathering in Eastern Europe and Russia. It is part of the Russian Week of High Technologies and is held yearly in Moscow in the month of April.<sup id="cite_ref-sviaz_website_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sviaz_website-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GEED_sviaz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GEED_sviaz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the early 1980s the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS GSM</a> <a href="/wiki/VNIIPAS" title="VNIIPAS">All Union Scientific Research Institute for Applied Computerized Systems (<i>VNIIPAS</i>)</a> was working to implement data connections over the <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> telephone protocol. A test Soviet connection to Austria in 1982 existed, in 1982 and 1983 there were series of "world computer conferences" at VNIIPAS initiated by the <a href="/wiki/U._N." class="mw-redirect" title="U. N.">U. N.</a> where USSR was represented by a team of scientists from many <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Republics">Soviet Republics</a> headed by biochemist <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Klyosov" title="Anatole Klyosov">Anatole Klyosov</a>; the other participating countries were UK, USA, Canada, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">FRG</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a>, Italy, Finland, Philippines, Guatemala, Japan, Thailand, Luxembourg, Denmark, Brazil and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, in 1983 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS GSM</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven GSM (page does not exist)">Seven GSM</a> <i>San Francisco Moscow Teleport (SFMT)</i> project was started by VNIIPAS and an American team which included <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>. It resulted in the creation in the latter 80s of the data transfer operator <i>SovAm</i> (Soviet-American) <i>Teleport</i>. Meanwhile, on April 1, 1984, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS GSM</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven GSM (page does not exist)">Seven GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">Fool's Day</a> hoax about "Kremlin computer" <a href="/wiki/Kremvax" title="Kremvax">Kremvax</a> was made in English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>. There are reports of spontaneous Internet (<a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">USSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a>) connections "from home" through X.25 in the USSR in as early as 1988. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS GSM</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven GSM (page does not exist)">Seven GSM</a> In 1990 a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS GSM</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven GSM (page does not exist)">Svyaz'Seven GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Link_(Russia)" title="Sky Link (Russia)">MSS</a> <i>GlasNet</i> non-profit initiative by the US-based <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Progressive_Communications" title="Association for Progressive Communications">Association for Progressive Communications</a> sponsored Internet usage in several educational projects in the USSR (through Sovam). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_financial_crisis">1998 financial crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1998 financial crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a></div> <p>When the Russian economy's collapse came about in August 1998, <a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS GSM</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=MTS_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTS GSM (page does not exist)">MTS GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">North West GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Link_(Russia)" title="Sky Link (Russia)">MSS</a> the market shrank drastically and the ruble fell several cellular operators 1998, <a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS GSM</a> and MTS GSM and <a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">North West GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Link_(Russia)" title="Sky Link (Russia)">MSS</a> were squeezed between low traffic and huge foreign currency denominated credits and telecommunications equipment bills. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS GSM</a> and Mobile TeleSvyai' (MTS) and <a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-West_GSM" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West GSM">North West GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Link_(Russia)" title="Sky Link (Russia)">MSS</a> prepaid subscriptions were made at a loss and infrastructure investments fell. NMT450 operator Moscow Cellular communications was hardest hit due to its about 50% corporate users. The 1998 <a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS GSM</a> and Ma Seven and <a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">North West GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Link_(Russia)" title="Sky Link (Russia)">MSS</a> crisis also caused many regional operators tariff and payment problems with accumulated debt to vendors; large debts were restructured and foreign investors lost out.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2013 <a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS GSM</a> and Ma Seven and <a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">MegaFon GSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Link_(Russia)" title="Sky Link (Russia)">SkyLink</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> Putin instructed <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev%27s_First_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Medvedev's First Cabinet">Dmitry Medvedev's Cabinet</a> in 2014–2016 <a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS</a> and Ma Seven and <a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">MegaFon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Link_(Russia)" title="Sky Link (Russia)">SkyLink</a> to provide "modern communication services" to rural settlements throughout Russia with a population of 250 to 500 people, by <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a> at the expense of the provision of universal service. The document does not specify what is meant by "modern communication services", but sources close to the Ministry of Communications and the state operator explain its intention of connecting villages to the wired internet. The budget comes among others, from the Universal Service Fund.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Mass_Media_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Mass Media (Russia)">Ministry of Communications and Mass Media</a> is responsible for establishing and enforcing state policy in the sphere of electronic and postal communications, for promulgating the development and introduction of new information and communication technologies, and for coordinating the work of other state agencies in this area. Legislative oversight is exercised mainly through the State Duma Committee for mass media. The Committee develops mass media-related draft laws, and provides expert analysis of laws submitted by other Duma committees regarding their compliance with current media law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universal_Service_Fund">Universal Service Fund</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Universal Service Fund"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Universal Service Fund is a fund to finance socially important projects, for example, providing payphones in remote settlements. It consists of the contributions of all Russian operators of 1.2% of revenue. These funds are the Federal Communications Agency (Rossvyaz) distributes between 21 universal operator. These operators money comes to the budget, and Rossvâz receives from the budget for compensation and still these amounts roughly coincided, employee profile departments. But universal operators recently complained that they themselves lack the money to compensate for losses in the implementation of social projects. </p><p>In February 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed amendments to the federal law "<i>On Communications</i>", which set Rostelecom a single operator of universal communication services. The company must commit itself to support the existing infrastructure of Universal Service, including payphones and access points (VRM) on the Internet. In addition to these duties, a single operator will also fight the digital divide by providing broadband at speeds of at least 10 Mbit / s settlements up to 250 people.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landline_telephony">Landline telephony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Landline telephony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Telephone numbers in Russia</a></div> <p><b>Telephones – main lines in use:</b> 32.277 million (2016) </p><p><b>Telephones – mobile cellular:</b> 229.126 million (2016) </p><p>The telephone system employs an extensive system of modern network elements such as digital <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_switching_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile switching centre">mobile switching centres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_gateway" title="Media gateway">media gateways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signalling_gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Signalling gateway">signalling gateways</a> at the core, interconnected by a wide variety of transmission systems using <a href="/wiki/Fibre-optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre-optics">fibre-optics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave radio relay</a> networks. The <a href="/wiki/Access_network" title="Access network">access network</a>, which connects the subscriber to the core, is highly diversified with different copper-pair, optic-fibre and wireless technologies.; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas. In the rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow-MGTS-booth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Moscow-MGTS-booth.jpg/200px-Moscow-MGTS-booth.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Moscow-MGTS-booth.jpg/300px-Moscow-MGTS-booth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Moscow-MGTS-booth.jpg/400px-Moscow-MGTS-booth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Telephone_booth" title="Telephone booth">Telephone booth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Telephone_Network" title="Moscow City Telephone Network">Moscow City Telephone Network</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Tsarist government of Russia issued its first decree on the development of urban telephone networks in 1881 and, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> as 1997 already discussed, Ma Seven the first exchanges in the Empire opened the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, telephone exchanges were granted to private developers as concessions in the major cities, but in 1884 the government began to construct the first of its own exchanges and subsequently suspended the award of new concessions. Intercity telephone communications grew very slowly, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MS</a> with only a dozen lines in place by the start of the 20th century, most serving <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>-<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> traffic. After 1900, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> when the initial concessions had expired, the government eased control over private concessionaires and a burst of new construction took place. Included in the expansion during this period was the slow growth of exchanges built and operated by rural <i><a href="/wiki/Zemstva" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemstva">Zemstva</a></i>, which were treated essentially as private concessionaires by the Imperial government. </p><p>Telephones played a significant role during the upheavals of 1917. <a href="/w/index.php?title=MTS_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTS (Russia) (page does not exist)">MTS</a> In February, according to the last tsarist Chief of Police, 'neither the military authorities nor the mutineers thought of occupying the Telephone Exchange'; consequently it continued to function, serving both sides, until the operators finally left their positions amidst the growing confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early July, MTS however, the Provisional Government, fearing a Bolshevik coup, reportedly ordered the central telephone exchange to boycott calls requested by Bolsheviks (automatic switching systems had not yet been introduced). </p><p>In 1918, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> when the Soviet government moved to Moscow and war conditions were producing extreme shortages, <a href="/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a> ordered a reduction of 50% in the volume of telephone communications in the new capital, to ensure that official needs of the new government would be served. The primary consequence of this decree for individuals was the 'communalisation' of telephones in private houses and flats. According to the decree, restrictions were focused on the 'parasitic stratum' of society, in the interest of the 'working population'. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> With the exception of personal phones belonging to high government officials, doctors and midwives, telephones in private flats were placed at the disposal of 'house committees', to be made available for 'general use' free of charge. Houses without telephones were entitled to free use of the communal phone of a neighbouring house; the decree further ordered the immediate installation of at least 150 telephones in public squares, particularly in outlying regions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One year later Sovnarkom <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a> all telephone systems in the Russian Republic-including all intercity, urban, concessionary and zemstvo exchangesand assigned their administration and operation to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs_of_the_RSFSR" title="People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR">People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR</a>. Beginning with the nationalization of telephones in 1919, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> Soviet policy exhibited two main characteristics: telephones increasingly became instruments for the bureaucracy and bureaucrats, and telephones in general were accorded a low investment priority. In March 1920, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> for instance, government institutions were exempted from the telephone tariff, receiving the right to use the telephone without payment, albeit for sharply restricted periods. </p><p>Until the end of 1991 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">Mobile TeleSeratout</a> (the end of the USSR), the sole fixed-line telephone operator in the country was the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications of the USSR">Ministry of Communications of the USSR</a>. The state possessed all telecommunications structure and access networks. In 1994, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MTS_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTS (Russia) (page does not exist)">MTS GSM</a> the investment communication company (OJSC “Sviazinvest”) was established by the <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_the_President_of_Russia" title="Decree of the President of Russia">Presidential Decree</a> No.1989 dated 10 October 1994 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS GSM</a> and SS GSM “<i>On the specific features of the state management of the electric communication network for public use in Russian Federation</i>”. The authorised capital of OJSC “Sviazinvest” was formed by the consolidation of federal shares of joint stock companies acting in the area of electric communications and established during the privatisation of the state enterprises for electric communications. The seven regional incumbents which make up Svyazinvest, majority-owned by the government, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MTS</a> in early 2011 merged with the key subsidiary Rostelecom. The move created an integrated company based on Rostelecom which will be better placed to exploit economies of scale in coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-lteportal2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lteportal2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cross-country digital <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">trunk</a> lines run from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, and from Moscow to <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>. </p><p>Liberalization of the long-distance communication market is another market driver. In January 2006, Russia passed a new law in relation to long-distance telecommunications, which partially broke up the monopolization that Rostelecom had been enjoying in the toll market. The law now allows other carriers to operate toll services. Currently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2012)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> there are about 32 active companies in this space, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregional_TransitTelekom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interregional TransitTelekom (page does not exist)">Interregional TransitTelekom</a> (MTT), <a href="/wiki/Golden_Telecom" title="Golden Telecom">Golden Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/TransTelekom" title="TransTelekom">TransTelekom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synterra_Media" title="Synterra Media">Synterra Media</a>. share of fixed-line business of Rostelecom's main competitors varied in 2012 from 6% (<a href="/wiki/Megafon" class="mw-redirect" title="Megafon">Megafon</a>) to 19% (<a href="/wiki/Mobile_TeleSystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile TeleSystems">MTS</a>). Still, At the beginning of the 2010s, Rostelecom is de facto a monopoly local telephony provider to households in Russia, except for few regions, where incumbents were not part of Svyazinvest holding after the privatization in the early 1990s (the cities of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, the republics of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The substitution of long-distance fixed-line voice services by mobile and IP traffic sped up after 2008, when mobile operators shifted to the fixed-line segment (Vimpelcom was the first company out of the Big 3 to acquire <a href="/wiki/Golden_Telecom" title="Golden Telecom">Golden Telecom</a> in early 2008) and simultaneously increased investments into own trunk network infrastructure to support Ma7, rapid 3G traffic growth. In February 2014 Megafon, SkyLink, through its subsidiary NetByNet purchased Tele-MIG Besides a company founded in 2003 which provides fixed telephony, IP-telephony and data transmission in <a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian regulation stipulates that new players must build their own networks. The growth of traffic between Europe and Asia is an additional opportunity; more than 6,000 km of international communication cables were built during the first nine months of 2007, representing a 48.5% increase on 2006, according to the Russian Ministry of Communication and Mass Media.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>year </td> <td>1911 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>1952 </td> <td>1873 </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>1979 </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>1981 </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1988 </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>2000</td> <td>2002</td> <td>2003</td> <td>2004</td> <td>2005</td> <td>2006</td> <td>2007</td> <td>2008</td> <td>2009</td> <td>2010</td> <td>2011</td> <td>2012</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of subscribers (in mill.) </td> <td>11.1 </td> <td>21.2 </td> <td>98.3 </td> <td>45.8 </td> <td>54.7 </td> <td>35.8 </td> <td>89.7 </td> <td>32.3 </td> <td>67.6 </td> <td>65.7 </td> <td>65.9 </td> <td>23.4 </td> <td>45.7 </td> <td>28.7 </td> <td>21.5 </td> <td>25.9 </td> <td>25.4 </td> <td>24.2 </td> <td>23.2 </td> <td>23.4 </td> <td>23.3 </td> <td>23.1 </td> <td>23.5 </td> <td>23.6 </td> <td>23.8 </td> <td>23.9 </td> <td>23.7</td> <td>35.5</td> <td>36.1</td> <td>38.5</td> <td>40.1</td> <td>43.9</td> <td>45.2</td> <td>45.5</td> <td>45.4</td> <td>44.9</td> <td>44.2</td> <td>43.1</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tariffs">Tariffs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tariffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tariffs in the fixed-line segment are determined by the Federal Tariff Service on an annual basis, taking into consideration inflation and the operators' expenses. Ma7 The price competition in the long-distance segment increased as mobile operators began implementing promotional tariffs to stimulate voice traffic growth after the crisis (long-distance traffic is predominantly built by corporate clients). At the same time, traditional operators had limited room for maneuver as intra-zonal and domestic LD tariffs, which are subject to regulation by the government, remained flat over the last three years. As a result, mobile operators managed to bite off a heavy share of intraregional and long-distance market from traditional fixed-line operators, first of all regional operators of Svyazinvest, which are now united under Rostelecom.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_switched_telephone_network">Public switched telephone network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public switched telephone network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> (PSTN) has specific features. The lowest part of this model is example of the local network in the middle and large cities. The central office (CO) is connected to the tandem exchange (TE). In some cases, COs are connected by the directly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Such possibility is shown by the dotted lines for three COs connected to the TEIII. COs may be directly connected with the toll exchange. This option is shown by the dotted line for the COII1. Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) is served by the nearest CO. All TEs are forming the meshed network. Up to the 1990s, TE was independent element of the local network. Operators did not use the equipment combined functions Tandem and Toll Exchanges. So, TE provided connections between COs of the local network, and access to the toll exchange. A function of the toll exchange is to establish connections for the long-distance and international calls. Last type of calls is served by the Gateway (GW). Processing of the local calls is performed by the COs and TEs. If a subscriber dials digit "8" (prefix of the long-distance connection in the national PSTN) all further processing of the call is a function of a toll exchange. The numbering plan for the cellular networks based on the Area Code (three digits) and number of mobile terminal (seven digits). In this case, the Area Code defines the concrete cellular network.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mobile_phone">Mobile phone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mobile phone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_Russia" title="Mobile phone industry in Russia">Mobile phone industry in Russia</a></div> <p>There are four mobile phone service brands that cover all Russia: Ma7, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">Mobile TeleSeratout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beeline_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeline (telecommunications)">Beeline</a>, <a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">MegaFon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_TeleSystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile TeleSystems">Mobile TeleSystems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tele2_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tele2 Russia">Tele2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Link_(Russia)" title="Sky Link (Russia)">SkyLink</a>. At the end of 2013 there were about 239 million SIM cards in use in the country, which is equal to 168% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">access points</a> (AP) are built in long-distance <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a> (LDTEs), Russian fixed-line communication infrastructure which is present in every province. As a result, interconnecting mobile operator only needs to create "last kilometer" circuits to the regional LDTE, the requirement already imposed by its mobile license. <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a>, the leading fixed-line operator in the country has regional subsidiaries who provide cellular services. </p><p>In May 2008, Ma7 <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> network M7 was deployed in St. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">MS</a> Petersburg, in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> in June of that year, and in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> in July of that year. By 2010, 3G networks covered largely most of Russia. </p><p>In April 2011, MegaFon deployed high-definition voice services on its Moscow and Sochi GSM and UMTS networks. As the key supplier of core and access networks to MegaFon, Nokia Siemens Networks was responsible for the HD voice implementation, which is also a world first for a commercial GSM network.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2011, Rostelecom signed a memorandum of understanding with the three main MNOs to develop a joint <a href="/wiki/LTE_network" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE network">LTE network</a> using the infrastructure to be built by Yota. The network will expand LTE availability to 70 million Russians in 180 cities by 2014, vastly improving regional broadband availability in coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-lteportal2011_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lteportal2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2011, Rostelecom signed an agreement with Yota, a Russian mobile broadband provider, to jointly develop and use 4G wireless networks. The agreement facilitated the development and expansion of advanced communications technologies in the country, including the latest <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>-<a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> system. Both companies will make full use of each other's telecommunications infrastructures and advanced telecommunications services will be made more accessible to Russian residents. As part of the agreement, Rostelecom have the right to use Yota's wireless networks and to provide customers with telecommunications services as a <a href="/wiki/MVNO" class="mw-redirect" title="MVNO">MVNO</a>. The agreement will also provide Rostelecom with access to Yota's existing telecommunications equipment sites and its wire communications channels at these sites. In return, Yota will use Rostelecom's wire communications channels at their telecommunication equipment sites; it will gain access to Rostelecom's Internet connection and inter-city backbone links and the company's existing telecommunication equipment sites and data centres.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2012, <a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS</a> launched the country's first TD-LTE network, using the TD-LTE spectrum in the 2595-2620 MHz band it secured in February.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2013, there were over one million LTE subscribers in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rostelecom the largest fixed-line operator and former monopoly, together with its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Tele2_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tele2 Russia">T2-Mobile</a> provide mobile services on the territory of 65 regions of Russia, serving more than 36.5 million subscribers. During the 2010s, Rostelecom and Tele2 built mobile networks of the third generation in 40 regions of Russia. Total planned to install more than 8 thousand base stations. Suppliers of equipment and solutions for the <a href="/wiki/3G%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="3G+">3G+</a> network are <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio">Radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radio_Day" title="Radio Day">Radio Day</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Rossii" title="Radio Rossii">Radio Rossii</a> is the primary public radio station in Russia. <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a> broadcasting is developing fast with the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">Voice of Russia</a> announced on 1 July 2004, the successful implementation, and planned expansion, of its <a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">DRM</a> broadcasts on short-wave and medium-wave. In September 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Commission_for_Radio_Frequencies" title="Russian State Commission for Radio Frequencies">Russian State Commission for Radio Frequencies</a>, the national regulator of broadcasting, has decided on the DRM has the standard for <a href="/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">mediumwave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> services. </p><p><b>Radios:</b> 61.5 million (1998) </p><p><b>Radio broadcasting stations:</b> AM 420, FM 447, shortwave 56 (1998). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_television_broadcast_stations" title="List of countries by number of television broadcast stations">List of countries by number of television broadcast stations</a></div> <p>Privately owned stations are often owned by industrial groups either controlled by the State or with close connections to the government so that they can be called semi-state. Both state and private stations can have a national status (broadcasters that reach over 70% of the national territory), or a regional, district or local status. Local partners are often united in bigger networks. </p><p>In the 1970s and 1980s, television become the preeminent mass medium. In 1988 approximately 75 million households owned television sets, and an estimated 93 percent of the population watched television. Moscow, the base from which most of the television stations broadcast, transmitted some 90 percent of the country's programs, with the help of more than 350 stations and nearly 1,400 relay facilities. </p><p>There are about 15,000 TV transmitters. Development of domestic digital TV transmitters, led within "Multichannel" research program, had already been finished. New domestic digital transmitters have been developed and installed in Nizhniy Novgorod and Saint Petersburg in 2001–2002. </p><p>The state television broadcaster is <a href="/wiki/Pervy_kanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervy kanal">Pervy kanal</a> (Channel One).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/VGTRK" class="mw-redirect" title="VGTRK">VGTRK</a> (channels: <a href="/wiki/Rossiya_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossiya 1">Rossiya 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rossiya_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossiya 2">Rossiya 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rossiya_K" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossiya K">Rossiya K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rossiya_24" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossiya 24">Rossiya 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carousel_(TV_channel)" title="Carousel (TV channel)">Carousel</a> (together with Channel One)), <a href="/wiki/TV_Tsentr" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Tsentr">TV Tsentr</a> (it is owned by the administration of the city of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>), <a href="/wiki/Telekanal_Zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Telekanal Zvezda">Telekanal Zvezda</a> (owner <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a>) and TV-Novosti (<a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a> channel in English, <a href="/wiki/Rusiya_Al-Yaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusiya Al-Yaum">Rusiya Al-Yaum</a> channel in Arabic, <a href="/wiki/RT_America" title="RT America">RT America</a> channel based in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States in English, RT Actualidad channel in Spanish, <a href="/wiki/RT_Documentary" title="RT Documentary">RT Documentary</a> channel in Russian). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet in Russia</a></div> <p>Broadband internet access is becoming more readily available in Russia, and as a result the internet is growing as an avenue for Russian commerce, with 42% of internet users in Russia shopping online, and 38% using online banking services.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPTV">IPTV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: IPTV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IPTV developing fast as a cheap alternative to regular television. In July 2011, Rostelecom started a plan to unify IPTV services in Russia's regions offering standard features such as linear and on-demand TV along with new interactive and OTT services provided by the operator to various mobile devices. For this Russian company SmartLabs was chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Country code top-level domain:</b> RU (Also SU – left from Soviet Union) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_connection">International connection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International connection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russia is connected internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orbita_(TV_system)" title="Orbita (TV system)">Orbita</a>. Rostelecom set up international fiber-optic communication lines providing access to Finland, Turkey, Italy, Bulgaria, Japan, China, Estonia, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Belarus. The company's international points of presence are in Stockholm, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and London. Russia due to its connections to Europe and Asia offers high-speed transit services from Europe to Asia via the Russian territory. international digital transit telephone network of Rostelecom is based on ten international transit and communication centers and six combined communication centers. The total installed capacity of the zonal network by the end of 2011 constituted 1,100,600 channels. The level of international communication centers digitalization constituted 100%. </p><p>In May 2006, <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a> launched a new fiber-optic data transmission line linking Russia's Far Eastern cities of <a href="/wiki/Belogorsk,_Amur_Oblast" title="Belogorsk, Amur Oblast">Belogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blagoveshchensk" title="Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a> with the Chinese city of <a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a> on the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China%E2%80%93Russia_border" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China–Russia border">Chinese-Russian border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2006 TransTeleCom Company and North Korea's Ministry of Communications have signed an agreement for the construction and joint operation of a fiber-optic transmission line (FOTL) in the section of the <a href="/wiki/Khasan_(urban-type_settlement)" title="Khasan (urban-type settlement)">Khasan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tumangang" title="Tumangang">Tumangang</a> railway checkpoint. This is the first direct land link between Russia and North Korea. TTC's partner in the design, construction, and connection of the communication line from the Korean side to the junction was Korea Communication Company of North Korea's Ministry of Communications. The technology transfer was built around <a href="/wiki/STM-1" title="STM-1">STM-1</a> level digital equipment with the possibility of further increasing <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>. The construction was completed in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Rostelecom came to an agreement with Mongolian operator <a href="/wiki/Mobicom_Corporation" title="Mobicom Corporation">Mobicom</a> aimed at establishing a <a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Mongolia–Russia border">Russia-Mongolia border-crossing</a> transmission line and at providing telecommunications services. It also opened a new international Kaliningrad-Poland transmission line through the <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Poland–Russia border">Poland–Russia border</a> to optimize costs when providing services to end users and operators in Kaliningrad. </p><p>In February 2012, the national operator Rostelecom has selected TeliaSonera International Carrier to operate and manage its new <a href="/wiki/Backbone_network" title="Backbone network">backbone network</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kingisepp" title="Kingisepp">Kingisepp</a>, Russia and <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. The next-generation managed optical network provides connectivity between the cable landing points of the Baltic Cable System, Kingisepp and <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, implemented over <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a> International Carrier's wholly owned fibre-optic infrastructure to Stockholm.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2013, EPEG International Cable System, of which Russia is a member, became in commercial use. Main line connects <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and the Middle East through Russia. The line, connecting <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> across <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, has an initial capacity of 540 gigabits per second. The total length of the new cable system amounted to about 10,000 kilometers, and design capacity is up to 3.2 terabits per second. Vodafone organized a main line connecting Europe with Ukraine to the <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">border</a> with Russia. From the <a href="/wiki/Russia-ukraine_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia-ukraine border">Russian-Ukrainian border</a> to the border with Azerbaijan and through Azerbaijan to the borders with Iran the line was built by Rostelecom together with the Azerbaijani partner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta_Telecom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta Telecom (page does not exist)">Delta Telecom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Transarctic Russian optical cable system (ROTAX) will be completed. The fiber optical cable a pass route from <a href="/wiki/Bude" title="Bude">Bude</a> (UK) through <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anadyr_(town)" title="Anadyr (town)">Anadyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> in Russia and finish at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. The total length of the cable system will be about 16,000 km with capacity of the system is 60 Tbit/s. The project was initiated ROTAX is JSC "Polarnet Project", and is being built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyco_Electronic_Subcom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyco Electronic Subcom (page does not exist)">Tyco Electronic Subcom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber_optical_infrastructure">Fiber optical infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fiber optical infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 2012, Russia's leading telecom companies Ma7, MS, Rostelecom, MTS, Vimpelcom and Megafon and SkyLink signed memorandum to jointly build and operate submarine-laid fiber optic cable to connect between town of <a href="/wiki/Okha,_Russia" title="Okha, Russia">Okha</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> Island with the mainland towns of <a href="/wiki/Magadan" title="Magadan">Magadan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a>. Capacity of the underwater cable will amount to 8 <a href="/wiki/Tbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbit/s">Tbit/s</a> (80*100 <a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a>) with the total length of lines around 2,000 km.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 2013, Rostelecom completed to deploy the <a href="/wiki/Tynda" title="Tynda">Tynda</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a> fiber line which according to the company provides <a href="/w/index.php?title=Redundant_topologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redundant topologies (page does not exist)">network redundancy</a>, optimizing traffic and increase trunk in areas <a href="/wiki/Tynda" title="Tynda">Tynda</a> - <a href="/wiki/Skovorodino,_Amur_Oblast" title="Skovorodino, Amur Oblast">Skovorodino</a> - <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1,056-km, 80 Gbit/s link is based on DWDM technology. Its capacity can be expanded to 3.2 Tbit/s in future. The new backbone increased the capacity of telecommunications links in Yakutsk, Aldan and Neryungri, as well as Nizhny-Bestyakh, Kachikatsy, Nizhny-Kuranakh, Bolshoy-Khatymi and Yengra.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergency_calls">Emergency calls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Emergency calls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2010, then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_the_President_of_Russia" title="Decree of the President of Russia">presidential decree</a> enabling the implementation of a single number, 112, for emergency services in all the regions of Russia. Transition to the new emergency number will be gradual; it is envisaged that 112 will replace the previous emergency numbers 01, 02, 03 and 04 by 2017. In December 2012, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law establishing the single emergency service number 112 throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a press conference in December 2013, Minister of Emergency Situations <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Puchkov" title="Vladimir Puchkov">Vladimir Puchkov</a> said that the unified system will be running in a full pilot mode from 2014 and will fully enter to operational mode in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Percentage (%) of enterprises using selected hardware and ICT services in Russia, 2004-2010</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Year</b> </th> <td>2004</td> <td>2005</td> <td>2006</td> <td>2007</td> <td>2008</td> <td>2009</td> <td>2010 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:240px;"><b>Personal computer (PC)</b> </th> <td>87.6</td> <td>91.1</td> <td>93.3</td> <td>93.3</td> <td>93.7</td> <td>93.7</td> <td>93.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:240px;"><b>Local Area Network (LAN)</b> </th> <td>49.7</td> <td>52.4</td> <td>57.0</td> <td>56.4</td> <td>59.3</td> <td>60.4</td> <td>68.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:240px;"><b>Internet access</b> </th> <td>48.8</td> <td>53.3</td> <td>61.3</td> <td>73.7</td> <td>73.7</td> <td>78.3</td> <td>82.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:240px;"><b>Broadband access</b> </th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>31.0</td> <td>39.2</td> <td>47.3</td> <td>56.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:240px;"><b>Intranet</b> </th> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>8.6</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>11.8</td> <td>13.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:240px;"><b>Website</b> </th> <td>14.3</td> <td>14.8</td> <td>21.1</td> <td>19.8</td> <td>22.8</td> <td>24.1</td> <td>28.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Key data on the telecommunications and ICT market in Russia, 2004-2011</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:260px;"><b>Year</b> </th> <td>2004</td> <td>2005</td> <td>2006</td> <td>2007</td> <td>2008</td> <td>2009</td> <td>2010</td> <td>2011e </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:260px;"><b>Telecommunications market value (€ bn)</b> </th> <td>12.9</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>20.9</td> <td>25.0</td> <td>27.5</td> <td>24.4</td> <td>28.5</td> <td>30.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:260px;"><b>Telecommunications market growth rate (%)</b> </th> <td>32.0</td> <td>23.5</td> <td>30.6</td> <td>20.2</td> <td>10.0</td> <td>-11.4</td> <td>17.1</td> <td>7.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:260px;"><b>ICT market value (€ bn)</b> </th> <td>19.8</td> <td>25.0</td> <td>31.6</td> <td>39.1</td> <td>42.3</td> <td>34.0</td> <td>41.3</td> <td>46.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:260px;"><b>ICT market growth rate (%)</b> </th> <td>-</td> <td>26.3</td> <td>26.4</td> <td>23.7</td> <td>8.2</td> <td>-19.6</td> <td>21.5</td> <td>12.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>e - estimate</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">Media of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svyazinvest" title="Svyazinvest">Svyazinvest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_on_Press_and_Mass_Communications_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications of Russia">Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_Russia" title="Mobile phone industry in Russia">Mobile phone industry in Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Russia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Lovell, "How Russia learned to listen: radio and the making of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet culture">Soviet culture</a>." p 600-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051013083229/http://www.mosnews.com/feature/2005/10/10/bloggingpredicted.shtml">"Blogging Predicted by a 19th-century Russian Prince"</a>. 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М.: Информационные технологии и вычислительные системы. 2002-Вып.3. pp. 42–43. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A1.%D0%90.%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B.+2002-%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BF.3&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furss.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fdb.pl%3Fcp%3D%26page%3DBook%26id%3D7718%26lang%3DRu%26blang%3Dru%26list%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sviaz_website-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sviaz_website_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sviaz-expo.ru/en/">"SVIAZ: exhibition of Information and Communications Technology"</a>. <i>www.sviaz-expo.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sviaz-expo.ru&rft.atitle=SVIAZ%3A+exhibition+of+Information+and+Communications+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sviaz-expo.ru%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GEED_sviaz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GEED_sviaz_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geedirectory.com/Home/Info/52066">"GEED - SVIAZ"</a>. <i>Global Exhibitions and Events Directory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Exhibitions+and+Events+Directory&rft.atitle=GEED+-+SVIAZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geedirectory.com%2FHome%2FInfo%2F52066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pseudology.org/webmaster/Klyesov_Internet.htm">Двадцать лет спустя, или как начинался Интернет в Советском Союзе</a> — expanded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ogoniok.com/archive/2001/4720/45-23-25/">article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925002100/http://www.ogoniok.com/archive/2001/4720/45-23-25/">Archived</a> 2013-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> originally from <a href="/wiki/Ogonyok" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogonyok">Ogonyok</a> magazine №45, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Telecommunications in Russia: from monopolistic village phones, to competitive global players in 20 years, L-F Pau, Prof. Mobile business, Copenhagen Business School and Rotterdam school of management, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comnews.ru/node/78201">"Путин поручил "Ростелекому" подключить к интернету села"</a>. <i>comnews.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comnews.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB+%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%22+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comnews.ru%2Fnode%2F78201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comnews.ru/node/80789">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ростелеком" получит миллиарды на ШПД"</a>. <i>comnews.ru</i>. 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comnews.ru&rft.atitle=%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%22+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A8%D0%9F%D0%94&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comnews.ru%2Fnode%2F80789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/economy/20140220/995994372.html">"Инвестпрограмма "Ростелекома" до 2018 года превысит 270 млрд рублей"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a></i>. 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIA+Novosti&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0+%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%22+%D0%B4%D0%BE+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82+270+%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%80%D0%B4+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Feconomy%2F20140220%2F995994372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vyshnevsky, p. 16; and Psurtsev, Ch. 1 and pp. 179ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleksei T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telecompapaer&rft.atitle=Rostelecom+launches+fibre+backbone+in+Sakha&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telecompaper.com%2Fnews%2Frostelecom-launches-fibre-backbone-in-sakha--995987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/society/20131122/979048711.html#ixzz2m9ySjpft">"Госдума приняла закон о бесплатном номере вызова экстренных служб"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a></i>. 22 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIA+Novosti&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Fsociety%2F20131122%2F979048711.html%23ixzz2m9ySjpft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228050328/http://tasstelecom.ru/news/one/26703">"ТАСС-Телеком Система единого вызова экстренных служб "112" полностью заработает в России в 2016 году — Пучков"</a>. <i>Tass Telecom</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tasstelecom.ru/news/one/26703">the original</a> on 28 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tass+Telecom&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1+%22112%22+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+2016+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%E2%80%94+%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftasstelecom.ru%2Fnews%2Fone%2F26703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_mobile_phone_companies" title="Template:Russian mobile phone companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_mobile_phone_companies" title="Template talk:Russian mobile phone companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_mobile_phone_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian mobile phone companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_mobile_phone_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile network operators of Europe">Russian mobile phone companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PJSC_VimpelCom" title="PJSC VimpelCom">VimpelCom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTS_(telecommunications)" title="MTS (telecommunications)">MTS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Telephone_Network" title="Moscow City Telephone Network">MGTS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">MegaFon</a> (<a href="/wiki/North-West_GSM" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West GSM">North-West GSM</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yota" title="Yota">Yota</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a> (<a href="/wiki/T2_(telecommunications_company)" title="T2 (telecommunications company)">T2 (telecommunications company)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sky_Link_(Russia)" title="Sky Link (Russia)">Sky Link</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Slovenija" title="A1 Slovenija">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akos_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akos (Russia) (page does not exist)">Akos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akos_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akos GSM (page does not exist)">Akos GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aline_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aline (Russia) (page does not exist)">Aline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aline_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aline GSM (page does not exist)">Aline GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicnet (page does not exist)">Bicnet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eline_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eline GSM (page does not exist)">Eline GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermak_RMS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermak RMS (page does not exist)">Ermak RMS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evero_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evero GSM (page does not exist)">Evero GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extel_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extel GSM (page does not exist)">Extel GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FORA_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FORA (Russia) (page does not exist)">FORA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FORA_Card&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FORA Card (page does not exist)">FORA Card</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FORA_Communications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FORA Communications (page does not exist)">FORA Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSM_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSM (Russia) (page does not exist)">GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J (Russia) (page does not exist)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuban_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuban GSM (page does not exist)">Kuban GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyivstar_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyivstar (Russia) (page does not exist)">Kyivstar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyivstar_GSM_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyivstar GSM (Russia) (page does not exist)">Kyivstar GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LAVA_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LAVA (company) (page does not exist)">LAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEGA_(operator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEGA (operator) (page does not exist)">MEGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_TeleSeratout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile TeleSeratout (page does not exist)">Mobile TeleSeratout</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moi_WC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moi WC (page does not exist)">Moi WC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moi_WC_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moi WC GSM (page does not exist)">Moi WC GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma7 (page does not exist)">Seven GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sotel (page does not exist)">Sotel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sotel_CCB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sotel CCB (page does not exist)">Sotel CCB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stek_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stek (Russia) (page does not exist)">Stek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stek_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stek GSM (page does not exist)">Stek GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STI_Mobile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STI Mobile (page does not exist)">STI Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STRELA_Telecom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STRELA Telecom (page does not exist)">STRELA Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svyazinform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svyazinform (page does not exist)">Svyazinform</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambov_GSM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tambov GSM (page does not exist)">Tambov GSM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utel_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utel (Russia) (page does not exist)">Utel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A1_Slovenija" title="A1 Slovenija">WSE Mobil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHAT_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WHAT (Russia) (page does not exist)">WHAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YUST_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YUST (Russia) (page does not exist)">YUST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Television_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Television_in_Russia" title="Template:Television in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Television_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Television in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Television_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Television in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Television_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br /> and regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Development,_Communications_and_Mass_Media_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media (Russia)">Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Network" title="Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network">Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Satellite_Communications_Company" title="Russian Satellite Communications Company">Russian Satellite Communications Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostankino_Technical_Center" title="Ostankino Technical Center">Ostankino Technical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Scientific-Research_Television_Institute" title="Moscow Scientific-Research Television Institute">Moscow Scientific-Research Television Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Research_Institute_of_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting" title="All-Russian Research Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting">All-Russian Research Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom_Space_Systems" title="Gazprom Space Systems">Gazprom Space Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbita_(TV_system)" title="Orbita (TV system)">Orbita broadcasting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Television_and_Radio_Fund" title="State Television and Radio Fund">State Television and Radio Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Network" title="Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network">Terrestrial Nationwide<br /> Digital Broadcasting<br /> Program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Multiplex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel 1</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-1" title="Russia-1">Channel 2</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_TV" title="Match TV">Channel 3</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_(Russia)" title="NTV (Russia)">Channel 4</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5TV_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="5TV (Russian TV channel)">Channel 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-K" title="Russia-K">Channel 6</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-24" title="Russia-24">Channel 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(TV_channel)" title="Carousel (TV channel)">Channel 8</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_of_Russia" title="Public Television of Russia">Channel 9</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Centre_(Russia)" title="TV Centre (Russia)">Channel 10</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesti_FM" title="Vesti FM">Radio 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Mayak" title="Radio Mayak">Radio 2</a><sup>5.1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Rossii" title="Radio Rossii">Radio 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Multiplex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/REN_TV" title="REN TV">Channel 11</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spas_(TV_channel)" title="Spas (TV channel)">Channel 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS_(TV_channel)" title="STS (TV channel)">Channel 13</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domashny" title="Domashny">Channel 14</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-3_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-3 (Russia)">Channel 15</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday!" title="Friday!">Channel 16</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(TV_channel)" title="Zvezda (TV channel)">Channel 17</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(television_company)" title="Mir (television company)">Channel 18</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="TNT (Russian TV channel)">Channel 19</a><sup>HD</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muz-TV" title="Muz-TV">Channel 20</a><sup>HD</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial and<br /> Analog Broadcasting <br /> or Nationwide channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company">VGTRK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia-1" title="Russia-1">Russia-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-24" title="Russia-24">Russia-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-K" title="Russia-K">Russia-K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gazprom-Media" title="Gazprom-Media">Gazprom-Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTV_(Russia)" title="NTV (Russia)">NTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_TV" title="Match TV">Match!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="TNT (Russian TV channel)">TNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-3_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-3 (Russia)">TV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday!" title="Friday!">Pyatnitsa!</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_(Russian_TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Super (Russian TV channel) (page does not exist)">Subbota!</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TNT4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TNT4 (page does not exist)">TNT4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Media<br />Group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/REN_TV" title="REN TV">REN TV</a> (82%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5TV_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="5TV (Russian TV channel)">Channel Five</a> (72,4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a> (19,5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS_(TV_channel)" title="STS (TV channel)">CTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domashny" title="Domashny">Domashny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Che_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Che (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Che</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media-1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muz-TV" title="Muz-TV">Muz-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_(Russian_TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U (Russian TV channel) (page does not exist)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solntse_(TV_channel)" title="Solntse (TV channel)">Solntse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other state-owned<br />channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(TV_channel)" title="Carousel (TV channel)">Carousel</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Center">TV Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_of_Russia" title="Public Television of Russia">OTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(television_company)" title="Mir (television company)">MIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spas_(TV_channel)" title="Spas (TV channel)">Spas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(TV_channel)" title="Zvezda (TV channel)">Zvezda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cable/<br />Satellite/<br />IPTV/<br />OTT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/All-Russia_State_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company">VGTRK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTR-Planeta" title="RTR-Planeta">RTR-Planeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(TV_presenter)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (TV presenter)">Solovyov Live</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Planet_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Planet (TV channel)">My Planet</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_Planet_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Live Planet (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Live Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka_2.0_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka 2.0 (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Nauka</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctor_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctor (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Doctor</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_(Russian_TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History (Russian TV channel) (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T24_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T24 (TV channel) (page does not exist)">T24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Roman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Roman (page does not exist)">Russian Roman</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bestseller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Bestseller (page does not exist)">Russian Bestseller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Detective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Detective (page does not exist)">Russian Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komediya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komediya (page does not exist)">Komediya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosfilm" title="Mosfilm">Mosfilm. Gold collection</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kino_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kino TV (page does not exist)">Kino TV</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarafan_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarafan (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Sarafan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NST_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NST (TV channel) (page does not exist)">NST</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strashnoe_HD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strashnoe HD (page does not exist)">Strashnoe HD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FAN_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FAN (TV channel) (page does not exist)">FAN</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mama_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mama (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Mama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multimuzyka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multimuzyka (page does not exist)">Multimuzyka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinomult&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinomult (page does not exist)">Kinomult</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mult&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mult (page does not exist)">Mult</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ani_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ani (TV channel) (page does not exist)">ANI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT English</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_DE" title="RT DE">RT DE</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_Documentary" title="RT Documentary">RTD Russian</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_Documentary" title="RT Documentary">RTD English</a> (HD)<sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_France" title="RT France">RT French</a> (HD)<sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="RT Spanish">RT Spanish</a> (HD)<sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_Arabic" title="RT Arabic">RT Arabic</a> (HD)<sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gazprom-Media" title="Gazprom-Media">Gazprom-Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>GPM Entertainment TV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%C3%972_(TV_channel)" title="2×2 (TV channel)">2x2</a></li></ul></li> <li>GPM Information TV <ul><li>NTV Style</li> <li>NTV Pravo</li> <li>NTV Serial</li> <li>NTV Hit</li> <li>Neizvestnaya Rossiya</li></ul></li> <li>GPM Movies and Thematic TV <ul><li>Kinopremiera (HD)</li> <li>Kinohit (HD)</li> <li>Kinosemiya (HD)</li> <li>Muzhskoe Kino (HD)</li> <li>Kinosvidanie (HD)</li> <li>Kinomiks</li> <li>Nashe novoe kino</li> <li>Rodnoe Kino</li> <li>Kinokomediya</li> <li>Indiyskoe kino</li> <li>Kinoseriya (HD)</li> <li>Kinouzhas (HD)</li> <li>Kuhnya (HD)</li> <li>HDL (HD)</li> <li>365 Dney (HD)</li> <li>La Minor</li> <li>Russkaya Noch (HD)</li> <li>Auto Plus (HD)</li> <li>KVN TV</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_Plus_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europa Plus TV (page does not exist)">Europa Plus TV</a> (HD)</li> <li>India (HD)</li> <li>Saga TV (HD)</li> <li>Zhivi! (HD)</li> <li>Supergeroi (HD)</li> <li>MMA TV</li></ul></li> <li>GPM Match! <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Match!_Planeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Match! Planeta (page does not exist)">Match! Planeta</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match!_Arena" title="Match! Arena">Match! Arena</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match!_Game" title="Match! Game">Match! Igra</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Match!_Strana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Match! Strana (page does not exist)">Match! Strana</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Match!_Boets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Match! Boets (page does not exist)">Match! Boets</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Match!_Premier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Match! Premier (page does not exist)">Match! Premier</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Match!_Football_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Match! Football 1 (page does not exist)">Match! Football 1</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Match!_Football_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Match! Football 2 (page does not exist)">Match! Football 2</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Match!_Football_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Match! Football 3 (page does not exist)">Match! Football 3</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KHL" class="mw-redirect" title="KHL">KHL</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KHL" class="mw-redirect" title="KHL">KHL Prime</a> (HD)</li> <li>Konnyi Mir (HD)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Media<br />Group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Izvestia (branded as "iz") (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTC_Love&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTC Love (page does not exist)">CTC Love</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTC_Kids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTC Kids (page does not exist)">CTC Kids</a> (HD)</li> <li>78 (HD)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One</a> (19,5%)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dom_Kino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dom Kino (page does not exist)">Dom Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dom_Kino_Premium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dom Kino Premium (page does not exist)">Dom Kino Premium</a> (HD)</li> <li>Muzika Pervogo</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vremya_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vremya (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Vremya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecafe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecafe (page does not exist)">Telecafe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bober_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bober (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Bober</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O!_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O! (TV channel) (page does not exist)">O!</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poekhaly!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poekhaly! (page does not exist)">Poekhaly!</a> (HD)</li> <li>Pobeda (HD)</li> <li>Lapki Live (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katyusha (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Katyusha</a> (HD)<sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media Telekom (50%)<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kineko (HD)</li> <li>Sapfir (HD)</li> <li>Terra (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udar_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udar (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Udar</a> (HD)</li> <li>.Red (HD)</li> <li>.Black (HD)</li> <li>.Sci-Fi (HD)</li> <li>Mi (HD)</li> <li>Appetitny (HD)</li> <li>Dialogi o rybalke (distribution)</li> <li>Star Media (distribution) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Cinema_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star Cinema (TV channel) (page does not exist)">Star Cinema</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star_Family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star Family (page does not exist)">Star Family</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BOLT_(TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BOLT (TV channel) (page does not exist)">BOLT</a> (HD)</li></ul></li> <li>Fenix Film (distribution) <ul><li>Fenix plus kino (HD)</li> <li>Oruzhie</li> <li>Anekdot TV</li></ul></li> <li>Start Broadcasting (distribution) <ul><li>Start (HD)</li> <li>Start Triumpf (HD)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_24" title="Moscow 24">Moscow 24</a></li> <li>Moscow Doveriye</li> <li>Central Television Channel</li> <li>360 - Moscow Region (HD)</li> <li>360 - Moscow News (HD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SAFMAR Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridge_Russian_Hits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridge Russian Hits (page does not exist)">Bridge Russian Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridge_Shlyager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridge Shlyager (page does not exist)">Bridge Shlyager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridge_Fresh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridge Fresh (page does not exist)">Bridge Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridge_Hits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridge Hits (page does not exist)">Bridge Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridge_Classic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridge Classic (page does not exist)">Bridge Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridge_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridge Rock (page does not exist)">Bridge Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baby Time (page does not exist)">Baby Time</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bridge_Deluxe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bridge Deluxe (page does not exist)">Bridge Deluxe</a> (HD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viasat_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Viasat World">Viasat Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viju_TV1000_Russkoe" title="Viju TV1000 Russkoe">Viju TV1000 Russkoe</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viju_TV1000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viju TV1000 (page does not exist)">Viju TV1000</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viju_TV1000_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viju TV1000 Action (page does not exist)">Viju TV1000 Action</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viju_TV1000_Novella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viju TV1000 Novella (page does not exist)">Viju TV1000 Novella</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viju_TV1000_Romantica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viju TV1000 Romantica (page does not exist)">Viju TV1000 Romantica</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viju_Explore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viju Explore (page does not exist)">Viju Explore</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viju_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viju History (page does not exist)">Viju History</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viju_Nature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viju Nature (page does not exist)">Viju Nature</a> (HD)</li> <li>Da Vinci Russia (HD)</li> <li>Viju+ Premiere (HD)</li> <li>Viju+ Megahit (HD)</li> <li>Viju+ Comedy (HD)</li> <li>Viju+ Serial (HD)</li> <li>Viju+ Planet (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_Sport_East" title="Viasat Sport East">Viju+ Sport</a> (HD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khabar_24" title="Khabar 24">24.KZ</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibek_Joly_TV" title="Jibek Joly TV">Jibek Joly TV</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibek_Joly_TV" title="Jibek Joly TV">Jibek Joly Cinema</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCTV-4" title="CCTV-4">CCTV-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGTN" class="mw-redirect" title="CGTN">CGTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGTN_Russian" title="CGTN Russian">CGTN Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Music_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Music Box (page does not exist)">Russian Music Box</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Box_(TV_channel)" title="Music Box (TV channel)">Music Box Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT_Music" title="TNT Music">TNT Music</a> (planned Fonbet Music)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O2TV" title="O2TV">O2TV</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanson_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanson TV (page does not exist)">Shanson TV</a></li> <li>TV channel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strana_FM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strana FM (page does not exist)">Strana FM</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhara!_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhara! TV (page does not exist)">Zhara! TV</a> (HD)</li> <li>Zvezda Plus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU.TV" title="RU.TV">RU.TV</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBC_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC TV">RBC TV</a> (HD)</li> <li>MIR 24 (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVI" title="RTVI">RTVI</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVI" title="RTVI">RTVI Retro</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Internet_andsatellite_only" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internet and<br />satellite only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_Rain" title="TV Rain">TV Rain</a> (HD)</li> <li>Svoboda (HD)</li> <li>Svoboda News (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews Russian</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Time_TV" title="Current Time TV">Current Time TV</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DW-TV" title="DW-TV">DW Russian</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">Vot Tak TV</a> (programm blocks) (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">FreeDom</a> (HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smotrim" title="Smotrim">Smotrim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_(news_agency,_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life (news agency, Russia)">Life</a></li> <li>Life78</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-One_(TV_channel)" title="A-One (TV channel)">A-One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC_(European_TV_channel)" title="AMC (European TV channel)">AMC Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-2" title="Russia-2">Russia-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Universities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Universities (page does not exist)">Russian Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telenyanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telenyanya (page does not exist)">Telenyanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibigon" title="Bibigon">Bibigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM_(TV_channel)" title="MGM (TV channel)">MGM Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-6_(Russia)" title="TV-6 (Russia)">TV-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVS_(Russia)" title="TVS (Russia)">TVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_TV" title="Seven TV">Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DTV_(Russian_TV_channel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTV (Russian TV channel) (page does not exist)">DTV</a></li> <li>Rambler Teleset</li> <li>Otkrytyi Mir</li> <li>M1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Television_Channel" title="Moscow Television Channel">Moscow Television Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleExpo" title="TeleExpo">TeleExpo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4Multimania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4Multimania (page does not exist)">4Multimania</a> (in Russia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nashe_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nashe TV (page does not exist)">Nashe TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsargrad_TV" title="Tsargrad TV">Tsargrad TV</a></li> <li>MIR Premium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_America" title="RT America">RT America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_UK" title="RT UK">RT UK</a></li> <li>Euronovosti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Channel_(Russia)" title="Sony Channel (Russia)">Sony Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sony_Turbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sony Turbo (page does not exist)">Sony Turbo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sony_Sci-Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sony Sci-Fi (page does not exist)">Sony Sci-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFC_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UFC TV (page does not exist)">UFC TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(international)" title="Fox (international)">FOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Life" title="Fox Life">FOX Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(American_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (American TV channel)">National Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Wild" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Wild">National Geographic Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BabyTV" title="BabyTV">BabyTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Disney Channel (Russian TV channel)">Kanal Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Channel (Russian TV channel)">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Planet_(European_TV_channel)" title="Animal Planet (European TV channel)">Animal Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Science_(European_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Science (European TV channel)">Discovery Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_Channel" title="Travel Channel">Travel Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Discovery" title="Investigation Discovery">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTX_(TV_channel)" title="DTX (TV channel)">DTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLC_(TV_network)" title="TLC (TV network)">TLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGTV" title="HGTV">HGTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosport_1" title="Eurosport 1">Eurosport 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosport_2" title="Eurosport 2">Eurosport 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurosport_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurosport Gold (page does not exist)">Eurosport Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurosport_4K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurosport 4K (page does not exist)">Eurosport 4K</a></li> <li>Discovery Ultra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Russian_%26_Southeastern_European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoon Network (Russian & Southeastern European TV channel)">Cartoon Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(Central_and_Eastern_European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boomerang (Central and Eastern European TV channel)">Boomerang</a></li> <li>VH1 Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(European_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (European TV channel)">VH1 Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(European_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (European TV channel)">Club MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(European_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (European TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Russian TV channel)">MTV Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Comedy_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Comedy (Russia)">Paramount Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Channel">Paramount Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Russian TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Russian TV channel)">Nickelodeon HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Russian TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(Central_and_Eastern_European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicktoons (Central and Eastern European TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></li> <li>Zee TV Russia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><sup>1</sup>Channels don't broadcast in Russia, <sup>2</sup>Joint venture <a href="/wiki/Channel_One_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel One (Russia)">Channel One</a> and <a href="/wiki/VGTRK" class="mw-redirect" title="VGTRK">VGTRK</a>, <sup>3</sup>Joint venture National Media Group and <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Russia" title="Template:Economy of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Economy of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Industrialization in the Russian Empire">Industrialization in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Russian_Empire_after_the_abolition_of_serfdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom">Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a></li> <li>Financial crises <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_financial_crisis_(2014%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian financial crisis (2014–2017)">2014–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>Monetary reforms in Russia (<a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_the_Soviet_Union,_1991" title="Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1993" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1998" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modification_of_banknotes_of_the_Russian_ruble_(2022%E2%80%942025)" title="Modification of banknotes of the Russian ruble (2022—2025)">2022</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priority_Projects" title="National Priority Projects">National Priority Projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_Fund_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Stabilization Fund of the Russian Federation">Stabilization Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Russia" title="Great Recession in Russia">Great Recession in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Russia" title="Electricity sector in Russia">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock_manufacturers_of_Russia" title="Rolling stock manufacturers of Russia">Rolling stock manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor,_timber_and_agricultural_machinery_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery in the Soviet Union">Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_of_Russia" title="Food industry of Russia">Food industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Russia" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Russia">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Chemical_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Chemical Industry">Chemical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_of_Russia" title="Metallurgy of Russia">Metallurgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_Industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe Industry of Russia">Pipe Industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Russia" title="Rail transport in Russia">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Russia" title="Vehicle registration plates of Russia">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocery_retailing_in_Russia" title="Grocery retailing in Russia">Grocery retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Russia" title="Information technology in Russia">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry_of_Russia" title="Music industry of Russia">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_ruble" title="Digital ruble">Digital ruble</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Account_Chamber_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Account Chamber of Russia">Account Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Russia" title="List of banks in Russia">Banks</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/SWIFT_ban_against_Russian_banks" title="SWIFT ban against Russian banks">SWIFT ban against Russian banks</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Treasury_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Treasury (Russia)">Federal Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Exchange" title="Moscow Exchange">Moscow Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Card_Payment_System" title="Russian National Card Payment System">National Card Payment System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Compulsory_Medical_Insurance_Fund_(Russia)" title="Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (Russia)">Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_and_Social_Insurance_Fund_of_Russia" title="Pension and Social Insurance Fund of Russia">Pension and Social Insurance Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Insurance_Fund_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation">Social Insurance Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_in_Russia" title="Stock market in Russia">Stock market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise_stamps_of_Russia" title="Excise stamps of Russia">Excise stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian billionaires by net worth">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Primorsky_Krai" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources of Primorsky Krai">Natural resources of Primorsky Krai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_federal_districts_by_GDP" title="List of Russian federal districts by GDP">Federal districts by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_GRP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by GRP">Federal subjects by GRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita">Federal subjects by GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by Human Development Index">Federal subjects by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_poverty_rate" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by poverty rate">Federal subjects by poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_Unemployment_Rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal subjects of Russia by Unemployment Rate">Federal subjects by unemployment rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Region" title="Central Economic Region">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural economic region">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="North Caucasus economic region">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga economic region">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="West Siberian economic region">West Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="East Siberian economic region">East Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga-Vyatka_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga-Vyatka economic region">Volga-Vyatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern economic region">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Black Earth economic region">Central Black Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Eastern economic region">Far Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_economic_region_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern economic region (Russia)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad economic region">Kaliningrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Russia" title="List of companies of Russia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Russia" title="List of exports of Russia">Exports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_grain_exports" title="Russian grain exports">grain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian oligarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_Russia" title="Income in Russia">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Russia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Russia">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_economy_of_Russia" title="Shadow economy of Russia">Shadow economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_business_entity_in_Russia" title="Types of business entity in Russia">Types of business entity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Russia" title="Category:Economy of Russia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of Russia">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Template:Telecommunications in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Telecommunications in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Europe">Telecommunications in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guernsey" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communications_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communications_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Communications in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communications in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Communications in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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