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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> 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id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Leponties&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Leponties&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Leponties&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Leponties&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wys bron van Leponties</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Hierdie artikel bestaan slegs in hierdie taal. Voeg die artikel by vir ander tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voeg tale by</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leponties" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Leponties" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>U het toestemming om die bronteks te bekyk en te kopieer. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="af" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Inligtingskas Taal |naam=Leponties |inheemsenaam= |uitspraak= |familiekleur=Indo-Europees |state={{vlagland|Italië}} |streek=[[Gallia Cisalpina]] |sprekers=''uitgesterf'' |rang= |skrif= |fam1=[[Indo-Europese tale|Indo-Europees]] |fam2=[[Kelties]] |fam3=[[Vasteland-Keltiese tale|Vasteland-Kelties]] |fam4= |nasie= |agentskap= |iso1=|iso2=|iso3=xlp |kaart=[[Lêer:Iron Age Italy-af.svg|250px|Geskatte verspreiding van tale in Italië in die Ystertydperk.]] }} '''Leponties''' is 'n uitgestorwe [[Kelties]]e [[taal]], die taal van die [[Lepontii]], wat tussen 700 v.C. en 400 v.C. in dele van [[Gallia Cisalpina]] gepraat is. Dit word gesien as 'n dialek van die [[Gallies|Galliese taal]] en dus 'n [[Vasteland-Keltiese tale|Vasteland-Keltiese taal]].<ref>Eska, J. F. (1998), The linguistic position of Lepontic. In ''Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society'' vol. 2, Special session on Indo-European subgrouping and internal relations (14 Februarie 1998), red. B. K. Bergin, M. C. Plauché, en A. C. Bailey, 2–11. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.</ref> Die taal is slegs bekend deur 'n paar inskripsies wat in die alfabet van [[Lugano]] geskryf is, een van die vyf hoof variëteite van die [[Noordelike Italiese alfabet]]te, afgelei van die [[Oud-Italiese alfabette|Etruskiese alfabet]]. Hierdie inskripsies is gevind in die omgewing om [[Lugano]], insluitend by [[Lago di Como]] en [[Lago Maggiore]]. Soortgelyke inskripsies is gebruik om die [[Reties]]e en [[Veneties]]e tale te skryf. Die [[Germaans]]e [[rune-alfabet]]te is waarskynlik ook van 'n skrif wat tot die groep behoort het afgelei. [[Lêer:Venetic Raetic Camunic Lepontic alphabets.png|duimnael|links|Die alfabette van Este (Veneties), Magrè en Bolzano (Reties), Sondrio (Camunies) en Lugano (Leponties).]] Leponties is eers deur met die vestiging van [[Galliërs|Galliese stamme]] noord van die [[Po (rivier)|Po-rivier]] deur [[Gallies]] geassimileer en later deur [[Latyn]] nadat die [[Romeinse Republiek]] beheer oor [[Gallia Cisalpina]] verkry het tydens die laat tweede en eerste eeue voor Christus. Die groepering van al die inskripsies in 'n enkele Keltiese [[taal]] word deur sommige vakkundiges in twyfel getrek wat meen dat sommige, veral van die ouer inskripsies in 'n nie-Keltiese taal verwant aan [[Liguries]] is.<ref>(Whatmough 1933, Pisani 1964*{{cite book | author=Whatmough, J. | title=The Prae-Italic Dialects of Italy'', vol. 2, ''The Raetic, Lepontic, Gallic, East-Italic, Messapic and Sicel Inscriptions | location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=1933 | id= }})</ref> Volgens die standpunt is Leponties die naam vir die nie-Keltiese taal terwyl die Keltiese taal '''Cisalpina Gallies''' genoem behoort te word. Na Lejeune (1971), is die konsensus dat Leponties as 'n Keltiese taal geklassifiseer behoort te word, albeit so divergent soos [[Keltiberies]], en in elkgeval onderskeibaar van Cisalpina Gallies. Eers onlangs het 'n neiging ontstaan om Leponties en Cisalpina Gallies as een en dieselfde taal te identifiseer. Hoewel die taal vernoem is na die ''Lepontii-''stam, wat dele van antieke [[Rhaetia]] beste het, spesifiek 'n [[Alpe|Alpynse]] gebied wat tussen moderne [[Switserland]] en [[Italië]] gestrek het en aan Gallia Cisalpina gegrens het, word die term tans deur baie Keltiese navorsers gebruik om na alle Keltiese dialekte van antieke Italië te verwys. Die gebruik word bevraagteken deur dié wat die ''Lepontii'' steeds as een van verskeie inheemse Voor-Romeinse stamme van die Alpe, duidelik onderskeibaar van die [[Galliërs]], wat die vlaktes van Noordelike Italië in historiese tye ingeval het. Die ouer Lepontiese inskripsies dateer terug na voor die 5de eeu v.C., die item uit [[Castelletto Ticino]] is tot 6de eeu v.C. gedateer en die van [[Sesto Calende]] moontlik uit die 7de eeu v.C.<ref>{{cite book | author=AA.VV. and Prosdocimi, A.L. | title=''I Celti'', pag.50-60, ''Lingua e scrittura dei primi Celti'' | publisher=Bompiani| year=1991 | id= }}</ref> Die mense wat die inskripsies gemaak het word vandag met die Golasecca kultuur geassosieer wat as ''Kelties'' gesien word.<ref>{{cite book | author=AA.VV. and De Marinis, R.C. | title=''I Celti,'' capìtol ''I Celti Golasecchiani''| publisher=Bompiani| year=1991 | id= }}</ref> Die uitsterfdatum van Leponties word slegs afgelei deur die gebrek aan latere inskripsies. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings|2}} == Bronne == * Eska, J. F., and D. E. Evans. (1993). "Continental Celtic". In ''The Celtic Languages'', ed. M. J. Ball, 26–63. [[Londen]]: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01035-7. * {{cite journal | author=Gambari, F. M., and G. Colonna | title=Il bicchiere con iscrizione arcaica de Castelletto Ticino e l'adozione della scrittura nell'Italia nord-occidentale | journal=Studi Etruschi | year=1988 | volume=54 | pages=119–64}} * {{cite journal | author=Lejeune, M. | title=Documents gaulois et para-gaulois de Cisalpine | journal=Études Celtiques | year=1970–71 | volume=12 | pages=357–500}} * {{cite book | author=Lejeune, M. | title=Lepontica | location=[[Parys]] | publisher=Société d'Éditions 'Les Belles Lettres' | year=1971 | id= }} * {{cite journal | author=Lejeune, M. | title=Vues présentes sur le celtique ancien | journal=Académie Royale de Belgique, Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres et des Sciences morales et politiques | year=1978 | volume=64 | pages=108–21}} * {{cite book | author=Lejeune, M. | title=Recueil des inscriptions gauloises: II.1 Textes gallo-étrusques. Textes gallo-latins sur pierre | location=[[Parys]] | publisher=CNRS | year=1988 | id= }} * {{cite book | author=Pisani, V. | title=Le lingue dell'Italia antica oltre il latino | edition=2nd | location=[[Turyn]] | publisher=Rosenberg & Sellier | year=1964 | id= }} * Tibiletti Bruno, M. G. (1978). "Ligure, leponzio e gallico". In ''Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica'' vi, ''Lingue e dialetti'', ed. A. L. Prosdocimi, 129–208. [[Rome]]: Biblioteca di Storia Patria. * Tibiletti Bruno, M. G. (1981). "Le iscrizioni celtiche d'Italia". In ''I Celti d'Italia'', ed. E. Campanile, 157–207. 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