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class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&oldid=1252481601" title="Kievan Rus'">Revision as of 15:13, 21 October 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&action=edit&oldid=1252481601" title="Kievan Rus'">view source</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-10-21T15:13:18Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Redaktor_GLAM" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Redaktor GLAM" data-mw-revid="1252481601"><bdi>Redaktor GLAM</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Redaktor_GLAM" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Redaktor GLAM">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Redaktor_GLAM" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Redaktor GLAM">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>641</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27#Collection_of_maps" title="Kievan Rus'">→<bdi dir="ltr">Collection of maps</bdi></a>: </span> better resolution of map</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&diff=prev&oldid=1252481601&diffonly=1" title="Kievan Rus'" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&oldid=1253494024" title="Kievan Rus'">Revision as of 08:17, 26 October 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&action=edit&oldid=1253494024" title="Kievan Rus'">view source</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-10-26T08:17:36Z"></span> </strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Shahray" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Shahray" data-mw-revid="1253494024"><bdi>Shahray</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Shahray" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Shahray">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Shahray" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Shahray">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>473</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">The area around Kiev would be more important to mention, so the tribes surrounding it were moved upwards. Also specifications about "took control of city" and in names section</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-nowiki_added">nowiki added</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit">Mobile edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_web_edit">Mobile web edit</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&diff=next&oldid=1253494024&diffonly=1" title="Kievan Rus'" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"><div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 8:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">| conventional_long_name = Kievan Rus'</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">| common_name = Rus'</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">| p1 = <del title="Content deleted">Novgorod</del><ins title="Content added">Polans</ins> <del title="Content deleted">Slavs</del><ins title="Content added">(eastern)</ins>{{!}}<del title="Content deleted">Ilmen</del><ins title="Content added">Eastern</ins> <del title="Content deleted">Slavs</del><ins title="Content added">Polans</ins></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">| p2 = <del title="Content deleted">Krivichs</del><ins title="Content added">Severians</ins></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">| p3 = <del title="Content deleted">Chud</del><ins title="Content added">Drevlians</ins></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">| p4 = Volga Finns</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">| p5 = Dregoviches</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">| p6 = Radimichs</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">| p7 = <del title="Content deleted">Polans</del><ins title="Content added">Novgorod</ins> <del title="Content deleted">(eastern)</del><ins title="Content added">Slavs</ins>{{!}}<del title="Content deleted">Eastern</del><ins title="Content added">Ilmen</ins> <del title="Content deleted">Polans</del><ins title="Content added">Slavs</ins></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">| p8 = <del title="Content deleted">Severians</del><ins title="Content added">Krivichs</ins></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">| p9 = <del title="Content deleted">Drevlians</del><ins title="Content added">Chud</ins></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">| p10 = Vyatichi</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">| p11 = Volhynians</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 91:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">* {{Cite web |last=Zhdan |first=Mykhailo |date=1988 |title=Kyivan Rus' |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=Encyclopedia of Ukraine |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031245/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Katchanovski|Kohut|Nesebio|Yurkevich|2013|p=196}} was the first [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state and later an amalgam of principalities{{sfn|Martin|2009b|p=1–5}} in [[Eastern Europe]] from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Glenn Eldon |title=Russia: A Country Study |date=1998 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0866-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaC4wmxgdT4C |language=en |quote=Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state, emerged in the ninth century A.D. and developed a complex and frequently unstable political system that flourished until the thirteenth century, when it declined abruptly.}}</ref><ref name="channon">John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia'' (Penguin, 1995), p.14–16.</ref> Encompassing a variety of polities and peoples, including [[East Slavs|East Slavic]], [[Norsemen|Norse]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rus {{!}} people {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rus |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324025811/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rus |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Little |first=Becky |title=When Viking Kings and Queens Ruled Medieval Russia |url=https://www.history.com/news/vikings-in-russia-kiev-rus-varangians-prince-oleg |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=4 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406145926/https://www.history.com/news/vikings-in-russia-kiev-rus-varangians-prince-oleg |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Finnic peoples|Finnic]], it was ruled by the [[Rurik dynasty]], founded by the [[Varangians|Varangian]] prince [[Rurik]].<ref name="Kievan">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317574/Kievan-Rus Kievan Rus] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074730/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317574/Kievan-Rus/ |date=18 May 2015 }}, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> The name was coined by Russian historians in the 19th century to describe the period when [[Kiev]] was at the center. At its greatest extent in the mid-11th century, Kievan Rus' stretched from the [[White Sea]] in the north to the [[Black Sea]] in the south and from the [[River source|headwaters]] of the [[Vistula]] in the west to the [[Taman Peninsula]] in the east,<ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\K\Y\KyivanRushDA.htm Kyivan Rus'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031245/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm |date=26 March 2023 }}, Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2 (1988), Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies.</ref><ref>''See'' [http://izbornyk.org.ua/litop/map_980_1054.htm Historical map of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1054] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511144541/http://izbornyk.org.ua/litop/map_980_1054.htm |date=11 May 2021 }}.</ref> uniting the East Slavic tribes.<ref name=channon/></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'', the first ruler to unite <del title="Content deleted">East Slavic</del><ins title="Content added">different</ins> lands into what would become Kievan Rus' was [[Oleg the Wise]] ({{Reign|879|912}}). He extended his control from [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] south along the [[Dnieper]] river valley to protect trade from [[Khazar]] incursions from the east,<ref name=channon/> and took control of the <del title="Content deleted">city</del><ins title="Content added">land of [[Polans (eastern)|Polans]], making them and their capital [[Kyiv]] centre of his new realm</ins>. [[Sviatoslav I]] ({{Reign|943|972}}) achieved the first major territorial expansion of the state, fighting a war of conquest against the [[Khazars]]. [[Vladimir the Great]] ({{Reign|980|1015}}) [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|spread Christianity]] with his own baptism and, by decree, extended it to all inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under [[Yaroslav the Wise]] ({{Reign|1019|1054}}); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]'', shortly after his death.{{sfn|Bushkovitch|2011|p=11}}</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">The state began to decline in the late 11th century, gradually disintegrating into various rival regional powers throughout the 12th century.<ref>[[Paul Robert Magocsi]], Historical Atlas of East Central Europe (1993), p.15.</ref> It was further weakened by external factors, such as the [[decline of the Byzantine Empire]], its major economic partner, and the accompanying diminution of [[Route from the Varangians to the Greeks|trade routes]] through its territory.<ref name="occawlonline.pearsoned.com">{{cite web |url=http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter15/objectives/deluxe-content.html |title=Civilization in Eastern Europe Byzantium and Orthodox Europe |publisher=occawlonline.pearsoned.com |date=2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122074001/http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter15/objectives/deluxe-content.html |archive-date=22 January 2010}}</ref> It finally fell to the [[Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'|Mongol invasion]] in the mid-13th century, though the [[Rurikids|Rurik dynasty]] would continue to rule until the death of [[Feodor I of Russia]] in 1598.<ref>Picková, Dana, O počátcích státu Rusů, in: Historický obzor 18, 2007, č.11/12, s. 253–261</ref> The modern nations of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]] all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestor,{{efn|'For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine,'{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=10–15}}}} with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it, and the name Kievan Rus' derived from what is now the capital of Ukraine.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 105:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">{{legend|Yellow|2. After A.&nbsp;M. Nasonov}}</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">{{legend|LimeGreen|3. After [[Boris Rybakov]]}}]]</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">When the Varangian princes arrived<ins title="Content added">, presumably [[Askold and Dir]]</ins>, the name <ins title="Content added">''</ins>Rus<ins title="Content added">'<nowiki/>'' or ''Land of Rus''</ins>' was associated with them and came to be associated with the territories they controlled. Initially the cities of Kiev, [[Chernigov]], and [[Pereiaslav|<del title="Content deleted">Pereyaslavl</del><ins title="Content added">Pereyaslav</ins>]] and their surroundings came under Varangian control<ins title="Content added">, and their inhabitants [[Polans (eastern)|Polans]] would start to call themself Rus' from 9th century</ins>.<ins title="Content added"><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polianians |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolianians.htm |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref></ins>{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=72}}<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1077080265 |title= |publisher=Ladomir |year=2014 |editor-last=Melnikova |editor-first=E. A. |location=Moscow |script-title=ru:Древняя Русь в средневековом мире: энциклопедия |trans-title=Early Rus in the medieval world: encyclopedia |oclc=1077080265 |editor-last2=Petrukhin |editor-first2=V. Ya. |editor-link2=Vladimir Petrukhin |editor-last3=Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Rp|page=697}} From the late tenth century,<ins title="Content added"> under</ins> [[Vladimir the Great]] and [[Yaroslav the Wise]] <del title="Content deleted">tried</del><ins title="Content added">the</ins> <del title="Content deleted">to</del><ins title="Content added">name</ins> <del title="Content deleted">associate</del><ins title="Content added">was</ins> <del title="Content deleted">the</del><ins title="Content added">as</ins> <del title="Content deleted">name</del><ins title="Content added">well</ins> <del title="Content deleted">with</del><ins title="Content added">denoting</ins> all of the <del title="Content deleted">extended princely</del><ins title="Content added">Kievan</ins> domains. Both meanings persisted in sources until the Mongol conquest: the narrower one, referring to the triangular territory<del title="Content deleted"> east</del> of the <ins title="Content added">[[</ins>middle Dnieper<ins title="Content added">]]</ins>, and the broader one, encompassing all the lands under the hegemony of Kiev's grand princes.{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=72}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Флоря |first1=Борис Николаевич |title=Исторические судьбы Руси и этническое самосознание восточных славян в XII—XV веках |journal=Славяноведение |date=1993 |volume=2 |page=12-15 |url=https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Floria_Borys/Ystorycheskye_sudb_Rusy_y_tnycheskoe_samosoznanye_vostochnkh_slavian_v_XII-XV_vekakh_k_voprosu_o_zar.pdf |access-date=21 December 2023 |language=ru}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">The Russian term {{Transliteration|ru|Kiyevskaya Rus'}} ({{langx|ru|Ки́евская Русь}}) was coined in the 19th century in [[Russian historiography]] to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tolochko |first=A. P. |year=1999 |title=Khimera "Kievskoy Rusi" |journal=Rodina |language=ru |issue=8 |pages=29–33}}</ref> In the 19th century it also appeared in Ukrainian as {{Transliteration|uk|Kyivska Rus'}} ({{langx|uk|Ки́ївська Русь}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Колесса |first1=Олександер Михайлович |title=Столїтє обновленої українсько-руської лїтератури: (1798–1898) |date=1898 |publisher=З друкарні Наукового Товариства імені Шевченка під зарядом К. Беднарського |location=Львів |page=26 |quote=В XII та XIII в., в часі, коли південна, Київська Русь породила такі перли літературні ... (In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, at a time when southern, Kyivan Rus' gave birth to such literary pearls ...)}}</ref> Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian as {{Transliteration|be|Kiyewskaya Rus'}} or {{transliteration|be|Kijeŭskaja Ruś |translit-std=ungegn}} ({{langx|be|Кіеўская Русь}}) and into Rusyn as {{Transliteration|rue|Kyïvska Rus'}} ({{langx|rue|Київска Русь}}).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 114:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">==History==</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">===Origin===</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century, most of the area north of the [[Black Sea]] was primarily populated by [[East Slavs|eastern Slavic]] tribes.{{sfn|Martin|2004|p=2–4}} In the <del title="Content deleted">northern region</del><ins title="Content added">area</ins> around <del title="Content deleted">[[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] were the [[Ilmen Slavs]]<ref>Carl Waldman & Catherine Mason, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA415 Encyclopedia of European Peoples (2006)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092832/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA415 |date=22 March 2023 }}, p.415.</ref> and neighboring [[Krivichs|Krivichi]], who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the [[Daugava|West Dvina]], [[Dnieper]] and [[Volga]] rivers. To their north,</del><ins title="Content added">Kiev</ins> in<del title="Content deleted"> the [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Karelia]] regions, were the Finnic [[Chud]] tribe. In</del> the south<del title="Content deleted">, in the area around Kiev</del>, were the [[Polans (eastern)|Poliane<ins title="Content added"> (Polans)</ins>]],<ref>{{cite book |last= Freeze |first= Gregory L. |author-link= |date= 2009 |title= Russia: A History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_xBkabfpfXwC |location= New York |publisher= Oxford University Press |page= 3|isbn= 978-0-19-956041-7}}</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">*{{cite book |last= Chadwick |first= Nora K. |author-link= |date= 2013 |title= The Beginnings of Russian History: An Enquiry Into Sources |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RyrFvw39YrgC |location= New York |publisher= Cambridge University Press |page= 17|isbn= 978-1-107-65256-9}}</ref> the [[Drevlyans|Drevliane]] to the west of the Dnieper, and the [[Severians|Severiane]] to the east. To their north and east were the [[Vyatichi]], and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to [[steppe|steppelands]] populated by nomadic herdsmen.{{sfn|Martin|2004|p=4}}</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-added"><ins title="Content added">In the northern region around [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]] were the [[Ilmen Slavs]]<ref>Carl Waldman & Catherine Mason, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA415 Encyclopedia of European Peoples (2006)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322092832/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA415 |date=22 March 2023 }}, p.415.</ref> and neighboring [[Krivichs|Krivichi]], who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the [[Daugava|West Dvina]], [[Dnieper]] and [[Volga]] rivers. To their north, in the [[Staraya Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Karelia]] regions, were the Finnic [[Chud]] tribe. </ins></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">There was once controversy over whether the<ins title="Content added"> first</ins> [[Rus' people<del title="Content deleted">|Rus'</del>]] were [[Varangians]] or Slavs (see [[anti-Normanism]]), however, more recently scholarly attention has focused more on debating how quickly an ancestrally [[Norsemen|Norse]] people assimilated into Slavic culture.{{efn|"The controversies over the nature of the Rus and the origins of the Russian state have bedevilled Viking studies, and indeed Russian history, for well over a century. It is historically certain that the Rus were Swedes. The evidence is incontrovertible, and that a debate still lingers at some levels of historical writing is clear evidence of the holding power of received notions. The debate over this issue – futile, embittered, tendentious, doctrinaire – served to obscure the most serious and genuine historical problem which remains: the assimilation of these Viking Rus into the Slavic people among whom they lived. The principal historical question is not whether the Rus were Scandinavians or Slavs, but, rather, how quickly these Scandinavian Rus became absorbed into Slavic life and culture."{{sfn|Logan|2005|p=184}}}} This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, and legends and literature from centuries later.{{sfn|Martin|2009b|p=2}} To some extent the controversy is related to the [[Origin myth|foundation myths]] of modern states in the region.{{sfn|Magocsi|2010|p=55}} This often unfruitful debate over origins has periodically devolved into competing nationalist narratives of dubious scholarly value being promoted directly by various government bodies in a number of states. This was seen in the [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] period, when [[Historiography in the Soviet Union|Soviet historiography]] sought to distance the Rus' from any connection to Germanic tribes, in an effort to dispel Nazi propaganda claiming the Russian state owed its existence and origins to the supposedly racially superior Norse tribes.<ref>Elena Melnikova, 'The "Varangian Problem": Science in the Grip of Ideology and Politics', in ''Russia's Identity in International Relations: Images, Perceptions, Misperceptions'', ed. by Ray Taras (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013), pp. 42–52.</ref> More recently, in the context of resurgent nationalism in post-Soviet states, Anglophone scholarship has analyzed renewed efforts to use this debate to create ethno-nationalist foundation stories, with governments sometimes directly involved in the project.<ref>Jonathan Shepard, "Review Article: Back in Old Rus and the USSR: Archaeology, History and Politics", ''English Historical Review'', vol. 131 (no. 549) (2016), 384–405 {{doi|10.1093/ehr/cew104}} (p. 387), citing Leo S. Klejn, ''Soviet Archaeology: Trends, Schools, and History'', trans. by Rosh Ireland and Kevin Windle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 119.</ref> Conferences and publications questioning the Norse origins of the Rus' have been supported directly by state policy in some cases, and the resultant foundation myths have been included in some school textbooks in Russia.<ref>Artem Istranin and Alexander Drono, "Competing historical Narratives in Russian Textbooks", in ''Mutual Images: Textbook Representations of Historical Neighbours in the East of Europe'', ed. by János M. Bak and Robert Maier, Eckert. Dossiers, 10 ([Braunschweig]: Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research, 2017), 31–43 (pp. 35–36).</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">While Varangians were Norse traders and [[Vikings]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Kievan_Rus/ |title=Kievan Rus |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414072503/https://www.worldhistory.org/Kievan_Rus/ |url-status=live}}</div> </td></tr></table><noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"></ul> <p>This page is not available in other languages.</p> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kievan_Rus%27&diff=prev&oldid=1253494024&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r5tzf","wgBackendResponseTime":203});});</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>