CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91359b03bda487a8',cH: 'uFftdNj0TdHOB8wSrRo5_vuiVpwNkJ4ZRTzQ2wMGkag-1739793505-1.2.1.1-gZBrPIVdETSeZttgpRVu5p8i.gy98h09IU9FZJ7aRkHqxcVBpygQmV9uAQq_prty',cUPMDTk: "\/2678\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=Swnw6bUb6TwW4exl3Wkq3gaJjDMbr2JkahHV_IzXiEI-1739793505-1.0.1.1-QaEM9pxq0Hple_247Y5sKcFrW0RxD0b_AT8HO_bD64g",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739793505',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/2678\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=Swnw6bUb6TwW4exl3Wkq3gaJjDMbr2JkahHV_IzXiEI-1739793505-1.0.1.1-QaEM9pxq0Hple_247Y5sKcFrW0RxD0b_AT8HO_bD64g",md: "az.69sT4KxDaIxsKlX.fAOfTkgcx_U4DZnTuivkGYUw-1739793505-1.2.1.1-gCmBF3DixbqpHPYNeSHQyRicHyZP9CNusNA4p.y9Qz0U5g9CliszFR0fnBwSQ4YuIVbl3ngnCKEYXRTi800axYWiVPDnhgjju3.q7Y_K0AyNvXGF8srkxlxJ98rLeQ1_yKlK6zWKAvVrKaFqIQ4oDCHLl_wHLzY4KefEn2jEFn9TbLFEUP1mtLPaJlfAJjBsrsMurDJ5hdIzFuh5O79zSFk_9n.dB9gPvXc2YGSHN2rpuAxBJYmdkgBLfdDQxKaGR9nJ1hPUrdmyipVEF4o4UqIwqhQDcYE_YynbRq3UaRD0TWzQBsccNW3QM8C2FkdUMYe_OEoU8j_DqBK9NnIiRPftJV73p80uyyI8_.dRmaLNg1YGIGR7GBuzajLBZTIE3_TRKJ.zeX323_TkJs3GL89kQIuCncgIM4vd_Ve7HlEyCdS2U_OX7TsiRHiypBJX_kM.wR0uZpei82sbKgYGueUBZ648OmJT64MoAVK4TSJDUwEBEsY_V4CnDg9qXmFsLllk37KjB69Qt0yqzpnPp083KBNwEw5Tg9ySaS33Vk22tu7lk8t69Q50QrVhls9pV7egzbu5_4n1zv54DFt3iGonBmfiYC3FFBpVt4sn8RZARM1T1tqriAufM9qenwc4d6pbVMv7dfg9rHIg9SCvqaEUv0AUAGPuAuu8Ba2Qhq60m7RhdrNlMMuzJ5LYk44JfLnXeTsiU.Z9LSW2vyFLuCoBJEFS8ltis1XuK7Mk85L9tQZBN4Rn156nRZ80gcJ00crjlqDnWbgnpA_lUiQYgLz5sfrFtzKlH5uUfhPAouWRYHF5_meXBuPy9J.PepAVmENqWuojTSp4cPEl8Qwr39AoW5ra9vuLKobYHslLlWqXdUlchQuk3cmF86zhG_PPLwF0JYqRDN_MFn03tH_BV40D.yWmdaN73eigr32Ejry7A4pnpDzGd6rP0aXG7xr4jDQRe1xE86e29QYCl8QJB_1PPdLsFNuiu102NKzWBoYSL1.MwyNtiRmzkb0nUPxJ.oPmS1sVaxln.TrGBv4f63Q.BBZ9n5YCKwr3u4H6rTEaO4lwzNlMow7gsCiqJ5mgrErQel.Y0Q.d2Ep5KE45C2FK4B7V88JwnG7uZfyLZgjnqWv5zyvywC2PmN2gVTsKh5iKqUg4.I067yzgNaoTSQfF4d3L8WNhSLq7PFgOHlIJhbuyEmhmZDcw02eHBxcHAyF1o4vPF1DZUwkoEsREkni6iZIy.PTkCoc_VqQoqEjNBUSRSJ9dtYeDSB0oFeqeAgd9PQaa7ECk6Bm0ed3VmgwQEbh_evOiN7Auujpd.w3_BXBxYRhiTicZqPqFcGGb0T2Y5E46THGoHqV5MiRFPoHeitq0vEVmhhbpNDUGPwD0ncApivp9FTxr0jzkAQeuZbG0Hg16eTUV8BiNt_GHtOY7u3iAGo.j6pIBAtgYFHXgswDQ7cizrRNcrXYLdyvajTDz8dvy6k78XSIaLSLn0ojD2R7P1Hs2XHm9MPerduoqkJih1lf15.FEoW0GgMc9zuAwIog1i_su.kF7S72Y3AYo8cKKlDAP.pc8s_ATYOZ9w87mje0qGz.XRtwHIWiMjwdSzqRPS8uUZkEX15azOLwppxv9NT6ffF6nAKR4CzSJGniiwEhFOk6KSKungBiVoYYqT6LxlV0f9pZhWNfgjBWhgQcf55.iV8O7k2am7itL0QtAiv19uFaLo35s_sI18fpwhGu0YTF_wWR9bPKiPptxzxJaq1YXl2VfnBSbQXTnQy7iCdBhrjBWY.Umdp0ENAqtUpGZ.MJQhF3zg31_9piTpCuzfRmeGBuomgQ4zw9TaZF19IHQKqqWiYsmegHOz_4_.DfX1GGMDltlb.atVK2BZawm45KguKOhC8SdFso",mdrd: "PqXPsU4I_XmaeM3tzQkW9lyXc4Gm8Y7GS0kBjQnhHY8-1739793505-1.2.1.1-SwxIjHQM3szh9E704hezIx2o7WO94K_ETN0XJVgQbKCOqryBxvysSxDwvhL3tA.oCJ5J5LiK6VvwrZbY24VeXJq0EeZrP5ca9s9p71SZLwQe2_SDkOnfXCJD2mx6vXmDOXD5TmdZz0O_PmNMmlvoDhe0Prai74gttHX.TRW8vl3LsL.B.E5wOsExx0QFJvHbL3InYIcZsHvrP5cqaLJVcLHTGu5qqYqglAy2KAo1ANcQE6USv0NKB7nqx6CEh3NC9R4ioW8H51adPdU2eEeDy.GsHwYpcgjORbyWjEm9v94ku8AiWvVjSjwU0WkZvNnctJATbVIWdpcf0T2Kidj9YWxq74ZsP3hFy7gqhmR6yWWarCi6ZXtNpyJHh5.VxciE.6d.v6a0N.Lkiwj_wIDAMjyaNQ7j.OFMqOFJThGEi_0M0OeUnHcF4qFhlzxeE3MMePk6vkE.I9u_VtzYFGi.2L6Ca6ywFn7epGFMLwFh22.ZFMCJm9pqrYPpsz4hZwpa2CC55FbP.zEEJjg.8bPak5Nzrw69.Az5ucvY_YjhMgCNYJ.abGiys3XA2FsAeYrsq4KyFreHY7nnYayN_13IdQbakNW4QMp6qKLY06GobNhrWblRt89U1NOwveGneLPtlelOj5eCaIe9cWdW7NR.LVo5jspX1drLM5QPyec8PbZJMCLgITMiAFdyYORA2fJWlwJ0msv8oxeggzVqaiO92WPKh9AOBBFsKTNmWXDj_47bAw1vloMt26N1ghzXn6UgrGaXqlD8dFaT1FjzZqWenQfJfXvfuSA2grw1CGcfsT11Yzfhwy5QKIZXI16AzaT2J2vE7Q_TENGjiEM_e8d8jhvemC8I49b48I4qWzpVMGjsJ2OlRn1VYdx0z6qtES0JPYqd4zhxbOsZGggcCoBxQyPDil24QsdPAZmW9zqO7jIRoN7mgw.774DbXTQ5T2KNL8Ysu.AhyDfuO_de.8P6S98GhCa4RIX5B.T_3Le7TcWqZp3Hohu7CxsXNbf52LZ1DOT5ZaB1wFE1sCAotOmL2BsIGbis.sJyBlwdDfw3w_PPnf6hHlHE3oJVAZvsaYKFJm_cRgYv1DKnGhrRHC_bs6CTkGxWvr09a317QAJpj8WrRCfK0.Y2IJvT.EJNXLSq5na64cTiOHYYEYX_TJjLJhMX58puoGZu0gYqauZbKyIernO_UXFUq5P8QnLPojiK2gDc7Jd4w8spRCZ_4Sjjc9JZsvYz6yVIFPbeu05FvLVzvk5rtLFV7xFfjGbsxgBB8sYCjJtP8xRGNtGHE77M5hOwn27gpVeTZOGUgixLtRlRo8iWcf6jwgcfMiyg5PfKuW.kJweZS_gB3.XfccRmxBranf6qVtcfVCejmjBsm06vEVM5cWt6cbgQ9IpbxSaVEghacK9ZXiwF_uSN148RmH6BtyhSGv1xysMsHfKFZpIt.557J.z0CVCh6.dcF0LOdXowg3jLorp0sBiaHKDcJhaZ1Ny_.y25A0hq27zDACaY7dQZAdG7rqabqCF6o3m9UFCJgYRlBAvxJH9HDEU08U2ifo8Kzke9a9DW87LDmS9ZhlluBCULze18XRjMj84Oyb1VsINKSlktbSFqJqzdJPHn5TZzOhUJJqRjTSN.cl1ETFfM85en_EVUr476POA1qe0hxEUZHCzn5hkYO7dY.dfdvBj43HL_CTAPDjpRDnGK_6Y8RBgIb6kZvb0fesGPlf5Q_TV8Ox_g0g1nrHk6CV..IcZrykwtHTT75Ct40vBdbvN6v8mwpIJJIZESSwiTu7P91s1A0xzScuCBNvWYwtLow.sUXtUcrsPXQy5_d94PamgxYgF4RfTnAQPYIpwwjWoCDQtCF7wPwOf5vfT_GdZeoZWumhYGw13ZPuHiMVOk752kfmOV5Rv4n93xA68aTDtFYQXEXbT4kqnnYgmKEn8UeZxwZAf2wViQgQ7hMAMMH.QF5Kisx4hV9QRHZr5tTLGO6jk3ZkHmZVpQs2rmVA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91359b03bda487a8';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/2678\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=Swnw6bUb6TwW4exl3Wkq3gaJjDMbr2JkahHV_IzXiEI-1739793505-1.0.1.1-QaEM9pxq0Hple_247Y5sKcFrW0RxD0b_AT8HO_bD64g" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>