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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs" class=""><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=GNU" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné" class=""><span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=GNU" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Přihlášení</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stránky pro odhlášené editory <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:%C3%9Avod" aria-label="Více informací o editování"><span>dozvědět se více</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_p%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvky" title="Seznam editací provedených z této IP adresy [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Příspěvky</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_diskuse" title="Diskuse o editacích provedených z této IP adresy [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komponenty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komponenty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Komponenty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komponenty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varianty_GNU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varianty_GNU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varianty GNU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varianty_GNU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poznámky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poznámky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Poznámky</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Poznámky-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Poznámky</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Poznámky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Obsah" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GNU</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 75 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88" title="جنو – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="ГНУ – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ГНУ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81" title="গ্নু – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্নু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – bosenština" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88" title="گنوو – kurdština (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گنوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdština (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="گنو – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – fríština (západní)" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fríština (západní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_(sistema_operativo)" title="GNU (sistema operativo) – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="GNU (sistema operativo)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95_(%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="גנו (מערכת הפעלה) – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנו (מערכת הפעלה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82" title="ग्नू – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्नू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – ilokánština" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.gnus." title="la .gnus. – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la .gnus." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಗ್ನು – kannadština" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – kurdština" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – kyrgyzština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kyrgyzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – lombardština" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="ГНУ – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ГНУ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81" title="ഗ്നു – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്നു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – sardština" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82" title="குனூ – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குனூ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%82" title="గ్నూ – telugština" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్నూ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9" title="กนู – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กนู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – ujgurština" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="گنو – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گنو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – benátština" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="benátština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU – kantonština" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="GNU" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="Zobrazit obsahovou stránku [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Článek</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuse:GNU&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuse ke stránce (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">čeština</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazení"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GNU"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=history" title="Starší verze této stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akce </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GNU"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=history"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Obecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Co_odkazuje_na/GNU" title="Seznam všech wikistránek, které sem odkazují [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Souvisej%C3%ADc%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny/GNU" rel="nofollow" title="Nedávné změny stránek, na které je odkazováno [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Související změny</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cs" title="Nahrát obrázky či jiná multimédia [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Načíst soubor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&oldid=24035083" title="Trvalý odkaz na současnou verzi této stránky"><span>Trvalý odkaz</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=info" title="Více informací o této stránce"><span>Informace o stránce</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Citovat&page=GNU&id=24035083&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informace o tom, jak citovat tuto stránku"><span>Citovat stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGNU"><span>Získat zkrácené URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGNU"><span>Stáhnout QR kód</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tisk/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Kniha&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=GNU"><span>Vytvořit knihu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:DownloadAsPdf&page=GNU&action=show-download-screen"><span>Stáhnout jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&printable=yes" title="Tato stránka v podobě vhodné k tisku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verze k tisku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na jiných projektech </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/GNU" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-meta mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Facebook_pages" hreflang="en"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44571" title="Odkaz na propojenou položku datového úložiště [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 22em;"><caption style="font-size: larger;">GNU</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Heckert_GNU_white.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo"><img alt="Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/120px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/250px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Screenshot_of_Ubuntu_9.04_with_GNOME_2.26.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Operační systém GNU/Linux Ubuntu"><img alt="Operační systém GNU/Linux Ubuntu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Screenshot_of_Ubuntu_9.04_with_GNOME_2.26.png/250px-Screenshot_of_Ubuntu_9.04_with_GNOME_2.26.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Screenshot_of_Ubuntu_9.04_with_GNOME_2.26.png/375px-Screenshot_of_Ubuntu_9.04_with_GNOME_2.26.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Screenshot_of_Ubuntu_9.04_with_GNOME_2.26.png/500px-Screenshot_of_Ubuntu_9.04_with_GNOME_2.26.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div>Operační systém <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">GNU/Linux</a> <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Vyvíjí</th><td><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Rodina OS</th><td><a href="/wiki/UN*X" title="UN*X">Unix-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Typ <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1dro_opera%C4%8Dn%C3%ADho_syst%C3%A9mu" title="Jádro operačního systému">jádra</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Mikroj%C3%A1dro" title="Mikrojádro">mikrojádro</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>) nebo <a href="/wiki/Monolitick%C3%A9_j%C3%A1dro" title="Monolitické jádro">monolitické</a> (GNU <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a>, fork <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linuxu</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Programovac%C3%AD_jazyk" title="Programovací jazyk">Programovací jazyk</a></th><td>různé (zejména<br /><a href="/wiki/C_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="C (programovací jazyk)">C</a> a <a href="/wiki/Jazyk_symbolick%C3%BDch_adres" title="Jazyk symbolických adres">assembler</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Výchozí <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEivatelsk%C3%A9_rozhran%C3%AD" title="Uživatelské rozhraní">uživatelské rozhraní</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Licence" title="Licence">Licence</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affero_General_Public_License" title="Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU FDL</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_FSDG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU FSDG (stránka neexistuje)">GNU FSDG</a><sup id="cite_ref-lic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fsdg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsdg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Stav</th><td>Aktivní</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Oficiální web</th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org">www.gnu.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>GNU</b> (výslovnost <span class="noexcerpt"><span title="Toto je přepis výslovnosti pomocí znaků mezinárodní fonetické abecedy (IPA)." class="IPA">[ɡnuː]</span><span style="font-size: smaller; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_fonetick%C3%A1_abeceda" title="Mezinárodní fonetická abeceda">IPA</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Angli%C4%8Dtina" title="Angličtina">anglicky</a> také <a href="/wiki/Pak%C5%AF%C5%88" title="Pakůň">pakůň</a>, odtud logo systému i projektu) je v tuto chvíli<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Vyhn%C4%9Bte_se_vyh%C3%BDbav%C3%BDm_slov%C5%AFm" title="Wikipedie:Vyhněte se vyhýbavým slovům"><span class="doplnte-zdroj" title="Časové údobí tohoto údaje je nejasné">kdy?</span></a>]</sup> nekompletní počítačový <a href="/wiki/Svobodn%C3%BD_software" title="Svobodný software">svobodný</a> <a href="/wiki/Opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Operační systém">operační systém</a> <a href="/wiki/Projekt_GNU" title="Projekt GNU">projektu GNU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>pozn. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeho jméno je <a href="/wiki/Rekurzivn%C3%AD_zkratka" title="Rekurzivní zkratka">rekurzivní zkratka</a> pro <a href="/wiki/Angli%C4%8Dtina" title="Angličtina">anglické</a> <i>„<b>G</b>NU's <b>N</b>ot <b>U</b>nix!“</i> (<i><b>G</b>NU <b>N</b>ení <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix"><b>U</b>nix</a>!</i>). Systém je tzv. <a href="/wiki/UN*X" title="UN*X">UNIX-like</a> a neobsahuje žádný originální kód Unixu. Jelikož pro něj ještě nebylo <a href="/wiki/Programov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Programování">dopsáno</a> jeho oficiální jádro <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a> ([ɡnuː ˈhəːd]), používá obvykle jádro <a href="/wiki/Linux_(j%C3%A1dro)" title="Linux (jádro)">Linux</a> nebo <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a>, případně jádro <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> či další svobodná jádra. Mezi distribuce tohoto systému patří např. <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">GNU/Linux</a> nebo <a href="/wiki/Nexenta_OS" title="Nexenta OS">Nexenta OS</a>. Vývoj tohoto systému byl iniciován v projektu GNU <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richardem Stallmanem</a>, který započal v roce <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a> a byl hlavním záměrem společnosti <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF). V roce 2024 stále není stabilní vydání GNU. Jádra, která nemají nic společného s GNU, například známé <a href="/wiki/Linux_(j%C3%A1dro)" title="Linux (jádro)">linuxové jádro</a> může být využito s GNU softwarem. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Historie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>27. září 1983 byl <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richardem Stallmanem</a> na stránkách <code>net.unix-wizards</code> a <code>net.usoft</code> uveřejněn záměr pro vytvoření GNU operačního systému.<sup id="cite_ref-stallmanovo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stallmanovo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-internethist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internethist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vývoj softwaru započal 5. ledna 1984, když Stallman ukončil práci na <a href="/wiki/Massachusettsk%C3%BD_technologick%C3%BD_institut" title="Massachusettský technologický institut">Massachusettském technologickém institutu</a> (MIT) v laboratoři umělé inteligence, kvůli právu na vlastnictví a aby nemohli zasahovat do distribuce GNU jako svobodného softwaru (<a href="/wiki/Svobodn%C3%BD_software" title="Svobodný software">free software</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-intervention_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intervention-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Název GNU byl vybrán Richardem Stallmanem výběrem z různých slovních hříček, včetně písně <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Gnu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Gnu (stránka neexistuje)">The Gnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rms-zagreb-talk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hlavní myšlenkou bylo vytvořit kompletně svobodný operační systém. Stallman chtěl, aby uživatelé byli „free“ (variace angl. slova – znamená volný/svobodný). Chtěl, aby mohli: </p> <ul><li>volně studovat zdrojový kód softwaru, který používají</li> <li>volně sdílet software s jinými uživateli</li> <li>volně upravovat chování programu</li> <li>volně zveřejňovat upravené verze softwaru.</li></ul> <p>Tato myšlenka byla později uveřejněna jako <a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifest" title="GNU Manifest">GNU Manifest</a> v dubnu roku 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-internethist_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internethist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stallmanovy zkušenosti s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incompatible_Timesharing_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incompatible Timesharing System (stránka neexistuje)">Incompatible Timesharing Systemem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-intervention_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intervention-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> což byl raný operační systém napsaný v <a href="/wiki/Jazyk_symbolick%C3%BDch_adres" title="Jazyk symbolických adres">jazyku symbolických adres</a>, který se stal zastaralým kvůli přerušení výroby minipočítače <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a>, pro který byl napsán, vedly k rozhodnutí, že je zapotřebí přenositelného systému.<sup id="cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rms-zagreb-talk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opensource2.0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opensource2.0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bylo proto rozhodnuto, že GNU bude ponejvíce kompatibilní s <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unixem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tev_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tev-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Již v té době byl Unix populárním komerčním softwarem. Unix byl navržen modulárně, takže mohl být reimplementován po částech.<sup id="cite_ref-opensource2.0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opensource2.0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S většinou potřebného softwaru bylo potřeba začít od píky. Na druhou stranu byl použit svobodný software třetích stran, jako například <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> (výslovnost [tech], angl. [tek]) sázecí software, <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a><sup id="cite_ref-internethist_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internethist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a jádro <a href="/wiki/Mach_(j%C3%A1dro)" title="Mach (jádro)">Mach</a>, které formuje základ <a href="/wiki/GNU_Mach" title="GNU Mach">GNU Mach</a> jádra <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a> (oficiální jádro GNU).<sup id="cite_ref-linuxinterface_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxinterface-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S výjimkou posledně zmíněných komponentů třetích stran, byla většina GNU napsána dobrovolníky z <a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_Projekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU Projekt (stránka neexistuje)">GNU Projektu</a>. Někteří psali GNU ve svém volném čase, někteří byli placeni společnostmi,<sup id="cite_ref-cygnus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cygnus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vzdělávacími institucemi a neziskovými společnostmi. V říjnu roku 1985 Stallman vytvořil <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF). Na přelomu let 1980 a 1990 si FSF najalo softwarové vývojáře, aby jim napsali potřebný software pro GNU.<sup id="cite_ref-tsi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-puis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jak se GNU dostávalo do popředí, společnosti, které měly zájem, začaly přispívat k vývoji, nebo k prodeji GNU softwaru a technické podpory. Nejvýznačnější a nejúspěšnější byla firma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cygnus_Solutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cygnus Solutions (stránka neexistuje)">Cygnus Solutions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cygnus_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cygnus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nyní součástí <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shankland_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shankland-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komponenty">Komponenty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Komponenty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Komponenty"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Základní systémové komponenty obsahují <a href="/wiki/GCC" title="GCC">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC), <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a>(glibc) a <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU Core Utilities</a> (coreutils), ale také <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> (GDB), <a href="/wiki/GNU_binutils" title="GNU binutils">GNU binutils</a> (binutils), <a href="/wiki/Bash" title="Bash">Bash</a> shell<sup id="cite_ref-linuxinterface_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxinterface-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wrox_p-to-p_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrox_p-to-p-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a><sup id="cite_ref-emerging_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerging-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Desktopov%C3%A9_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD" title="Desktopové prostředí">Desktopové prostředí</a>. Vývojáři GNU přispěli Linuxu, přenesením GNU aplikací a nástrojů, které jsou nyní široce využívané na jiných operačních systémech jako varianty <a href="/wiki/BSD" title="BSD">BSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Solaris (operační systém)">Solaris</a> a <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-buzzle_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buzzle-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnoho GNU programů bylo přeneseno na jiné operační systémy, včetně komerčních platforem jako <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">MS Windows</a><sup id="cite_ref-mccune_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccune-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apg_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V porovnání s jejich komerčními protějšky se GNU prokázaly být také více spolehlivé.<sup id="cite_ref-re-e_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re-e-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>V roce 2007 bylo hostováno 319 GNU balíčků na oficiálních stránkách vývoje GNU.<sup id="cite_ref-savana_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savana-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varianty_GNU">Varianty GNU</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Varianty GNU" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Varianty GNU"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oficiální jádro Projektu GNU je <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a> mikrojádro. Nicméně v roce 2012 je <a href="/wiki/Linux_(j%C3%A1dro)" title="Linux (jádro)">linuxové jádro</a> oficiálně částí Projektu GNU ve formě <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a> – varianta linuxového jádra bez jakýchkoliv proprietárních součástí.<sup id="cite_ref-linux-libre_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-libre-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostatní jádra se také dají zakomponovat do GNU softwaru k vytvoření fungujícího operačního systému, např. FreeBSD.<sup id="cite_ref-edp_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FSF (Free Software Foundation) prohlašuje, že Linux použitý s GNU nástroji a pomůckami, by měl být považován za <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varianty_GNU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varianty GNU (stránka neexistuje)">variantu GNU</a> a dále proklamuje pro tyto systémy termín <i>GNU/Linux</i> (Tato okolnost vede k <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_kontroverze" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux kontroverze">GNU/Linux kontroverzi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-dwarf_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwarf-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itw_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itw-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lsag_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lsag-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GNU Projekt takto schválil varianty GNU obsahující linuxové jádro zejména <a href="/w/index.php?title=GNewSense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNewSense (stránka neexistuje)">gNewSense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trisquel_GNU/Linux" title="Trisquel GNU/Linux">Trisquel</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabola_GNU/Linux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parabola GNU/Linux (stránka neexistuje)">Parabola GNU/Linux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e-d_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-d-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ostatní varianty GNU, které nepoužívají Hurd jako jádro obsahují <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nexenta_Core&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nexenta Core (stránka neexistuje)">Nexenta Core</a> (GNU a jádro <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-sunos_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunos-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU-Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU-Darwin (stránka neexistuje)">GNU-Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-darwin_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-darwin-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference">Reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><i>V tomto článku byl použit <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:WikiProjekt_P%C5%99eklad/Rady" title="Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Překlad/Rady">překlad</a> textu z článku <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU?oldid=574772011"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">GNU</span></a> na anglické Wikipedii.</i></span> </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lic_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Licenses</i> [online]. Free Software Foundation, Inc, rev. 2016-11-18 [cit. 2018-01-22]. GNU Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Licenses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Flicenses&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation%2C+Inc"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsdg-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-fsdg_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Free Software Foundation, Inc, rev. 2018-01-01 [cit. 2018-01-22]. GNU Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fdistros%2Ffree-system-distribution-guidelines.html&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation%2C+Inc"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stallmanovo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stallmanovo_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">Richard Stallman. <i>new UNIX implementation</i> [online]. 1983-09-27 [cit. 2018-01-23]. Net.unix-wizards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/net.unix-wizards/8twfRPM79u0/1xlglzrWrU0J">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=new+UNIX+implementation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fforum%2F%23%21msg%2Fnet.unix-wizards%2F8twfRPM79u0%2F1xlglzrWrU0J&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Richard+Stallman"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-internethist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-internethist_5-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internethist_5-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-internethist_5-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">LAMBERT, Laura. <i>The Internet: A Historical Encyclopedia. Biographies</i>. Editor: Hilary Poole. Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cz/books?id=qi-ItIG6QLwC&redir_esc=y">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/1-85109-664-7" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/1-85109-664-7"><span class="ISBN">1-85109-664-7</span></a></span>. S. 215–216. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Internet%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia.+Biographies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqi-ItIG6QLwC%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft.isbn=1-85109-664-7&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=215%E2%80%93216"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intervention-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-intervention_6-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intervention_6-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">HOLMEVIK, Jan Rune; BOGOST, Ian; ULMER, Gregory. <i>Inter/vention: Free Play in the Age of Electracy</i>. [s.l.]: MIT Press, březen 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jXC6H8lRjlUC">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-0-262-01705-3" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-0-262-01705-3"><span class="ISBN">978-0-262-01705-3</span></a></span>. S. 69–71. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Inter%2Fvention%3A+Free+Play+in+the+Age+of+Electracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjXC6H8lRjlUC&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01705-3&rft.aulast=Holmevik&rft.aufirst=Jan+Rune&rft.au=Bogost%2C+Ian&rft.au=Ulmer%2C+Gregory&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=69%E2%80%9371"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rms-zagreb-talk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_7-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rms-zagreb-talk_7-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mjesec.ffzg.hr/~dpavlin/stallman2006/free_software_movement_and_the_future_of_freedom_zagreb_09_march_2006.ogg">The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom</a>, ffzg.hr <span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opensource2.0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-opensource2.0_8-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opensource2.0_8-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">DIBONA, Chris; STONE, Mark; COOPER, Danese. <i>Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution</i>. [s.l.]: [s.n.], říjen 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=q9GnNrq3e5EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9780596008024" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9780596008024"><span class="ISBN">9780596008024</span></a></span>. S. 38–40. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Open+Sources+2.0%3A+The+Continuing+Evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9GnNrq3e5EC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9780596008024&rft.aulast=DiBona&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Stone%2C+Mark&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Danese&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=38%E2%80%9340"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tev-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tev_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">SEEBACH, Peter. <i>Beginning Portable Shell Scripting: From Novice to Professional (Expert's Voice in Open Source)</i>. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=53zaxy423xcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9781430210436" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9781430210436"><span class="ISBN">9781430210436</span></a></span>. S. 177–178. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Beginning+Portable+Shell+Scripting%3A+From+Novice+to+Professional+%28Expert%27s+Voice+in+Open+Source%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53zaxy423xcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9781430210436&rft.aulast=Seebach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=177%E2%80%93178"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linuxinterface-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-linuxinterface_10-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linuxinterface_10-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">KERRISK, Michael. <i>The Linux Programming Interface: A Linux and UNIX System Programming Handbook</i>. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Ps2SH727eCIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9781593272203" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9781593272203"><span class="ISBN">9781593272203</span></a></span>. S. 5–6. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Linux+Programming+Interface%3A+A+Linux+and+UNIX+System+Programming+Handbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPs2SH727eCIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9781593272203&rft.aulast=Kerrisk&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=5%E2%80%936"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cygnus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-cygnus_11-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cygnus_11-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution</i>. [s.l.]: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., leden 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565925823">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/1-56592-582-3" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/1-56592-582-3"><span class="ISBN">1-56592-582-3</span></a></span>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Open+Sources%3A+Voices+from+the+Open+Source+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781565925823&rft.isbn=1-56592-582-3&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tsi_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">BUXMANN, Peter; DIEFENBACH, Heiner; HESS, Thomas. <i>The Software Industry</i>. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2012-09-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LlCnYt2snHYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9783642315091" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9783642315091"><span class="ISBN">9783642315091</span></a></span>. S. 187–196. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Software+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLlCnYt2snHYC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9783642315091&rft.aulast=Buxmann&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Diefenbach%2C+Heiner&rft.au=Hess%2C+Thomas&rft.pages=187%E2%80%93196"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-puis-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-puis_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Practical UNIX and Internet Security, 3rd Edition</i>. [s.l.]: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., únor 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=50maN7VmpusC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9781449310127" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9781449310127"><span class="ISBN">9781449310127</span></a></span>. S. 18. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Practical+UNIX+and+Internet+Security%2C+3rd+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D50maN7VmpusC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9781449310127&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=18"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shankland-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-shankland_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">SHANKLAND, Stephen. <i>Red Hat buys software firm, shuffles CEO</i> [online]. CBS Interactive Inc, 2002-01-02 [cit. 2018-01-23]. (Tech Industry). CNET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/red-hat-buys-software-firm-shuffles-ceo">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Red+Hat+buys+software+firm%2C+shuffles+CEO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fred-hat-buys-software-firm-shuffles-ceo&rft.aulast=Shankland&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.pub=CBS+Interactive+Inc&rft.series=Tech+Industry"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrox_p-to-p-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wrox_p-to-p_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">MATTHEW, Neil; STONES, Richard. <i>Beginning Linux Programming</i>. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2011-04-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vvuzDziOMeMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9781118058619" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9781118058619"><span class="ISBN">9781118058619</span></a></span>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Beginning+Linux+Programming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvuzDziOMeMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9781118058619&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Stones%2C+Richard"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emerging-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-emerging_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">SOWE, Sulayman K; STAMELOS, Ioannis G; SAMOLADAS, Ioannis M. <i>Emerging Free and Open Source Software Practices</i>. [s.l.]: [s.n.], May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7MhTb9X4aYgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9781599042107" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9781599042107"><span class="ISBN">9781599042107</span></a></span>. S. 262–264. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Emerging+Free+and+Open+Source+Software+Practices&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7MhTb9X4aYgC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9781599042107&rft.aulast=Sowe&rft.aufirst=Sulayman+K&rft.au=Stamelos%2C+Ioannis+G&rft.au=Samoladas%2C+Ioannis+M&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=262%E2%80%93264"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buzzle-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-buzzle_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Linux: History and Introduction</i> [online]. Buzzle.com, 1991-08-25 [cit. 2018-01-23]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211040818/https://www.buzzle.com/articles/linux-history-and-introduction.html">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2017-12-11. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Linux%3A+History+and+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Farticles%2Flinux-history-and-introduction.html&rft.pub=Buzzle.com"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccune-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mccune_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">MCCUNE, Mike. <i>Integrating Linux and Windows</i>. [s.l.]: [s.n.], prosinec 2000. 30 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cz/books?id=0SM3PEH9gagC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9780130306708" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9780130306708"><span class="ISBN">9780130306708</span></a></span>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Integrating+Linux+and+Windows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0SM3PEH9gagC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9780130306708&rft.aulast=McCune&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=30"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apg-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-apg_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">SOBELL, Mark G; SEEBACH, Peter. <i>A Practical Guide To Unix For Mac Os X Users</i>. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=o9K8KEQic5sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9780131863330" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9780131863330"><span class="ISBN">9780131863330</span></a></span>. S. 4. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Guide+To+Unix+For+Mac+Os+X+Users&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9K8KEQic5sC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9780131863330&rft.aulast=Sobell&rft.aufirst=Mark+G&rft.au=Seebach%2C+Peter&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=4"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-re-e-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-re-e_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">MILLER, Barton P; KOSKI, David; LEE, Cjin Pheow; MAGANTY, Vivekananda; MURTHY, Ravi; NATARAJAN, Ajitkumar; STEIDL, Jeff. <i>Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIX Utilities and Services</i> [<a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">ps</a>]. Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin, 1995-10 [cit. 2018-01-23]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521152300/http://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2011-05-21. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Fuzz+Revisited%3A+A+Re-examination+of+the+Reliability+of+UNIX+Utilities+and+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.cs.wisc.edu%2Fpub%2Fparadyn%2Ftechnical_papers%2Ffuzz-revisited.ps&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barton+P&rft.au=Koski%2C+David&rft.au=Lee%2C+Cjin+Pheow&rft.pub=Computer+Sciences+Department%2C+University+of+Wisconsin"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-savana-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-savana_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Statistics [Savannah]</i> [online]. Free Software Foundation, Inc, 2011-02-13 [cit. 2018-01-23]. Powered by Savane 3.1-cleanup1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savannah.gnu.org/stats">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Statistics+%5BSavannah%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavannah.gnu.org%2Fstats&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation%2C+Inc"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linux-libre-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-linux-libre_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>GNU Linux-libre</i> [online]. Free Software Foundation, Inc, 2012-12-17 [cit. 2018-01-23]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU_Linux-libre">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=GNU+Linux-libre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirectory.fsf.org%2Fwiki%2FGNU_Linux-libre&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation%2C+Inc"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edp-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-edp_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">KAVANAGH, Paul. <i>Open Source Software: Implementation And Management</i>. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004-07-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=CHkHNChvPqIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9781555583200" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9781555583200"><span class="ISBN">9781555583200</span></a></span>. S. 129. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Open+Source+Software%3A+Implementation+And+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHkHNChvPqIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9781555583200&rft.aulast=Kavanagh&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.pages=129"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwarf-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dwarf_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Linux is a GNU system and the DWARF support</i> [online]. 1994-09-05 [cit. 2018-01-23]. Comp.os.linux.misc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/comp.os.linux.misc/BQVAbP6xo3M/w0v8npGiQRIJ">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Linux+is+a+GNU+system+and+the+DWARF+support&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fforum%2F%23%21msg%2Fcomp.os.linux.misc%2FBQVAbP6xo3M%2Fw0v8npGiQRIJ"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itw-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-itw_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">PROFFITT, Brian. <i>Debian GNU/Linux seeks alignment with Free Software Foundation</i> [online]. IDG Communications, Inc, 2012-07-12 [cit. 2018-01-23]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611124805/http://www.itworld.com/article/2723388/it-management/debian-gnu-linux-seeks-alignment-with-free-software-foundation.html">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2017-06-11. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Debian+GNU%2FLinux+seeks+alignment+with+Free+Software+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itworld.com%2Farticle%2F2723388%2Fit-management%2Fdebian-gnu-linux-seeks-alignment-with-free-software-foundation.html&rft.aulast=Proffitt&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.pub=IDG+Communications%2C+Inc"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lsag-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lsag_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>1.1. Linux or GNU/Linux, that is the question.</i> [online]. [cit. 2018-01-23]. Tldp.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tldp.org/LDP/sag/html/gnu-or-not.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=1.1.+Linux+or+GNU%2FLinux%2C+that+is+the+question.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tldp.org%2FLDP%2Fsag%2Fhtml%2Fgnu-or-not.html"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-d-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-e-d_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>List of Free GNU/Linux Distributions</i> [online]. Free Software Foundation, rev. 2017-12-22 [cit. 2018-01-23]. GNU Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-distros.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=List+of+Free+GNU%2FLinux+Distributions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fdistros%2Ffree-distros.html&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunos-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sunos_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">SOLTER, Nicholas A; JELINEK, Jerry; MINER, David. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2011-03-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cz/books?id=y8qaxiZNvqAC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9781118080313" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9781118080313"><span class="ISBN">9781118080313</span></a></span>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8qaxiZNvqAC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.isbn=9781118080313&rft.aulast=Solter&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A&rft.au=Jelinek%2C+Jerry&rft.au=Miner%2C+David"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-darwin-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-darwin_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>The GNU-Darwin Distribution</i> [online]. [cit. 2018-01-23]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnu-darwin.sourceforge.net">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=The+GNU-Darwin+Distribution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnu-darwin.sourceforge.net"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Projekt_GNU" title="Projekt GNU">Projekt GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hnut%C3%AD_za_svobodn%C3%BD_software&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hnutí za svobodný software (stránka neexistuje)">Hnutí za svobodný software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poznámky"><span id="Pozn.C3.A1mky"></span>Poznámky</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Poznámky" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Poznámky"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">kvůli nedokončenosti jádra GNU Hurd</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:GNU_Project" class="extiw" title="c:Category:GNU Project">GNU</a></span> na Wikimedia Commons</span></span></span><i> </i></li> <li><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Galerie <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/GNU" class="extiw" title="c:GNU">GNU</a></span> na Wikimedia Commons</span></span></li></ul> <table class="plainlinks metadata noprint pahyl" cellpadding="2" style="background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pahýl"><img alt="Pahýl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a><figcaption>Pahýl</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><i>Tento článek je příliš stručný nebo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pah%C3%BDl" title="Wikipedie:Pahýl">postrádá důležité informace</a>.<br />Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že jej vhodně <a class="external text" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU&action=edit">rozšíříte</a>. Nevkládejte však <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Autorsk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo#Publikování_cizích_autorských_děl" title="Wikipedie:Autorské právo">bez oprávnění</a> cizí texty.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox noprint" title="GNU"><table title="" class="navbox-navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks noprint hlist" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17064757">.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal}</style><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <span class="navbox-titletext"><a href="/wiki/Projekt_GNU" title="Projekt GNU">Projekt GNU</a></span> </th> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Historie</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifest" title="GNU Manifest">GNU Manifest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projekt_GNU" title="Projekt GNU">Projekt GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historie_svobodn%C3%A9ho_softwaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historie svobodného softwaru (stránka neexistuje)">Historie svobodného softwaru</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td rowspan="9" class="navbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Heckert_GNU_white.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GNU's not a Unix"><img alt="GNU's not a Unix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/120px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/250px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Licence</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affero_General_Public_License" title="Affero General Public License">Affero General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">GPL linking exception</a></li></ul> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Software</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_Hurd_NG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU Hurd NG (stránka neexistuje)">GNU Hurd NG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnash" title="Gnash">Gnash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash" title="Bash">Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC" title="GCC">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">Coreutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_build_system" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU build system">GNU build system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_gettext" title="GNU gettext">gettext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seznam_GNU_bal%C3%AD%C4%8Dk%C5%AF" title="Seznam GNU balíčků">Ostatní GNU balíčky a programy</a></li></ul> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Stoupenci</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J._Chassell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J. Chassell (stránka neexistuje)">Robert J. Chassell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo%C3%AFc_Dachary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loïc Dachary (stránka neexistuje)">Loïc Dachary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Galli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricardo Galli (stránka neexistuje)">Ricardo Galli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_C._F._Greve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg C. F. Greve (stránka neexistuje)">Georg C. F. Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Mako_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Mako Hill (stránka neexistuje)">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradley_M._Kuhn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradley M. Kuhn (stránka neexistuje)">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eben_Moglen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eben Moglen (stránka neexistuje)">Eben Moglen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brett_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brett Smith (stránka neexistuje)">Brett Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_John_Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William John Sullivan (stránka neexistuje)">John Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_H._Tower_ml.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard H. Tower ml. (stránka neexistuje)">Leonard H. Tower ml.</a></li></ul> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Ostatní</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_kontroverze" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux kontroverze">GNU/Linux - spor o jméno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Code_(film)" title="The Code (film)">The Code</a> (film)</li></ul> </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="navbox noprint" title="Operační systémy"><table title="" class="navbox-navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17064757" /><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <span class="navbox-titletext"><a href="/wiki/Opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Operační systém">Operační systémy</a></span> </th> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/BSD" title="BSD">BSD</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> • <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> • <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> • <a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a> — <a href="/wiki/MINIX_3" title="MINIX 3">Minix 3</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Linux_(j%C3%A1dro)" title="Linux (jádro)">Linux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linuxov%C3%A1_distribuce" title="Linuxová distribuce">distribuce</a>)</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> </div><table title="" class="navbox-subgroup nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><tbody><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">(Deb)</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> (1993) • <a href="/wiki/Knoppix" title="Knoppix">Knoppix</a> (2000) • <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> (2004) </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">(RPM)</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a> (1994) • <a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> (2003) • <a href="/wiki/Mandriva_Linux" title="Mandriva Linux">Mandriva</a> (2005) </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">(Portage)</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a> (2002) </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">(AUR)</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a> (2002) • <a href="/wiki/Manjaro_Linux" title="Manjaro Linux">Manjaro</a> (2011) </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">další</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slackware" title="Slackware">Slackware</a> (1993) • <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a> (1996) • <a href="/wiki/Slax" title="Slax">Slax</a> (2002) • <a href="/wiki/Seznam_distribuc%C3%AD_Linuxu" title="Seznam distribucí Linuxu">další…</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GNU</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a> — <a href="/wiki/SeL4" title="SeL4">seL4</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Licence_MIT" title="Licence MIT">MIT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Softwarov%C3%A1_licence" title="Softwarová licence">licence</a>)</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Fuchsia (operační systém)">Fuchsia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Haiku (operační systém)">Haiku</a> — <a href="/wiki/Redox_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Redox (operační systém)">Redox</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">(Mac) OS X • <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.6" title="Mac OS X 10.6">10.6 (Snow Leopard)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.7" title="Mac OS X 10.7">10.7 (Lion)</a> • <a href="/wiki/OS_X_10.8" title="OS X 10.8">10.8 (Mountain Lion)</a> • <a href="/wiki/OS_X_10.9" title="OS X 10.9">10.9 (Mavericks)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=OS_X_10.10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS X 10.10 (stránka neexistuje)">OS X 10.10 Yosemite</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=OS_X_10.11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OS X 10.11 (stránka neexistuje)">OS X 10.11 El Capitan</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MacOS_10.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacOS 10.12 (stránka neexistuje)">macOS 10.12 Sierra</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MacOS_10.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacOS 10.13 (stránka neexistuje)">macOS 10.13 High Sierra</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MacOS_10.14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacOS 10.14 (stránka neexistuje)">macOS 10.14 Mojave</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MacOS_10.15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacOS 10.15 (stránka neexistuje)">macOS 10.15 Catalina</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MacOS_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacOS 11 (stránka neexistuje)">macOS 11 Big Sur</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MacOS_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacOS 12 (stránka neexistuje)">macOS 12 Monterey</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> • <a href="/wiki/DR_DOS" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a> • <a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a> • <a href="/wiki/PTS-DOS" title="PTS-DOS">PTS-DOS</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> </div><table title="" class="navbox-subgroup nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><tbody><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Windows pro <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a> (1985) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">Windows 2.0</a> (1987) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a> (1990) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1x" title="Windows 3.1x">Windows 3.1x</a> (1992) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> (1995) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> (1998) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_ME" title="Windows ME">Windows ME</a> (2000) </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a> (1993) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">Windows NT 3.5</a> (1994) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.51" title="Windows NT 3.51">Windows NT 3.51</a> (1995) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> (1996) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> (2000) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> (2001) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> (2003) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> (2007) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> (2008) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> (2009) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> (2009) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> (2012) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a> (2012) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> (2013) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a> (2013) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> (2015) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a> (2016) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> (2021) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2025" title="Windows Server 2025">Windows Server 2025</a> (2024) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_12" title="Windows 12">Windows 12</a> (ve vývoji) </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a> → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> → <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> (2010) → <a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 Mobile</a> (2016) </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">Vývoj zrušen</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Cairo (operační systém)">Cairo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Windows_Nashville" title="Windows Nashville">Nashville</a> • <a href="/wiki/Windows_Neptune" title="Windows Neptune">Neptune</a> • <a href="/wiki/Windows_Odyssey" title="Windows Odyssey">Odyssey</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Mobiln%C3%AD_telefon" title="Mobilní telefon">Mobilní telefony</a> a <a href="/wiki/Personal_Digital_Assistant" title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDA</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Android_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Android (operační systém)">Android</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bada" title="Bada">Bada</a> • <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a> • <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maemo" title="Maemo">Maemo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Symbian_OS" title="Symbian OS">Symbian OS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a> • <a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">webOS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">další</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> • <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Solaris (operační systém)">Solaris</a> • <a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> • <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> • <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS</a> • <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Syllable_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Syllable (operační systém)">Syllable</a> • <a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a> • <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">Chrome OS</a> • <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">historické</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mac_OS_(Classic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mac OS (Classic) (stránka neexistuje)">Mac OS (Classic)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> • <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a> • <a href="/wiki/XENIX" title="XENIX">XENIX</a> </p> </div> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </div> <style 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aria-labelledby="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44571#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox2-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44571#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" scope="row" class="navbox2-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritn%C3%AD_kontrola" title="Autoritní kontrola">Autoritní data</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44571#identifiers" title="Editovat na Wikidatech"><img alt="Editovat na Wikidatech" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" 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