CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91358a6eef1181c5',cH: 'vKanimVZfO9GVHsErKym9GJ0rpzbSX5otu3Sm4VkJsc-1739792826-1.2.1.1-DawqInwociktq3EeUJwAz_zZUfnpj4aO3fVyZQFnjC97uwdrRZDju9H6.3xpSbVu',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Palestinian%20undergraduates&__cf_chl_tk=mZenjern0GDQMdU_hwClY28Dtoaqmm0nZaa6pS0jc_s-1739792826-1.0.1.1-82wdjNiDEDRT3wq5NOl3rhLL9EFXf8sUpXHcBLu3pEM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792826',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Palestinian%20undergraduates&__cf_chl_f_tk=mZenjern0GDQMdU_hwClY28Dtoaqmm0nZaa6pS0jc_s-1739792826-1.0.1.1-82wdjNiDEDRT3wq5NOl3rhLL9EFXf8sUpXHcBLu3pEM",md: "8.FohfWCBDy5ynUKaAb1OI7XbYdlbLH_uYqUStv3Wlk-1739792826-1.2.1.1-TGJC4.8y6zxun_DxloyugxLs4jVr99ltfiSxPwtFbizcjceuH6UK6RTX4qwQt8XQf1r4scAm.Z8z78hv_9ApuNc_VziEAnL.9H4d3uwMm6crsbqv6d8BByWurZ7OGPflCACpTTc290Gydakz31Azyd5lbpEGqQeuWzTA10X_D8fuzZeOF90zAJyYlFQDRastJm5zdPfDP4s2.FVUaEFSXEQYltGeYMuuvbQHoSaWP0t7QN_C3Sk3twzpYCEENv_Ag1G6p8Ag0pr.JKrwbhKgnvsmkioNzOJVWosYGWFxZgoY2eQzPqP53zVKr1_nfzkP2xecZeRt8f2zN_PjtaCJT82LLQY7qdRw7pGj63ryunjZ1Jrc.nxWXy_FAqVedJ_EkRjDzdzWX8vRkTsycA56WF_9.rZmHFSUWq.IDPH94oFySR2ZBsFDRzscSSRHnICO4IRGxoIaddSomoTAnixMn2KfOd9dyOzx4dkxneV1aLuhClXIm8rCRLsbwwbHbTCnQdM68UoNfnegBoc6feTIFAbl0KGJriXN_9cen1sr6fKdNNH5ZLnpf3QJkSismYxcALn__4SYFUTnUMUPgrmtNUx8AYUij_WmZ2U8PLLYWEE3h76j8FfFlvYg4iZdhfRVX_mL1Er8brH0zEY1fpc7En0UHjCtZ6FU.XMtmupwWYsIeRjlgGk2eU2VeMuEteYv1yz_BeBWnQP55ZtKxRkNMId5qD7Yi5m2vRWagaiCjkfHYJX8BiBf00YO2NIq.GVjinrhTBQpsm.96GxBCcYsSiTQpJdDD4lAUFiKofCjaC9xohXqUArvkwVCrhw.qNuC1UDphokMMBfO8tPwYKdn4C3rmcaEIwy6twRGlhZtCX_hhST8o8UWb4HwLjs8TGc6DOt5wXzajAFt4Lahp_V.ZBIWS5Y6fLf0PTND.xL88DvIjoYuOIdtVwmD6mnwl1kH2XtCIC3vIJZmqRDUY212kZJ3Q.Qu1rtkzt_aKNUPhw5w95J2NOCsE6QxJulfefCzv7YKuB.0cocHBLgCElOezIFDGin_0pwqlpYApWu8s4e2Z17oY30dZZGEijPjNObi170zXdBUseXnZOMNuKwppHQTEmv44oAn4iij3zIZF4L9lLC5RViFyn_i3w.nc_L.p9N0dHi9oJThOTCBl7BIEF8XpxT2qCga8faLekOabxzmaoDls9kFpynaZlKCNkVX5ddVqd_LCC6QmL9e7Nxxg9MnzPT1WuG08r0n5MWNZ0xpzFh3mEl4yG0sPbpSsfJSZkcRfvJ4nuu7J5m2Io5muC1Mebbmij9NNUwjEmNW8e8LZIc8ukU7YoVnfFMNm2QUEFRg54ltRL4Kyo6dxpavLxtKsnfwo7PeJnAFMv6luwfPicoE7zZaprWBKpzblqztdYoThF1NMaNM57w2t5GyuOmoBPUUplEz4H9_6WJ8Ly97_9qlHCy4QuK1UzXj_41nu.6cQeoNDqOMv4_qFVTzH2gucmxWNGBIWyQcppU9c7rhd6Gn0WvYDWpisGrkEjV46cZRRoFprnkQrCO1Pg2WMuC6fuVCAN7ZZ8fMTePP645w5pJOYH2x8pG1iRGtDaLIowYGpkmqWEngs_NBvZGemnzv3jn5qPOQCHXCIsdzuX8hM5s9fCJZcQmZ_YhUCSzq0xVqWLaRP74TwlrGLwO_BxZ1cdC.RS6UTzeYHwrDg_rlkZZAhsHMU1y9M0EwdJiXzpjpldYiluncihQLgcWrCKyuQ5MT9..9bhyNXBt_y51bozRDsqYN47dx5FfXFaa3zAKqN_GIXlbWXJAs.D0kQZ0ekLZ_FFeWz54.AIPkZOkADNJbt95XgtPOgDNNaPS1gSbPcQJXlZ_4zmI1L4jGsoh9iFbpfSWWqMYR72cTaW5Zs3H.ctbBLHoF1hHc3mbexG5uwLx42PW8NA9M5pPBcKFsTfJjxL409oB3CND9izLnvYzjIr3VUxniCR49U68M",mdrd: "VDWQWIgYEWUlQKEbHO8aZVWlkjZ2As.dX7gZx6jYTQU-1739792826-1.2.1.1-yxveISZEa10LKp8M07rqn2G5Jn6Y_GuUkmi9gN5bJUPmStPIs6Ia8r3eM_L0YJBrsD3AELcKmYiYXpLEWJdkSOyLEFixXldyuEJuGnoUnFetKMK.V8GTtu1xfWN7rdo5tDSsZHRWHpfafU4QNHk7qIe.S9FVopV1bKRIyYAfU91yviKW1.F5idDRD64rJzwRL5UMOyUk_yN_aFHJGpYHHEXXTjcOCcQxQT6_ZUUrea4_cM9gmCMfdVVCCIh5j19qsPolR15QegQa3LeoHQ0S2qHY1iOIszt41uJ4Nb5jyYNXjes7RSQFAU9IeNtmvV0xAmKSrhYfp6EvbchSnRKOArwxNWe1EagcdcrqC4oCzdqq39sAxPAgrLSnp79uSp6H054z_AGqZxiKDKeZ87_hqz0X4L.Rt92LnWTIqgSwSdRpNKDJrMAVGOTdE8OZhYOXNjXn4rhnOlWSUWxX.i6tOS2nXkocVcF_gby7cfZm_Ky6v.iWe7MCsTz9DtLqpArA4wSg8ZTFsew7iyslgVounHvhJMIELgE63JKUGauerw_C400sLNr5FwIWkxY27tXtf1AlyqcmdeAkQDil7cX_t3xlR2mXEWvrmDRxsN2J8EnA.TI6Mo.E7FLQm1sW8FBAC_JnDtO2SO1fn..2LhWALltfmFStWP3MCtiliLtQZ.7nvvffqd6MkzTr9mgGZ.68OJbMe31ShzLFKQh1KzdthnsgKMnI1BZ2OD65eBtdPRvNNIEnttgfQ0XlaLObEramMqv7AWLj6_RBcdftbCp54dEAqCZ.korrgQNCUCGINJOspyI.eWIyTUFPNzN0.aI_EvjnMo.ZNMkWBNH4V_P3xA_8CsCw8cu4s6WOHnfRwbSMS0d1qAWBPy6eog6s3DgYwdCgry0ayXOh.BmN7F8qP.sh0ZNYCK12EeC0Yjhy5j9uwtwq7SyEn7dkeSv3K_v9NvCRpuh66uQxj6SO7eeFn2HMiDo8iYJAvUJhN7j9uGat7VgbcpVj6Ew1YIXZPrwaX2SQntBRVn1b6Kb8TZ_27qQn3fZkZobGspW.7cX6BOSLpYzVmB3H2mFC6agYvoJelslQol6fAPOMsq2oiQWEVVgDkFIGYD9rnBFyBmRynnbky6FqZrxVNUo1_uXNJ9Ex166CqpOEDacP8PRA7l_poKy4hkXp.rW2BPgnHKKpZxCFcU1PLpTFu8YcqeCSjQ0nNCo81Z2f2iIdOEcK1iG1kh67KuCXaOSMDDBoYq1siENV9uai_vT_L5SDAJF6grdX21.v3l.DlCH9WUqkTJfs3e8bqA1GJjbjBvWsgg8TGpjx2vXF1TrWNBHkazCDNwNzeTgmVAwAW9LYc4UhajTNXb_V2tuACmrB1MKy0EeODH4Kf2iL3KbV6zRt4Dzf4nsRXUm1FK7dbU6xIdJQZ3qqjY8OTvED4C4RWeosVkNpX7EiRBnPdTBcpp6jXbe1ynVFXYPyBXlnuRD8Dq5Hk.29cNy0KHePjMRvvEnTc8mvdQRTMG.j4MOlWO771sRAwtSMZffysllitz2mQaNwElcAaod.V4.XtQXG_N8OpsK82mLT0PW3ylke_tfNEeyelfKotzaXf9Z46VmmTvCASGkjAgeau.Uh2MvYoxZ1zehZ1TY3Q.1wd3ZCKlQJzcj_.wLc_XCzuaTzDMK9IVTZHTcf9.Z90jL_qtP2U6M8UerokQMi1zHE4yJ0.dJ0t.PntPJhlB_XD_7215W98f2KVc7t7E3xSgGcvsp9A3vNwjW2oor9dEFO82IY_FpfLNmlcF.a8cIkHpqG4ZDM7cOL4RInj2_aGnZKAEMIGgVU5bNnGBzD.WMx.bYhslhdPEDdD0FQkXVX0hpgjkhtZk7wkl9XjmZsZpu_MdpFmmA56xusUQ3uawTzRnAg1vuyeFkWZa.1n2o3EhAK8YN_dnIFzx_W4Z80X.fW_OJRRn6HBCtRdmDS2mJq.hZM4QScboxaDNaQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91358a6eef1181c5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Palestinian%20undergraduates&__cf_chl_rt_tk=mZenjern0GDQMdU_hwClY28Dtoaqmm0nZaa6pS0jc_s-1739792826-1.0.1.1-82wdjNiDEDRT3wq5NOl3rhLL9EFXf8sUpXHcBLu3pEM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>