CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "diabetesjournals.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e9042753a3bcdf5',cH: '74HQSyrj74U1AX90HtpnGFaV76Ca3NLCV3hH6oetF6M-1732691019-1.2.1.1-e0GONJY1j6.1t2kecmp_obR8n8Z3uB8D_ketND4mHh3EjroacW9O640ObtqFqbiO',cUPMDTk: "\/care\/article\/43\/9\/2183\/35867\/Mechanisms-of-Sodium-Glucose-Cotransporter-2?__cf_chl_tk=FK8x8PRMrD6rFYwhRWfI4bu17kvUo3hjUNGg8tqqiOo-1732691019-1.0.1.1-I70XZjhxYp4Lnng1XJ0dr9c1RQOopYY5jki_keVYdd0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1732691019',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/care\/article\/43\/9\/2183\/35867\/Mechanisms-of-Sodium-Glucose-Cotransporter-2?__cf_chl_f_tk=FK8x8PRMrD6rFYwhRWfI4bu17kvUo3hjUNGg8tqqiOo-1732691019-1.0.1.1-I70XZjhxYp4Lnng1XJ0dr9c1RQOopYY5jki_keVYdd0",md: "4Ogi.08z3HQ0wzwpJc1ueNP62kmt6MpQWOgJ1EcvGK0-1732691019-1.2.1.1-xzXyQPhQWLZwgjlt8_vNmgBqgmudMy5LxoaxBcTV3RFVz7v8qO7s5RLLQoDb4ka0rESijkHp2uBoIsbzNcopCDPlXC3VKQyoXTtsGdhyPt7hPpSvlvrAWuiJdAoqOJ_qAEfuIo84QFE9eagtDGp1femkiYleur46Tn321axNyH6ZMW1xz4xxWeaazWt8qQUFrWtNMQb_xlAF5JwcY1vr.BSWc9ukAxFaFW.pzp33Dq1n_WLTTM8ZXD2AMW7N1e92YykjvvBsrSgoRdzGtB81uY6fVXxrHKR.IFbwyQPxJeAvkpA343wTRxOTo.W0ViRIktW0RUPgQbxPnh.f_M8x419dbTudHEsmGF2Txt6hGA.xQ3AoY3FtiBLSPZn2W9fvAR2UG31aOmzwgDxZnYpErhAIh2Q.Fv_YsA2aRh8wE8Rivr0YwzE83Ni06H1FQrHzDFyHlwV3tkXnoObgTu8irOoSR6FYro0HNmmtmNWZAAD7BvJwKL0qIVm8Dml_8xMofju0x1zT39FddYaI1MK2V83GuO0vqWclI68rvODrO0Inxy_31.EbGAgmLX.2m6RezMGjxIyYXN_cFY_jzDXnSPZ2TxeP.xjWn4aA0fblFj0CxOeqXbx.UMHn6ImOD3oGtVWA4auAf5YCuuf9EPwmPZZs2VTK0Ifk4.VyEfTiPZXsX6hiGEp9BJDTyvXpgZAUG3.ryocn7zPsuZdrAlRBafOK4sYVQmxXJqIJCCtL9rwFwJ9m9nBy5hWnxzHZFiv2vjbueCJ6aMlo.zg7KbPuOKraZAmSqL6Zh5IwgZQsbSYcL0J8C.mJInV.Vo9re7Np5tOuqOyR6M6VPMna_EPBkq5IGb7gZz7dxljV7RBgPIgQem8yadvXz6lYLvRC8x18324XjG8FHRb7EiJgE3tm4f0VLqPLNz6ghnhF192TcaYWskm3wg0L9SInaHqcn1_VO8ulAVgnqhIY8uqfOwlFfh6_Js2PYf4Ie6o2.BIGJewNptptrmuuuZdqOcl3Qc_m880o_lrI9WyOPb17QVtgSJmtzb1zKskksv5Ga4dle2qCG5eWSDueZW83B_sRnVrHGIh8FxQw3_qRvgruqaeC_8Ig1QquhE7r0fdpv3HvuefkY8CgkeaKg9Awt9bgOuKYLsVdtyfbTMqH5zeJJS0t7r4OsJIb_uehzC0aJ0Nf0SFMH08vK4tCrUZV14yVDPm3Cj.7dtVWAn7eFehQ7qF7IYH2XwD4tnosG0ME496zNf.t.z.2SpC5.wtP2bNpkmnzIUkV8VePhi1KF6LOb.I8V3i6Y1tKiV9GkLoI0Sr10kCp6.5yxB0eUWOnkNX.anptGpEpSYBXtU0nau1HKTEn2Sum8KHn1lo0cTcmEKND3wuCgfdmoDVh38dpF88oNaStskmqAdXyXHCvs_nJ2pmdC4l8iRlrm5_fOVSucBe1dDdwentnFOgNyZbI0l7roPvMWcklWXOfH8GmxNncQmvd.aMi.aGOrZVIueniLZf5dLhcswqhAPPhWQEpcW.r3YibDXwVqDukweZislCP1ljJ2alB1AI9serIMG_D5YhBMyeWvjSM.LAIRzOxHb.dWisnouD5rR0VhASyEC6Bh4fB1vjrQPr5eN81MKwbyxOJvB98PDyltI8i3SKv6dqR7pXYycJjkw_6tAROsMXpUmGv9uE0Q58fpODLc5mzErTKX2ZD_iw6PStI5d3rxBE1A_WZcAsziaSRQAxQXvho.TeczFtwWy2JyTMtZdUb.mFpF9ziQ2BYHFWdC.E97PWcVZQIMYKPK.aJbHUmuROdRGWJRz06cAe3Z0XcIyC6ONn4ZP4KOuk93w6VAe5RjESG78Tn84Dp8OE9TU2AV9gNh7rHP4G8rldTRb1lHXS0HXCy2SV_D_D0LZbzxsFjmRld1vF24raQzLn8c59yefjHGB1x6udqk1ta1sYB5CYCnl1Sg.wG.qhIyNS9x2Qp8xzVzSRWvsK6UxK5yvMV79di6pi9NW08utQJ0uM6MKV4xtfe00PiGUmqOMhkOoM0XXRAxb26oslFJGCEq59LchzAKzRd5I5GPd.ub1I3B6cTPKEzE64DXJPIb7rRLtBwZcFGCZ47EaY.JixqhJ4o2Hsw0.X3iuEiNeH1BOXaLhk_culwm8HCmpbZUEAZFlZSz4RcorgBCjn2EGnfgnZMwdbWUoEw.hYH48fMMzMqZjDV6ctR2f.RX_syaLS78wqzHjeSSoICcMj.4J4aGPEcUHW1jCxv2of4HbrvodItMkjnHv7YgYyX6f7gJK9zDRIynMxx.zUwCtGQLwZo9oFd9Ml05076uGxnisF7g6jtlseIb8IQkVj6IGq9_YCQ9fIctKGAivxI38DFtu9.TMz7lQiiRSMfQ3hOwBksUaBCgY.v9p4hpY2ExAFoWOdjMZG8o_6mPt3s2FeTJVL3jA3v3H1moJT.WM1nkzoHaQjLU1M_qk4RZz.e8x4RGM.BkjCWlfgQeObbWNUfgnXcYSwVNx2leyNuErKQjt1ogBdduKfxca6_MYEKKw3QI9qYf2ofQlKFO8jyuCS_uHEBrjYz.dTj4t0TuEwfgyQK5DpI2c7afyZPanLro_lonlJbrMWiuxO.g8f1BS7efHNmu_ohfTWXry6aIVvYgaUI4I0Y8_MaJ7Z1UTwCDoalZgkhgVyuOAw2KX1OAjZOrCi7WmJ1jvJx2Pae3ALHLXTwkF5jQlKIVw4UDeV7UdnvxKVuEMRIFG.2VFZj1q0UGHgRtqfXXiylDLz_YBwH_Dcx7Vf8a31yxJK2tJYaKyNYnpFa.3a3C2Rh_d_v1I253n.z7WiBu8N81s68RZTzL9k8XOoxcT3.UOf0313AVkidMX8uK0gYEDxybWvkL9XFOOCz41YMG8.qdh7oDyCK8pdjQFZZ0vcbYO0BCcy..NockULjd5R3vw5fGX3xgL89tMTy494h7k3zicGTr1zSbzbEj94jM63Vx0ogZ2Ol_6l.KtBE6YyefHqfQJTgEUyUK1SsbOATi7cV0IYR_Nu7DCLjOsutMi.2.yo17gbrOTJ9k_LuY5_vyzUPAbhi_vvaegYnKxZpCibEbQKLNzb724GRBiCLeOJX2bb5Lik",mdrd: "bynM5Tvq5vQMKFz4e94Ffrz5vKt3gdMaMuZpCr4zYLo-1732691019-1.2.1.1-qSocCi83uWp7IWFBrULXvIomYUnBfPfy7f3qHiIwbfC3uod8AK2ssvnhHruVBBY4VTt3IKQ1k3ZPXCc5oRpe4UT_d9ZnimAGrFbvGbnvvU12Jp2MN8BkwG3UsurgrpP57dq.95hNmvO5_NAAGyJHxq.4vofCYGnuKUVOfqWrDK9AbFR306c3beWWSwsgZWE.Bn_3jb_wcPUbOjVqvW.BS.3DQTg8tPkaHrT0nTFEwJ57uB8oiWpbUQvezuKR8hZxlX.K9pNjNzsvOEm9WAGt0ZWDhLKIjnWf2lqLZk0qlkhG0_WsVc.7OExcahOV0esWvhcrPAOXx5P2v94b.Xmh8vleEoK3YI8CDtljKrGYiUzJbUZ0vdG9o72eU.60.KYY8XaHHtj20naXznK0D9h8SH2V8iLlDeoDtjaap46n0JlDA4iZ_6uE9UnSaHZAZRn2W1hQAiMWwsX0ddl5lpdIDU2MRgp5n8GkFz3dcP78AAthxvcqrIUW5I.Qu71_CDiT4TjBpQSevzpp2f.CinFCe87Lip2U9A2Mzkizzjf1FEuWtGqx.l7iNuJvsmWTwkZWeTd5r2n8nqy8u_RIi7R1IEUUSXIZiT2dobPlFumnPo8oHEYDrZv1In7IXiPfxmdK80Vow8OCTtwuS6zN8A0gHl0GZtUBZUEV2HmjS1OSpFxlxfLwAzqZPEVoq5DHhg_0EHXWwfe0F06ImWR9sdzJAkRDqm1aPXWLxA7RUEmaO9aSBtECy4X6OC1eLY1XEsNiAnIiWaZkD9qU4JIHX9zH6rQ0TRBbuRX4f08i7hxSdhGxBW0fG5qJ6LbG3DtxA3CJJyGXgw7kPA2eRw73uG0n55WiSkipiV7KbZ1wVybfPdfU0KHC9FBD7hwMRxSQM8VcDyPTovPcY25wTykLIp2KQVOPrAFiV9sYAYLA0B_3PthQ9V7qfSiAFaLwXGiRM2lcITcpmQxv31X_qeKX0zKlpHhuaYVlmj8kfytlDRR1K41IWNe47byuLR.FFLY2BOt26qt5fEm_YvhtCXZWZjU2B2zUGN1Exofy8EL5iHlWaEnJV5j9aqvAVxUeq2c88FWejzkUcHbDNIo2mYYOA78skJtSGQ_A_KErVo47Ut2kZwYDHUIsJj2paQQ4vEbRSDhZWGtXF_rtbezhrusk72.fiERVwL9CgdbarDg64f_6E6ZVxqljvpH8F5B6mJjKqshzgOmvDNyJav0pGlvubxPU9LP0wkCiTbf6qi8x2BzePFf0R.t0LmKpIK3rvYRD3T.vljfzyykoZVkoKPPZn0iZc4TgoFBvIGPfHxhwNzzOzQlDiSgr4SUBaTzOsV81B7_VuPJmKc2zxEdGDjtWpWWFai6PUY9JcQM098bYI2tb14D7vC0VtwxYO1wjIEbEQtX0xNuWvfvqcR1rK.3vwVjhZXfDnHr.jSS122oJlSJFLaZEJoVG2Rz_o86YwsrMnZL2yEasU3wZ7SaxRr0sOW8Hp.uwX5KGgshtr9YFvtaWR1TJKLdPkbZyRbn6XP2OCHs7BnepzMHlYbKsHDRWr9_dFcaudofFH4cIbCjFbCGu16uUENuXjrjrPkdGcBMWDfGCDYJeozfN_4d8L.zkm.T1kx_A5vVswhh0LLVMSKjnFXNOCAS8hv75OIm22PzVQtVhFIIbc4lmeOvhHXGzftOqC2dhaSHtnR429ATcz3fUoO6fPdokHUjLpigtXGuEgBlaNQq8q2M1RULq3RCYi3elGnxteEqvH8LHoaCQOJRbMYWOLHC8fv8fpYGQuy2mNWjWT3FwWeA0CmeYf4D1pnFX3bzI10vCs0pqZWUKSOXrgfreXmQqU5dteA4VCu4h1u9BSASUzdEfSCkU6YzfN5aWzQlV2pFlBx9ruNMRN62Rajf8vWT2pghGMWBcpP2n489g4xLh6AqLfYTRlWOd_vlKtGNBJ8b_haFirpgodek57qc9IwqVM.ML6bjAlNKR0ziR2dE8OrRI5Fu4hqH5mPekPw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e9042753a3bcdf5';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/care\/article\/43\/9\/2183\/35867\/Mechanisms-of-Sodium-Glucose-Cotransporter-2?__cf_chl_rt_tk=FK8x8PRMrD6rFYwhRWfI4bu17kvUo3hjUNGg8tqqiOo-1732691019-1.0.1.1-I70XZjhxYp4Lnng1XJ0dr9c1RQOopYY5jki_keVYdd0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>