How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power

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She is the author of more than five dozen works concerning trade, investment, and international dispute settlement, among other related research areas. She has also acted as counsel or arbitrator in over two dozen international disputes. Among other leadership roles, she has served on the Executive Council and Executive Committee of the American Society of International Law and is co-Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of International Economic Law. Prior to joining the academy, Professor Claussen was Associate General Counsel at the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. Earlier in her career, she was Legal Counsel at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague covering disputes between countries and investment law arbitrations. She is a graduate of the Yale Law School, Queen’s University Belfast where she was a Mitchell Scholar, and Indiana University where she was a Wells Scholar. Kathleen is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/346311658f26d1a57a04f5ffc490789d","name":"Timothy Meyer","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/7502cd74dd3cc5e1b22c503c663797d7","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e0a0621aa87439d7fb8434dc77697156?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e0a0621aa87439d7fb8434dc77697156?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Timothy Meyer"},"description":"Timothy Meyer (@Tim_L_Meyer) is the Richard Allen/Cravath Distinguished Professor in International Business Law and co-director of the Center for International and Comparative Law at Duke University School of Law. He is an expert in international trade and investment law, international environmental law, and U.S. foreign relations law. Meyer serves on the Board of Editors of the American Journal of International Law, the Journal of International Economic Law, and is an elected member of the American Law Institute. He regularly serves both as counsel and as an expert in international arbitrations and in cases raising international and foreign relations law issues in U.S. courts. The European Union has named Meyer to its list of possible chairpersons for arbitrations and trade and sustainable development disputes arising under its trade agreements. Before entering the academy, he served as an attorney-adviser in the U.S. State Department’s Office of the Legal Adviser and clerked for the Honorable Neil M. Gorsuch. Tim is also on LinkedIn.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security » Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-C8GWL90XNK" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.2'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/97760\/economic-security-presidential-power\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? 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background-position:center center;"> <div class="overlay"></div> <div class="pagewidth pw1400"> <div class="title-wrap"> <h1>How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power </h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p><p class="date">July 16, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-97760" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-97760" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-97760" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/biden-administration/" rel="tag">Biden administration</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/china/" rel="tag">China</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/constitutional-law/" rel="tag">constitutional law</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-branch/" rel="tag">executive branch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/separation-of-powers/" rel="tag">Separation of powers</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/trade/" rel="tag">trade</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/trump-administration/" rel="tag">Trump administration</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p><p class="date">July 16, 2024</p></div><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Biden administration’s recent </span><a href="https://apnews.com/article/biden-china-tariffs-electric-vehicles-evs-solar-2024ba735c47e04a50898a88425c5e2c#:~:text=Computer%20chip%20tariffs%20will%20double,critical%20minerals%20and%20medical%20products."><span style="font-weight: 400;">decision</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to raise tariffs on Chinese goods ranging from electric vehicles and advanced batteries to medical equipment came as little surprise in an election year. The White House </span><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/05/14/fact-sheet-president-biden-takes-action-to-protect-american-workers-and-businesses-from-chinas-unfair-trade-practices/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">described</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the move as one that would create “good jobs in key sectors that are vital for America’s economic future and national security.” This latest development followed the Trump administration’s original imposition of tariffs on other products from China in an effort to </span><a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10553"><span style="font-weight: 400;">stop Beijing’s theft of sensitive technologies</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and intellectual property. Now, several years on, it is clear that imposing tariffs was only one exercise of the executive branch’s foreign commercial power – and one of an increasing number of tools that the executive branch justifies by linking foreign commerce issues to U.S. security.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indeed, officials from both the Trump and Biden administrations have invoked economic security as a reason for action across a wide range of policy issues. In addition to tariffs on goods from China and on steel and aluminum, take the proposed </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90191/u-s-outbound-investment-program-could-signal-spread-of-similar-efforts/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">outbound investment screening mechanism</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the Trump administration’s efforts to </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/11/13/933916944/trump-ordered-tiktok-to-be-sold-off-but-then-ignored-the-deadline"><span style="font-weight: 400;">force a sale</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of TikTok, or the extensive new </span><a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/balancing-ledger-export-controls-us-chip-technology-china#:~:text=On%20October%207%2C%202022%2C%20the,equipment%2C%20and%20know%2Dhow."><span style="font-weight: 400;">export controls</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, as obvious examples. The justifications reflect a broader conversation on security that is now pervasive in trade policy circles. Compare the U.S. Trade Representative’s Annual Report </span><a href="https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/reports-and-publications/2016/2016-trade-policy-agenda-and-2015-Annual-Report"><span style="font-weight: 400;">published in 2016</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to the version published this March. The 2016 report mentioned security 25 times, frequently in the context of food security. The 2024 report mentioned security 129 times. And the 2024 Report added a section on “enhancing economic security,” just one example of the </span><a href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/peak-economic-security-the-securitization-of-u.s.-china-economic-relations-and-rethinking-resilience"><span style="font-weight: 400;">securitization</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of U.S. foreign affairs, especially in Washington’s relationship with Beijing.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In a forthcoming </span><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4831279"><span style="font-weight: 400;">article</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, we argue that this linking of “foreign commerce” to “economic security” in U.S. policymaking has had the effect of dangerously, and often erroneously, intermingling authority that Congress has delegated to the executive branch with the president’s constitutional powers to oversee foreign affairs. The Constitution </span><a href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/article-1/section-8/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">assigns</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> plenary authority over taxes, tariffs, and commerce – including, explicitly, foreign commerce – to Congress. The Constitution </span><a href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/article-2/section-2/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">assigns</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> other kinds of foreign affairs powers, such as the role of commander-in-chief of the armed forces or the power to negotiate treaties, to the president. The executive branch</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">’</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">s authority over foreign commerce began as a statutory authority, but over time the executive, with some backing from the courts, has increasingly claimed that such authority has constitutional dimensions. Constitutional claims over the president</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">’</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">s non-commercial foreign affairs authority have begun to engulf understandings of Congress</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">’</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">s plenary authority over the regulation of commerce with foreign nations – from the perspective of both the executive branch as well as the courts. </span></p> <h2><b>Assertions of Executive Branch Power in Foreign Commerce</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Officials from both the Biden and Trump administrations have advanced novel arguments before the courts asserting this point: foreign commerce is part of security, and therefore the president has his own constitutional foundations for action in the domain of commerce. In a </span><a href="http://cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/19-1727.Opinion.2-28-2020_1542185.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">case</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> concerning the Trump administration’s tariffs on steel and aluminum, the government </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/AIIS-govt-brief.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">argued</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that “[t]he President</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">’</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">s coexistent constitutional foreign affairs and national security responsibilities compel the conclusion that Congress did not enact an unconstitutional statute.” In the context of a case about tariffs, this claim is extraordinary. The text of the Constitution expressly allocates the power to tax, as well as the power to regulate foreign commerce, to Congress exclusively. It makes no difference that the statute in question – </span><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/19/1862"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> – invites the president to evaluate a threat to national security as a predicate to exercising purely delegated power to impose taxes. Such an exercise of delegated power does not open the door to his constitutional authority; rather, it draws on his expertise. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The idea that statutory interpretation – which, as the Supreme Court </span><a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-6086_2b8e.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">has emphasized</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, is the crux of nondelegation analysis – would be different because the president has constitutional authority over other kinds of foreign affairs issues represents a significant effort to expand extra-textual presidential foreign affairs powers into areas reserved to Congress. And this argument was not a one-off. Although courts have not embraced the executive branch’s most expansive arguments, they have usually upheld challenged action that the executive branch has defended in these terms. For example, in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Transpacific Steel LLC v. United States</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the government </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Transpacific-govt-brief.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">defended</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the president’s decision to impose additional tariffs under Section 232 after the statutory deadline for presidential action by arguing that the president has inherent authority to modify his actions “when the President is exercising powers that are quintessentially executive in nature” such as “foreign policy and national security.” Although the Federal Circuit did not embrace this expansive argument explicitly, </span><a href="http://cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/20-2157.OPINION.7-13-2021_1803293.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">it interpreted</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Section 232 to allow the president to modify his actions after the statutory deadline. In this way too, disputes over foreign commerce are coming to resemble those over national security, where the president (almost) </span><a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300253108/the-national-security-constitution-in-the-twenty-first-century/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">always wins</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <h2><b>Congress Can Restore the Balance</b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Given that the courts usually have not been willing to course-correct in this area, it falls on Congress to restore the balance in its favor. And rightly so; the complex geopolitical problems of today may require more guidance from our elected leaders. Existing delegations to the executive branch – which, like Section 232 and </span><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/19/2411"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, often date from the Cold War – are imperfect instruments for the set of geoeconomic challenges currently facing the United States. Congress should reconsider these authorities with attention to the domestic, economic, and foreign policy challenges of this century, not the last. To the extent “economic security” is a central element of U.S. foreign and domestic policy, the many constituencies in that policy space should press for Congress’s attention. </span><a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4831279"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Our article</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> outlines three potential paths to serve that end. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">First, we argue that Congress should amend a variety of statutes (such as Section 232 and Section 301) to sunset the president’s economic security actions after 90 or 180 days without the possibility of renewal unless Congress authorizes their extension. As the cases discussed above illustrate, the president has used his constitutional authority over foreign affairs to push the limits of broadly-worded delegations, and to deflect efforts to persuade courts to read such delegations narrowly for separation of powers reasons. A clear statutory withdrawal of tariff authority would blunt the president’s efforts, in effect, to constitutionalize control of foreign commerce and to wage trade war. It would still enable the president to act quickly in the face of an emergency, but without sacrificing Congress’s role. During the Trump administration, </span><a href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/trade-war-battles-congress-reconsiders-its-role"><span style="font-weight: 400;">a number of bills were introduced</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that would have curtailed the president’s authorities in ways similar to those we propose, but none made it out of committee. Given the uncertainty created by this year’s presidential election – in which former President Trump has promised even more expansive uses of executive authority, including </span><a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-tariffs-proposal-10-percent-1700-cost-per-us-household/#:~:text=Economists%20say%20that%20amounts%20to%20a%20%241%2C700%20tax%20on%20Americans.,-By%20Aimee%20Picchi&text=Former%20President%20Donald%20Trump%20is,into%20the%20U.S.%20from%20overseas."><span style="font-weight: 400;">an across-the-board 10 percent tariff</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on imported products if reelected – Congress may be more disposed to enact such legislation in 2024, regardless of which candidate occupies the White House in 2025. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Second, Congress should prohibit the executive branch from relying on an international agreement it has negotiated as the legal basis under which any good or service is imported into the United States, exported from the United States, or regulated while in the United States, unless Congress has either explicitly authorized the agreement in advance or approved it after its conclusion. Trade agreements and their negotiations have increasingly become a flashpoint for tension between the executive branch and Congress. In recent decades, the executive branch has concluded hundreds of commercial agreements – often with significant geopolitical and foreign affairs </span><a href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/the-new-u.s.-taiwan-trade-agreement-and-its-approval"><span style="font-weight: 400;">implications</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> – that were neither authorized nor approved by Congress. Congress should clarify and reform the executive branch’s trade agreement authorities by imposing bright-line rules via statute. While the executive branch might object that such a statute interferes with its constitutional authority to negotiate with foreign countries, our proposal is carefully drawn to limit only the domestic effects of agreements, not the president’s authority to negotiate the agreements in the first place – an approach that falls well within Congress’s plenary constitutional authority over commerce.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Third, and finally, Congress should eliminate the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit’s </span><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1295"><span style="font-weight: 400;">exclusive jurisdiction</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> over appeals in most trade cases and transfer that jurisdiction to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. At present, the Federal Circuit is the appellate court for final decisions from the U.S. Court of International Trade. In that role, it has been responsible for the decisions we discuss above upholding broad exercises of authority by the executive branch. But the Federal Circuit is primarily an intellectual property court. Indeed, </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">one member of the court has </span><a href="https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2012&context=aulr"><span style="font-weight: 400;">estimated</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that intellectual property cases consume more than half the court’s docket and more than 80% of its time. Given that international trade law cases in federal court are primarily statutory interpretation and administrative law cases, the D.C. Circuit makes more sense as a forum for appeals. As the premier administrative law circuit in the country, running appeals through the D.C. Circuit would force the bar and the Court of International Trade to approach these administrative law cases in the same manner as other administrative law cases – and that would enhance review of the executive’s activities in a way that is currently lacking. </span></p> <h2><b>Judicial Review Without </b><b><i>Chevron</i></b></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A shift to the D.C. Circuit would be especially well-advised in light of the Supreme Court’s recent line of cases cutting back on administrative agencies’ authority. The most recent such decision is </span><a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo</span></i></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">eliminates “</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chevron </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">deference.” Under the “</span><a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1983/82-1005"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chevron </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">doctrine</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">,” courts deferred to an agency’s reasonable interpretation of an ambiguous statute. The </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chevron </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">framework applied </span><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97317/supreme-court-chevron-loper-bright/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">generally</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, not specifically to trade statutes, but agencies administering trade statutes regularly relied on </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chevron </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">deference to defend their interpretations. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chevron</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">’s demise leaves the scope of deference to agencies up to the federal courts to determine going forward. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Supreme Court’s opinion suggests that lesser deference, such as when a court uses an agency interpretation as an aid in the court’s decision as to a statute’s correct interpretation, might continue to be appropriate. In trade cases, however, the government is almost sure to double down on its constitutional arguments, invoking “foreign affairs exceptionalism” – “</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">the </span><a href="https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-128/the-normalization-of-foreign-relations-law/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">belief</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that legal issues arising from foreign relations are functionally, doctrinally, and even methodologically distinct from those arising in domestic policy”</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> – to try to </span><a href="https://virginialawreview.org/articles/trade-administration/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">shield its interpretations</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of trade authorities</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from judicial review. The Federal Circuit’s record in trade cases suggests that it may be open to these arguments, creating special deference for trade statutes (over which, again, it often has exclusive jurisdiction), while other circuits develop a less deferential standard based on </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Loper Bright</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for other kinds of regulation. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An early test of how the Federal Circuit will handle the Supreme Court’s new administrative law doctrines in these foreign commerce contexts is likely to come in </span><a href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/67394063/hmtx-industries-llc-v-united-states/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">HMTX Industries v. United States</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">(in full disclosure, one of us has filed an </span><a href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/67394063/hmtx-industries-llc-v-united-states/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">amicus </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">brief</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">HMTX </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">in support of the challengers). That case asks whether Section 301 – which authorizes, and sometimes mandates the U.S. Trade Representative to take a variety of measures to counter unjustifiable, unreasonable, or discriminatory actions by foreign countries that burden U.S. commerce – allows the executive branch to increase the tariffs on products from China without the investigation usually required by the statute. The government asserts that a new investigation is unnecessary because these new tariffs address the tariffs China imposed on U.S. goods in response to the Trump administration’s Section 301 tariffs, which were designed to combat China’s intellectual property theft. Despite the Supreme Court’s recent change of direction with regard to agency authority, the </span><a href="https://ia601608.us.archive.org/28/items/gov.uscourts.cafc.20217/gov.uscourts.cafc.20217.42.0.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">government has continued to argue</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> that the decision to expand the tariffs without a new investigation is subject to only limited review. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As “economic security” has become an organizing concept for U.S. foreign commerce policy, the executive branch has drawn on this blurry policy space to argue that statutory limits on its foreign commercial authority do not bind it. Instead, it has buttressed its delegated authority with claims of independent constitutional authority over commercial matters like tariffs. And unlike Founding Era courts, today</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">’</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">s judiciary has often accepted these claims. Clearly, some members of Congress have different </span><a href="https://insidetrade.com/trade/two-key-lawmakers-house-farm-bill-would-help-expand-markets-ag"><span style="font-weight: 400;">views</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on how to address economic security concerns. Congress has grabbed some low-hanging fruit by enacting legislation that </span><a href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/the-new-u.s.-taiwan-trade-agreement-and-its-approval"><span style="font-weight: 400;">reclaims</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> some of its authority over trade agreements and there are signs of </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeDfYL3Dq0Q"><span style="font-weight: 400;">bipartisan interest in other trade actions</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. But whether Congress will intervene to address the executive’s efforts to use economic security to expand its control over commerce remains to be seen.</span></p> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/biden-administration/" rel="tag">Biden administration</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/china/" rel="tag">China</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/constitutional-law/" rel="tag">constitutional law</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-branch/" rel="tag">executive branch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/separation-of-powers/" rel="tag">Separation of powers</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/trade/" rel="tag">trade</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/trump-administration/" rel="tag">Trump administration</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. 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Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97747/trump-docs-case-dismissed/">Judge Cannon Finds Special Counsel Unconstitutional in Trump Classified Documents Case: What’s Next for Jack Smith?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97718/nato-summit-ukraine-russia-china/">After the NATO Summit, Allies Need to Step Up Their Game on Ukraine, Russia, and China</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77022/january-6-clearinghouse/">January 6 Clearinghouse</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 14th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. 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She is the author of more than five dozen works concerning trade, investment, and international dispute settlement, among other related research areas.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/">Timothy <span>Meyer</span></a></h4><p>Timothy Meyer (<a href="https://x.com/tim_l_meyer">@Tim_L_Meyer</a>) is the Richard Allen/Cravath Distinguished Professor in International Business Law and co-director of the Center for International and Comparative Law at Duke University School of Law. </p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a 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