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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sports and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_—_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_—_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Twin towns — sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_—_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zestaponi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="زيستابوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيستابوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestafoni" title="Zestafoni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zestafoni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Зестафоні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зестафоні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Зэстафоні – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зэстафоні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зестапони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зестапони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestaponi" title="Sestaponi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sestaponi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaphoni" title="Zestaphoni – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zestaphoni" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestafoni" title="Zestafoni – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zestafoni" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زستاپونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زستاپونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestafoni" title="Zestafoni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zestafoni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%8F%AC%EB%8B%88" title="제스타포니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제스타포니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Զեստափոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զեստափոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зестафони – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зестафони" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="זסטפוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זסטפוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ზესტაფონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზესტაფონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestafonis" title="Zestafonis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zestafonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="സെസ്റ്റാപോനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെസ്റ്റാപോനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ზესტაფონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზესტაფონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="زيستابونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زيستابونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زستافونی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زستافونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зэстафони – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Зэстафони" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestafoni_(stad)" title="Zestafoni (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zestafoni (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9D%E3%83%8B" title="ゼスタポニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゼスタポニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зестапони – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Зестапони" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зестафони – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зестафони" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Зестафони – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зестафони" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Зестафоні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зестафоні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زستاپونی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زستاپونی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zestaponi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%BC" title="澤斯塔波尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="澤斯塔波尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q734315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zestaponi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zestaponi&params=42_06_30_N_43_02_30_E_region:GE-IM_type:city(25891)_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°06′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°02′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.10833°N 43.04167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.10833; 43.04167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Imereti, Georgia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Zestaponi</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">ზესტაფონი</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zestafoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City of Zestaponi"><img alt="City of Zestaponi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zestafoni.jpg/250px-Zestafoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zestafoni.jpg/375px-Zestafoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Zestafoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="354" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">City of Zestaponi</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Zestaponi is located in Georgia"><img alt="Zestaponi is located in Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="629" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.845%;left:45.657%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zestaponi"><img alt="Zestaponi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Zestaponi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the town of Zestaponi in Georgia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Georgia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_Imereti_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zestaponi is located in Imereti"><img alt="Zestaponi is located in Imereti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Georgia_Imereti_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Georgia_Imereti_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Georgia_Imereti_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Georgia_Imereti_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Georgia_Imereti_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Georgia_Imereti_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="2429" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.568%;left:52.388%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zestaponi"><img alt="Zestaponi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Zestaponi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Zestaponi (Imereti)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Imereti</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zestaponi&params=42_06_30_N_43_02_30_E_region:GE_type:city(20212)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°06′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°02′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.10833°N 43.04167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.10833; 43.04167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia (country)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Mkhare</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Georgia (country)">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zestaponi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zestaponi District">Zestaponi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">520 ft (160 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(January 1, 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,212</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B4" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+4">UTC+4</a> (Georgian Standard Time)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 260px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="260" data-zoom="14" data-overlays="["_32116349bc8eb1df4dd93ea158e92e516792dc2d"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,270x260.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Zestaponi&revid=1258957900&groups=_32116349bc8eb1df4dd93ea158e92e516792dc2d" width="270" height="260" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,270x260@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Zestaponi&revid=1258957900&groups=_32116349bc8eb1df4dd93ea158e92e516792dc2d 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zestaponi_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zestaponi_Theatre.jpg/285px-Zestaponi_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zestaponi_Theatre.jpg/428px-Zestaponi_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Zestaponi_Theatre.jpg/570px-Zestaponi_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Zestaponi Theatre</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zestaponi_railway_station_(Photo_A._Muhranoff).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zestaponi_railway_station_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg/285px-Zestaponi_railway_station_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zestaponi_railway_station_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg/428px-Zestaponi_railway_station_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zestaponi_railway_station_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg/570px-Zestaponi_railway_station_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Zestaponi railway station</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zestaponi._View_from_Shorapani_fortress_(Photo_A._Muhranoff).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zestaponi._View_from_Shorapani_fortress_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg/285px-Zestaponi._View_from_Shorapani_fortress_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zestaponi._View_from_Shorapani_fortress_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg/428px-Zestaponi._View_from_Shorapani_fortress_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zestaponi._View_from_Shorapani_fortress_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg/570px-Zestaponi._View_from_Shorapani_fortress_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>View from Shorapani fortress</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zestaponi</b> or <b>Zestafoni</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ზესტაფონი</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">zest'aponi</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Georgian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[zestʼapʰoni]</a></span>) is the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Zestaponi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zestaponi District">Zestaponi District</a> in Western <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Zestaponi is the center of an ancient, historical part of Georgia – Margveti, which is a part of <a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a> province. Zestaponi is the center of Margveti's Eparchy of the Georgian Orthodox Church. Zestaponi is situated in the furthest east of the Colchis Plateau, and is built on both banks of the <a href="/wiki/Qvirila_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Qvirila River">Qvirila River</a>. </p><p>It is an important industrial center, with a large ferro-alloy plant processing manganese ore from nearby <a href="/wiki/Chiatura" title="Chiatura">Chiatura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-psnews_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psnews-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zestaponi is in the <a href="/wiki/Kolkheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkheti">Kolkheti</a> lowlands, a semi-tropical region with relatively cold winters averaging −4 °C (25 °F) in January and hot summers averaging 24 °C (75 °F) in August. The surrounding countryside is a wine-growing region.<sup id="cite_ref-psnews_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psnews-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town of Zestaponi and the smaller neighboring town of <a href="/wiki/Shorapani" title="Shorapani">Shorapani</a> are industrial centers. The Zestaponi ferro-alloy plant processes raw manganese ore shipped by rail down the Kvirila valley from Chiatura, supplying 6% of world demand. The largest ferroalloy plant in the country, in 1998 it produced 35,000 tonnes of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicomanganese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicomanganese (page does not exist)">silicomanganese</a> and 11,000 tonnes of medium-carbon manganese alloy. This was well below its previous peak production of 110,000 tonnes of manganese-based alloys.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British steel trading company <a href="/wiki/Stemcor" title="Stemcor">Stemcor</a> acquired the ferro-alloy plant in February 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two other plants in the Zestaponi / Shorapani area produce electrical products, aluminum and copper cable and wire. There were more plants in the Soviet era producing fireproof clay, marble and clothing. Zestaponi is also one of the winery-vinery centers of Georgia. Wine prepared from the Tsitsqa and <a href="/wiki/Tsolikouri" title="Tsolikouri">Tsolikouri</a> species are widely known.<sup id="cite_ref-psnews_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psnews-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zestaponi lies 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) west of the small but ancient fortress town of <a href="/wiki/Shorapani" title="Shorapani">Shorapani</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz I of Iberia">Pharnavaz I of Iberia</a> in the 3rd century BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The town of Zestaponi is first mentioned in historical records in the 1560s. The name of the city is connected with the bank of river Kvirila (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;"><b>poni</b></span></span>), upper bank (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;"><b>Zeda poni</b></span></span>), that was used by the local population and foreign travelers from ancient times. </p><p>In the 1820s a Cossack army was posted in the town, which was then called "Kvirila" after the river that runs through it. During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the city was the administrative center of the <a href="/wiki/Shorapani_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorapani Uyezd">Shorapani Uyezd</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi_Governorate" title="Kutaisi Governorate">Kutaisi Governorate</a>. In 1920, the name was changed again to "Jugeli", after a famous <a href="/wiki/Valiko_Jugheli" title="Valiko Jugheli">revolutionary</a>. In 1921, the city regained its historical name.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many historical monuments in the Zestaponi region: Zeda Saqara (11th century), Tabakini (6th century), Tseva (11th century), Sanakhshire and other churches, and castles from the early Middle Ages in Shrosha and Shorapani. Shorapani (Sarapanis) is the toponymy, that is mentioned in old Greek mythology. That was Sarapanis that Jason and his Argonaut friends approached during their travel in old Colchis (Kolkhida). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports_and_culture">Sports and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sports and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local football club, <a href="/wiki/FC_Zestaponi" title="FC Zestaponi">FC Zestaponi</a>, plays in the top league in Georgia and twice won the Georgian championship in the 2010-11 and 2011-12 season. The local women's basketball team was champion of Georgia in 2011. The city's stadium was built by Zestaponi Ferro-alloy Plant in 1952 and since its renovation has a capacity of 4,600.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writer <a href="/wiki/Boris_Akunin" title="Boris Akunin">Boris Akunin</a> and philosopher Tengiz Tsereteli were born in Zestaponi.<sup id="cite_ref-lenta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychologist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Uznadze" title="Dimitri Uznadze">Dimitri Uznadze</a> was born in the nearby village of Sakara in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous Georgian actors Shalva Ghambashidze, Ushangi Chkheidze, Sergo and Bukhuti Zakariadze were also born in Zestaponi. World wrestling (Greco-Roman) champion Mikhail Saladze is from Zestaponi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Zestaponi (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8<br />(101.8) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5<br />(108.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.5<br />(108.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.9<br />(17.8) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3<br />(17.1) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #2EFF2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.2<br />(5.52) </td> <td style="background: #34FF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.9<br />(4.88) </td> <td style="background: #42FF42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">126.8<br />(4.99) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.0<br />(3.58) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.7<br />(3.22) </td> <td style="background: #7FFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.7<br />(3.26) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3<br />(2.49) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.5<br />(2.50) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6<br />(3.21) </td> <td style="background: #39FF39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">132.6<br />(5.22) </td> <td style="background: #22FF22; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.0<br />(5.63) </td> <td style="background: #3AFF3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.6<br />(5.18) </td> <td style="background: #5FFF5F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,261.9<br />(49.68) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">119.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Uznadze" title="Dimitri Uznadze">Dimitri Uznadze</a> - psychologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Akunin" title="Boris Akunin">Boris Akunin</a> - writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalva_Dadiani" title="Shalva Dadiani">Shalva Dadiani</a> - novelist, playwright and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_Tavadze" title="Zaza Tavadze">Zaza Tavadze</a> - is a former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Georgia" title="Constitutional Court of Georgia">Constitutional Court of Georgia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_—_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.94_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns — sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Twin towns — sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zestaponi is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taurage" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurage">Taurage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Bialik" title="Kiryat Bialik">Kiryat Bialik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elva,_Estonia" title="Elva, Estonia">Elva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geostat.ge/media/61960/1-3-population-by-cities-and-boroughs.xlsx">"Population by regions"</a>. National Statistics Office of Georgia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+regions&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeostat.ge%2Fmedia%2F61960%2F1-3-population-by-cities-and-boroughs.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZestaponi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psnews-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psnews_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-psnews_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-psnews_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721025958/http://www.psnews.ge/eng/zestafoni-region_eng.php">"Zestafoni Region"</a>. PS News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psnews.ge/eng/zestafoni-region_eng.php">the original</a> on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zestafoni+Region&rft.pub=PS+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psnews.ge%2Feng%2Fzestafoni-region_eng.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZestaponi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMITCHELL,_ROBERT_W.1999" class="citation web cs1">MITCHELL, ROBERT W. (April 2, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-54301945.html">"Russia plans to up output of ferroalloys"</a>. American Metal Market<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+plans+to+up+output+of+ferroalloys.&rft.pub=American+Metal+Market&rft.date=1999-04-02&rft.au=MITCHELL%2C+ROBERT+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-54301945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZestaponi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargarita_Antidze2006" class="citation web cs1">Margarita Antidze (February 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sg.biz.yahoo.com/060222/3/3yvlp.html">"Stemcor says acquires Georgian ferro-alloy plant"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stemcor+says+acquires+Georgian+ferro-alloy+plant&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2006-02-23&rft.au=Margarita+Antidze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsg.biz.yahoo.com%2F060222%2F3%2F3yvlp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZestaponi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fczestafoni.ge/Eng/Sity/Sity.htm">"History"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fczestafoni.ge/Eng/FcZestafoni.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+web-site+of+FC+%22Zestafoni%22&rft.pub=FC+%E2%80%9CZestafoni%E2%80%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fczestafoni.ge%2FEng%2FFcZestafoni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZestaponi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenta-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lenta_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenta.ru/lib/14183665/"><bdi lang="ru">Чхартишвили, Григорий</bdi></a>. <i>Collection of materials by <a href="/wiki/Lenta.ru" title="Lenta.ru">Lenta.ru</a></i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collection+of+materials+by+Lenta.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenta.ru%2Flib%2F14183665%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZestaponi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgy_Ketchuashvili2" class="citation web cs1">Georgy Ketchuashvili2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vidyaonline.net/thinkers/uznadzee.pdf">"Dimitri Uznadze (1886–1950)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PROSPECTS: the quarterly review of comparative education vol. 24, no.3/4, 1994, p. 687–701</i>. UNESCO: International Bureau of Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PROSPECTS%3A+the+quarterly+review+of+comparative+education+vol.+24%2C+no.3%2F4%2C+1994%2C+p.+687%E2%80%93701&rft.atitle=Dimitri+Uznadze+%281886%E2%80%931950%29&rft.au=Georgy+Ketchuashvili2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vidyaonline.net%2Fthinkers%2Fuznadzee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZestaponi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Georgia/CSV/Zestaphoni_37404.csv">"Zestaphoni Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=Zestaphoni+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGeorgia%2FCSV%2FZestaphoni_37404.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZestaponi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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title="New Athos">Akhali Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagra" title="Gagra">Gagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gali_(town)" title="Gali (town)">Gali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudauta" title="Gudauta">Gudauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochamchire" title="Ochamchire">Ochamchire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tkvarcheli" title="Tkvarcheli">Tkvarcheli</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bichvinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bichvinta">Bichvinta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gantiadi" title="Gantiadi">Gantiadi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulripshi" title="Gulripshi">Gulripshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leselidze_(town)" title="Leselidze (town)">Leselidze</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myussera" title="Myussera">Miusera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia"><img alt="Flag of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Coat of arms of Georgia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ozurgeti" title="Ozurgeti">Ozurgeti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchkhuti" title="Lanchkhuti">Lanchkhuti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chokhatauri" title="Chokhatauri">Chokhatauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bakhmaro" title="Bakhmaro">Bakhmaro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomismta" title="Gomismta">Gomismta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laituri" title="Laituri">Laituri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naruja" title="Naruja">Naruja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kveda_Nasakirali" title="Kveda Nasakirali">Kveda Nasakirali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ureki" title="Ureki">Ureki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdati" title="Baghdati">Baghdati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiatura" title="Chiatura">Chiatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoni" title="Khoni">Khoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachkhere" title="Sachkhere">Sachkhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtredia" title="Samtredia">Samtredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terjola" title="Terjola">Terjola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tkibuli" title="Tkibuli">Tkibuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsqaltubo" title="Tsqaltubo">Tsqaltubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vani" title="Vani">Vani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zestaponi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kharagauli" title="Kharagauli">Kharagauli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Telavi" title="Telavi">Telavi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmeta" title="Akhmeta">Akhmeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedoplistsqaro" title="Dedoplistsqaro">Dedoplistsqaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjaani" title="Gurjaani">Gurjaani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvareli" title="Kvareli">Kvareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagodekhi" title="Lagodekhi">Lagodekhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagarejo" title="Sagarejo">Sagarejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighnaghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sighnaghi">Sighnaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsnori" title="Tsnori">Tsnori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti" title="Mtskheta-Mtianeti">Mtskheta-Mtianeti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusheti" title="Dusheti">Dusheti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akhalgori" title="Akhalgori">Akhalgori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pasanauri" title="Pasanauri">Pasanauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sioni_(townlet)" title="Sioni (townlet)">Sioni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stepantsminda" title="Stepantsminda">Stepantsminda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianeti" title="Tianeti">Tianeti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsinagari" title="Tsinagari">Tsinagari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhinvali" title="Zhinvali">Zhinvali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zugdidi" title="Zugdidi">Zugdidi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abasha" title="Abasha">Abasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jvari_(town)" title="Jvari (town)">Jvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobi" title="Khobi">Khobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martvili" title="Martvili">Martvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senaki" title="Senaki">Senaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsalenjikha" title="Tsalenjikha">Tsalenjikha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chkhorotsqu" title="Chkhorotsqu">Chkhorotsqu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mestia" title="Mestia">Mestia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Javakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe-Javakheti">Samtskhe-Javakheti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki" title="Akhalkalaki">Akhalkalaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjomi" title="Borjomi">Borjomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninotsminda" title="Ninotsminda">Ninotsminda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Georgia" title="Vale, Georgia">Vale</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abastumani" title="Abastumani">Abastumani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adigeni" title="Adigeni">Adigeni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aspindza" title="Aspindza">Aspindza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bakuriani" title="Bakuriani">Bakuriani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsagveri" title="Tsagveri">Tsagveri</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti" title="Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti">Racha-Lechkhumi and<br /> Kvemo Svaneti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ambrolauri" title="Ambrolauri">Ambrolauri</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni,_Georgia" title="Oni, Georgia">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsageri" title="Tsageri">Tsageri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lentekhi" title="Lentekhi">Lentekhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kvaisa" title="Kvaisa">Kvaisa</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi" title="Bolnisi">Bolnisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardabani" title="Gardabani">Gardabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetritsqaro" title="Tetritsqaro">Tetritsqaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marneuli" title="Marneuli">Marneuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsalka" title="Tsalka">Tsalka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bediani" title="Bediani">Bediani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazreti" title="Kazreti">Kazreti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khramhesi" title="Khramhesi">Khramhesi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manglisi" title="Manglisi">Manglisi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamarisi" title="Tamarisi">Tamarisi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_(town)" title="Trialeti (town)">Trialeti</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspi" title="Kaspi">Kaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kareli,_Georgia" title="Kareli, Georgia">Kareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashuri" title="Khashuri">Khashuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agara,_Georgia" title="Agara, Georgia">Agara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Java,_South_Ossetia" title="Java, South Ossetia">Java</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surami" title="Surami">Surami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kornisi" title="Kornisi">Kornisi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities with local government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&oldid=1258957900">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zestaponi&oldid=1258957900</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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