CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chromosome 12 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bb37199d-341e-4f89-9650-835b0d88ff4c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chromosome_12","wgTitle":"Chromosome 12","wgCurRevisionId":1256243562,"wgRevisionId":1256243562,"wgArticleId":3407273,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Chromosomes (human)","Genes on human chromosome 12"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chromosome_12","wgRelevantArticleId":3407273,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q847102","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12_cropped.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1380"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12_cropped.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="920"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="736"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chromosome 12 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Chromosome_12 rootpage-Chromosome_12 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chromosome+12" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chromosome+12" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chromosome+12" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chromosome+12" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Genes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_genes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_genes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Number of genes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_genes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gene list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diseases and disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cytogenetic_band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cytogenetic_band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cytogenetic band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cytogenetic_band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromosome 12</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A_12" title="صبغي 12 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صبغي 12" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9)" title="১২ নং ক্রোমোজোম (মানবদেহ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২ নং ক্রোমোজোম (মানবদেহ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_h%C5%8D_ji%C3%A1m-sek-th%C3%A9_(l%C3%A2ng)" title="12 hō jiám-sek-thé (lâng) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="12 hō jiám-sek-thé (lâng)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromosom_12" title="Hromosom 12 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hromosom 12" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma_12" title="Cromosoma 12 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cromosoma 12" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom_12_(Mensch)" title="Chromosom 12 (Mensch) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chromosom 12 (Mensch)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma_12_(humano)" title="Cromosoma 12 (humano) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cromosoma 12 (humano)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85_%DB%B1%DB%B2_(%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="کروموزوم ۱۲ (انسان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروموزوم ۱۲ (انسان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12_humain" title="Chromosome 12 humain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chromosome 12 humain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma_12" title="Cromosoma 12 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cromosoma 12" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom_12_(%C4%8Dovjek)" title="Kromosom 12 (čovjek) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kromosom 12 (čovjek)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma_12" title="Cromosoma 12 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cromosoma 12" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoma_12_(homo)" title="Chromosoma 12 (homo) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chromosoma 12 (homo)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%C3%A1n_12-es_kromosz%C3%B3ma" title="Humán 12-es kromoszóma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Humán 12-es kromoszóma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoom_12" title="Chromosoom 12 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chromosoom 12" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom_12" title="Kromosom 12 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kromosom 12" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom_12" title="Chromosom 12 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chromosom 12" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromossoma_12" title="Cromossoma 12 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cromossoma 12" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromozomul_uman_12" title="Cromozomul uman 12 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cromozomul uman 12" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="12-я хромосома человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="12-я хромосома человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC_12_(%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA)" title="Хромозом 12 (човек) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хромозом 12 (човек)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromozom_12_(%C4%8Dovek)" title="Hromozom 12 (čovek) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hromozom 12 (čovek)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom_12" title="Kromosom 12 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kromosom 12" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomang_12_(tao)" title="Kromosomang 12 (tao) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kromosomang 12 (tao)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozom_12_(insan)" title="Kromozom 12 (insan) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kromozom 12 (insan)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_12_(%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Хромосома 12 (людина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хромосома 12 (людина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%85m_s%E1%BA%AFc_th%E1%BB%83_s%E1%BB%91_12" title="Nhiễm sắc thể số 12 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiễm sắc thể số 12" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E5%8F%B7%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="12号染色体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="12号染色体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q847102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chromosome_12" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chromosome_12" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chromosome_12" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&oldid=1256243562" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chromosome_12&id=1256243562&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChromosome_12"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChromosome_12"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chromosome_12&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_chromosome_12" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q847102" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human chromosome</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Chromosome 12</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="115" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human chromosome 12 pair after <a href="/wiki/G_banding" title="G banding">G-banding</a>.<br />One is from mother, one is from father.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12.png/220px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12.png/330px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12.png/440px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="940" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Chromosome 12 pair<br /> in human male <a href="/wiki/Karyogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Karyogram">karyogram</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Length (<a href="/wiki/Base_pair#Length_measurements" title="Base pair">bp</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">133,324,548 bp<br />(CHM13)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Number_of_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of genes"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of genes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">988 (<a href="/wiki/Consensus_CDS_Project" title="Consensus CDS Project">CCDS</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CCDS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">Autosome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Centromere#Positions" title="Centromere">Centromere position</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Centromere#Submetacentric" title="Centromere">Submetacentric</a><sup id="cite_ref-StrachanRead2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrachanRead2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(35.5 Mbp<sup id="cite_ref-850bphs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-850bphs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Complete gene lists</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Consensus_CDS_Project" title="Consensus CDS Project">CCDS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=12%5BChr%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22has%20ccds%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">Gene list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/statistics?c=12">Gene list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/docs/humchr12.txt">Gene list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=12%5BCHR%5D+AND+human%5BORGN%5D">Gene list</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">External map viewers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=12">Chromosome 12</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/maps.cgi?TAXID=9606&chr=12">Chromosome 12</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/gdv/browser/?context=genome&acc=GCF_000001405.36&chr=12">Chromosome 12</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&position=chr12">Chromosome 12</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">Full DNA sequences</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000012?report=fasta">NC_000012</a> (<a href="/wiki/FASTA_format" title="FASTA format">FASTA</a>) </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CM000674?report=fasta">CM000674</a> (<a href="/wiki/FASTA_format" title="FASTA format">FASTA</a>) </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chromosome 12</b> is one of the 23 pairs of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 12 spans about 133 million <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> (the building material of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. </p><p>Chromosome 12 contains the <a href="/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox">Homeobox</a> C gene cluster. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genes">Genes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_genes">Number of genes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Number of genes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 12. Because researchers use different approaches to <a href="/wiki/Genome_annotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome annotation">genome annotation</a> their predictions of the <a href="/wiki/Number_of_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of genes">number of genes</a> on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see <a href="/wiki/Gene_prediction" title="Gene prediction">gene prediction</a>). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (<a href="/wiki/Consensus_CDS_Project" title="Consensus CDS Project">CCDS</a>) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20441615_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20441615-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Estimated by </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protein-coding_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein-coding genes">Protein-coding genes</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-coding_RNA" title="Non-coding RNA">Non-coding RNA genes</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pseudogene" title="Pseudogene">Pseudogenes</a> </th> <th>Source </th> <th>Release date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Consensus_CDS_Project" title="Consensus CDS Project">CCDS</a></td> <td>988</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-CCDS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCDS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2016-09-08 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></td> <td>995</td> <td>318</td> <td>545 </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-HGNC20170512_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGNC20170512-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2017-05-12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a></td> <td>1,033</td> <td>1,202</td> <td>617 </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-Ensembl_Release_88_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensembl_Release_88-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2017-03-29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></td> <td>1,032</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-UniProt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniProt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2018-02-28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></td> <td>1,036</td> <td>853</td> <td>693 </td> <td style="text-align:center"><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_coding_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_coding-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_noncoding_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_noncoding-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_pseudo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_pseudo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2017-05-19 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_list">Gene list</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gene list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Genes_on_human_chromosome_12" title="Category:Genes on human chromosome 12">Category:Genes on human chromosome 12</a></div> <p>The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 12. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACAD10" title="ACAD10">ACAD10</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrosin_binding_protein" title="Acrosin binding protein">ACRBP</a>: encoding protein Acrosin binding protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACSS3" title="ACSS3">ACSS3</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVRL1" title="ACVRL1">ACVRL1</a>: activin A receptor type II-like 1f</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANKRD33" title="ANKRD33">ANKRD33</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Ankyrin repeat domain 33</li> <li><a href="/wiki/APOF" title="APOF">APOF</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Apolipoprotein F</li> <li><a href="/wiki/APOLD1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="APOLD1 (gene)">APOLD1</a>: apolipoprotein L domain containing 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL6IP4" title="ARL6IP4">ARL6IP4</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARPC3" title="ARPC3">ARPC3</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_asunder_homolog" title="Protein asunder homolog">Asun</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Protein asunder homolog (Asun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atp2b1_antisense_rna_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Atp2b1 antisense rna 1">ATP2B1-AS1</a>: encoding protein Atp2b1 antisense rna 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy-related_protein_101" title="Autophagy-related protein 101">ATG101</a>: Autophagy-related protein 101</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched_chain_amino_acid_transaminase_1" title="Branched chain amino acid transaminase 1">BCAT1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Branched chain amino acid transaminase 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridging_integrator_2" title="Bridging integrator 2">BIN2</a>: encoding protein Bridging integrator 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRAP" title="BRAP">BRAP</a>: encoding protein BRCA1 associated protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C12orf24" title="C12orf24">C12orf24</a>: encoding protein FAM216A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C12orf29" title="C12orf29">C12orf29</a>: encoding protein C12orf29</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C12orf42" title="C12orf42">C12orf42</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> uncharacterised chromosome 12 open reading frame 42</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C12orf43" title="C12orf43">C12orf43</a>: encoding protein. Uncharacterized.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C12orf60" title="C12orf60">C12orf60</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Uncharacterized protein C12orf60</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCOCO1" title="CALCOCO1">CALCOCO1</a>: Calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBX5_(gene)" title="CBX5 (gene)">CBX5</a>: chromobox homolog 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCDC53" title="CCDC53">CCDC53</a>: Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 53</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKAP4" title="CKAP4">CKAP4</a>: Cytoskeleton associated protein 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNOT2" title="CNOT2">CNOT2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNPY2" title="CNPY2">CNPY2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Canopy FGF signaling regulator 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coiled-coil_domain_containing_42B" title="Coiled-coil domain containing 42B">CCDC42B</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Coiled Coil Domain Containing protein 42B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COL2A1" class="mw-redirect" title="COL2A1">COL2A1</a>: collagen, type II, alpha 1 (primary osteoarthritis, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, congenital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRACR2A" title="CRACR2A">CRACR2A</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Calcium release activated channel regulator 2A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSRP2" title="CSRP2">CSRP2</a>: Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDX23" title="DDX23">DDX23</a>: DEAD-box helicase 23</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDX47" title="DDX47">DDX47</a>: DEAD-box helicase 47</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_hedgehog_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert hedgehog protein">DHH</a>: Desert hedgehog protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNAI7" title="DNAI7">DNAI7</a>: encoding protein Dynein axonemal intermediate chain 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPPA3" title="DPPA3">DPPA3</a>: Developmental pluripotency-associated protein 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPY19L2" title="DPY19L2">DPY19L2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Dpy-19-like 2 (C. elegans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltex_e3_ubiquitin_ligase_3" title="Deltex e3 ubiquitin ligase 3">DTX3</a>: encoding protein Deltex e3 ubiquitin ligase 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F7" title="E2F7">E2F7</a>: E2F transcription factor 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP1" title="EMP1">EMP1</a>: Epithelial membrane protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonuclease,_poly(u)_specific" title="Endonuclease, poly(u) specific">ENDOU</a>: encoding protein Endonuclease, poly(u) specific</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERGIC2" title="ERGIC2">ERGIC2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> a protein of 377 amino acid residues</li> <li>FAM60A: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="/wiki/FAM60A" title="FAM60A">FAM60A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_FAM186B" title="Protein FAM186B">FAM186B</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Protein FAM186B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaba_type_a_receptor_associated_protein_like_1" title="Gaba type a receptor associated protein like 1">GABARAPL1</a>: encoding protein Gaba type a receptor associated protein like 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerol-3-phosphate_dehydrogenase_1" title="Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1">GPD1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOLT1B" title="GOLT1B">GOLT1B</a>: Golgi transport 1B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPN-loop_GTPase_3" title="GPN-loop GTPase 3">GPN3</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> GPN-loop GTPase 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HNF1A-AS1" title="HNF1A-AS1">HNF1A-AS1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> HNF1A antisense RNA 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate_dioxygenase" title="4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase">HPD</a>: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFFO1" title="IFFO1">IFFO1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Intermediate filament family orphan 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNG-AS1" title="IFNG-AS1">IFNG-AS1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Long_non-coding_RNA" title="Long non-coding RNA">long non-coding RNA</a> IFNG antisense RNA 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAT8_regulatory_NSL_complex_subunit_2" title="KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 2">KANSL2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 2 (KANSL2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA1" class="mw-redirect" title="KCNA1">KCNA1</a>: potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 at 12p13.32</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM2B" title="KDM2B">KDM2B</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 2B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KERA_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="KERA (gene)">KERA</a>: keratocan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS">KRAS</a>: V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LARP4" title="LARP4">LARP4</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> La-related protein 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPREL2" title="LEPREL2">LEPREL2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_intergenic_non-protein_coding_rna_173" title="Long intergenic non-protein coding rna 173">LINC00173</a>: encoding protein Long intergenic non-protein coding rna 173* <a href="/wiki/LMBR1L" title="LMBR1L">LMBR1L</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Protein LMBR1L</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LRRC23" title="LRRC23">LRRC23</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 23</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine-rich_repeats_and_iq_motif_containing_1" title="Leucine-rich repeats and iq motif containing 1">LRRIQ1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Leucine-rich repeats and IQ motif containing 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LRRK2" title="LRRK2">LRRK2</a>: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBOAT5" title="MBOAT5">MBOAT5</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/METTL1" title="METTL1">METTL1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MFAP5" title="MFAP5">MFAP5</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Microfibrillar-associated protein 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microrna_196a-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Microrna 196a-2">MIR196A2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/MicroRNA" title="MicroRNA">microRNA</a> MicroRNA 196a-2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIR200C" title="MIR200C">MIR200C</a>: encoding MicroRNA 200c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMAB" title="MMAB">MMAB</a>: methylmalonic aciduria (cobalamin deficiency) cblB type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MON2" title="MON2">MON2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Protein MON2 homolog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUCL1" title="MUCL1">MUCL1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Mucin-like protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYO1A" class="mw-redirect" title="MYO1A">MYO1A</a>: myosin IA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NANOG_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="NANOG (gene)">NANOG</a>: NK-2 type homeodomain gene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAP1L1" title="NAP1L1">NAP1L1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLR_family_pyrin_domain_containing_9_pseudogene_1" title="NLR family pyrin domain containing 9 pseudogene 1">NLRP9P1</a>: encoding protein NLR family pyrin domain containing 9 pseudogene 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRIP2" title="NRIP2">NRIP2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUDT4" title="NUDT4">NUDT4</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="PAH (gene)">PAH</a>: phenylalanine hydroxylase</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIP4K2C" title="PIP4K2C">PIP4K2C</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase, type II, gamma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIWIL1" title="PIWIL1">PIWIL1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Piwi-like protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLBD1" title="PLBD1">PLBD1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Phospholipase B domain containing 1 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/POP5" title="POP5">POP5</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Ribonuclease P/MRP protein subunit POP5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPHLN1" title="PPHLN1">PPHLN1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Periphilin-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPP1R12A" title="PPP1R12A">PPP1R12A</a>: protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subungfdit 12A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRB1" title="PRB1">PRB1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Basic salivary proline-rich protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRB3" title="PRB3">PRB3</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Basic salivary proline-rich protein 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRB4" title="PRB4">PRB4</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Basic salivary proline-rich protein 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRH1" title="PRH1">PRH1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein 1/2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline-rich_protein_haeiii_subfamily_2" title="Proline-rich protein haeiii subfamily 2">PRH2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRMT8" title="PRMT8">PRMT8</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Protein arginine methyltransferase 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRR4" title="PRR4">PRR4</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Proline-rich protein 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTMS_(gene)" title="PTMS (gene)">PTMS</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Parathymosin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTPN11" title="PTPN11">PTPN11</a>: protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 (Noonan syndrome 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUS1" title="PUS1">PUS1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> tRNA pseudouridine synthase A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUS7L" title="PUS7L">PUS7L</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> Pseudouridylate synthase 7 homolog-like protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_zone_protein" title="Pregnancy zone protein">PZP</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Pregnancy zone protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAB3IP" title="RAB3IP">RAB3IP</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> RAB3A-interacting protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RASSF8" title="RASSF8">RASSF8</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Ras association domain-containing protein 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RASSF9" title="RASSF9">RASSF9</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Ras association domain-containing protein 9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RERG" title="RERG">RERG</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> RAS-like, estrogen-regulated, growth inhibitor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_modification_protein_rimk_like_family_member_b" title="Ribosomal modification protein rimk like family member b">RIMKLB</a>: encoding protein Ribosomal modification protein rimk like family member b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNF34" title="RNF34">RNF34</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF34</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNU4-1" title="RNU4-1">RNU4-1</a>: encoding protein RNA, U4 small nuclear 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARNP" title="SARNP">SARNP</a>: SAP domain-containing ribonucleoprotein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpina3f" title="Serpina3f">Serpina3f</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3F</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine_hydroxymethyltransferase_2" title="Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2">SHMT2</a>: encoding protein Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC8B1" title="SLC8B1">SLC8B1</a>: solute carrier family 8 member B1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBC1D15" title="TBC1D15">TBC1D15</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> TBC1 domain family member 15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX3" title="TBX3">TBX3</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> T-box <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCHP" title="TCHP">TCHP</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Trichoplein keratin filament-binding protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TESPA1" title="TESPA1">TESPA1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Thymocyte expressed, positive selection associated 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/THAP2" title="THAP2">THAP2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> THAP domain-containing protein 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_and_tetratricopeptide_repeat_containing_1" title="Transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat containing 1">TMTC1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat containing 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMEM117" title="TMEM117">TMEM117</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Transmembrane protein 117</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAFD1" title="TRAFD1">TRAFD1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> TRAF-type zinc finger domain-containing protein 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSFM" title="TSFM">TSFM</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Elongation factor Ts, mitochondrial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWF1" title="TWF1">TWF1</a>: twinfilin-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNQ1887" title="UNQ1887">UNQ1887</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USP52" title="USP52">USP52</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> PAB-dependent poly(A)-specific ribonuclease subunit 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTP20" title="UTP20">UTP20</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Small subunit processome component 20 homolog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VEZT" title="VEZT">VEZT</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Vezatin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vps37b,_escrt-i_subunit" title="Vps37b, escrt-i subunit">VPS37B</a>: encoding protein Vps37b, escrt-i subunit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAF2" title="YAF2">YAF2</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> YY1-associated factor 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZCCHC8" title="ZCCHC8">ZCCHC8</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Zinc finger CCHC domain-containing protein 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_c3h1-type_containing" title="Zinc finger c3h1-type containing">ZFC3H1</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Zinc finger C3H1-type containing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_26" title="Zinc finger protein 26">ZNF26</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 26</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_84" title="Zinc finger protein 84">ZNF84</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 84</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF268" title="ZNF268">ZNF268</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 268</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF664" title="ZNF664">ZNF664</a>: encoding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> Zinc finger protein 664</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases_and_disorders">Diseases and disorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diseases and disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 12: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achondrogenesis_type_2" title="Achondrogenesis type 2">achondrogenesis type 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenopathy,_types_II_and_XI" title="Collagenopathy, types II and XI">collagenopathy, types II and XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornea_plana_2" title="Cornea plana 2">cornea plana 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_ataxia" title="Episodic ataxia">episodic ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_hemorrhagic_telangiectasia" title="Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia">hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondrogenesis" title="Hypochondrogenesis">hypochondrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis_bullosa_of_Siemens" title="Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens">ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniest_dysplasia" title="Kniest dysplasia">Kniest dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuki_syndrome" title="Kabuki syndrome">Kabuki syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_onset_diabetes_of_the_young" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturity onset diabetes of the young">maturity onset diabetes of the young</a> type 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonic_acidemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylmalonic acidemia">methylmalonic acidemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsyndromic_deafness" title="Nonsyndromic deafness">nonsyndromic deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noonan_syndrome" title="Noonan syndrome">Noonan syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkinson disease">Parkinson disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallister-Killian_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallister-Killian syndrome">Pallister-Killian syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tetrasomy" title="Tetrasomy">tetrasomy</a> 12p)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylketonuria" title="Phenylketonuria">phenylketonuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondyloepimetaphyseal_dysplasia,_Strudwick_type" title="Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type">spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondyloepiphyseal_dysplasia_congenita" title="Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita">spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondyloperipheral_dysplasia" title="Spondyloperipheral dysplasia">spondyloperipheral dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickler_syndrome" title="Stickler syndrome">Stickler syndrome</a>, (<a href="/wiki/COL2A1" class="mw-redirect" title="COL2A1">COL2A1</a>-related)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triose_Phosphate_Isomerase_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Triose Phosphate Isomerase deficiency">Triose Phosphate Isomerase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosinemia" title="Tyrosinemia">tyrosinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Willebrand_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Willebrand Disease">Von Willebrand Disease</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cytogenetic_band">Cytogenetic band</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cytogenetic band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 12</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:698px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_12_ideogram_vertical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram_vertical.svg/134px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="134" height="698" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram_vertical.svg/201px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram_vertical.svg/268px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 12 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a>).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:698px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_12_-_400_550_850_bphs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Human_chromosome_12_-_400_550_850_bphs.png/250px-Human_chromosome_12_-_400_550_850_bphs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Human_chromosome_12_-_400_550_850_bphs.png/375px-Human_chromosome_12_-_400_550_850_bphs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Human_chromosome_12_-_400_550_850_bphs.png/500px-Human_chromosome_12_-_400_550_850_bphs.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1515" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">G-banding patterns of human chromosome 12 in three different resolutions (400,<sup id="cite_ref-400bphs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400bphs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 550<sup id="cite_ref-550bphs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-550bphs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 850<sup id="cite_ref-850bphs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-850bphs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-Nomenclature2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomenclature2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitotic process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption><a href="/wiki/G_banding" title="G banding">G-bands</a> of human chromosome 12 in resolution 850 bphs<sup id="cite_ref-850bphs_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-850bphs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chr. </th> <th>Arm<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Band<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>ISCN<br />start<sup id="cite_ref-ISCN_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISCN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>ISCN<br />stop<sup id="cite_ref-ISCN_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISCN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Basepair<br />start </th> <th>Basepair<br />stop </th> <th>Stain<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Density </th></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.33</td> <td>0</td> <td>216</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006320000000000000♠"></span>3,200,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.32</td> <td>216</td> <td>345</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006320000100000000♠"></span>3,200,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006530000000000000♠"></span>5,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#d9d9d9">gpos</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.31</td> <td>345</td> <td>633</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006530000100000000♠"></span>5,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007100000000000000♠"></span>10,000,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.2</td> <td>633</td> <td>806</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007100000010000000♠"></span>10,000,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007126000000000000♠"></span>12,600,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#636363; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.1</td> <td>806</td> <td>921</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007126000010000000♠"></span>12,600,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007146000000000000♠"></span>14,600,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">12.3</td> <td>921</td> <td>1195</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007146000010000000♠"></span>14,600,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007198000000000000♠"></span>19,800,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">12.2</td> <td>1195</td> <td>1252</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007198000010000000♠"></span>19,800,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007211000000000000♠"></span>21,100,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">12.1</td> <td>1252</td> <td>1526</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007211000010000000♠"></span>21,100,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007263000000000000♠"></span>26,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.23</td> <td>1526</td> <td>1655</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007263000010000000♠"></span>26,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007276000000000000♠"></span>27,600,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.22</td> <td>1655</td> <td>1785</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007276000010000000♠"></span>27,600,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007305000000000000♠"></span>30,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.21</td> <td>1785</td> <td>1900</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007305000010000000♠"></span>30,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007332000000000000♠"></span>33,200,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>p </td> <td style="text-align:left">11.1</td> <td>1900</td> <td>2015</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007332000010000000♠"></span>33,200,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007355000000000000♠"></span>35,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;">acen</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">11</td> <td>2015</td> <td>2116</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007355000010000000♠"></span>35,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007378000000000000♠"></span>37,800,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;">acen</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">12</td> <td>2116</td> <td>2562</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007378000010000000♠"></span>37,800,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007460000000000000♠"></span>46,000,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.11</td> <td>2562</td> <td>2706</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007460000010000000♠"></span>46,000,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007487000000000000♠"></span>48,700,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.12</td> <td>2706</td> <td>2850</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007487000010000000♠"></span>48,700,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007511000000000000♠"></span>51,100,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#d9d9d9">gpos</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.13</td> <td>2850</td> <td>3210</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007511000010000000♠"></span>51,100,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007545000000000000♠"></span>54,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.2</td> <td>3210</td> <td>3383</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007545000010000000♠"></span>54,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007562000000000000♠"></span>56,200,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#d9d9d9">gpos</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">13.3</td> <td>3383</td> <td>3498</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007562000010000000♠"></span>56,200,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007577000000000000♠"></span>57,700,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">14.1</td> <td>3498</td> <td>3700</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007577000010000000♠"></span>57,700,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007627000000000000♠"></span>62,700,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#636363; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">14.2</td> <td>3700</td> <td>3786</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007627000010000000♠"></span>62,700,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007647000000000000♠"></span>64,700,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">14.3</td> <td>3786</td> <td>3959</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007647000010000000♠"></span>64,700,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007673000000000000♠"></span>67,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">15</td> <td>3959</td> <td>4203</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007673000010000000♠"></span>67,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007711000000000000♠"></span>71,100,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.1</td> <td>4203</td> <td>4362</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007711000010000000♠"></span>71,100,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007753000000000000♠"></span>75,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#636363; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.2</td> <td>4362</td> <td>4549</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007753000010000000♠"></span>75,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007799000000000000♠"></span>79,900,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.31</td> <td>4549</td> <td>4837</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007799000010000000♠"></span>79,900,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007863000000000000♠"></span>86,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.32</td> <td>4837</td> <td>4894</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007863000010000000♠"></span>86,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007886000000000000♠"></span>88,600,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">21.33</td> <td>4894</td> <td>5125</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007886000010000000♠"></span>88,600,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007922000000000000♠"></span>92,200,000</span> </td> <td style="background:black; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">22</td> <td>5125</td> <td>5355</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007922000010000000♠"></span>92,200,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007958000000000000♠"></span>95,800,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">23.1</td> <td>5355</td> <td>5571</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007958000010000000♠"></span>95,800,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008101200000000000♠"></span>101,200,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#636363; color:white;">gpos</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">23.2</td> <td>5571</td> <td>5643</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008101200001000000♠"></span>101,200,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008103500000000000♠"></span>103,500,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">23.3</td> <td>5643</td> <td>5873</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008103500001000000♠"></span>103,500,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008108600000000000♠"></span>108,600,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24.11</td> <td>5873</td> <td>6104</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008108600001000000♠"></span>108,600,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008111300000000000♠"></span>111,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24.12</td> <td>6104</td> <td>6219</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008111300001000000♠"></span>111,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008111900000000000♠"></span>111,900,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#d9d9d9">gpos</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24.13</td> <td>6219</td> <td>6334</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008111900001000000♠"></span>111,900,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008113900000000000♠"></span>113,900,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24.21</td> <td>6334</td> <td>6478</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008113900001000000♠"></span>113,900,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008116400000000000♠"></span>116,400,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24.22</td> <td>6478</td> <td>6579</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008116400001000000♠"></span>116,400,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008117700000000000♠"></span>117,700,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24.23</td> <td>6579</td> <td>6737</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008117700001000000♠"></span>117,700,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008120300000000000♠"></span>120,300,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24.31</td> <td>6737</td> <td>7083</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008120300001000000♠"></span>120,300,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008125400000000000♠"></span>125,400,000</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24.32</td> <td>7083</td> <td>7255</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008125400001000000♠"></span>125,400,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008128700000000000♠"></span>128,700,000</span> </td> <td style="background:#979797">gpos</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>q </td> <td style="text-align:left">24.33</td> <td>7255</td> <td>7500</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008128700001000000♠"></span>128,700,001</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008133275309000000♠"></span>133,275,309</span> </td> <td style="background:white">gneg</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CCDS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCDS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCDS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=12%5BChr%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22has%20ccds%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">"Search results - 12[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"</a>. <i>NCBI</i>. CCDS Release 20 for <i>Homo sapiens</i>. 2016-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Search+results+-+12%26%2391%3BCHR%26%2393%3B+AND+%22Homo+sapiens%22%26%2391%3BOrganism%26%2393%3B+AND+%28%22has+ccds%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+AND+alive%26%2391%3Bprop%26%2393%3B%29+-+Gene&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%3Fterm%3D12%255BChr%255D%2520AND%2520%2522Homo%2520sapiens%2522%255BOrganism%255D%2520AND%2520%2528%2522has%2520ccds%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520AND%2520alive%255Bprop%255D%2529%26cmd%3DDetailsSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StrachanRead2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StrachanRead2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_StrachanAndrew_Read2010" class="citation book cs1">Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSwWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Human Molecular Genetics</i></a>. Garland Science. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84407-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84407-2"><bdi>978-1-136-84407-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Molecular+Genetics&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84407-2&rft.au=Tom+Strachan&rft.au=Andrew+Read&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSwWBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-850bphs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-850bphs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-850bphs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-850bphs_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1">Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)</a>. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20441615-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20441615_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertea_M,_Salzberg_SL2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898077">"Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes"</a>. <i>Genome Biol</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2010-11-5-206">10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2898077">2898077</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20441615">20441615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&rft.atitle=Between+a+chicken+and+a+grape%3A+estimating+the+number+of+human+genes.&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=206&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2898077%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20441615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2010-11-5-206&rft.au=Pertea+M%2C+Salzberg+SL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2898077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HGNC20170512-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HGNC20170512_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/statistics?c=12">"Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 12"</a>. <i>HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee</i>. 2017-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HUGO+Gene+Nomenclature+Committee&rft.atitle=Statistics+%26+Downloads+for+chromosome+12&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genenames.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fstatistics%3Fc%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensembl_Release_88-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ensembl_Release_88_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mar2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=12">"Chromosome 12: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens"</a>. <i>Ensembl Release 88</i>. 2017-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ensembl+Release+88&rft.atitle=Chromosome+12%3A+Chromosome+summary+-+Homo+sapiens&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmar2017.archive.ensembl.org%2FHomo_sapiens%2FLocation%2FChromosome%3Fr%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UniProt-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UniProt_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/docs/humchr12.txt">"Human chromosome 12: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM"</a>. <i>UniProt</i>. 2018-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UniProt&rft.atitle=Human+chromosome+12%3A+entries%2C+gene+names+and+cross-references+to+MIM&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniprot.org%2Fdocs%2Fhumchr12.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI_coding-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_coding_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=12%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">"Search results - 12[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"</a>. <i>NCBI</i>. 2017-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Search+results+-+12%26%2391%3BCHR%26%2393%3B+AND+%22Homo+sapiens%22%26%2391%3BOrganism%26%2393%3B+AND+%28%22genetype+protein+coding%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+AND+alive%26%2391%3Bprop%26%2393%3B%29+-+Gene&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%3Fterm%3D12%255BCHR%255D%2520AND%2520%2522Homo%2520sapiens%2522%255BOrganism%255D%2520AND%2520%2528%2522genetype%2520protein%2520coding%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520AND%2520alive%255Bprop%255D%2529%26cmd%3DDetailsSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI_noncoding-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_noncoding_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=12%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%28%22genetype%20miscrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20ncrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20rrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20trna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20scrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snorna%22%5BProperties%5D%29%20NOT%20%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">"Search results - 12[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"</a>. <i>NCBI</i>. 2017-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Search+results+-+12%26%2391%3BCHR%26%2393%3B+AND+%22Homo+sapiens%22%26%2391%3BOrganism%26%2393%3B+AND+%28+%28%22genetype+miscrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+ncrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+rrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+trna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+scrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+snrna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+OR+%22genetype+snorna%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B%29+NOT+%22genetype+protein+coding%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+AND+alive%26%2391%3Bprop%26%2393%3B%29+-+Gene&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%3Fterm%3D12%255BCHR%255D%2520AND%2520%2522Homo%2520sapiens%2522%255BOrganism%255D%2520AND%2520%2528%2528%2522genetype%2520miscrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520ncrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520rrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520trna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520scrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520snrna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520OR%2520%2522genetype%2520snorna%2522%255BProperties%255D%2529%2520NOT%2520%2522genetype%2520protein%2520coding%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520AND%2520alive%255Bprop%255D%2529%26cmd%3DDetailsSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI_pseudo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_pseudo_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=12%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20pseudo%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch">"Search results - 12[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene"</a>. <i>NCBI</i>. 2017-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI&rft.atitle=Search+results+-+12%26%2391%3BCHR%26%2393%3B+AND+%22Homo+sapiens%22%26%2391%3BOrganism%26%2393%3B+AND+%28%22genetype+pseudo%22%26%2391%3BProperties%26%2393%3B+AND+alive%26%2391%3Bprop%26%2393%3B%29+-+Gene&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fgene%3Fterm%3D12%255BCHR%255D%2520AND%2520%2522Homo%2520sapiens%2522%255BOrganism%255D%2520AND%2520%2528%2522genetype%2520pseudo%2522%255BProperties%255D%2520AND%2520alive%255Bprop%255D%2529%26cmd%3DDetailsSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiaz_NSteinberg_SAhmad_JPluzhnikov2005" class="citation journal cs1">Riaz N; Steinberg S; Ahmad J; et al. (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1199301">"Genomewide significant linkage to stuttering on chromosome 12"</a>. <i>Am. J. Hum. Genet</i>. <b>76</b> (4): 647–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F429226">10.1086/429226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1199301">1199301</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15714404">15714404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=Genomewide+significant+linkage+to+stuttering+on+chromosome+12&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=647-51&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1199301%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15714404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F429226&rft.au=Riaz+N&rft.au=Steinberg+S&rft.au=Ahmad+J&rft.au=Pluzhnikov%2C+Anna&rft.au=Riazuddin%2C+Sheikh&rft.au=Cox%2C+Nancy+J&rft.au=Drayna%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1199301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-400bphs-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-400bphs_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_400_V1">Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)</a>. Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-550bphs-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-550bphs_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_550_V1">Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)</a>. Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nomenclature2013-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nomenclature2013_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Standing_Committee_on_Human_Cytogenetic_Nomenclature2013" class="citation book cs1">International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGCLrh0DIwEC"><i>ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013)</i></a>. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-318-02253-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-318-02253-7"><bdi>978-3-318-02253-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISCN+2013%3A+An+International+System+for+Human+Cytogenetic+Nomenclature+%282013%29&rft.pub=Karger+Medical+and+Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-318-02253-7&rft.au=International+Standing+Committee+on+Human+Cytogenetic+Nomenclature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGCLrh0DIwEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethakulvichaiManitpornsutWiboonratLilakiatsakun2012" class="citation book cs1">Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261304470">"Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images"</a>. <i>2012 Ninth International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE)</i>. pp. 276–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJCSSE.2012.6261965">10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-1921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-1921-8"><bdi>978-1-4673-1921-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16666470">16666470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+band+level+resolutions+of+human+chromosome+images&rft.btitle=2012+Ninth+International+Conference+on+Computer+Science+and+Software+Engineering+%28JCSSE%29&rft.pages=276-282&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16666470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJCSSE.2012.6261965&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-1921-8&rft.aulast=Sethakulvichai&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Manitpornsut%2C+S.&rft.au=Wiboonrat%2C+M.&rft.au=Lilakiatsakun%2C+W.&rft.au=Assawamakin%2C+A.&rft.au=Tongsima%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261304470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<b>p</b>": Short arm; "<b>q</b>": Long arm.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">locus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISCN-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISCN_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISCN_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_unit" title="Arbitrary unit">Arbitrary unit</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>gpos</b>: Region which is positively stained by <a href="/wiki/G_banding" title="G banding">G banding</a>, generally <a href="/wiki/GC-content" title="GC-content">AT-rich</a> and gene poor; <b>gneg</b>: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally <a href="/wiki/GC-content" title="GC-content">CG-rich</a> and gene rich; <b>acen</b> <a href="/wiki/Centromere" title="Centromere">Centromere</a>. <b>var</b>: Variable region; <b>stalk</b>: Stalk.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbertKauff2000" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert F, Kauff N (2000). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome.Chromosome 12". <i>Genet Test</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 319–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F10906570050501588">10.1089/10906570050501588</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11142767">11142767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genet+Test&rft.atitle=Disease+genes+and+chromosomes%3A+disease+maps+of+the+human+genome.Chromosome+12&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-33&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F10906570050501588&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11142767&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Kauff%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomeryLeeMillerLau2001" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomery KT, Lee E, Miller A, Lau S, Shim C, Decker J, Chiu D, Emerling S, Sekhon M, Kim R, Lenz J, Han J, Ioshikhes I, Renault B, Marondel I, Yoon SJ, Song K, Murty VV, Scherer S, Yonescu R, Kirsch IR, Ried T, McPherson J, Gibbs R, Kucherlapati R (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35057174">"A high-resolution map of human chromosome 12"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>409</b> (6822): 945–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..945M">2001Natur.409..945M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35057174">10.1038/35057174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237017">11237017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+high-resolution+map+of+human+chromosome+12&rft.volume=409&rft.issue=6822&rft.pages=945-6&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11237017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35057174&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409..945M&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=KT&rft.au=Lee%2C+E&rft.au=Miller%2C+A&rft.au=Lau%2C+S&rft.au=Shim%2C+C&rft.au=Decker%2C+J&rft.au=Chiu%2C+D&rft.au=Emerling%2C+S&rft.au=Sekhon%2C+M&rft.au=Kim%2C+R&rft.au=Lenz%2C+J&rft.au=Han%2C+J&rft.au=Ioshikhes%2C+I&rft.au=Renault%2C+B&rft.au=Marondel%2C+I&rft.au=Yoon%2C+SJ&rft.au=Song%2C+K&rft.au=Murty%2C+VV&rft.au=Scherer%2C+S&rft.au=Yonescu%2C+R&rft.au=Kirsch%2C+IR&rft.au=Ried%2C+T&rft.au=McPherson%2C+J&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+R&rft.au=Kucherlapati%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F35057174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_chromosome_12" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human chromosome 12">Human chromosome 12</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institutes_of_Health" class="citation web cs1">National Institutes of Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612000656/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=12">"Chromosome 12"</a>. <i>Genetics Home Reference</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=12">the original</a> on 2007-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetics+Home+Reference&rft.atitle=Chromosome+12&rft.au=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fghr.nlm.nih.gov%2Fchromosome%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/chromo12.shtml">"Chromosome 12"</a>. <i>Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Genome+Project+Information+Archive+1990%E2%80%932003&rft.atitle=Chromosome+12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ornl.gov%2Fsci%2Ftechresources%2FHuman_Genome%2Fposters%2Fchromosome%2Fchromo12.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromosome+12" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_genome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chromosomes" title="Template:Chromosomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chromosomes" title="Template talk:Chromosomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_genome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human genome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">Nuclear genome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">Autosome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1" title="Chromosome 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_2" title="Chromosome 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_3" title="Chromosome 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_4" title="Chromosome 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5" title="Chromosome 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_6" title="Chromosome 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_7" title="Chromosome 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_8" title="Chromosome 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_9" title="Chromosome 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_10" title="Chromosome 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11" title="Chromosome 11">11</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_13" title="Chromosome 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_14" title="Chromosome 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_15" title="Chromosome 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_16" title="Chromosome 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17" title="Chromosome 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_18" title="Chromosome 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_19" title="Chromosome 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_20" title="Chromosome 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_21" title="Chromosome 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_22" title="Chromosome 22">22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosome">Sex chromosome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial genome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics" title="Human mitochondrial genetics">Human mitochondrial DNA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human genome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of human genes">List of human genes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics#Human_archaeology" title="Archaeogenetics">Human archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytogenetics:_chromosomes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chromosome_genetics" title="Template:Chromosome genetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chromosome_genetics" title="Template talk:Chromosome genetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosome_genetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosome genetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cytogenetics:_chromosomes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">Karyotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">Ploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genetic material</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">Chromatin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euchromatin" title="Euchromatin">Euchromatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterochromatin" title="Heterochromatin">Heterochromatin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatid" title="Chromatid">Chromatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">Nucleosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_organization" title="Nuclear organization">Nuclear organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">Autosome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex chromosome</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">allosome</a> or heterosome)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchromosome" title="Microchromosome">Macrochromosome/Microchromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_bacterial_chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular bacterial chromosome">Circular chromosome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Linear_chromosome" title="Linear chromosome">Linear chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">Extra chromosome</a> (or accessory chromosome)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_supernumerary_marker_chromosome" title="Small supernumerary marker chromosome">Supernumerary chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_chromosome" title="B chromosome">A chromosome/B chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampbrush_chromosome" title="Lampbrush chromosome">Lampbrush chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytene_chromosome" title="Polytene chromosome">Polytene chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinokaryon" title="Dinokaryon">Dinoflagellate chromosomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homologous_chromosome" title="Homologous chromosome">Homologous chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isochromosome" title="Isochromosome">Isochromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_chromosome" title="Satellite chromosome">Satellite chromosome</a></li> <li><i>Centromere position</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centromere#Metacentric" title="Centromere">Metacentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submetacentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Submetacentric">Submetacentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Telocentric">Telocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrocentric">Acrocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocentric_chromosome" title="Holocentric chromosome">Holocentric</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Centromere number</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acentric_fragment" title="Acentric fragment">Acentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocentric">Monocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentric_chromosome" title="Dicentric chromosome">Dicentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_chromosome" title="Polycentric chromosome">Polycentric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes<br />and evolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality#Structural_abnormalities" title="Chromosome abnormality">Structural alterations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_inversion" title="Chromosomal inversion">Chromosomal inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">Chromosomal translocation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality#Numerical_disorders" title="Chromosome abnormality">Numerical alterations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">Aneuploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">Euploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">Polyploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopolyploidy" title="Paleopolyploidy">Paleopolyploidy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyploidization" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploidization">Polyploidization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telomere" title="Telomere">Telomere</a>: <a href="/wiki/Telomere-binding_protein" title="Telomere-binding protein">Telomere-binding protein</a> (<a href="/wiki/TINF2" title="TINF2">TINF2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protamine" title="Protamine">Protamine</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histone" title="Histone">Histone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H1" title="Histone H1">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H2A" title="Histone H2A">H2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H2B" title="Histone H2B">H2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H3" title="Histone H3">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_H4" title="Histone H4">H4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centromere" title="Centromere">Centromere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CENPA" title="CENPA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centromere_protein_B" title="Centromere protein B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPC1" title="CENPC1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CENPC2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CENPC2 (page does not exist)">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centromere_protein_E" title="Centromere protein E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPF" title="CENPF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPH" title="CENPH">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPI" title="CENPI">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPJ" title="CENPJ">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPK" title="CENPK">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPM" title="CENPM">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPN" title="CENPN">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPO" title="CENPO">O</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CENPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CENPP (page does not exist)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CENPQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CENPQ (page does not exist)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CENPT" title="CENPT">T</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA" title="Extrachromosomal DNA">Extrachromosomal DNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count" title="List of organisms by chromosome count">List of organisms by chromosome count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes" title="List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes">List of sequenced genomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_System_for_Human_Cytogenetic_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature">International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847102#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94003715">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537020805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&oldid=1256243562">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&oldid=1256243562</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chromosomes_(human)" title="Category:Chromosomes (human)">Chromosomes (human)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genes_on_human_chromosome_12" title="Category:Genes on human chromosome 12">Genes on human chromosome 12</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 23:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromosome_12&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-llpj7","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.892","walltime":"1.049","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2841,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":142773,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":29391,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":88862,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 823.535 1 -total"," 22.20% 182.843 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.59% 153.077 82 Template:Val"," 15.25% 125.553 9 Template:Cite_web"," 13.26% 109.204 4 Template:Navbox"," 12.50% 102.905 1 Template:Chromosomes"," 11.54% 95.042 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.64% 62.931 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.33% 60.381 1 Template:Sister_project"," 7.17% 59.084 1 Template:Infobox_chromosome"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.514","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8140096,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r5q8s","timestamp":"20241122144814","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chromosome 12","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chromosome_12","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q847102","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q847102","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-13T15:42:13Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T23:32:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/33\/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_12_cropped.png","headline":"chromosome 12 in Homo sapiens"}</script> </body> </html>