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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Islam subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exegesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exegesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Exegesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exegesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Jurisprudence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_and_post-modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_and_post-modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Modern and post-modern era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_and_post-modern_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern and post-modern era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_and_post-modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-modern_literature_and_movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-modern_literature_and_movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Post-modern literature and movies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-modern_literature_and_movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_of_belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_of_belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Prevalence of belief </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_of_belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Visual art </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Visual art subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectural_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Architectural representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Kitāb_al-Bulhān" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Kitāb_al-Bulhān"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 In the Kitāb al-Bulhān </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Kitāb_al-Bulhān-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talismanic_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talismanic_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Talismanic representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talismanic_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magical_practises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magical_practises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Magical practises </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magical_practises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Comparative mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jinn</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" > 89 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djin" title="Djin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Djin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86" title="جن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchinn" title="Alchinn – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alchinn" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="জিন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeniu" title="Xeniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin" title="Cin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="জ্বীন জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্বীন জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD" title="Ен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85)" title="Джин (дух) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джин (дух)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEin_(islam)" title="Džin (islam) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Džin (islam)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinn" title="Djinn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Djinn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jinn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEin" title="Džin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpukpariga" title="Kpukpariga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kpukpariga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jinn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86" title="جن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschinn" title="Dschinn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschinn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEinn_(m%C3%BCtoloogia)" title="Džinn (mütoloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Džinn (mütoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Τζίνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζίνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genio" title="Genio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cino_(spirito)" title="Ĝino (spirito) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝino (spirito)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeinu" title="Jeinu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jeinu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86" title="جن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinn" title="Djinn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Djinn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djin" title="Djin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Djin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenio" title="Xenio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84_(%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94)" title="진 (신화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진 (신화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%AB%D5%B6_(%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB)" title="Ջին (առասպելական ոգի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջին (առասպելական ոգի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="जिन्न – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिन्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEin" title="Džin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin" title="Jin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jinn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ג'יני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin" title="Jin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ჯინი (მითოლოგია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯინი (მითოლოგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%90%D9%86" title="جِن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جِن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Дию – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дию" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jini" title="Jini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin" title="Cin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEins" title="Džins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEinas_(mitologija)" title="Džinas (mitologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džinas (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzjinn" title="Dzjinn – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Dzjinn" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djini" title="Djini – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Djini" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsinn_(l%C3%A9ny)" title="Dzsinn (lény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsinn (lény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85)" title="Џин (дух) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џин (дух)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiny" title="Jiny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jiny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജിന്ന് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജിന്ന്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="اجنده – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اجنده" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin" title="Jin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinn_(mythisch_wezen)" title="Djinn (mythisch wezen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Djinn (mythisch wezen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96)" title="ジン (アラブ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジン (アラブ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Жин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinn" title="Djinn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Djinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jinn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin" title="Jin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜਿੰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਿੰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86" title="جن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89" title="پېرى – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پېرى" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCinn" title="Dżinn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżinn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAnio_(mitologia_%C3%A1rabe)" title="Gênio (mitologia árabe) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gênio (mitologia árabe)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinn" title="Djinn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Djinn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Джинн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джинн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie" title="Genie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Genie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhindi" title="Xhindi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhindi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniu" title="Geniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Geniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie" title="Genie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jini" title="Jini – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jini" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95" title="جنۆکە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جنۆکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B5)" title="Џин (натприродно биће) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џин (натприродно биће)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEin_(islam)" title="Džin (islam) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džin (islam)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin" title="Jin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinni" title="Jinni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jinni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djinn" title="Djinn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djinn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Җен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="జిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ญิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ญิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ҷин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin" title="Cin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Джин (іслам) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джин (іслам)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86" title="جن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jinn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jinn" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinne" title="Jinne – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jinne" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%87%E5%B0%BC" title="镇尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镇尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9F" title="דזשין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E5%B0%BC" title="鎮尼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鎮尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E5%B0%BC" title="鎮尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鎮尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin" title="Jin – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jin" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3465#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jinn" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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searchaux" style="display:none">Invisible beings in Arabic and Islamic culture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept of jinn in Islamic and Middle Eastern lore. For demons in Islam; otherwise known as the "offspring of Iblis", see <a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shaitan</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jinni_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jinni (disambiguation)">Jinni (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jinn (disambiguation)">Jinn (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djinn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Djinn (disambiguation)">Djinn (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Genie (disambiguation)">Genie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Jinn</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Namah,_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg/220px-Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg/330px-Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg/440px-Shah_Namah%2C_the_Persian_Epic_of_the_Kings_Wellcome_L0035191.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="4072" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">Jinn gather to do battle with the hero <a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a>. Illustration in an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grouping</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Mythical creature</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Folklore</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Islam">Islamic folklore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jinn (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>جِنّ‎), also <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a> as djinn or <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_(linguistics)" title="Anglicisation (linguistics)">anglicized</a> as genies, are <a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">invisible</a> creatures in early <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">beliefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-asSamarqandi-on-alFiqh-1">[1]</a> Like humans, they are accountable for their deeds and can be either believers (<a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>) or disbelievers (<a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a>), depending on whether they accept <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>'s guidance. Since jinn are neither innately evil nor innately good, Islam acknowledged spirits from other religions and could adapt them during its expansion. Jinn are not a strictly Islamic concept; they may represent several <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pagan</a> beliefs integrated into Islam.<a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-2005-EncQrn-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> places jinn and humans on the same plane in relation to God, both being subject to God's judgement and an afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200919–21-5">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> condemns the pre-Islamic Arabian practice of worshipping or seeking protection from them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200937-6">[5]</a> Although usually invisible, jinn are supposed to be composed of thin and subtle bodies (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8E%D8%AC%D9%92%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:أَجْسَام">أَجْسَام</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ajsām), and can <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">change</a> at will. They favor a <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a> form, but can also choose to appear as <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, or humans. They may even engage in sexual affairs with humans and produce offspring. If they are injured by someone, they usually seek revenge or <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">possess</a> the assailant's body, requiring <a href="/wiki/Exorcism#Islam" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>. Jinn rarely meddle in human affairs, preferring to live with their own kind in tribes similar to those of pre-Islamic Arabia. Individual jinn appear on charms and talismans. They are called upon for protection or magical aid, often under the leadership of a king. Many people who believe in jinn wear amulets to protect themselves against the assaults of the jinn, sent out by sorcerers and witches. A commonly held belief is that jinn cannot hurt someone who wears something with the name of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> written on it. While some Muslim scholars in the past had ambivalent attitudes towards jinn, contemporary Muslim scholarship increasingly associate jinn with <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_translation">Etymology and translation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and translation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg/220px-Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg/330px-Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg/440px-Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Winged_genie" title="Winged genie">winged genie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bucket_and_cone" title="Bucket and cone">bucket and cone</a> motif, depicting a demi-divine entity,<a href="#cite_note-Fee-Webb-2016-7">[6]</a> probably a forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic</a> tutelary deities, who became the jinn in Islam. Relief from the north wall of the Palace of king <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dur_Sharrukin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dur Sharrukin">Dur Sharrukin</a>, 713–716 BCE.</figcaption></figure> Jinn is an Arabic <a href="/wiki/Collective_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective number">collective noun</a> deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a> JNN (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جَنّ / جُنّ, jann), whose primary meaning is 'to hide' or 'to adapt'. Some authors interpret the word to mean, literally, 'beings that are concealed from the senses'.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognates</a> include the Arabic majnūn (مَجْنُون, 'possessed' or, generally, 'insane'), <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">jannah</a> (جَنَّة, 'garden', 'eden' or 'heaven'), and janīn (جَنِين, 'embryo').<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Jinn is properly treated as a plural (however in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>, may also appear as jānn, جَانّ), with the singular being jinnī (جِنِّيّ),<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> which the English word "genie" is derived from. The origin of the word jinn remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p22) Some scholars relate the Arabic term jinn to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">genius</a> – a guardian spirit of people and places in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Roman religion</a> – as a result of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> during the reign of the Roman empire under <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200938-11">[9]</a> however, this derivation is also disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p25) Supporters argue that both Roman genii as well as Arabian jinn are considered to be lesser deities inhabiting local <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuaries</a>, trees or springs, and persons or families.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020-12">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> ginnaya (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܓܢܝܐ) with the meaning of '<a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deity</a>'<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p24) or 'guardian' are attributed to similar functions and are another possible origin of the term jinn. Another suggestion holds that the word is of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> origin and appeared in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Avestic" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestic">Avestic</a> Jaini, a wicked (female) spirit. Jaini were among various creatures in the possibly even <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians in Iran">pre-Zoroastrian</a> mythology of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">peoples of Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Wensick advocates a purely Arabic origin of the term, asserting that according to the common Semitic view psychic and bodily affections are caused by spirits. An object reacting upon such an affect would be an incarnation of said spirit. Since these spirits are covered from the sight of humans, they would have been called jinn.<a href="#cite_note-MagicAndDivination-2021-15">[13]</a>(p45) The <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">anglicized</a> form genie is a borrowing of the French génie, also from the Latin genius.<a href="#cite_note-oed-16">[14]</a> It first appeared in 18th century translations of the <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of One Thousand and One Nights">Thousand and One Nights</a> from the 1706 French edition,<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> where it had been used owing to its rough similarity in sound and sense and further applies to benevolent intermediary spirits, in contrast to the malevolent spirits called '<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>' and mostly-benevolent 'heavenly angels', in literature.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian art">Assyrian art</a>, the modern term used for creatures <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontologically</a> between humans and divinities is also genie.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Though not a precise fit, descriptive analogies that have been used for these beings in Western thought include demon, spirit, "sprite", and fairy, depending on source.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p22) In turn, the Arabic translation for the Greek <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> ('arūsa) is also used for jinn by Middle Eastern sources.<a href="#cite_note-MagicAndDivination-2021-15">[13]</a>(p43) Although the term spirit is frequently used, it has been criticised for not capturing the corporeal nature of the jinn, and that the term genie should be used instead.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Islamic_era">Pre-Islamic era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinai_Desert_Cobra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sinai_Desert_Cobra.jpg/220px-Sinai_Desert_Cobra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sinai_Desert_Cobra.jpg/330px-Sinai_Desert_Cobra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Sinai_Desert_Cobra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Walterinnesia_aegyptia" title="Walterinnesia aegyptia">Sinai desert cobra</a>. Snakes are the animals most frequently associated with jinn. Black snakes are commonly believed to be evil jinn, whereas white snakes are held to be benign (Muslim) jinn.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></figcaption></figure> The exact origins of belief in jinn are not entirely clear.<a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(pp 1–10) Belief in jinn in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arab religion</a> is testified not only by the Quran, but also by <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HistMuh-2016-24">[22]</a>(p54) Some scholars of the Middle East hold that they originated as malevolent spirits residing in deserts and unclean places, who often took the forms of animals;<a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(p 1–10) others hold that they were originally pagan nature deities who gradually became marginalized as other deities took greater importance.<a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(pp 1–10) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fear_and_veneration">Fear and veneration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fear and veneration">edit</a>]</div> Jinn were already worshipped by many Arabs during in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200934-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-HistMuh-2016-24">[22]</a>(p54) <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a> observed that jinn were often thought to "inhabit or haunt desolate, dark and dingy places in the desert".<a href="#cite_note-Zeitlin59-26">[24]</a> For that reason, they were held responsible for various diseases and mental illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein2009122-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(pp 1–10) <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Savage-Smith" title="Emilie Savage-Smith">Emilie Savage-Smith</a> asserts that malicious jinn and good gods were distinct in pre-Islamic Arabia, but admits that such distinction is not absolute.<a href="#cite_note-MagicAndDivination-2021-15">[13]</a>(p39) In the regions north to the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, the terms jinni and ilah (deity) were often used interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Julius Wellhausen likewise agrees that in pre-Islamic Arabia it was assumed there are at least some friendly and helpful beings among the jinn. He distinguishes between a god and a jinni, not on the basis of morality, but on the basis of worship; the jinn are worshipped in private while the gods are worshipped in public.<a href="#cite_note-MagicAndDivination-2021-15">[13]</a>(p39) <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a> credits the pre-Islamic Arabs with believing that the society of jinn constitutes several tribes and groups, analogous to pre-Islamic Arabian culture. Jinn could also protect, marry, kidnap, possess, and kill people.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aloiane-1996-30">[28]</a>(p 424) Despite being invisible, jinn are considered to have bodies (ajsām), as described by <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a>, they are among <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>, along with humans, burdened beasts (like <a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">horses</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">cattle</a>, wild beasts, <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a>(p135) Jinn are further known as shapeshifters, often assuming the form of an animal, favoring the form of a snake. Other <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> animals regarded as forms of jinn include <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>. Both scorpions and serpents have been venerated in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>. When they shift into a human form however, they are said to stay partly animal and are not fully human.<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p164)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein2009164-32">[30]</a> Although the power of jinn usually exceed those of humans, it is conceivable a man could kill a jinni in single combat, but they are feared for attacking without being seen.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Some sources even speak of killed jinn leaving behind a carcass similar to either a serpent or a scorpion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200991–93-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_and_soothsaying">Poetry and soothsaying</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poetry and soothsaying">edit</a>]</div> Despite that they were often feared or inspired awe, the jinn were also pictured to befriend humans or have romantic feelings for them. According to common Arabian belief, pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">soothsayers</a>, philosophers, and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">poets</a> were inspired by the jinn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200934-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(pp 1–10) The Arabian poet <a href="/wiki/Al-A%27sha" title="Al-A'sha">al-A'sha</a> (d. after 3/625) is said to have gotten his inspiration for his poetry by a friend named Misḥal ("daʿawtu khalīlī Misḥalan") and further calls him his jinni-brother ("akhī ʾl-jinnī").<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-35">[33]</a> Similarly, the poet <a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Thabit" title="Hassan ibn Thabit">Thābit</a> (d. 54/674) who later converted to Islam and became known as "the poet of the prophet", referred to his jinni-friend as his "sharp-sighted brother from the jinn" ("wa-akhī min al-jinn al-baṣīr").<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-35">[33]</a> The relationship between jinn and humans can also be romantic in nature. According to one famous Arabian story, the jinni Manzur fell in love with a human woman called Habbah. He is supposed to have taught her the arts of healing.<a href="#cite_note-AmiraJinn2-36">[34]</a> The mutual relationship between jinn and humans is different than that of a jinni and a soothsayer (kāhin). The soothsayer is presented as someone who is <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">totally controlled</a> by the jinni entering. The soothsayer was consulted to reveal hidden information or settle disputes, as it was believed, the jinn speaking through them revealed hidden knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> Jinn have been called an integral part of the Muslim tradition<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> or faith,<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> completely accepted in official Islam;<a href="#cite_note-EI-2-English-40">[38]</a> prominently featured in folklore.<a href="#cite_note-Olomi-prominently-2021-41">[39]</a> Medieval and modern scholars have studied the consequences implied by their existence,<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> legal status, the possible relations between them and mankind, especially in questions of marriage and property.<a href="#cite_note-EI-2-English-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quran">Quran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quran">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mythology" title="Islamic mythology">Islamic mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg/220px-Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg/330px-Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg/440px-Naskh_script_-_Qur%27anic_verses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>The 72nd chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> entitled <a href="/wiki/Al-Jinn" title="Al-Jinn">Al-Jinn</a> (The Jinn), as well as the heading and introductory <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">bismillah</a> of the next chapter entitled <a href="/wiki/Al-Muzzammil" title="Al-Muzzammil">al-Muzzammil</a> (The Enshrouded One)</figcaption></figure> Jinn are mentioned approximately 29 times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(p21) exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Meccan_surah" title="Meccan surah">Meccan surahs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai2023180-43">[41]</a> The Quran assumes that the audience is familiar with the subject without elaborating on the jinn much further.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> According to the Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/51?startingVerse=56">51:56-57</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> was sent as a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">prophet</a> to both human and jinn communities, and prophets and messengers were sent to both communities.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Throughout the Quran, humans and jinn (al-ins wa-l-jinn) appear frequently as a pair, designating their equal status in regards of their creation and rejecting that jinn share divinity with the Creator.<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p181)<a href="#cite_note-Fee-Webb-2016-7">[6]</a> The term ins derives from anisa, which means "to be familiar with", and refers to recognisable familiar human beings. In contrast, the term jinn refers to foreign, invisible, or unknown anthropomorphic beings, which are nonetheless subject to the same considerations as the former.<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020-12">[10]</a>(p101) They were both created to worship God (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/51?startingVerse=56">51:56</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Medieval-2006-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p182) Because they are supposed to worship God from free will, they are both able for good and evil deeds (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=179">7:179</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/55?startingVerse=56">55:56</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Medieval-2006-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p182) They are, like humans, rational beings formed of nations (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=38">7:38</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Medieval-2006-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p182) <a href="/wiki/Al-Jinn" title="Al-Jinn">Surah al-jinn</a> is about the revelation to jinn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200964-50">[48]</a> The same Surah mentions righteous jinn on one hand, and malicious jinn on the other.<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p181) The jinn can neither harm nor benefit humans, for they are occupied with looking after themselves and their own place in the cosmos.<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p185) This is in notable contrast to demons and devils in the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p181, 185) The Quran does not condemn the jinn as a source of harm, but by mistaking them for beings deserving cultic veneration (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/72?startingVerse=6">72:6</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Medieval-2006-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-MagicAndDivination-2021-15">[13]</a>(p41)<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p185) Jinn and humans are blamed for ascribing divine attributes to another creature (i.e. jinn); jinn to themselves and humans to the jinn.<a href="#cite_note-MagicAndDivination-2021-15">[13]</a>(p41)<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020-12">[10]</a>(p102) In the Quranic account, despite their similarities, there are important differences between the two species. Whereas humans are made from "clay" or "dirt", jinn were created from "smokeless fire" (Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/15?startingVerse=27">15:27</a>, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/55?startingVerse=15">55:15</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p182) which is possibly the reason why they are credited with some extraordinary abilities, such as invisibility, transformation, and ascending into the air like devils (Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/72?startingVerse=8">72:8</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p182) Despite some superhuman powers, the jinn occupy no fundamentally different position in the Quran than humans. Like humans, the jinn have no knowledge of the future.<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p182) Like humanity, jinn face <a href="/wiki/Epistemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemic">epistemic</a> limitations regarding "the hidden/occult", have to rely on God's messengers, and face <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> judgement.<a href="#cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">[46]</a>(p182)<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medieval-2006-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exegesis">Exegesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exegesis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_figure_enthroned_and_surrounded_by_Jinn_of_the_Earth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_figure_enthroned_and_surrounded_by_Jinn_of_the_Earth.png/220px-Royal_figure_enthroned_and_surrounded_by_Jinn_of_the_Earth.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_figure_enthroned_and_surrounded_by_Jinn_of_the_Earth.png/330px-Royal_figure_enthroned_and_surrounded_by_Jinn_of_the_Earth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_figure_enthroned_and_surrounded_by_Jinn_of_the_Earth.png/440px-Royal_figure_enthroned_and_surrounded_by_Jinn_of_the_Earth.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Kashan, Iran, late 12th–13th century mina’i-fritware bowl. The scene in this bowl can be understood as depicting the enthroned (Second) Sulaymān with messengers to either side, crowned human headed winged jinn.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Singer_Ibrahim_and_the_jinn_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Singer_Ibrahim_and_the_jinn_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Singer_Ibrahim_and_the_jinn_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Singer_Ibrahim_and_the_jinn_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Singer_Ibrahim_and_the_jinn_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Singer_Ibrahim_and_the_jinn_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Singer_Ibrahim_and_the_jinn_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The Singer Ibrahim and the jinn. Ibrahim has been imprisoned by his master Muhammad al-Amin and visited by a jinn in guise of an old man. The jinn offers him food and drink and is so impressed by Ibrahim's voice that he convinces Muhammad to free him.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> interpretation, the term jinn can be used in two different ways:<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[52]</a>(p12)<a href="#cite_note-Abu-Hamdiyyah,_Muhammad_2020-12">[10]</a> <ol><li>a specific invisible being, offspring of <a href="/wiki/Jann_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (mythology)">abu Jann</a> considered to be, along with humans, thaqalān (accountable for their deeds), created out of "fire and air" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مَارِجٍ مِن نَّار, mārijin min nār).<a href="#cite_note-Teuma,_E._1984-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a></li> <li>any object that cannot be detected by human <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organs">sensory organs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">devils</a>, and the (spiritual) interior of human beings.<a href="#cite_note-Teuma,_E._1984-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[c]</a></li></ol> Belief in jinn is not included among the <a href="/wiki/The_six_articles_of_faith_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The six articles of faith in Islam">six articles of Islamic faith</a>, as belief in angels is. Nonetheless, many Muslim scholars, including the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalī</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">ibn Taymiyya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Ẓāhirī</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_%E1%B8%A4azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Ḥazm">ibn Hazm</a>, believe they are essential to the Islamic faith since they are mentioned in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p33) It is generally accepted by the majority of Muslim scholars that jinn can possess individuals. This is considered to be part of the doctrines (aqidah) of the "<a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">people of the Sunnah</a>" (ahl as-sunnah wal-jammah'a) in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Böttcher–2021-61">[58]</a>(p 68) The <a href="/wiki/Atharis" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharis">Atharī</a> scholars ibn Taimiyya and ibn Qayyim agree on this matter.<a href="#cite_note-Böttcher–2021-61">[58]</a> From among the Sunni schools of theology, only the <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Māturīdīs</a> seems to debate possession. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Rustughfan%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Rustughfanī (page does not exist)">Al-Rustughfanī</a> deemed jinn-possession impossible.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maturidi">Al-Māturīdī</a> focuses on the dynamics between jinn and humans based on Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/72?startingVerse=6">72:6</a>. He states that seeking refuge among the jinn increases fear and anxiety, however, not because of the jinn, but due to the psychological dependence of the individual towards external powers. By that, he refers to seeking refuge among the jinn as a form of <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">širk</a>, due to the reliance on a created thing instead of God.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[52]</a>(p23) Although jinn frequently appear in hagiographic <a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a> and their existence is never doubted, they do not play any major role in <a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a>. Because of their similarities to humans, they function neither as a model to follow (like angels) nor tempters of the lower self (like Satan) and mostly feature in poetic anecdotes.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence">edit</a>]</div> The jinn are obligated to follow the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">divine law</a> (sharīʿa), as derived from the Quran by <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Muslim jurists</a> (faqīh). Thus, the jinn are considered, along with humans, to be <a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">mukallāf</a>. Believers among the jinn are called "Muslim jinn" (muslimū l-jinn).<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Since both creations must perform the <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">required prayers</a> (salah), Muslim jurists debated if one is allowed to perform the prayer behind a jinni. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Din_Abu_Muhammad_ibn_%27Abd_Allah_as-Sibli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badr al-Din Abu Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah as-Sibli (page does not exist)">Shibli</a> cites two <a href="/wiki/Hanbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalism">Hanbalite</a> scholars who regard this as permissible without hesitation. Since Muhammad was sent to jinn and humans, both are mukallāf and subject to the command to pray.<a href="#cite_note-65">[d]</a> Because humans and jinn are capable of procreation, Muslim jurists dealt with the issue of permissibility of intercourse between these two types of creatures. Some <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Ḥadīths</a>, though considered <a href="/wiki/Maw%E1%B8%8D%C5%AB%CA%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawḍūʻ">fabricated (mawḍūʻ)</a> by some <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">muhaddith (hadith scholars)</a>, pushed the necessity for an explanation:<a href="#cite_note-Hidden-66">[62]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Hour will come when the children of jinn will become many among you."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Suyuti, Laqt al-marjân, 38.<a href="#cite_note-Hidden-66">[62]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Among you are those who are expatriated (mugharrabûn);" and this, he explained, meant "crossed with jinn."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Suyuti, Laqt al-marjân, 28.<a href="#cite_note-Hidden-66">[62]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Although there are recorded cases of purported human-jinn relationships<a href="#cite_note-67">[e]</a> most Muslim jurists agree that such a relationship is not permissible.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Even those scholars who allowed such relationships, still considered them undesirable (<a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">makruh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Hidden-66">[62]</a> Offspring of human-jinn relationships are nonetheless, usually considered to be gifted and talented people with special abilities.<a href="#cite_note-Aloiane-1996-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Folklore">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinn_of_the_Air_in_Seljuk_arts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jinn_of_the_Air_in_Seljuk_arts.png/330px-Jinn_of_the_Air_in_Seljuk_arts.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jinn_of_the_Air_in_Seljuk_arts.png/495px-Jinn_of_the_Air_in_Seljuk_arts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jinn_of_the_Air_in_Seljuk_arts.png/660px-Jinn_of_the_Air_in_Seljuk_arts.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Examples of the Jinn of the Air depicted on Seljuk 13th century tilework from Kubad Abad.</figcaption></figure> The jinn (also known as: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Xhindi, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>: Džin, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Cin) were adopted by later <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a>, since the Quran affirms their existence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[64]</a> Although depictions are categorized into little tradition (<a href="/wiki/Folk_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Islam">folklore</a>) and greater tradition (official Islam) for research purposes, both depictions are largely the same.<a href="#cite_note-70">[f]</a> The Quran does not consider foreign mythological beings to be devils, but entities erroneously ascribed divine power to. Therefore, jinn were considered a third class of invisible beings, often neutral or morally ambiguous, not consequently equated with devils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200952-71">[65]</a> Islam allowed to integrate local beliefs about spirits and <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> from Iran, Africa, Turkey and India, into a monotheistic framework without demonizing them.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> An example of this can be seen in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Syed_Sultan" title="Syed Sultan">Syed Sultan</a> who treated <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> as "created beings" and casts the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Suras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> into the roles of the jinn in Islamic haggadic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> Besides local deities, the existence of purely malevolent spirits is also acknowledged. Thus, jinn exist alongside other mythological entities, such as <a href="/wiki/Dev_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev (mythology)">demons</a> (Dēw) and <a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">fairies</a> (parī).<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> The moral attitude of the jinn is usually associated with their religion. Good jinn are usually considered Muslim jinn or jinn Islam, whereas unbelieving jinn were tempted by the devils (shayatin) and are called kāfir jinn or jinn kāfir.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> Besides Islam, they could also practise Christianity and Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-Gregg,_G._S._2005_p._127-76">[70]</a> Good jinn might teach people moral lessons and might be benevolent,<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> or aid spiritual persons, such as <a href="/wiki/Shamans" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamans">shamans</a> (kam) in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, or spiritual healers in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediha_Esenel" title="Mediha Esenel">Mediha Esenel</a>'s studies in 1940 <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> mentions the belief that spiritually gifted people can act as intermediaries between humans and jinn.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> Most of the time, jinn are believed not to interfere with humans and live mostly in desolate or abandoned places.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-1885-134-6-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-82">[76]</a> This is, for example, evident from the Turkish phrase <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0n_Cin" title="İn Cin">İn Cin top oynuyor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> It is only when they are angered or disturbed, for example, if their children are trodden upon or hot water is thrown on them,<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> that they take revenge on humans. For this reason, Muslims utter "destur" (permission), before doing something which might accidentally hurt jinn, such as sprinkling hot water on public grounds or into bushes, so present jinn are advised to leave the place.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-1885-134-6-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(p<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qKL3AgAAQBAJ&q=ancient+Mesopotamian+genii+and+Islamic+jinn">149</a>) Angered or straightforwardly evil mannered jinn, could hurt people by inflicting physical damage, causing illness, or <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">taking control over a human's body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gregg,_G._S._2005_p._127-76">[70]</a> A human can be controlled by jinn under certain circumstances. The individual needs to be in a state of dha'iyfah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: <big>ضَعِيفَة</big>, "(mental) weakness"). Feelings of insecurity, mental instability, unhappy love and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> (being "tired from the soul") are forms of dha'iyfah.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> In that case, it is believed that an <a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcism in Islam">exorcism</a> is required to save the person from the assaulting jinni.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> To protect oneself from jinn, many Muslims wear amulets with the name of God graved on. Jinn are also said to be scared of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(pp 128, 250) and <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ameen–2015-88">[82]</a>(p 34)<a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(p 95) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_and_post-modern_era">Modern and post-modern era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern and post-modern era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-modern_literature_and_movies">Post-modern literature and movies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-modern literature and movies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genies_in_popular_culture" title="Genies in popular culture">Genies in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majlis_al_Jinn_-_Descending_into_cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Majlis_al_Jinn_-_Descending_into_cave.jpg/180px-Majlis_al_Jinn_-_Descending_into_cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Majlis_al_Jinn_-_Descending_into_cave.jpg/270px-Majlis_al_Jinn_-_Descending_into_cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Majlis_al_Jinn_-_Descending_into_cave.jpg/360px-Majlis_al_Jinn_-_Descending_into_cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The cave chamber <a href="/wiki/Majlis_al_Jinn" title="Majlis al Jinn">Majlis al Jinn</a>, believed to be a gathering place of the jinn in <a href="/wiki/Omani" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani">Omani lore</a></figcaption></figure> Jinn feature in the <a href="/wiki/Magic_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic Realism">magical realism genre</a>, introduced into Turkish literature by <a href="/wiki/Latife_Tekin" title="Latife Tekin">Latife Tekin</a> (1983),<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> who uses magical elements known from pre-Islamic and Islamic Anatolian lore. Since the 1980s, this genre has become prominent in Turkish literature. The story by Tekin deals with folkloric and religious belief in a <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">rationalized society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Contrary to the neutral to positive depiction of jinn in Tekin's novels, since 2004 <a href="/wiki/Jinn_in_horror_films" title="Jinn in horror films">jinn have become a common trope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Middle Eastern horror movies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> The presentation of jinn usually combines Quranic with oral and cultural beliefs about jinn.<a href="#cite_note-Zeynep-2007-92">[86]</a> Out of 89 films, 59 have direct references to jinn as the antagonist, 12 use other sorts of demons, while other types of horror, such as the impending apocalypse, hauntings, or ghosts, constitute only 14 films.<a href="#cite_note-Zeynep-2007-92">[86]</a> The popularity of jinn as a choice of monster can best be explained by their affirmation in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Sengul-2020-93">[87]</a> They are still a popular trope today. A study from 2020 shows that jinn are still the favorite Horror element among teenagers.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> Jinn further feature in Iranian horror movies.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevalence_of_belief">Prevalence of belief</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prevalence of belief">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Gate_Of_Firoz_Shah%27s_Cotillah,_Delhi_-_British_Library_.X768-2(11)jpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/West_Gate_Of_Firoz_Shah%27s_Cotillah%2C_Delhi_-_British_Library_.X768-2%2811%29jpg.jpg/220px-West_Gate_Of_Firoz_Shah%27s_Cotillah%2C_Delhi_-_British_Library_.X768-2%2811%29jpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/West_Gate_Of_Firoz_Shah%27s_Cotillah%2C_Delhi_-_British_Library_.X768-2%2811%29jpg.jpg/330px-West_Gate_Of_Firoz_Shah%27s_Cotillah%2C_Delhi_-_British_Library_.X768-2%2811%29jpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/West_Gate_Of_Firoz_Shah%27s_Cotillah%2C_Delhi_-_British_Library_.X768-2%2811%29jpg.jpg/440px-West_Gate_Of_Firoz_Shah%27s_Cotillah%2C_Delhi_-_British_Library_.X768-2%2811%29jpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>West Gate Of Firoz Shah's Cotillah. Firoz Shah Kotla is believed to inhabit saints from among the jinn. In the Indian Musim consciousness, due to their long-livity, the jinn connect centuries of apart of Muslim experience. Since 1977 the place has become popular for jinn-saint-veneration.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> Though discouraged by some teachings of modern Islam, cultural beliefs about jinn remain popular among Muslim societies and their understanding of cosmology and anthropology.<a href="#cite_note-Partovi-2009-97">[91]</a> Affirmation on the existence of jinn as sapient creatures living along with humans is still widespread in the Middle Eastern world (including Egypt),<a href="#cite_note-cook-koran-47-98">[92]</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rassool-100">[94]</a> mental illnesses are still often attributed to jinn possession.<a href="#cite_note-Rassool-100">[94]</a> Since modern times, jinn were often portrayed in a more negative light. After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, the Muslim elite regarded jinn-veneration in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a> as a superstitional belief and hinders the common people to instigate military power.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a>, although not denying the reality of jinn, mostly depicts jinn as malevolent beings who need to be avoided or exorcised.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> In modern Iran, (evil) jinn are often substituted by devils.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> Similarly, in many modern tales, the term jinn is used for div (demon), causing a shift in meaning.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> Nonetheless, traditional belief in jinn remains popular in Islamic culture.<a href="#cite_note-Omidsalar-2000-12-15-106">[100]</a> The negative evaluations of jinn are not static, but rather entangled with traditional and also positive depictions of jinn.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> According to a survey undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> in 2012:<a href="#cite_note-Rassool_2018-108">[102]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>% of Muslims who affirm a belief in the existence of jinn </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 86%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">86%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 84%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">84%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 77%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">77%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 70%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">70%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 63%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">63%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 55%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">55%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 53%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">53%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 47%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">47%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 36%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">36%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 200px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The amount of Muslims believing in jinn from Bosnia and Herzegovina is higher than the general European average (30%), although only 21% believe in sorcery and 13% would wear talisman for protection against jinn; 12% support offerings and appeal given to the jinn.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a> is understood as a "jinn attack" by many sleep paralysis sufferers in Egypt, as discovered by a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> neuroscience study Jalal, Simons-Rudolph, Jalal, & Hinton (2013).<a href="#cite_note-Jalal-SimonsRudolph-etal-2013-10-110">[104]</a> The study found that as many as 48% of those who experience sleep paralysis in Egypt believe it to be an assault by the jinn.<a href="#cite_note-Jalal-SimonsRudolph-etal-2013-10-110">[104]</a> Almost all of these sleep paralysis sufferers (95%) would recite verses from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> during sleep paralysis to prevent future "jinn attacks". In addition, some (9%) would increase their daily Islamic prayer (<a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">ṣalāh</a>) to get rid of these assaults by jinn.<a href="#cite_note-Jalal-SimonsRudolph-etal-2013-10-110">[104]</a> Sleep paralysis is generally associated with great fear in Egypt, especially if believed to be supernatural in origin.<a href="#cite_note-Jalal-Hinton-2013-09-111">[105]</a> Similarly, European patients with a Muslim background often attribute mental illnesses to jinn.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-112">[106]</a> Most common attributations to jinn are symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucination</a> and psychotic symptoms, but can also include mood disorders, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-compulsive disorder">obsessive-compulsive disorder</a> (OCD), <a href="/wiki/Capgras_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Capgras syndrome">Capgras syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-112">[106]</a> It has been noted that not all Muslims who believe in jinn, believe they can possess people. Furthermore, belief in possession is not limited to Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> Contrary to the assumption that higher education is proportional to <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a>, belief in jinn-possession may remain intact even after <a href="/wiki/Medical_degree" title="Medical degree">medical graduation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Visual art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porte_citadelle_alep_(arch).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Porte_citadelle_alep_%28arch%29.jpg/220px-Porte_citadelle_alep_%28arch%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Porte_citadelle_alep_%28arch%29.jpg/330px-Porte_citadelle_alep_%28arch%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Porte_citadelle_alep_%28arch%29.jpg/440px-Porte_citadelle_alep_%28arch%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Ornamentation of intertwined serpents above the door of the Citadel of Aleppo</figcaption></figure> Although there are very few visual representations of jinn in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, when they do appear, it is usually related to a specific event or individual jinn. Visual representations of jinn appear in manuscripts and their existence is often implied in works of architecture by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> devices like serpents, which were intended to ward off evil spirits. Lastly, <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a> is illustrated very often with jinn as the commander of an army that included them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_representation">Architectural representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architectural representation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinn_Carrying_Solomon%27s_Throne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jinn_Carrying_Solomon%27s_Throne.png/220px-Jinn_Carrying_Solomon%27s_Throne.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jinn_Carrying_Solomon%27s_Throne.png/330px-Jinn_Carrying_Solomon%27s_Throne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jinn_Carrying_Solomon%27s_Throne.png/440px-Jinn_Carrying_Solomon%27s_Throne.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Takht-i Marmar, the marble throne supported by jinn and divs (demons), Gulistan Palace, Teheran, created for Fath Ali Shah (r. 1797–1833)</figcaption></figure> In addition to these representations of jinn in vicinity to kingship, there were also architectural references to jinn throughout the Islamic world. In the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a>, the entrance gate Bab al-Hayyat made reference to jinn in the stone relief carvings of serpents; likewise, the water gate at Ayyubid Harran housed two copper sculptures of jinn, serving as talismans to ward off both snakes and evil jinn in the form of snakes.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan-2018-115">[109]</a>(p408) Alongside these depictions of the jinn found at the Aleppo Citadel, depictions of the jinn can be found in the Rūm Seljuk palace. There are a phenomenal range of creatures that can be found on the eight-pointed tiles of the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Sulaymān</a> device.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan-2018-115">[109]</a>(p390) Among these were the jinn, that belonged among Solomon's army and as Solomon claimed to have control over the jinn, so did the Rūm Seljuk sultan that claimed to be the Sulaymān of his time.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan-2018-115">[109]</a>(p393) In fact, one of the most common representations of jinn are alongside or in association with King Solomon. It was thought that King Solomon had very close ties to the jinn, and even had control over many of them.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan-2018-115">[109]</a>(p399) The idea that a great and just ruler commands jinn was also extended to other emperors, such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duggan-2018-115">[109]</a>(p399) Given this association, jinn were often seen with Solomon in a princely or kingly context, such as the small, animal-like jinn sitting beside King Solomon on his throne illustrated in an illuminated manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Aja%27ib_al-Makhluqat" title="Aja'ib al-Makhluqat">Aja'ib al-Makhluqat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a>, written in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Kitāb_al-Bulhān">In the Kitāb al-Bulhān</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In the Kitāb al-Bulhān">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Jinn-King_of_Tuesday.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Red_Jinn-King_of_Tuesday.png/180px-Red_Jinn-King_of_Tuesday.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Red_Jinn-King_of_Tuesday.png/270px-Red_Jinn-King_of_Tuesday.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Red_Jinn-King_of_Tuesday.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Al-Ahmar, the red king of the jinn. One of the Seven jinn-kings in the late 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a>. </figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a> compiled in the 14th century by Abd al-Hasan al-Isfahani, there are illustrations of various supernatural beings (demons, ʿafārīt,<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> jinn, the evil eye, devils, <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">lilith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_intelligence" title="Planetary intelligence">celestial spirits</a>, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-Taheri,_Alireza_2017-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a>(p27) Each celestial spirits is referred to as a "King of the Jinn", represented alongside his spiritual helpers and alongside the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Talismanic_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Talismanic object">talismanic symbols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a>(p27) For instance, the 'Red King of Tuesday' was depicted in the Book of Wonders as a sinister form astride a lion. In the same illustration, he holds a severed head and a sword, because the 'Red King of Tuesday' was aligned with <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/God_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="God of war">god of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a>(p27) Alongside that, there were illustrations of the 'Gold King' and the 'White King'.<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a>(p27) Aside from the seven 'Kings of the Jinn', the Book of Wonders included an illustration of Huma (Arabic: حمى), or the 'Fever'. Huma was depicted as three-headed and as embracing the room around him, in order to capture someone and bring on a fever in them.<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a>(p28) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talismanic_representation">Talismanic representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Talismanic representation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tawiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tawiz.jpg/220px-Tawiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tawiz.jpg/330px-Tawiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tawiz.jpg/440px-Tawiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Image of a talisman (<a href="/wiki/Tawiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawiz">Tawiz</a>), supposed to ward off jinn, evil eye, sorcery, and demons.</figcaption></figure> The jinn had an indirect impact on Islamic art through the creation of talismans that were alleged to guard the bearer from the jinn and were enclosed in leather and included <a href="/wiki/%C4%80yah" title="Āyah">Qur'anic verses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200980-120">[114]</a> It was not unusual for those talismans to be inscribed with separated Arabic letters, because the separation of those letters was thought to positively affect the potency of the talisman overall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200982-121">[115]</a> An object that was inscribed with the word of Allah was thought to have the power to ward off evil from the person who obtained the object, though many of these objects also had astrological signs, depictions of prophets, or religious narratives.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magical_practises">Magical practises</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Magical practises">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg/180px-Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg/270px-Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg/360px-Kitab_al-Bulhan_---_demons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Zawba'a or Zoba'ah, the jinn-king of Friday. One of the Seven jinn-kings in the late 14th-century Book of Wonders.</figcaption></figure> Jinn might be invoked, along with demons and devils, for means of sorcery, incantation, protection, or divination.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> Soothsayers (kāhin) are credited with the ability to ask jinn about things of the past, since their lives are believed to last longer than that of humans.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a>(p73) Common beliefs regarding sorcery and commanding jinn are attested in <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">ibn al-Nadim's</a> <a href="/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_al-Fihrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitāb al-Fihrist">Kitāb al-Fihrist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p141) Since he locates such practises not as a branch of science or philosophy, but rather in a chapter about stories and fables, the author might not have believed in the efficiency of sorcery himself.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p141) He reports that the art of commanding jinn and demons is traced back to <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a>. The first who would have practised a lawful method of incantation is supposed to be <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab%C5%AB_Na%E1%B9%A3r_A%E1%B8%A5mad_b._Hil%C4%81l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abū Naṣr Aḥmad b. Hilāl (page does not exist)">Abū Naṣr Aḥmad b. Hilāl</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p142) Ibn Nadim explains lawful and unlawful subjugating of jinn and demons as distinct: While the former controls the jinn by the power of God's divine names, the latter pleases demons and devils by prohibited offerings and sinful acts.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p141–142) According to al-Jāḥiẓ, ibn Hilāl is said to have the power to summon demons and jinn<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p142) and further claimed to have married a daughter of Satan and begotten a child.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p143) There is evidence that subjugation of spirits, jinn, and demons, was also cultivated by various Islamic authorities. <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fadl_Muhammad_al_Tabasi" title="Abu al-Fadl Muhammad al Tabasi">Al-Ṭabasī</a>, who was considered a reliable <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">muḥadīth</a> (scholar of ḥadīth) and pious ascetic, wrote an extensive treatise (al-Shāmil fī al-baḥr al-kāmil) on subjugating demons and jinn.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p145) According to <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a>, it was well known that jinn obeyed al-Ṭabasī. He gives an example, that al-Ṭabasī demonstrated the jinn to the famous scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazālī</a>, who saw them as shadows on the wall.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p145) He professes that jinn only obey when the individual turns away from the temptations of creation and devoting oneself towards God.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p146) The al-Shāmil gives detailed instructions for preparations of various incantations. Unlike, for example in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">al-Razi</a>, the al-Shāmil has no direct link to Hellenistic or Hermetic magic or philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-126">[120]</a>(p148) Magic was also used in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as evident from the Talismanic shirts of <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Related to the occult traditions in Islamic culture is the belief in the "Seven kings of the Week", also known as rūḥāiya ulia (higher spirits; angels) and rūḥāiya sufula (lower spirits; demons). These beings are, for example, invoked for the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Magic_square#Magic_squares_in_occultism" title="Magic square">Magic squares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(p87) This belief is attested by the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a> It contains artistic depictions of several supernatural beings (demons, jinn, the evil eye, fever (Huma, Arabic: حمى), devils, <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">lilith</a>, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-Taheri,_Alireza_2017-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a> Some of these beings indicate that the work connects Hebrew, Christian, and Islamic magical traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a> The original work is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">al-Bakhi</a>, who founded a system of astrological magic based on <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neo-Platonic thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a> Although many pages are damaged, it is possible to reconstruct their meanings from Ottoman copies.<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a> Each king is depicted with helpers and associated talismanic symbols.<a href="#cite_note-Carboni-2013-119">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_mythology">Comparative mythology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Comparative mythology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology#Jinn" title="Comparative mythology">Comparative mythology § Jinn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compendium_rarissimum_totius_Artis_Magicae._Wellcome_L0027769.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Compendium_rarissimum_totius_Artis_Magicae._Wellcome_L0027769.jpg/220px-Compendium_rarissimum_totius_Artis_Magicae._Wellcome_L0027769.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Compendium_rarissimum_totius_Artis_Magicae._Wellcome_L0027769.jpg/330px-Compendium_rarissimum_totius_Artis_Magicae._Wellcome_L0027769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Compendium_rarissimum_totius_Artis_Magicae._Wellcome_L0027769.jpg/440px-Compendium_rarissimum_totius_Artis_Magicae._Wellcome_L0027769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>The sheyd אַשְמְדּאָי (<a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Ašmodai</a>) in bird-like form, with typical rooster feet, as depicted in Compendium rarissimum totius Artis Magicae, 1775</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative mythology</a> and historical context studies, <a href="/wiki/Quranic_studies" title="Quranic studies">Quranic studies</a> scholars discuss the relationship between Islamic notions of jinn and earlier Jewish and Christian ideas of supernatural beings or preternatural creatures, especially those of <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">spirits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>. It is widely agreed that the belief in jinn was a common element of the culture out of which the Quran came.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[64]</a> One question has concerned the degree to Quranic jinn might be compared to <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a> in Christian traditions, although issues with this view are that jinn are not identified as "angels" and that descriptions of angels do not involve their flying up the sky to eavesdrop on heavenly secrets (unlike jinn who do so in Surah 72).<a href="#cite_note-Azaiez-Reynolds-Tesei-Zafer-nd-129">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> notes that, like jinn, the demons of the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Solomon" title="Testament of Solomon">Testament of Solomon</a> ascend to the <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">firmament</a> and eavesdrop on heavenly secrets; as did demons of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a>, who in addition encounter a heavenly defense systems (as did Islamic jinn).<a href="#cite_note-Azaiez-Reynolds-Tesei-Zafer-nd-129">[123]</a> Similar statements are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(tractate)" title="Berakhot (tractate)">Berakhot</a> 18b) and the 8th-century Scolion of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_bar_Konai" title="Theodore bar Konai">Theodore bar Konai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecharneux2023227–228-130">[124]</a> Counterparts to Quranic jinn have been identified in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, where spirits created by God, associated with fire, having an identified leader (<a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a>), may either aid or harm humans, and suffer a similar fate as the jinn.<a href="#cite_note-:02-131">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">Shedim</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> are said to resemble jinn.<a href="#cite_note-YALÇINKAYA,_Mustafa_2020-132">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebling–2010-23">[21]</a>(p120) Like jinn, among a class of beings of Jewish mythology/belief (jnun, shedim, etc.), there is a tradition of ritual exorcism and negotiations that differs from that of traditional Jewish cure of spirit possession associated with ghosts (<a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a>).<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> Jinn have also been compared to preternatural beings called gny' in inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> as well as broader <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antique</a> demonologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai2023183–186-135">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genies_in_popular_culture" title="Genies in popular culture">Genies in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Animals_versus_Man" title="The Case of the Animals versus Man">The Case of the Animals versus Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon">Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_hybrid#Theriocephaly_studies" title="Human–animal hybrid">Human–animal hybrid § Theriocephaly studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasnas" title="Nasnas">Nasnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_person" title="Shadow person">Shadow person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Superstitions in Muslim societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Thousand_Years_of_Longing" title="Three Thousand Years of Longing">Three Thousand Years of Longing</a>, a 2022 film starring <a href="/wiki/Idris_Elba" title="Idris Elba">Idris Elba</a> as a djinn.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Verse" title="Throne Verse">Throne Verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> From T. Nünlist (2015) Dämonenglaube im Islam<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p2) TRANSLATION: (in English) "M. Dols points out that jinn-belief is not a strictly Islamic concept. It rather includes countless elements of idol-worship, as Muhammad's enemies practised in Mecca during jahilliya. According to F. Meier early Islam integrated many pagan deities into its system by degrading them to spirits. 1. In Islam, the existence of spirits that are neither angels nor necessarily devils is acknowledged. 2. Thereby Islam is able to incorporate non-biblical[,] non-Quranic ideas about mythic images, that means: a. degrading deities to spirits and therefore taking into the spiritual world. b. taking daemons, not mentioned in the sacred traditions of Islam, of uncertain origin. c. consideration of spirits to tolerate or advising to regulate them."<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p2) ORIGINAL: (in German) "M. Dols macht darauf aufmerksam, dass der Ginn-Glaube kein strikt islamisches Konzept ist. Er beinhaltet vielmehr zahllose Elemente einer Götzenverehrung, wie sie Muhammads Gegner zur Zeit der gahiliyya in Mekka praktizierten. Gemäß F. Meier integrierte der junge Islam bei seiner raschen Expansion viele heidnische Gottheiten in sein System, indem er sie zu Dämonen degradierte. 1. Im Islam wird die Existenz von Geistern, die weder Engel noch unbedingt Teufel sein müssen, anerkannt. 2. Damit besitzt der Islam die Möglichkeit, nicht-biblische[,] nicht koranische Vorstellungen von mythischen Vorstellungen sich einzuverleiben, d.h.: a. Götter zu Geistern zu erniedrigen und so ins islamische Geisterreich aufzunehmen. b. in der heiligen Überlieferung des Islams nicht eigens genannte Dämonen beliebiger Herkunft zu übernehmen. c. eine Berücksichtigung der Geister zu dulden oder gar zu empfehlen und sie zu regeln."<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p2)<a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-2005-EncQrn-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> sometimes Arabs use Jānn (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جان) term for singular, jānn also referred to jinn world – another plural, snakes / serpents and <a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">another type of jinn</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> This is, for example, evident from A'sha's saying in mention of Sulayman ibn Dawud; and He subjected from the jinn among the angels (min jinni al-mala'iki)"<a href="#cite_note-Baydawi-2016-58">[56]</a>(p546) Al-Jahiz defines jinn as various spirits defined by their behaviour; a malicious and wicked jinn is called a s̲h̲ayṭān, a jinn lifting a heavy weight and listening at the doors of Heaven is a mārid, a jinn of great intelligence is called an ʿabḳarī, a jinn entirely good and pure is an angel.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> From T. Nünlist (2015) Dämonenglaube im Islam<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p89) TRANSLATION: (in English) "Islamic jurists have also repeatedly addressed the question of whether the jinn have a religion. Shchibli notes that in this context they had a controversial discussion about whether it was permissible under Sharia law to perform the Muslim ritual prayer (salat) behind a genie. Two Hanbali sources led by Shibli affirm this permissibility without hesitation and justify their point of view by saying that not only the humans (ins) but also the jinn are "mukallaf".<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p2) ORIGINAL: (in German) "Auch die islamischen Rechtsgelehrten haben sich wiederholt mit der Frage beschäftigt, ob die Dschinn eine Religion haben. Shchibli hält fest, dass sie in diesem Zusammenhang kontrovers diskutiert hätten, ob es schariarehtlich zulässig sei, das muslimische Ritualgebet (salat) hinter einem Dschinni zu verrichten. Zwei von Schibli angeführte hanbalitische Gewährsleute bejahen diese Zulässigkeit ohne Zögern und begründen ihren Standpunkt damit, dass nicht nur die Menschen (ins), sondern auch die Dschinn mukallaf seien."<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p89) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> In a study of exorcism culture in the <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> of Yemen, love was one of the most frequent cited causes of relationships between humans and jinn. Love seems to be the most frequent occasion of contact between men and jinn. A jinni meets a woman and falls in love with her, or vice versa... This possession is manifest notably when the jinni has sexual intercourse with the person he/she possesses. In that case, the individual behaves with gestures and words as if they were having sexual intercourse, although he/she is apparently alone in the room. Besides, this person seems to suddenly lose all interest for his/her environment."<a href="#cite_note-Hidden-66">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> From T. Nünlist (2015) Dämonenglaube im Islam TRANSLATION: (in English) "The distinction made between popular and scriptural Islam or between little and great traditions proves to be problematic and only serves as a makeshift here. This comparison implicitly suggests that the representations of daemonology in written sources differ from the findings documented in ethnographic, anthropological and sociologically oriented field studies. Such a view must be rejected. The treatment of the belief in daemons in the written sources primarily consulted in the context of these studies does not differ fundamentally from the views observed in popular Islam. Popular Islam and scriptural Islam do not design separate daemonologies. This situation is explained not least by the fact that the Quran and Sunna, the two most important sources in the area of Islam for the great tradition, clearly affirm the existence of jinn."<a href="#cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">[3]</a>(p4) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-asSamarqandi-on-alFiqh-1"><a href="#cite_ref-asSamarqandi-on-alFiqh_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHans_Daiber" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hans Daiber. "Introduction, text, and commentary". Islamic Concept of Belief in the 4th/10th Century. Abu l-Lait as-Samarqandi's commentary on Abu Hanifa (died 150/767) al-Fiqh al-absat. By as-Samarqandi, Abu l-Lait. Studia Culturae Islamicae (in Arabic and English). Vol. 52. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35600707">35600707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%2C+text%2C+and+commentary&rft.btitle=Islamic+Concept+of+Belief+in+the+4th%2F10th+Century.+Abu+l-Lait+as-Samarqandi%27s+commentary+on+Abu+Hanifa+%28died+150%2F767%29+al-Fiqh+al-absat&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.series=Studia+Culturae+Islamicae&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Languages+and+Cultures+of+Asia+and+Africa%2C+Tokyo+University+of+Foreign+Studies&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35600707&rft.au=Hans+Daiber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAuliffe-2005-EncQrn-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe-2005-EncQrn_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe-2005-EncQrn_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2005" class="citation book cs1">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (2005). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān. Vol. 3. Brill. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12356-4"><bdi>978-90-04-12356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12356-4&rft.aulast=McAuliffe&rft.aufirst=Jane+Dammen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nünlist-2015-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nünlist-2015_3-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNünlist2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nünlist, Tobias (2015). Dämonenglaube im Islam [Demonic Belief in Islam] (in German). 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"Anthropomorphic representation of evil in Islam and some other traditions – a cross-cultural approach". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 49 (3). Akadémiai Kiadó: 423–434. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43391301">43391301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Anthropomorphic+representation+of+evil+in+Islam+and+some+other+traditions+%E2%80%93+a+cross-cultural+approach&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-434&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43391301%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Aloiane&rft.aufirst=Z.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Nasr, S. H. (2013). Islamic Life and Thought. Vereinigtes Königreich: Taylor & Francis. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein2009164-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein2009164_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Zein2009">El-Zein 2009</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbd-Allah2002" class="citation book cs1">Abd-Allah, Umar F. (2002). "The Perceptible and the unseen: The Qur'anic conception of man's relationship to God and realities beyond human perception". In Palmer, Spencer J. (ed.). Mormons and Muslims: Spiritual foundations and modern manifestations. Religious Studies Center. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. pp. 209–264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Perceptible+and+the+unseen%3A+The+Qur%27anic+conception+of+man%27s+relationship+to+God+and+realities+beyond+human+perception&rft.btitle=Mormons+and+Muslims%3A+Spiritual+foundations+and+modern+manifestations&rft.place=Provo%2C+UT&rft.pages=209-264&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+University&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Abd-Allah&rft.aufirst=Umar+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200991–93-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200991–93_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Zein2009">El-Zein 2009</a>, p. 91–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYosefi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yosefi, Maxim (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27014158">"The origins of the traditional approach towards the jinn of poetic inspiration in tribal Arab culture"</a>. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 49: 293–302. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-8421">0308-8421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+the+traditional+approach+towards+the+jinn+of+poetic+inspiration+in+tribal+Arab+culture&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=293-302&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0308-8421&rft.aulast=Yosefi&rft.aufirst=Maxim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27014158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmiraJinn2-36"><a href="#cite_ref-AmiraJinn2_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmira_el-Zein" class="citation book cs1">Amira el-Zein. The Evolution of the Concept of Jinn from Pre-Islam to Islam. pp. 108–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Concept+of+Jinn+from+Pre-Islam+to+Islam&rft.pages=108-109&rft.au=Amira+el-Zein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Ruiz, Manuel. "The conception of authority in pre-Islamic Arabia: its legitimacy and origin." (1971). p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_A._Caudill2006" class="citation book cs1">Mark A. Caudill (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Twilight in the Kingdom: Understanding the Saudis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Publishing USA">Bloomsbury Publishing USA</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313084850" title="Special:BookSources/9780313084850"><bdi>9780313084850</bdi></a>. <q>Jinn are an integral part of both traditional and Gnostic Islamic belief.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+in+the+Kingdom%3A+Understanding+the+Saudis&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780313084850&rft.au=Mark+A.+Caudill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZbjOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_E._Burns2022" class="citation book cs1">William E. Burns (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">They Believed That?: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Superstitions and the Supernatural around the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Publishing USA">Bloomsbury Publishing USA</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440878480" title="Special:BookSources/9781440878480"><bdi>9781440878480</bdi></a>. <q>Jinn are considered by some authorities to be an integral part of the Islamic faith due to their inclusion in the Quran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Believed+That%3F%3A+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+Superstitions+and+the+Supernatural+around+the+World&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781440878480&rft.au=William+E.+Burns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEvEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-2-English-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI-2-English_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI-2-English_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.B._MacDonaldH._MasséP.N._BoratavK.A._Nizami" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">D.B. MacDonald; H. Massé; P.N. Boratav; K.A. Nizami; P. Voorhoeve (eds.). "Djinn". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/COM-0191.xml">Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online (EI-2 English)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0191">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0191</a>. Retrieved 27 July 2024. <q>II. In official Islam the existence of the d̲j̲inn was completely accepted, as it is to This day, and the full consequences implied by their existence were worked out. Their legal status in all respects was discussed and fixed, and the possible relations between them and mankind, especially in questions of marriage and property, were examined.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Djinn&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+New+Edition+Online+%28EI-2+English%29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fentries%2FEIEO%2FCOM-0191.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olomi-prominently-2021-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Olomi-prominently-2021_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlomi2021" class="citation book cs1">Olomi, Ali A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GtHEAAAQBAJ&dq=jinn+prominently+featured+in+muslim+folklore&pg=PT225">"14. Jinn in the Quran"</a>. The Routledge Companion to the Qur'an. N.Y.: Routledge. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-63548-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-63548-1"><bdi>978-1-134-63548-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 July 2024. <q>The jinn feature prominently in Islamic folklore as ambivalent and mischievous supernatural forces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14.+Jinn+in+the+Quran&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Qur%27an&rft.place=N.Y.&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-134-63548-1&rft.aulast=Olomi&rft.aufirst=Ali+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GtHEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djinn%2Bprominently%2Bfeatured%2Bin%2Bmuslim%2Bfolklore%26pg%3DPT225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoeli_FitzpatrickAdam_Hani_Walker2014" class="citation book cs1">Coeli Fitzpatrick; Adam Hani Walker, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOTNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321">Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Publishing USA">Bloomsbury Publishing USA</a>. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691789" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691789"><bdi>9781610691789</bdi></a>. <q>Although they feature prominently in folklore, jinn are also taken quite seriously by Muslim scholars, both medieval and modern.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610691789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOTNEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinai2023180-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinai2023180_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinai2023">Sinai 2023</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Rothenberg, Celia E. Spirits of Palestine: Gender, society, and stories of the jinn. Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. p.245 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/51?startingVerse=56">51:56-56</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Muḥammad ibn Ayyūb al-Ṭabarī, Tuḥfat al-gharā’ib, I, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Abū al-Futūḥ Rāzī, Tafsīr-e rawḥ al-jenān va rūḥ al-janān, pp. 193, 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinai,_Nicolai_2023_48-11">l</a> Sinai, Nicolai. "Key terms of the Qur'an: a critical dictionary." (2023): 1-840. </li> <li id="cite_note-Medieval-2006-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medieval-2006_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medieval-2006_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medieval-2006_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medieval-2006_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medieval-2006_49-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2016" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef (2016). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Islamic Civilization (2006) An Encyclopedia - Volume I. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66822-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66822-4"><bdi>978-1-351-66822-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Medieval+Islamic+Civilization+%282006%29+An+Encyclopedia+-+Volume+I&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-66822-4&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200964-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Zein200964_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-Zein2009">El-Zein 2009</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Teuma, Edmund. "The Solomon legend in Muslim tradition." (1987). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> On the Exercise of Coastal Control through Observation and Long Distance Communication Systems in Seljuk Territory in the XIIIth Century </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Komaroff, Linda, and Stefano Carboni, eds. The legacy of Genghis Khan: courtly art and culture in Western Asia, 1256-1353. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-1">b</a> DÜZGÜN, Şaban Ali. "DİNSEL ve MİTOLOJİK YÖNLERİYLE CİN ve ŞEYTAN ALGIMIZ." </li> <li id="cite_note-Teuma,_E._1984-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teuma,_E._1984_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teuma,_E._1984_55-1">b</a> Teuma, E. (1984). More on Qur'anic jinn. Melita Theologica, 35(1-2), 37-45. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Lange, Christian & Knysh, Alexander D. (eds.) (2022). Sufi cosmology. Boston: Brill. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Noegel, Scott B. & Wheeler, Brannon M. (2010) The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Scarecrow Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-461-71895-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-461-71895-6">978-1-461-71895-6</a> page 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-Baydawi-2016-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Baydawi-2016_58-0">^</a> translator: Gibril Fouad Haddad, author: ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿUmar al-Baydawi, 2016, The Lights Of Revelation And The Secrets Of Interpretation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-992-63357-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-992-63357-8">978-0-992-63357-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Fahd, T. and Rippin, A., “S̲h̲ayṭān”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. 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Deutschland: Springer International Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Harvey, Ramon. Transcendent God, Rational World: A Maturidi Theology. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Yazaki, Saeko. "Classes of Beings in Sufism." Sufi Cosmology. Brill, 2022. 68-88. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Lange, Christian (2016). Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 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Oxford University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157827-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157827-4"><bdi>978-0-19-157827-4</bdi></a>. <q>In addition to this presence in the Koran, the genies are also strongly entrenched in Egyptian folk beliefs; in this sense they correspond not just to Biblical spirits but to the elves and fairies of European folklore.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran%2C+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157827-4&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Cook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUEe1twiimUC%26dq%3Dthe%2Bgenies%2Bare%2Balso%2Bstrongly%2Bentrenched%2Bin%2BEgyptian%2Bfolk%2Bbeliefs%26pg%3DPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlupona2014" class="citation book cs1">Olupona, Jacob K. 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Tehran, IR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farrokh-n%C4%81ma&rft.place=Tehran%2C+IR&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Yazd%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+Bakr+Mo%E1%B9%ADahhar+Jam%C4%81l%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsad1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad, Muhammad</a> (1980). "Appendix III: On the term and concept of jinn". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran-archive.org/explorer/muhammad-asad/1980?page=1012#top">The Message of the Qu'rán</a>. Gibraltar, Spain: Dar al-Andalus Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904510-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-904510-00-0"><bdi>1-904510-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+III%3A+On+the+term+and+concept+of+jinn&rft.btitle=The+Message+of+the+Qu%27r%C3%A1n&rft.place=Gibraltar%2C+Spain&rft.pub=Dar+al-Andalus+Limited&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=1-904510-00-0&rft.aulast=Asad&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran-archive.org%2Fexplorer%2Fmuhammad-asad%2F1980%3Fpage%3D1012%23top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrapanzano1973" class="citation book cs1">Crapanzano, V. (1973). The Hamadsha: A study in Moroccan ethnopsychiatry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hamadsha%3A+A+study+in+Moroccan+ethnopsychiatry&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Crapanzano&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDibi2021" class="citation book cs1">Dibi, Tofik (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunypress.edu/Books/D/Djinn">Djinn</a>. Queer Politics and Cultures. Translated by Barr, Nicolaas P. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438481302" title="Special:BookSources/9781438481302"><bdi>9781438481302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Djinn&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.series=Queer+Politics+and+Cultures&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781438481302&rft.aulast=Dibi&rft.aufirst=Tofik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunypress.edu%2FBooks%2FD%2FDjinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrijvers1976" class="citation book cs1">Drijvers, H.J.W. (1976). The Religion of Palmyra. Leiden, NL: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Palmyra&rft.place=Leiden%2C+NL&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Drijvers&rft.aufirst=H.J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Zein2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">El-Zein, Amira (2006). "Jinn". In Meri, J.F. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization – an Encyclopedia. New York, NY & Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 420–421.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jinn&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization+%E2%80%93+an+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+%26+Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=420-421&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=El-Zein&rft.aufirst=Amira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1978" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, L.E. (1978). The case of the animals versus man before the king of the jinn: A tenth-century ecological fable of the pure brethren of Basra. Library of Classical Arabic Literature. Vol. 3. Boston, MA: Twayne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+case+of+the+animals+versus+man+before+the+king+of+the+jinn%3A+A+tenth-century+ecological+fable+of+the+pure+brethren+of+Basra&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.series=Library+of+Classical+Arabic+Literature&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=L.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaarouf2007" class="citation book cs1">Maarouf, M. (2007). Jinn Eviction as a Discourse of Power: A multidisciplinary approach to Moroccan magical beliefs and practices. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinn+Eviction+as+a+Discourse+of+Power%3A+A+multidisciplinary+approach+to+Moroccan+magical+beliefs+and+practices&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Maarouf&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2007" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Mark Allen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt4cgnbm.8">"From Jinn to Genies: Intertextuality, media, and the making of global folklore"</a>. In Sherman, Sharon R.; Koven, Mikel J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/34/">Folklore/Cinema: Popular film as vernacular culture</a>. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press – via Utah State U. digital commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Jinn+to+Genies%3A+Intertextuality%2C+media%2C+and+the+making+of+global+folklore&rft.btitle=Folklore%2FCinema%3A+Popular+film+as+vernacular+culture&rft.place=Logan%2C+UT&rft.pub=Utah+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt4cgnbm.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaneja2017" class="citation book cs1">Taneja, Anand V. (2017). Jinnealogy: Time, Islam, and ecological thought in the medieval ruins of Delhi. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0393-6"><bdi>978-1-5036-0393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnealogy%3A+Time%2C+Islam%2C+and+ecological+thought+in+the+medieval+ruins+of+Delhi&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0393-6&rft.aulast=Taneja&rft.aufirst=Anand+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZbinden1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zbinden, E. (1953). Die Djinn des Islam und der altorientalische Geisterglaube [The Djinn of Islam and Ancient Eastern Spiritual Belief] (in German). Bern, CH: Haupt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Djinn+des+Islam+und+der+altorientalische+Geisterglaube&rft.place=Bern%2C+CH&rft.pub=Haupt&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Zbinden&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJinn" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinn&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Jinn at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genie" class="extiw" title="wikt:genie">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Genies" class="extiw" title="c:category:Genies">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jinn" class="extiw" title="q:Jinn">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Jinn" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Jinn">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3465" class="extiw" title="d:Q3465">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balashon.com/2007/02/genie.html">Etymology of genie</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li>Ḥimār (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The kalb (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ʿAnkabūt (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li>Dābbat al-Arḍ (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li>Ḥimār (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li>Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel">Muqarrabun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a> ('The Spirit') <ul><li>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jinn</a> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a> or Wildān</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li>Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a> ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li>Al-Masīḥ (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li>Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li>ʿAzīz (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li>Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of ʿAzīz (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li>Imraʾat Firʿawn (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li>Ḥawāriyyūn (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li>Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes, ethnicities or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Ar-Rūm</a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li>Ahl Madyan <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li>Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li>Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li>Majūs <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li>Ahl al-Kitāb (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li>Naṣārā (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yahūd (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li>Madyan (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</li> <li>Miṣr (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> (excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li>Makkah (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li>Kaʿbah (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li>ʿArim Sabaʾ (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li>Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li>Bābil (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li>Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a> (Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li>Masjid (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li>Masjid Qubāʾ (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</a> (Black Stone) & <a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr">Ghār ath-Thawr</a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li>Dār an-Nadwa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of al-Aḥzāb</a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a> (The Friday)</li> <li>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a> ('Remembrance', including <a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a> ('Praising'), <a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a>): <ul><li>Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li>Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') <ul><li>Al-Bukrah ('The Morning')</li> <li>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li>Al-Layl ('The Night') <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a> ('The Noon')</li> <li>Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a> ('The Evening')</li> <li>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li>Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon')</li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects of people or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols (cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li>Jibt and <a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The ʿijl (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li>Al-Qamar (The Moon)</li> <li>Kawākib (Planets) <ul><li>Al-Arḍ (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li>Nujūm (Stars) <ul><li>Ash-Shams (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>Baṣal (Onion)</li> <li>Fūm (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li>Shaṭʾ (Shoot)</li> <li>Sūq (Plant stem)</li> <li>Zarʿ (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ʿAdas (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li>Baql (Herb)</li> <li>Qith-thāʾ (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li>Rummān (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li>Tīn (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li>Zaytūn (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li>Athl (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li>Sidr (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Līnah (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li>Nakhl (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Māʾ (Water or fluid) <ul><li>Nahr (River)</li> <li>Yamm (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li>Sharāb (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3465#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/983626/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4091274-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85070546">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12552645f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12552645f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5203818">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533605705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03481244X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cin">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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