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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Extended static checking</b> (<b>ESC</b>) is a collective name in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> for a range of techniques for <a href="/wiki/Static_code_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Static code analysis">statically checking</a> the correctness of various program constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ESC can be thought of as an extended form of <a href="/wiki/Type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Type checking">type checking</a>. As with type checking, ESC is performed automatically at <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile time</a> (i.e. without human intervention). This distinguishes it from more general approaches to the <a href="/wiki/Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">formal verification</a> of software, which typically rely on human-generated proofs. Furthermore, it promotes practicality over soundness, in that it aims to dramatically reduce the number of <i>false positives</i> (overestimated errors that are not real errors, that is, ESC over strictness) at the cost of introducing some <i>false negatives</i> (real ESC underestimation error, but that need no programmer's attention, or are not targeted by ESC).<sup id="cite_ref-GNESCUWCSC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNESCUWCSC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ESC can identify a range of errors that are currently outside the scope of a type checker, including <a href="/wiki/Division_by_zero" title="Division by zero">division by zero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bounds_checking" title="Bounds checking">array out of bounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integer_overflow" title="Integer overflow">integer overflow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null dereferences</a>. </p><p>The techniques used in extended static checking come from various fields of computer science, including <a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static program analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_simulation" title="Symbolic simulation">symbolic simulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Model_checking" title="Model checking">model checking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abstract_interpretation" title="Abstract interpretation">abstract interpretation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satisfiability_modulo_theories" title="Satisfiability modulo theories">SAT solving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">automated theorem proving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Type checking">type checking</a>. Extended static checking is generally performed only at an intraprocedural, rather than interprocedural, level in order to scale to large programs.<sup id="cite_ref-GNESCUWCSC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNESCUWCSC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, extended static checking aims to report errors by exploiting user-supplied <a href="/wiki/Formal_specification" title="Formal specification">specifications</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Precondition" title="Precondition">pre-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postcondition" title="Postcondition">post-conditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loop_invariant" title="Loop invariant">loop invariants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Class_invariant" title="Class invariant">class invariants</a>. </p><p>Extended static checkers typically operate by propagating <a href="/wiki/Predicate_transformer_semantics#Strongest_postcondition" title="Predicate transformer semantics">strongest postconditions</a> (respectively <a href="/wiki/Predicate_transformer_semantics#Weakest_preconditions" title="Predicate transformer semantics">weakest preconditions</a>) intraprocedurally through a method starting from the precondition (respectively postcondition). At each point during this process an intermediate condition is generated that captures what is known at that program point. This is combined with the necessary conditions of the program statement at that point to form a <i>verification condition</i>. An example of this is a statement involving a division, whose necessary condition is that the <a href="/wiki/Divisor" title="Divisor">divisor</a> be non-zero. The verification condition arising from this effectively states: <i>given the intermediate condition at this point, it must follow that the divisor is non-zero</i>. All verification conditions must be shown to be false (hence correct by means of <a href="/wiki/Excluded_third" class="mw-redirect" title="Excluded third">excluded third</a>) in order for a method to pass extended static checking (or "unable to find more errors"). Typically, some form of automated theorem prover is used to discharge verification conditions. </p><p>Extended static checking was pioneered in ESC/Modula-3<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, later, <a href="/wiki/ESC/Java" title="ESC/Java">ESC/Java</a>. Its roots originate from more simplistic static checking techniques, such as static debugging<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Lint_(software)" title="Lint (software)">lint</a> and <a href="/wiki/FindBugs" title="FindBugs">FindBugs</a>. A number of other languages have adopted ESC, including Spec# and <a href="/wiki/SPARK_(programming_language)" title="SPARK (programming language)">SPARKada</a> and <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> VSPEC. However, there is currently no widely used software programming language that provides extended static checking in its base development environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_static_checking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_Modeling_Language" title="Java Modeling Language">Java Modeling Language</a> (JML)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_static_checking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Flanagan, K.R.M. Leino, M. Lillibridge, G. Nelson, <a href="/wiki/James_B._Saxe" title="James B. Saxe">J. B. Saxe</a> and R. Stata. "Extended static checking for Java". In <i>Proceedings of the Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation</i>, pages 234-245, 2002. doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/512529.512558">http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/512529.512558</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNESCUWCSC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GNESCUWCSC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNESCUWCSC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stage.uwtv.org/video/player.aspx?mediaid=1577083988">"Extended Static Checking"</a>. <i>UWTV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UWTV&rft.atitle=Extended+Static+Checking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstage.uwtv.org%2Fvideo%2Fplayer.aspx%3Fmediaid%3D1577083988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabicHu2008" class="citation conference cs1">Babic, Domagoj; Hu, Alan J. (2008). <i>Calysto: Scalable and Precise Extended Static Checking</i>. Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE). ACM Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1368088.1368118">10.1145/1368088.1368118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Calysto%3A+Scalable+and+Precise+Extended+Static+Checking&rft.pub=ACM+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1368088.1368118&rft.aulast=Babic&rft.aufirst=Domagoj&rft.au=Hu%2C+Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustanLeinoNelson1998" class="citation book cs1">Rustan, K.; Leino, M.; Nelson, Greg (1998). "An extended static checker for modula-3". <i>Lecture Notes in Computer Science - International Conference on Compiler Construction</i>. Springer. pp. 302–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbfb0026441">10.1007/bfb0026441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64304-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64304-3"><bdi>978-3-540-64304-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0302-9743">0302-9743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+extended+static+checker+for+modula-3&rft.btitle=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science+-+International+Conference+on+Compiler+Construction&rft.pages=302-305&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0302-9743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbfb0026441&rft.isbn=978-3-540-64304-3&rft.aulast=Rustan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Leino%2C+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanaganFlattKrishnamurthiWeirich1996" class="citation journal cs1">Flanagan, Cormac; Flatt, Matthew; Krishnamurthi, Shriram; Weirich, Stephanie; Felleisen, Matthias (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/~cormac/papers/pldi96.pdf">"Catching bugs in the web of program invariants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGPLAN_Notices" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGPLAN Notices">ACM SIGPLAN Notices</a></i>. <b>31</b> (5). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 23–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F249069.231387">10.1145/249069.231387</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-1340">0362-1340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=Catching+bugs+in+the+web+of+program+invariants&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=23-32&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F249069.231387&rft.issn=0362-1340&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rft.au=Flatt%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Krishnamurthi%2C+Shriram&rft.au=Weirich%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Felleisen%2C+Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soe.ucsc.edu%2F~cormac%2Fpapers%2Fpldi96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_static_checking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormac_FlanaganK._Rustan_M._Leino,_Mark_Lillibridge,_Greg_Nelson,_James_B._Saxe,_Raymie_Stata2002" class="citation book cs1">Cormac Flanagan; K. Rustan M. Leino, Mark Lillibridge, Greg Nelson, James B. Saxe, Raymie Stata (2002). "Extended static checking for Java". <i>Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2002 conference on Programming language design and implementation</i>. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F512529.512558">10.1145/512529.512558</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1581134636" title="Special:BookSources/978-1581134636"><bdi>978-1581134636</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47141042">47141042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extended+static+checking+for+Java&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+ACM+SIGPLAN+2002+conference+on+Programming+language+design+and+implementation&rft.pages=234&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A47141042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F512529.512558&rft.isbn=978-1581134636&rft.au=Cormac+Flanagan&rft.au=K.+Rustan+M.+Leino%2C+Mark+Lillibridge%2C+Greg+Nelson%2C+James+B.+Saxe%2C+Raymie+Stata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabicHu2008" class="citation book cs1">Babic, Domagoj; Hu, Alan J. (2008). "Calysto". <i>Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Software engineering - ICSE '08</i>. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1368088.1368118">10.1145/1368088.1368118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605580791" title="Special:BookSources/9781605580791"><bdi>9781605580791</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62868643">62868643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calysto&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+13th+international+conference+on+Software+engineering+-+ICSE+%2708&rft.pages=211&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62868643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1368088.1368118&rft.isbn=9781605580791&rft.aulast=Babic&rft.aufirst=Domagoj&rft.au=Hu%2C+Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChess2002" class="citation book cs1">Chess, B.V. (2002). "Improving computer security using extended static checking". <i>Proceedings 2002 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy</i>. pp. 160–173. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.15.2090">10.1.1.15.2090</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSECPRI.2002.1004369">10.1109/SECPRI.2002.1004369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1543-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1543-4"><bdi>978-0-7695-1543-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12067758">12067758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Improving+computer+security+using+extended+static+checking&rft.btitle=Proceedings+2002+IEEE+Symposium+on+Security+and+Privacy&rft.pages=160-173&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.15.2090%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12067758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSECPRI.2002.1004369&rft.isbn=978-0-7695-1543-4&rft.aulast=Chess&rft.aufirst=B.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiouxChalin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rioux, Frédéric; Chalin, Patrice (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.entcs.2005.12.050">"Improving the Quality of Web-based Enterprise Applications with Extended Static Checking: A Case Study"</a>. <i>Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science</i>. <b>157</b> (2): 119–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.entcs.2005.12.050">10.1016/j.entcs.2005.12.050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1571-0661">1571-0661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Notes+in+Theoretical+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=Improving+the+Quality+of+Web-based+Enterprise+Applications+with+Extended+Static+Checking%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-132&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.entcs.2005.12.050&rft.issn=1571-0661&rft.aulast=Rioux&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Chalin%2C+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.entcs.2005.12.050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesChalin2009" class="citation journal cs1">James, Perry R.; Chalin, Patrice (2009). "Faster and More Complete Extended Static Checking for the Java Modeling Language". <i>Journal of Automated Reasoning</i>. <b>44</b> (1–2): 145–174. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.165.7920">10.1.1.165.7920</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10817-009-9134-9">10.1007/s10817-009-9134-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0168-7433">0168-7433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14996225">14996225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Automated+Reasoning&rft.atitle=Faster+and+More+Complete+Extended+Static+Checking+for+the+Java+Modeling+Language&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=145-174&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.165.7920%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14996225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0168-7433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10817-009-9134-9&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Perry+R.&rft.au=Chalin%2C+Patrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2006" class="citation book cs1">Xu, Dana N. (2006). "Extended static checking for haskell". <i>Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGPLAN workshop on Haskell</i>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.377.3777">10.1.1.377.3777</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1159842.1159849">10.1145/1159842.1159849</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1595934895" title="Special:BookSources/978-1595934895"><bdi>978-1595934895</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1340468">1340468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extended+static+checking+for+haskell&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2006+ACM+SIGPLAN+workshop+on+Haskell&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.377.3777%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1340468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1159842.1159849&rft.isbn=978-1595934895&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Dana+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeino2001" class="citation book cs1">Leino, K. Rustan M. (2001). "Extended Static Checking: A Ten-Year Perspective". <i>Informatics</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2000. pp. 157–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-44577-3_11">10.1007/3-540-44577-3_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-41635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-41635-7"><bdi>978-3-540-41635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extended+Static+Checking%3A+A+Ten-Year+Perspective&rft.btitle=Informatics&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=157-175&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-44577-3_11&rft.isbn=978-3-540-41635-7&rft.aulast=Leino&rft.aufirst=K.+Rustan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetlefsLeinoNelsonSaxe1998" class="citation journal cs1">Detlefs, David L.; Leino, K. Rustan M.; Nelson, Greg; Saxe, James B. (1998). "Extended Static Checking". <i>Compaq SRC Research Report</i> (159).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compaq+SRC+Research+Report&rft.atitle=Extended+Static+Checking&rft.issue=159&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Detlefs&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Leino%2C+K.+Rustan+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Greg&rft.au=Saxe%2C+James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+static+checking" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extended_static_checking&oldid=1177776019">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extended_static_checking&oldid=1177776019</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Static_program_analysis_tools" title="Category:Static program analysis tools">Static program analysis tools</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Formal_methods" title="Category:Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2019">Articles with dead external links from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 September 2023, at 14:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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