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Frits Zernike – Wikipedija

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aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mikroskop_s_faznim_kontrastom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikroskop_s_faznim_kontrastom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mikroskop_s_faznim_kontrastom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mikroskop_s_faznim_kontrastom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pretvorba_razlike_faza_u_razliku_kontrasta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pretvorba_razlike_faza_u_razliku_kontrasta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pretvorba razlike faza u razliku kontrasta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pretvorba_razlike_faza_u_razliku_kontrasta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frits Zernike</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 72 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%87" title="فريتس زيرنيكه – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريتس زيرنيكه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%87" title="فريتس زيرنيكه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريتس زيرنيكه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_%C3%87ernike" title="Frits Çernike – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frits Çernike" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87" title="فریتز زرنیکه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فریتز زرنیکه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86_%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Фрыц Цэрніке – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыц Цэрніке" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Фриц Цернике – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фриц Цернике" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87" title="ফ্রিৎস জের্নিকে – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিৎস জের্নিকে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D8%B2%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95" title="فریتز زێرنیکە – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فریتز زێرنیکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%96%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B5" title="Φριτς Φρέντερικ Ζερνίκε – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φριτς Φρέντερικ Ζερνίκε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87" title="فریتز زرنیکه – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریتز زرنیکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Zernike" title="Frederik Zernike – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frederik Zernike" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – škotski gaelski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski gaelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A5_%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פריץ זרניקה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריץ זרניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%91%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5" title="Ֆրից Ցերնիկե – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրից Ցերնիկե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B1" title="フリッツ・ゼルニケ – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリッツ・ゼルニケ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Фриц Цернике – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фриц Цернике" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0_%EC%A0%9C%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%BB%A4" title="프리츠 제르니커 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리츠 제르니커" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frics_Zernike" title="Frics Zernike – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frics Zernike" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Zernike" title="Frederik Zernike – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frederik Zernike" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Фриц Цернике – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фриц Цернике" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87" title="फ्रिट्स झेर्निके – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रिट्स झेर्निके" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87" title="فریتز زرنیکه – mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فریتز زرنیکه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87" title="फृत्स् जेर्निके – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फृत्स् जेर्निके" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فرتس زرنائیک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرتس زرنائیک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Цернике, Фриц – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цернике, Фриц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Фриц Зернике – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фриц Зернике" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="பிரிட்சு ஜெர்னிகி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரிட்சு ஜெர்னிகி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD" title="ฟริตซ์ แซร์นีเกอ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟริตซ์ แซร์นีเกอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Фриц Зернике – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фриц Зернике" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%86_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Фріц Церніке – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фріц Церніке" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B2_%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فرٹز زرنیک – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرٹز زرنیک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="弗里茨·泽尔尼克 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗里茨·泽尔尼克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94" title="ფრიც ცერნიკე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრიც ცერნიკე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike – jorupski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Frits Zernike" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorupski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="弗里茨·泽尔尼克 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗里茨·泽尔尼克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188293#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Frits_Zernike&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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Zernike</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; text-align:left;" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:#e8e8ff; color:#000000;"><b>Frits Zernike</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Zernike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Zernike.jpg/200px-Zernike.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Zernike.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><br /></td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #DDDDDD;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rođenje </th> <td><a href="/wiki/16._srpnja" title="16. srpnja">16. srpnja</a> <a href="/wiki/1888." title="1888.">1888.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska">Nizozemska</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Smrt </th> <td><a href="/wiki/10._o%C5%BEujka" title="10. ožujka">10. ožujka</a> <a href="/wiki/1966." title="1966.">1966.</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amersfoort&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amersfoort (stranica ne postoji)">Amersfoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(grad)" title="Utrecht (grad)">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska">Nizozemska</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Državljanstvo </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nizozemci" title="Nizozemci">Nizozemac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polje </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">Fizika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Institucija </th> <td>Sveučilište u <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningenu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alma&#160;mater </th> <td>Sveučilište u <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdamu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Poznat&#160;po </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroskop_s_faznim_kontrastom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom (stranica ne postoji)">Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Istaknute&#160;nagrade </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelova nagrada za fiziku</a> (<a href="/wiki/1953." title="1953.">1953.</a>) <br /> Član <a href="/wiki/Kraljevsko_dru%C5%A1tvo_za_unaprje%C4%91enje_prirodnih_znanosti" title="Kraljevsko društvo za unaprjeđenje prirodnih znanosti">Kraljevskog društva</a> (1956.) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8ff; padding-top:3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%C5%BDivotopis" title="Portal:Životopis">Portal o životopisima</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Brightfield_phase_contrast_cell_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brightfield_phase_contrast_cell_image.jpg/300px-Brightfield_phase_contrast_cell_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Brightfield_phase_contrast_cell_image.jpg/450px-Brightfield_phase_contrast_cell_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Brightfield_phase_contrast_cell_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Usporedna slika istog biološkog uzorka: lijevo – snimak običnim mikroskopom u svijetlom polju, desno – snimak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroskop_s_faznim_kontrastom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom (stranica ne postoji)">faznokontrastnim mikroskopom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Frits Zernike</b> (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, 16. srpnja 1888. – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amersfoort&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amersfoort (stranica ne postoji)">Amersfoort</a>, 10. ožujka 1966.), nizozemski <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar">fizičar</a>. Studirao je u <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdamu</a>, doktorirao 1915. Bio je <a href="/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor">profesor</a> <a href="/wiki/Teorijska_fizika" title="Teorijska fizika">teorijske fizike</a>, poslije i <a href="/wiki/Matemati%C4%8Dka_fizika" title="Matematička fizika">matematičke fizike</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika">teorijske mehanike</a> na Sveučilištu u Groningenu (od 1913. do 1958.). Bavio se problemima <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optike</a>, posebno <a href="/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib">ogibom</a> <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a> te konstrukcijama optičkih instrumenata. Dobio je <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku</a> 1953. za konstrukciju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroskop_s_faznim_kontrastom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom (stranica ne postoji)">mikroskopa s faznim kontrastom</a> (1938.), koji omogućava promatranje unutrašnjosti žive <a href="/wiki/Stanica" title="Stanica">stanice</a>. Bio je član <a href="/wiki/Francuska_akademija_znanosti" title="Francuska akademija znanosti">francuske Akademije znanosti</a> (od 1958.). Po njem je nazvan <a href="/wiki/Mjese%C4%8Devi_krateri" title="Mjesečevi krateri">krater na Mjesecu</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zernike_(krater)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zernike (krater) (stranica ne postoji)">Zernike (krater)</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mikroskop_s_faznim_kontrastom">Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Mikroskop s faznim kontrastom</b> ili <b>faznokontrastni mikroskop</b> omogućuje promatranje malih razlika u <a href="/wiki/Lom_svjetlosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lom svjetlosti">lomu svjetlosti</a>, što se primjenjuje za promatranje procesa u živim <a href="/wiki/Stanica" title="Stanica">stanicama</a>. Kod njega se posebnim postupkom osvjetljivanja čine vidljivim veoma male razlike u <a href="/wiki/Indeks_loma" title="Indeks loma">indeksu loma</a> ili debljini prozirnih uzoraka. </p><p>Pri promatranju bezbojnih prozirnih uzoraka pomoću običnog <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopa</a> veoma je teško ili nemoguće raspoznati strukturu tih uzoraka zbog nepostojanja <a href="/wiki/Kontrast" title="Kontrast">kontrasta</a>. Da bi se povećao kontrast, razvijene su metode pripreme (preparacije) uzorka (na primjer <a href="/wiki/Bojilo" title="Bojilo">bojenje</a>). Ta priprema uzorka uzrokuje kemijske ili fizikalne promjene uzorka, posebno živih <a href="/wiki/Biologija" title="Biologija">bioloških</a> stanica. Upotrebom faznokontrastnog mikroskopa omogućeno je promatranje strukture prozirnih bezbojnih uzoraka bez ikakva zahvata na uzorku, pa je takav mikroskop naročito važan u <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">medicinskim</a> i biološkim istraživanjima gdje je potrebno proučavati žive stanice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pretvorba_razlike_faza_u_razliku_kontrasta">Pretvorba razlike faza u razliku kontrasta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Pretvorba razlike faza u razliku kontrasta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pretvorba razlike faza u razliku kontrasta"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pri prolazu svjetlosti kroz predmet smanjuje se njena <a href="/wiki/Svjetlosna_jakost" title="Svjetlosna jakost">jakost (intenzitet)</a>, već prema moći upijanja (<a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija_(razdvojba)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Apsorpcija (razdvojba)">apsorpciji</a>). Registriranjem <a href="/wiki/Detektor" title="Detektor">detektorima</a> kojima se opaža promjena <a href="/wiki/Svjetlosna_jakost" title="Svjetlosna jakost">svjetlosne jakosti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oko" title="Oko">okom</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Fotografija" title="Fotografija">fotografijom</a>, dobiva se <a href="/wiki/Slika" class="mw-disambig" title="Slika">slika</a> predmeta. To je slika koja se opaža kroz obični <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a>. Ako je predmet potpuno proziran (transparentan), gotovo da nema upijanja svjetlosti, pa nema ni promjene njene jakosti; oko tada ne opaža slike. Takav je predmet u mikroskopu nevidljiv. Postoji jedino pomak u <a href="/wiki/Faza" class="mw-disambig" title="Faza">fazi</a> svjetlosti koje prolazi kroz prozirni uzorak, prema svjetlu koje mimoilazi predmet, zbog razlike u indeksu loma. Oko i <a href="/wiki/Fotografska_emulzija" title="Fotografska emulzija">fotografska emulzija</a>, međutim, nisu osjetljivi na promjenu faze, već samo na razliku jakosti svjetlosti. U faznokontrastnom mikroskopu ostvaruje se pretvaranje razlike faze u razliku jakosti, to jest postiže se <a href="/wiki/Vizualizacija_znanja" title="Vizualizacija znanja">vizualizacija</a> fazne slike. </p><p>Promatrajući svjetlost kao <a href="/wiki/Val" title="Val">valnu</a> pojavu, pri njenom prolazu kroz djelomično apsorbirajući uzorak smanjuje se <a href="/wiki/Amplituda" title="Amplituda">amplituda</a>, a time i jakost koja je razmjerna (proporcionalna) kvadratu amplitude. Isti učinak se postiže <a href="/wiki/Interferencija_valova" title="Interferencija valova">interferiranjem</a> s valom iste <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valne duljine</a> koji ima razmjerno manju amplitudu, a pomaknut je u fazi za pola valne duljine. Taj formalizam ima fizikalne osnove i predstavlja raspršenje i <a href="/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib">ogib</a> (difrakciju) svjetlosti. Važnost ogiba za stvaranje slike prvi je uočio <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Abbe" title="Ernst Abbe">E. Abbe</a>. On je pokazao da konačna slika nastaje interferencijom upadne i <a href="/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib">ogibne</a> (difraktirane) svjetlosti.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Zernike, Frits</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=67164">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 8. siječnja 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Tehnička enciklopedija" (<b>Mikroskop</b>), glavni urednik Hrvoje Požar, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, 1987.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#d3d3d3;" colspan="2" class="navbox-naslov"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-variant:small-caps; ;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Predložak:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku"><span title="Vidi ovaj predložak." style=";background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;&#8226; <a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_predlo%C5%A1ku:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Razgovor o predlošku:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;" title="Razgovor o ovom predlošku.">r</span></a>&#160;&#8226; <a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku&amp;action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;" title="Možete urediti ovaj predložak. Prije spremanja provjerite kako će izgledati.">u</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Dobitnici_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziku" title="Kategorija:Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku">Dobitnici</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelove nagrade za fiziku</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1900-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1900-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1901. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1902. <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1903. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Antoine Henri Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> i <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie">Marie Curie</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1904. <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt Rayleigh">John William Strutt Rayleigh</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1905. <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1906. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1907. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1908. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1909. <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun">Carl Ferdinand Braun</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1910-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1910-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1910. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1911. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1912. <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Nils Gustaf Dalén</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1913. <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1914. <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1915. <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1917. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1918. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1919. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1920-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1920-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1920. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edouard_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edouard Guillaume">Charles Edouard Guillaume</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1921. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1922. <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1923. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1924. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Manne_Georg_Siegbahn" title="Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn">Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1925. <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Gustav Ludwig Hertz</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1926. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1927. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a> i <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1928. <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1929. <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1930-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1930-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1930. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Candrasekara_Venkata_Raman" title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman">Čandrasekara Venkata Raman</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1932. <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1933. <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> i <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1935. <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1936. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Victor Franz Hess</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1937. <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Clinton Joseph Davisson</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1938. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1939. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Ernest Orlando Lawrence</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1940-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1940-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1943. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1944. <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1945. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1946. <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1947. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1948. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1949. <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Jukava" title="Hideki Jukava">Hideki Jukava</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1950-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1950-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1950. <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil Frank Powell</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1951. <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Douglas Cockcroft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1952. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> i <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1953. <a href="/wiki/Frits_(Frederik)_Zernike" class="mw-redirect" title="Frits (Frederik) Zernike">Frits (Frederik) Zernike</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1954. <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> i <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1955. <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Willis Eugene Lamb</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1956. <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">William Bradford Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1957. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cen_Ning_Jang" class="mw-redirect" title="Čen Ning Jang">Čen Ning Jang</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cung-Dao_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Cung-Dao Li">Cung-Dao Li</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1958. <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Aleksejevi%C4%8D_%C4%8Cerenkov" title="Pavel Aleksejevič Čerenkov">Pavel Aleksejevič Čerenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Mihajlovi%C4%8D_Frank" title="Ilja Mihajlovič Frank">Ilja Mihajlovič Frank</a> i <a href="/wiki/Igor_Jevgenijevi%C4%8D_Tamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Jevgenijevič Tamm">Igor Jevgenijevič Tamm</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1959. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Gino Segre</a> i <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1960-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1960-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1960. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Donald Arthur Glaser</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1961. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ludwig_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer">Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1962. <a href="/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau">Lev Davidovič Landau</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1963. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a> i <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1964. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Genadijevi%C4%8D_Basov" title="Nikolaj Genadijevič Basov">Nikolaj Genadijevič Basov</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Prohorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandar Prohorov">Aleksandar Prohorov</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1965. <a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Sin-Itiro Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> i <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman"> Richard P. Feynman</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1966. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1967. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albrecht_Bethe" title="Hans Albrecht Bethe">Hans Albrecht Bethe</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1968. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1969. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1970-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1970-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1970. <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Olof_G%C3%B6sta_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén">Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén</a> i <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eugene_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugene Félix Néel">Louis Eugene Félix Néel</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1971. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1972. <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Leon Neil Cooper</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1973. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaever</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1974. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> i <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1975. <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">Aage Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Ben Roy Mottelson</a> i <a href="/wiki/Leo_James_Rainwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo James Rainwater">Leo James Rainwater</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1976. <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> i <a href="/wiki/Samuel_%C4%8Cao_%C4%8Cung_Ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Čao Čung Ting">Samuel Čao Čung Ting</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1977. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hasbrouck van Vleck">John Hasbrouck van Vleck</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1978. <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Leonidovi%C4%8D_Kapica" title="Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica">Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno Penzias">Arno Penzias</a> i <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1979. <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> i <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1980-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1980-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1980. <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watson Cronin">James Watson Cronin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1981. <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kai_Manne_Siegbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Manne Siegbahn">Kai Manne Siegbahn</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1982. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1983. <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanjan Čandrasehar</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_A._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Fowler">William A. Fowler</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1984. <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1985. <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1986. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> i <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1987. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Johannes Georg Bednorz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Karl Alexander Müller</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1988. <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1989. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a> i <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1990-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1990-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1990. <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a> i <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">Richard Edward Taylor</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1991. <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1992. <a href="/wiki/Georgij_Harpak" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgij Harpak">Georgij Harpak</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1993. <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a> i <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1994. <a href="/wiki/Bertram_N._Brockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram N. Brockhouse">Bertram N. Brockhouse</a> i <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1995. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1996. <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">David Morris Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Douglas Dean Osheroff</a> i <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert Coleman Richardson</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1997. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1998. <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Robert B. Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Horst Ludwig Störmer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Daniel_%C4%8Ci_Cui" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Či Cui">Daniel Či Cui</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 1999. <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus &#39;t Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J.G._Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus J.G. Veltman">Martinus J.G. Veltman</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2000-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2000-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2000. <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alfjorov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov">Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jack_S._Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack S. Kilby">Jack S. Kilby</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2001. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Edwin Wieman</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2002. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masato%C5%A1i_Ko%C5%A1iba" class="mw-redirect" title="Masatoši Košiba">Masatoši Košiba</a> i <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2003. <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Aleksejevi%C4%8D_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Aleksejevič Abrikosov">Aleksej Aleksejevič Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalij_Lazarevi%C4%8D_Ginzburg" title="Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg">Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg</a> i <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony James Leggett</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2004. <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" class="mw-redirect" title="David Gross">David J. Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">H. David Politzer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2005. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Hall">John Hall</a> i <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Glauber">Roy Glauber</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2006. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_F._Smoot" class="mw-redirect" title="George F. Smoot">George F. Smoot</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2007. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> i <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Andreas Grünberg">Peter A. Grünberg</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2008. <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Makoto Kobayashi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2009. <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2010-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2010-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2010. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2011. <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2012. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a> i <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2013. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> i <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2014. <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a> i <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2015. <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a> i <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald_(znanstvenik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur B. McDonald (znanstvenik)">Arthur B. McDonald</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2016. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Duncan Haldane</a> i <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">J. Michael Kosterlitz</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2017. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> i <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2018. <a href="/wiki/Artur_Ashkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Artur Ashkin">Artur Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a> i <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2019. <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">James Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> i <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2020-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2020-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2020. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Penrose (stranica ne postoji)">Roger Penrose</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Genzel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Genzel (stranica ne postoji)">Reinhard Genzel</a> i <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2021. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syukuro_Manabe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Syukuro Manabe (stranica ne postoji)">Syukuro Manabe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hasselmann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hasselmann (stranica ne postoji)">Klaus Hasselmann</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Parisi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Parisi (stranica ne postoji)">Giorgio Parisi</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2022. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Aspect&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Aspect (stranica ne postoji)">Alain Aspect</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clauser&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clauser (stranica ne postoji)">John Clauser</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Zeilinger&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Zeilinger (stranica ne postoji)">Anton Zeilinger</a> &#160;<b>·</b> 2023. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Agostini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Agostini (stranica ne postoji)">Pierre Agostini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Krausz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferenc Krausz (stranica ne postoji)">Ferenc Krausz</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_L%27Huillier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne L&#39;Huillier (stranica ne postoji)">Anne L'Huillier</a> &#160;&#8226; 2024. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hopfield (stranica ne postoji)">John Hopfield</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Hinton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Hinton (stranica ne postoji)">Geoffrey Hinton</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐84d8f4b96‐tcpws Cached time: 20241117055409 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.119 seconds Real time usage: 0.256 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 951/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48925/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 20627/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1914/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 54.463 1 -total 55.85% 30.419 1 Predložak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku 47.87% 26.072 1 Predložak:Navigacija 28.57% 15.558 1 Predložak:Izvori 13.42% 7.310 1 Predložak:Tnavbar 11.31% 6.158 1 Predložak:Infookvir_znanstvenik 5.65% 3.075 2 Predložak:Bull 5.60% 3.051 104 Predložak:· 0.04% 0.019 1 Predložak:• --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key hrwiki:pcache:idhash:663016-0!canonical and timestamp 20241117055409 and revision id 6821421. 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