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<span>Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Caliphate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Character and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_vizier_al-Qasim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_vizier_al-Qasim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Role of the vizier al-Qasim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_vizier_al-Qasim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_eastern_warlords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_eastern_warlords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Relations with the eastern warlords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_eastern_warlords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qarmatian_uprisings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qarmatian_uprisings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Qarmatian uprisings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qarmatian_uprisings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_of_Tulunid_Syria_and_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_of_Tulunid_Syria_and_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Recovery of Tulunid Syria and Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_of_Tulunid_Syria_and_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Byzantine front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="علي المكتفي بالله – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علي المكتفي بالله" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukt%C9%99fi" title="Muktəfi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Muktəfi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%81%DB%8C" title="مکتفی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکتفی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="আল-মুকতাফি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল-মুকতাফি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktaf%C3%AD_(abb%C3%A0ssida)" title="Al-Muktafí (abbàssida) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Muktafí (abbàssida)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Muktafi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB-%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF" title="Αλ-Μουκταφί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλ-Μουκταφί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Muktafi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi_(17-a_abasida_kalifo)" title="Al-Muktafi (17-a abasida kalifo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al-Muktafi (17-a abasida kalifo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%81%DB%8C" title="مکتفی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکتفی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Muktafi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Muktafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Muktafi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99" title="אל-מכתפי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-מכתפי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ალ-მუქთაფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალ-მუქთაფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Әли әл-Мүктәфи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әли әл-Мүктәфи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi_abb%C3%A1szida_kalifa_(902%E2%80%93908)" title="Al-Muktafi abbászida kalifa (902–908) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Al-Muktafi abbászida kalifa (902–908)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Muktafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafiy" title="Al-Muktafiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Al-Muktafiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="المکتفی باللہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="المکتفی باللہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="مکتفي بالله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مکتفي بالله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Muktafi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoctafi" title="Almoctafi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Almoctafi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аль-Муктафи Биллах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аль-Муктафи Биллах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="المکتفی باللہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="المکتفی باللہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Muktafi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Muktafi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCktef%C3%AE" title="Müktefî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müktefî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96" title="Алі аль-Муктафі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алі аль-Муктафі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="المکتفی باللہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="المکتفی باللہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E8%8F%B2" title="穆克塔菲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆克塔菲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q284701#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Muktafi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali al-Muktafi">Ali al-Muktafi</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">17th Abbasid Caliph (r. 902–908)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 12th-century caliph with a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">al-Muktafi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></i><div class="plainlist"><i></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caliphs" title="List of caliphs">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Faithful" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Faithful">Commander of the Faithful</a></li></ul> </div><i></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar_of_al-Muktafi,_AH_292.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the obverse and reverse sides of a gold coin with Arabic inscriptions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dinar_of_al-Muktafi%2C_AH_292.jpg/300px-Dinar_of_al-Muktafi%2C_AH_292.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dinar_of_al-Muktafi%2C_AH_292.jpg/450px-Dinar_of_al-Muktafi%2C_AH_292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dinar_of_al-Muktafi%2C_AH_292.jpg/600px-Dinar_of_al-Muktafi%2C_AH_292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a> of al-Muktafi, minted at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 904/5</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">5 April 902 – 13 August 908</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 877</span>/8<br />Abbasid Caliphate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 908 (aged 31)<br /><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Abbasid Caliphate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Baghdad</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bint Khumarawayh</li> <li>Ghusn</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">Abdallah al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li>Abu Ahmad Muhammad</li> <li>Abbas<sup id="cite_ref-Lowry_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abu al-Fadl<sup id="cite_ref-Lowry_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Al-Hassan<sup id="cite_ref-Lowry_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Asma<sup id="cite_ref-Lowry_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Amat al-Wahid<sup id="cite_ref-Lowry_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">Aḥmad</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq" title="Al-Muwaffaq">Ṭalḥa</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">Jaʿfar</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">Muḥammad</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Hārūn</a> al-Muktafī bi'Llāh</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jijak" title="Jijak">Jijak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">Aḥmad</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq" title="Al-Muwaffaq">Ṭalḥa</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">Jaʿfar</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">Muḥammad</a> ibn <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Hārūn</a> al-Muktafī bi'Llāh</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو محمد علي بن أحمد</span>; 877/78 – 13 August 908), better known by his <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">regnal name</a> <b>al-Muktafī bi-Llāh</b> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المكتفي بالله</span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Content with God Alone'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192859-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), was the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> from 902 to 908. More liberal and sedentary than his militaristic father <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a>, al-Muktafi essentially continued his policies, although most of the actual conduct of government was left to his <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">viziers</a> and officials. His reign saw the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>, and the reincorporation of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Egypt">Egypt</a> and the parts of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a>. The war with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Byzantine Empire</a> continued with alternating success, although the Arabs scored a major victory in the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (904)">Sack of Thessalonica</a> in 904. His death in 908 opened the way for the installation of a weak ruler, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a>, by the palace bureaucracy, and began the terminal decline of the Abbasid Caliphate that ended in 946 with the caliphs becoming <a href="/wiki/Puppet_ruler" title="Puppet ruler">puppet rulers</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ali ibn Ahmad was born in 877/8, the son of Ahmad ibn Talha, the future caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 892–902</span>) by a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave-girl</a>, named Čiček ("flower", <a href="/wiki/Jijak" title="Jijak">Jijak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_(note_905)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_(note_905)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first caliph named after caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of his birth, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> was still reeling from the decade-long civil war known as the "<a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">Anarchy at Samarra</a>", which had begun with the assassination of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 847–861</span>) by dissatisfied soldiers and ended with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 870–892</span>). Real power, however, lay with al-Mu'tamid's brother, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq" title="Al-Muwaffaq">al-Muwaffaq</a>, Ali's paternal grandfather. Al-Muwaffaq enjoyed the loyalty of the military, and by 877 had established himself as the <i>de facto</i> ruler of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010305,_308–313,_314,_323_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010305,_308–313,_314,_323-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caliphal authority in the provinces collapsed during the "Anarchy at Samarra", with the result that by the 870s the central government had lost effective control over most of the Caliphate outside the metropolitan region of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. In the west, Egypt had fallen under the control of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun" title="Ahmad ibn Tulun">Ahmad ibn Tulun</a>, who also disputed control of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> with al-Muwaffaq, while <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a> and most of the Islamic East had been taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Saffarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffarids">Saffarids</a>, who replaced Abbasids' loyal clients, the <a href="/wiki/Tahirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids">Tahirids</a>. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> was likewise lost to local potentates, while in <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a> a radical <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a> dynasty took power. In Iraq, the <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanj Revolt">rebellion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a> slaves threatened Baghdad itself, and it took al-Muwaffaq and al-Mu'tadid years of hard campaigning before they were finally subdued in 893.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010313–327_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010313–327-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his rise to the throne, al-Mu'tadid continued his father's policies, and restored caliphal authority in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Jazira</a>, northern Syria, and parts of western Iran. He established an effective administration, but the incessant campaigning, and the need to keep the soldiery satisfied, meant that it was almost totally geared towards providing the funds necessary to maintain the army. Nevertheless, al-Mu'tadid managed to accumulate a considerable surplus in his ten-year reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010332–337_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010332–337-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the bureaucracy grew in power, it also saw a growth in factionalism, with two rival "clans" emerging, the <a href="/wiki/Banu%27l-Furat" title="Banu'l-Furat">Banu'l-Furat</a> and the Banu'l-Jarrah. The two groups represented primarily different factions in a struggle for office and power, but there are indications of "ideological" differences as well: many of the Banu'l-Jarrah families hailed from converted <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Nestorian</a> families and employed Christians in the bureaucracy, in addition to maintaining closer ties with the military, while the Banu'l-Furat tried to impose firm civilian control of the army and (not quite openly) favoured <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004175,_180_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004175,_180-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010333–334,_350_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010333–334,_350-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mu'tadid took care to prepare Ali, his oldest son and heir-apparent, for the succession by appointing him as a provincial governor: first in <a href="/wiki/Rey,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey, Iran">Rayy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qum" class="mw-redirect" title="Qum">Qum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, when these provinces were seized from the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Dulafid_dynasty" title="Dulafid dynasty">Dulafid dynasty</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 894/5</span>, and in 899 over the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">Jazira</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Thughur">frontier areas</a>, when Al-Mu'tadid deposed the last local autonomous governor, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Shaybani" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani">Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani</a>. The future al-Muktafi took up residence at <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004182–183_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004182–183-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010336–337_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010336–337-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Dunya" title="Ibn Abi al-Dunya">Ibn Abi al-Dunya</a>, who enjoyed al-Mu'tadid's confidence, was appointed as Ali's tutor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2021162_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2021162-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caliphate">Caliphate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When al-Mu'tadid died on 5 April 902, al-Muktafi succeeded him unopposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father's <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah">al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah</a>, ordered the <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">oath of allegiance</a> to be taken in his name, and took the precaution of locking up all Abbasid princes until al-Muktafi arrived in Baghdad from Raqqa (20 April).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192858_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192858-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985102–103_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985102–103-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_and_government">Character and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Character and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baghdad_old_Abbasid_Minaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sepia-toned black-and-white photograph of a much-weathered minaret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Baghdad_old_Abbasid_Minaret.jpg/180px-Baghdad_old_Abbasid_Minaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Baghdad_old_Abbasid_Minaret.jpg/270px-Baghdad_old_Abbasid_Minaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Baghdad_old_Abbasid_Minaret.jpg/360px-Baghdad_old_Abbasid_Minaret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> of al-Muktafi's <a href="/wiki/Al-Khulafa_Mosque" title="Al-Khulafa Mosque">palace mosque</a> in the early 20th century; the minaret probably dates to an 11th-century reconstruction, while the rest of the mosque was destroyed during the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Baghdad">Sack of Baghdad</a> in 1258<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Strange1922252–253_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Strange1922252–253-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_(note_6)_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_(note_6)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The new caliph was 25 years old. The historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, who lived during his reign, describes him as of "medium size, handsome, of a delicate complexion, with [a full head of] beautiful hair and a luxurious beard".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192859-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Muktafi inherited his father's love of buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192859-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed al-Mu'tadid's third palace project, the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Palace" title="Taj Palace">Taj ('Crown') Palace</a>, in Baghdad, for which he reused bricks from the <a href="/wiki/Taq_Kasra" title="Taq Kasra">palace</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> rulers in <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. Among its numerous buildings was a semicircular tower, known as the 'Cupola of the Ass' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hubbat al-Himar</i></span>). The caliph could ride to its top mounted on a donkey, and from there gaze on the surrounding countryside. On the site of his father's palace prisons, he also added a <a href="/wiki/Friday_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday mosque">Friday mosque</a> to the palace, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jami al-Qasr</i></span> ('Palace Mosque'), now known as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Khulafa_Mosque" title="Al-Khulafa Mosque">Jami al-Khulafa</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Strange1922251–254_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Strange1922251–254-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuri1960898_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuri1960898-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also emulated his father in avarice and parsimony, which allowed him to leave, despite a short reign with almost continuous warfare, a considerable surplus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192826,_59–60_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192826,_59–60-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in May 903, al-Muktafi left Baghdad and went to the old capital of <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra</a>, with the intention of moving his seat there, but was quickly dissuaded by the high cost the rebuilding of the city would entail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985120–121_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985120–121-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His easy-going nature, on the other hand, was the antithesis of his father, who was famous for his extreme severity and the cruel and imaginative punishments he inflicted, and al-Muktafi became popular when, soon after his accession, he destroyed his father's underground prisons and gave the site to the people, released prisoners and returned lands confiscated by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192826,_59_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192826,_59-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also notable for personally attending the sessions of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">dīwān</a> <a href="/wiki/Mazalim" title="Mazalim">al-maẓālim</a></i></span>, and hear the complaints and petitions of the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_vizier_al-Qasim">Role of the vizier al-Qasim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role of the vizier al-Qasim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Muktafi was not as steadfast as his father, and was easily swayed by the officials at court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192859-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early period of his caliphate was dominated by the vizier al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah. A very able man, he was also ambitious; he had plotted to assassinate al-Mu'tadid shortly before the latter's death, and now ruthlessly eliminated any rivals for influence over the new caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192858–59_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192858–59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus al-Qasim ordered the execution of the imprisoned Saffarid ruler, <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-Layth" title="Amr ibn al-Layth">Amr ibn al-Layth</a>, when al-Muktafi, immediately after his arrival in Baghdad, asked after his well-being and indicated that he wanted to treat him well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985103–104_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985103–104-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, the vizier managed to discredit al-Mu'tadid's loyal commander-in-chief, <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Mu%27tadidi" title="Badr al-Mu'tadidi">Badr al-Mu'tadidi</a>. Badr was forced to flee Baghdad but surrendered after being promised a pardon by the vizier's agents, only to be executed on 14 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985104–111_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985104–111-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days later, al-Qasim ordered the arrest of an uncle of the Caliph, Abd al-Wahid, a son of <a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq" title="Al-Muwaffaq">al-Muwaffaq</a>, who never heard from again;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985111_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985111-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in September 903, al-Husayn ibn Amr al-Nasrani, a Christian secretary, whom al-Muktafi initially favoured and who opposed al-Qasim, was denounced and exiled, his offices being given to al-Qasim's sons, al-Husayn and Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985121,_126–127_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985121,_126–127-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Qasim even succeeded in having his little daughter betrothed to al-Muktafi's infant son Abu Ahmad Muhammad in March 904,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985145_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985145-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his eminent position in the state was highlighted by the award, for the first time in the Islamic world, of a special honorific title, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wali al-Dawla</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192858–59_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192858–59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the bureaucratic struggles of the period, al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah favoured the Banu'l-Jarrah and resisted the pro-Shi'ite leanings of the Banu'l-Furat. The leading representative of the Banu'l-Furat, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Ali_ibn_al-Furat" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat">Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat</a>, only escaped death due to the vizier's own death in 904. Before his death al-Qasim had nominated as his successors either <a href="/wiki/Al-Abbas_ibn_al-Hasan_al-Jarjara%27i" title="Al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i">al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah">Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah</a>, but the latter refused the post, and Ali ibn al-Furat quickly gained the favour of al-Abbas al-Jarjara'i and the Caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192860–70_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192860–70-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns">Campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Muktafi's brief reign was dominated by warfare,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was unlike his father, the "<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">ghazī</a></i></span> caliph" <i>par excellence</i>. Al-Mu'tadid had actively participated in campaigns, setting a personal example and allowing for the formation of ties of loyalty, reinforced by patronage, between the ruler and the soldiers. Al-Muktafi, on the other hand, did not "in his character and comportment [...], being a sedentary figure, instill much loyalty, let alone inspiration, in the soldiers", according to the historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bonner" title="Michael Bonner">Michael Bonner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010332,_335,_337_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010332,_335,_337-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_the_eastern_warlords">Relations with the eastern warlords</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relations with the eastern warlords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Mu'tadid had had a turbulent relationship with the Saffarids, who ruled most of Persia: their rule over the eastern parts of the Islamic world was recognized by Baghdad, but the caliph and the Saffarids contested control over western Persia, notably the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kirman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010336_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010336-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 901, the Saffarids had seized Fars, and repulsed Badr al-Mu'tadidi's attempts to recover it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975122_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975122-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of al-Muktafi's accession, the Saffarids captured Rayy. A military response was delayed by the affair around Badr al-Mu'tadidi, and it was not until 5 November that troops were sent to the region. The result of the expedition is unknown, however, and it is known that the <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> captured Rayy in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his father before him, al-Muktafi preferred to reach a <i>modus vivendi</i> with the Saffarids, and in the next year confirmed them in their control over Fars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975122_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975122-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baghdad's relations with the quasi-independent ruler of <a href="/wiki/Adharbayjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adharbayjan">Adharbayjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Abi%27l-Saj" title="Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj">Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj</a>, had never been settled and became increasingly strained under al-Muktafi. In 908, an army under Hakam al-Muflihi was sent against Ibn Abi'l-Saj, but after al-Muktafi's death soon after, a settlement was reached: Ibn Abi'l-Saj acknowledged caliphal suzerainty and was named governor of <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Armenia</a> and Adharbayjan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975229–230_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975229–230-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qarmatian_uprisings">Qarmatian uprisings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Qarmatian uprisings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early caliphates were always threatened by the radical <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> sects, which were especially prevalent among the marginalized populations "who inhabited the borderlands between the desert and the sown" and were hostile to the central authorities. During the 9th century, however, a range of new movements emerged on the basis of Shi'ite doctrines, which replaced Kharijism as the main idiom for opposition to established regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010324–325_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010324–325-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> imams had already established independent dynasties in the fringes of the Abbasid empire, in <a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a> (864) and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (897),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010326–327_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010326–327-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by the time of al-Muktafi's accession, the core regions of the Caliphate itself were menaced by the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a>, a radical <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> Shi'ite sect. The Qarmatians denounced mainstream <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islam for practices they viewed as deviations from the true teachings of the religion, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, as well as the dwelling in cities and the marginalization of the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>. Consequently, the Qarmatians gained many adherents among the latter—although the Qarmatian leadership overwhelmingly came from the urban settlers—and began assaulting the neighbouring Muslim communities. Their missionary efforts soon spread: in 899, the Qarmatians seized <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrain (historical region)">Bahrayn</a>, while another base was established in the area around <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>. From there the Qarmatians began launching raids against the Abbasid and <a href="/wiki/Tulunid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid">Tulunid</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a>. In 902, the Qarmatians defeated the increasingly feeble Tulunids and laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Although the city withstood the siege, the Qarmatians proceeded to ravage other Syrian towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998106–107_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998106–107-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004285–287_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004285–287-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010327–328_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010327–328-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a Kufan Isma'ili missionary, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i</a>, made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a> <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>. His proselytization efforts made rapid headway among them, and in 902, he began his attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a> emirate of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>. Its conquest was completed in 909, laying the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010328–330_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010328–330-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 903, al-Muktafi decided to personally campaign against the Qarmatians, and left Baghdad for Raqqa at the head of the army. While al-Muktafi remained at Raqqa, actual command was given to the head of the department of the army (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dīwān al-jund</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Sulayman_al-Katib" title="Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib">Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib</a>. Other Abbasid forces, under <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Hammami" title="Badr al-Hammami">Badr al-Hammami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Husayn_ibn_Hamdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husayn ibn Hamdan">al-Husayn ibn Hamdan</a>, also operated against the Qarmatians, defeating them near Damascus in July, but also suffering a defeat near <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> the next month. Finally, on 29 November 903, near <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, Muhammad ibn Sulayman came upon the main Qarmatian army and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hama" title="Battle of Hama">routed it</a>, capturing or killing its main leaders and dispersing their troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985127–141_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985127–141-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Muktafi returned to Baghdad with the senior captives, who were thrown into prison. Muhammad ibn Sulayman remained at Raqqa to scour the countryside and round up the remaining rebels. He too then returned to Baghdad, which he entered in triumph on 2 February 904. Eleven days later, on 13 February, Muhammad and the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sahib_al-shurta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahib al-shurta">sahib al-shurta</a></i></span> (chief of security) of the capital, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Wathiqi, presided over the public execution of the Qarmatian leaders and Qarmatian sympathizers rounded up from Kufa and Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985141–144_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985141–144-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the Abbasid governor of Bahrayn defeated the local Qarmatians and recaptured the town of <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Abbasid victory near Hama did not yet fully eradicate the Qarmatians from the area. Taking advantage of the absence of the local governor, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Kayghalagh" title="Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh">Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh</a>, who went to suppress a revolt in Egypt, in 906, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kalb" title="Banu Kalb">Banu Kalb</a> Bedouin rose up in rebellion, led by the Qarmatian Abu Ghanim, called Nasr. They raided the <a href="/wiki/Hawran" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawran">Hawran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, and launched an attack on Damascus. Although they defeated its garrison under the deputy governor, Ahmad ibn Nasr, they could not take the city itself, and moved onto <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, which they pillaged. Al-Husayn ibn Hamdan was sent to pursue them, but they withdrew to the desert and poisoned the water holes behind them and escaped. On 16 June 906, they attacked <a href="/wiki/H%C4%ABt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hīt">Hit</a> on the Euphrates. The generals <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ishaq_ibn_Kundajiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundajiq">Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundajiq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mu%27nis_al-Khadim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'nis al-Khadim">Mu'nis al-Khadim</a> marched against them from Baghdad, while al-Husayn ibn Hamdan moved against them from the west, trying to encircle them. To escape their predicament, the Bedouin killed Nasr and received a pardon by the caliphal authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985158–161_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985158–161-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Qarmatians moved south to <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, on the orders of the chief missionary <a href="/wiki/Zikrawayh_ibn_Mihrawayh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikrawayh ibn Mihrawayh">Zikrawayh ibn Mihrawayh</a>. On 2 October they launched an attack on the city, but although repulsed, they defeated a relief army sent from Baghdad to aid Kufa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985162–168_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985162–168-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zikrawayh then marched to attack the caravans returning from the pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. In November, three caravans were overwhelmed; the Qarmatians massacred indiscriminately—some 20,000 were reportedly killed in the second caravan alone<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985176_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985176-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and carried off women and children as slaves, along with enormous booty. Finally, in early January 907, caliphal troops under Wasif ibn Sawartakin caught the Qarmatians near <a href="/wiki/Al-Q%C4%81disiyyah_(historical_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qādisiyyah (historical city)">al-Qadisiyya</a> and destroyed them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985172–179_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985172–179-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these defeats, the Qarmatian movement virtually ceased to exist in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>, although their counterparts in Bahrayn remained an active threat for several decades to come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185,_286_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185,_286-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998108_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998108-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distinguished service of al-Husayn ibn Hamdan during these campaigns not only established him as one of the leading Abbasid commanders, but also helped the rise of his family, the <a href="/wiki/Hamdanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanids">Hamdanids</a>, to power and prominence: in 905, his brother <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Hamdan" title="Abdallah ibn Hamdan">Abu'l-Hayja Abdallah</a> was appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, which became the family's main powerbase in the decades to come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004267–268_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004267–268-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recovery_of_Tulunid_Syria_and_Egypt">Recovery of Tulunid Syria and Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recovery of Tulunid Syria and Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasid_Caliphate_900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blank map of the Middle East, with green shaded areas for the Abbasid Caliphate, and the major regions and provinces marked" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abbasid_Caliphate_900.png/260px-Abbasid_Caliphate_900.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abbasid_Caliphate_900.png/390px-Abbasid_Caliphate_900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Abbasid_Caliphate_900.png/520px-Abbasid_Caliphate_900.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the result of al-Mu'tadid's campaigns of consolidation, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900</span>: areas under direct Abbasid control in dark green, areas under loose Abbasid suzerainty, but under autonomous governors, in light green. Under al-Muktafi, the western provinces of the Levant and Egypt were re-incorporated into the Abbasid empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>The defeat of the Qarmatians at Hama also opened the way for the Abbasids to recover the provinces of southern Syria and Egypt, held by the Tulunid dynasty. The Tulunid regime had already been weakened by internal strife and the rivalries of the various ethnic groups in the army, which led to the defection of the commander Badr al-Hammami and other senior officers to the Abbasids; the regime was further weakened by the destructive raids of the Qarmatians and its inability to deal with it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004184–185_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004184–185-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 May 904, Muhammad ibn Sulayman left Baghdad at the head of an army, numbering 10,000 according to al-Tabari, and tasked with recovering southern Syria and Egypt itself from the Tulunids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985146_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985146-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His campaign was to be assisted from the sea by a fleet from the frontier districts of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Damian_of_Tarsus" title="Damian of Tarsus">Damian of Tarsus</a>. Damian led a fleet up the river <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, raided its coasts, and prevented supplies for the Tulunid forces from being ferried over it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Abbasid advance was mostly unopposed, and in December, the Tulunid emir <a href="/wiki/Harun_ibn_Khumarawayh" title="Harun ibn Khumarawayh">Harun ibn Khumarawayh</a> was murdered by his uncles Ali and <a href="/wiki/Shayban_ibn_Ahmad_ibn_Tulun" title="Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun">Shayban</a>. Shayban took over the reins of the state, but the murder caused further defections to the Abbasids, including the governor of Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Tughj_ibn_Juff" title="Tughj ibn Juff">Tughj ibn Juff</a>. In January, the Abbasid army arrived before <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, the old capital of Egypt. Shayban abandoned his troops during the night, and the city surrendered. The victorious Abbasids razed the nearby Tulunid-founded capital <a href="/wiki/Al-Qata%27i" title="Al-Qata'i">al-Qata'i</a>, with the exception of the great <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998108_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998108-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the Tulunid family and their leading adherents were arrested and brought to Baghdad, while their properties were confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151–152_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151–152-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isa_al-Nushari" title="Isa al-Nushari">Isa al-Nushari</a> was appointed governor of Egypt. His tenure was troubled from the start: within months, he was forced to abandon Fustat and flee to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> due to a secessionist rebellion under a certain Ibrahim al-Khalanji. He was possibly the same person as a certain Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalij, who is also recorded to have led a pro-Tulunid revolt at about the same time. Reinforcements arrived from Baghdad under Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh. Al-Khalanji proved victorious in the first encounter with Ibn Kayghalagh at <a href="/wiki/Al-Arish" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Arish">al-Arish</a> in December 905, but in the end he was defeated and captured in May 906 and brought prisoner to Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998110_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998110-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985152–153,_156,_169–170_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985152–153,_156,_169–170-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 906, al-Muktafi married a daughter of the second Tulunid ruler, <a href="/wiki/Khumarawayh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khumarawayh">Khumarawayh</a>. She was probably a half-sister of the famous <a href="/wiki/Qatr_al-Nada" title="Qatr al-Nada">Qatr al-Nada</a>, another daughter of Khumarawayh who was intended for him but ended up being married to his father in 893.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985170_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985170-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998106_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998106-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_front">Byzantine front</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Byzantine front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Muktafi also kept up the perennial conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Macedonian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty">Byzantine Empire</a>, with varying success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 902, al-Qasim ibn Sima al-Farghani was appointed to command of the frontier districts of the Jazira.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985117_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985117-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 902 or 903, a naval raid reached the island of <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, dangerously close to the Byzantine capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>; the island was plundered and its inhabitants carried off into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997186_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997186-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in May 903, the newly appointed governor of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Asha%27ir_Ahmad_ibn_Nasr" title="Abu'l-Asha'ir Ahmad ibn Nasr">Abu'l-Asha'ir Ahmad ibn Nasr</a>, was dispatched to the frontier districts with gifts for the Byzantine ruler, <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI the Wise</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 886–912</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985120_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985120-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in return, Byzantine envoys arrived in Baghdad for negotiations on a <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_prisoner_exchanges" title="Arab–Byzantine prisoner exchanges">prisoner exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985133_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985133-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exchange eventually took place in September–October 905, at the river <a href="/wiki/Lamus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamus River">Lamus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, but was interrupted because the Byzantines reneged on the agreed terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985153–155_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985153–155-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After further negotiations, the exchange was completed in August 908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs,_904.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval miniature showing warriors driving a city's populace into their ships" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png/260px-Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png/390px-Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png/520px-Sack_of_Thessalonica_by_Arabs%2C_904.png 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (904)">Sack of Thessalonica</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Tripoli" title="Leo of Tripoli">Leo of Tripoli</a>, miniature from the <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 904, a Byzantine renegade in Abbasid service, <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Tripoli" title="Leo of Tripoli">Leo of Tripoli</a>, led a major naval expedition of 54 vessels from the Syrian and Egyptian fleets, whose initial target reportedly was Constantinople itself. The Arab fleet penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and sacked <a href="/wiki/Abydos_(Hellespont)" title="Abydos (Hellespont)">Abydos</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_navy" title="Byzantine navy">Byzantine navy</a> under the <i><a href="/wiki/Droungarios" title="Droungarios">droungarios</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Eustathios_Argyros_(admiral_under_Leo_VI)" title="Eustathios Argyros (admiral under Leo VI)">Eustathios Argyros</a> was reluctant to confront them. Emperor Leo replaced Argyros with the more energetic <a href="/wiki/Himerios_(admiral)" title="Himerios (admiral)">Himerios</a>, but Leo of Tripoli forestalled the Byzantines, turning back west and heading for the Empire's second city, <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, which he <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (904)">sacked after a three-day siege</a> on 31 July 904. The sack of the city brought the Muslim fleet enormous booty and many captives who were taken to be sold as slaves, including the eyewitness <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a>, who wrote the main account of the city's siege and fall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZLeon_(von_Tripolis)_bzw._Tripolites_(#24397)_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZLeon_(von_Tripolis)_bzw._Tripolites_(#24397)-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997186–188_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997186–188-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On land, however, the Byzantines held the upper hand: <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> reports that in spring/early summer 904, a major Byzantine army, "ten crosses with one hundred thousand men", had invaded the borderlands and plundered as far as <a href="/wiki/Hadath" title="Hadath">Hadath</a>. In November, possibly as a retaliation for the sack of Thessalonica, the Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(general_under_Leo_VI)" title="Andronikos Doukas (general under Leo VI)">Andronikos Doukas</a> invaded Arab territory, and won a major victory over the forces of Tarsus and al-Massisah (<a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Marash" class="mw-redirect" title="Marash">Marash</a> (Germanikeia).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997189_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997189-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985147,_151_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985147,_151-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further successes followed for both sides. The Byzantines captured Qurus (<a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus" title="Cyrrhus">Cyrrhus</a>) in July 906, destroying the city and carrying off its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985171_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985171-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 906, Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh and <a href="/wiki/Rustam_ibn_Baradu" title="Rustam ibn Baradu">Rustam ibn Baradu</a> launched a raid that reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys River</a> before turning back laden with spoils and captives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985172_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985172-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the sea, Himerios won a victory over an Arab fleet on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St. Thomas</a>'s day, 6 October 906.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997191_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997191-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spring 907, however, Andronikos Doukas and his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(usurper)" title="Constantine Doukas (usurper)">Constantine</a> defected to the Abbasids, the victims of the intrigues of Leo VI's powerful eunuch chamberlain, <a href="/wiki/Samonas" title="Samonas">Samonas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997208–209,_213–216_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997208–209,_213–216-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985180–181_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985180–181-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One notable and unique case of al-Muktafi's diplomatic relations are his correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Bertha,_daughter_of_Lothair_II" title="Bertha, daughter of Lothair II">Bertha</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Lotharingia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Lotharingia">King of Lotharingia</a> and wife of <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_II,_Margrave_of_Tuscany" title="Adalbert II, Margrave of Tuscany">Adalbert II, Margrave of Tuscany</a>. In 906, Bertha sent a letter, written in Latin, and rich gifts to al-Muktafi, seeking his friendship and a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage alliance">marriage alliance</a>. Bertha was apparently motivated by the threat posed by the Arab colony at <a href="/wiki/Fraxinetum" title="Fraxinetum">Fraxinetum</a>, and turned to al-Muktafi in the—mistaken—belief that the caliph still exercised real power over the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>. Al-Muktafi in turn replied with a letter of his own, but nothing came of this long-distance correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2021161_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2021161-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200940–41_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200940–41-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Muktafi was a successful ruler, as well as "a man of sensibility, a gourmet and an appreciator of the verses of poets like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rumi" title="Ibn al-Rumi">Ibn al-Rumi</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the historian Harold Bowen writes, "the Caliphate seemed in his day almost to have regained its former glory", having overcome the Qarmatian challenge and regained Egypt and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192860_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192860-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His fiscal policies, building upon those of his father, also ensured prosperity and a full treasury, despite the drain and devastation of continuous warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Muktafi, however, was of a sickly disposition since childhood;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192860_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192860-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, he may have been ill for much of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late spring 908 he fell gravely ill, and for about three months, the caliph lay incapacitated, his situation alternately improving and deteriorating. It soon became clear, however, that he would not survive his illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192884,_86_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192884,_86-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Muktafi had nine sons, but they were all underage,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192884_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192884-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and due to his illness, he was unable to determine a successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vizier, al-Abbas al-Jarjara'i, sounded out the leading officials of the bureaucracy on the issue—an unprecedented act that demonstrated the monopoly of power now exercised by the civilian bureaucrats. Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Jarrah favoured the experienced and capable Abbasid prince <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_al-Mu%27tazz" title="Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz</a>, but the vizier eventually followed the advice of Ali ibn al-Furat, who suggested al-Muktafi's 13-year-old brother Ja'far, on the grounds that he would be weak and pliable, and easily manipulated by the senior officials. The choice of Ja'far, who became Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 908–932</span>), was, in the words of historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Hugh Kennedy</a>, "a sinister development" and inaugurated one "of the most disastrous reigns in the whole of Abbasid history [...] a quarter of a century in which all of the work of [al-Muqtadir's] predecessors would be undone".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185–186_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185–186-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010349_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010349-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Muktafi seems to have recovered just enough to sanction his brother's nomination, before dying on 13 August 908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his father, he was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_Palace" title="Tahirid Palace">Tahirid Palace</a> in Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985187_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985187-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Muktafi's death marked the "high point of the Abbasid revival" that had been spearheaded by his father and grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004101,_185_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004101,_185-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next 40 years, the Caliphate would face a succession of power struggles, and lose its outlying provinces to ambitious local dynasts; with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ra%27iq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Ra'iq">Ibn Ra'iq</a> to the post of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">amir al-umara</a></i></span> in 936, the caliphs became mere puppet rulers, and Baghdad itself would finally be captured by the Iranian Shi'a <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a> in 946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185–197_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185–197-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these turmoils, al-Muktafi's posthumous son, Abdallah, was installed as caliph by the warlord <a href="/wiki/Tuzun_(amir_al-umara)" title="Tuzun (amir al-umara)">Tuzun</a> in 944–946, with the regnal name <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen1928384–385_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen1928384–385-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993723–724_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993723–724-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Ahmad Muhammad, who had wed al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah's daughter, was himself involved in a conspiracy against al-Muqtadir in 930, and was briefly a candidate for the caliphal throne in 932, after al-Muqtadir's downfall. He died in 933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985121_(note_604)_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985121_(note_604)-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen1928322_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen1928322-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various sources record different amounts on the surplus. Al-Tabari gives 15 million <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinars</a>, in what is obviously a later addition to the text; later authors, like <a href="/wiki/Mas%27udi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mas'udi">Mas'udi</a> and Ibn al-Zubayr, give smaller sums: 8 million dinars, or 25 million silver <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">dirhams</a>. The larger sums are considered suspect, as they are probably included more as points of criticism on al-Muqtadir, who squandered it, rather than accurate accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985187,_esp._note_907_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985187,_esp._note_907-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His age at the time of his death is variously given as 31 (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic year">Islamic</a>) years, 32 years less one month, or 33 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lowry-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowry_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowry_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowry_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowry_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowry_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLowryToorawa2019" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, J.E.; Toorawa, S.M. (2019). <i>Arabic Belles Lettres</i>. Resources in Arabic and Islamic Studies. Lockwood Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-11-2"><bdi>978-1-948488-11-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Belles+Lettres&rft.series=Resources+in+Arabic+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Lockwood+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-948488-11-2&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=Toorawa%2C+S.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Muktafi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192859-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterstéenBosworth1993542–543_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZetterstéenBosworth1993">Zetterstéen & Bosworth 1993</a>, pp. 542–543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_(note_905)-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_(note_905)_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 185 (note 905).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006536_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖzaydın2006">Özaydın 2006</a>, p. 536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010305,_308–313,_314,_323-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010305,_308–313,_314,_323_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 305, 308–313, 314, 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010313–327-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010313–327_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 313–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010332–337-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010332–337_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 332–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004175,_180-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004175,_180_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 175, 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010333–334,_350-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010333–334,_350_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 333–334, 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004182–183-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004182–183_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010336–337-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010336–337_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 336–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2021162-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2021162_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl-Hibri2021">El-Hibri 2021</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192858-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192858_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985102–103-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985102–103_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Strange1922252–253-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Strange1922252–253_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Strange1922">Le Strange 1922</a>, pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_(note_6)-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192859_(note_6)_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, p. 59 (note 6).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985185_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Strange1922251–254-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Strange1922251–254_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLe_Strange1922">Le Strange 1922</a>, pp. 251–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuri1960898-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuri1960898_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuri1960">Duri 1960</a>, p. 898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192826,_59–60-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192826,_59–60_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, pp. 26, 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985187,_esp._note_907-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985187,_esp._note_907_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 187, esp. note 907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985120–121-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985120–121_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192826,_59-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192826,_59_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, pp. 26, 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192858–59-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192858–59_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192858–59_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985103–104-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985103–104_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985104–111-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985104–111_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 104–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985111-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985111_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985121,_126–127-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985121,_126–127_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 121, 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985145-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985145_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192860–70-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192860–70_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, pp. 60–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010332,_335,_337-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010332,_335,_337_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 332, 335, 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010336-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010336_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975122-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975122_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1975122_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1975">Bosworth 1975</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzaydın2006535_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖzaydın2006">Özaydın 2006</a>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975229–230-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1975229–230_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1975">Madelung 1975</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010324–325-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010324–325_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 324–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010326–327-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010326–327_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998106–107-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998106–107_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1998">Bianquis 1998</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004285–287-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004285–287_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 285–287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010327–328-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010327–328_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010328–330-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010328–330_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, pp. 328–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985127–141-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985127–141_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 127–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985141–144-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985141–144_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 141–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985158–161-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985158–161_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 158–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985162–168-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985162–168_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 162–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985176-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985176_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985172–179-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985172–179_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 172–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185,_286-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185,_286_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 185, 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998108-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998108_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998108_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1998">Bianquis 1998</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004267–268-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004267–268_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004184–185-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004184–185_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985146-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985146_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151–152-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985151–152_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998110-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998110_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1998">Bianquis 1998</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985152–153,_156,_169–170-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985152–153,_156,_169–170_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 152–153, 156, 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985170-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985170_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998106-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1998106_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1998">Bianquis 1998</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985117-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985117_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997186-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997186_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985120-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985120_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985133-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985133_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985153–155-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985153–155_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 153–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZLeon_(von_Tripolis)_bzw._Tripolites_(#24397)-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZLeon_(von_Tripolis)_bzw._Tripolites_(#24397)_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Leon (von Tripolis) bzw. Tripolites (#24397).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997186–188-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997186–188_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 186–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997189-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997189_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985147,_151-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985147,_151_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 147, 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985171-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985171_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985172-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985172_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997191-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997191_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETougher1997208–209,_213–216-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETougher1997208–209,_213–216_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTougher1997">Tougher 1997</a>, pp. 208–209, 213–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985180–181-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985180–181_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2021161-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEl-Hibri2021161_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEl-Hibri2021">El-Hibri 2021</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200940–41-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200940–41_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe2009">Metcalfe 2009</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192860-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192860_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192860_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192884,_86-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192884,_86_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, pp. 84, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen192884-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen192884_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185–186-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185–186_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 185–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner2010349-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner2010349_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner2010">Bonner 2010</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985187-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985187_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004101,_185-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004101,_185_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 101, 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185–197-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2004185–197_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 185–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen1928384–385-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen1928384–385_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, pp. 384–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993723–724-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993723–724_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1993">Bosworth 1993</a>, pp. 723–724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985121_(note_604)-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal1985121_(note_604)_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1985">Rosenthal 1985</a>, p. 121 (note 604).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen1928322-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen1928322_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1928">Bowen 1928</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Muktafi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianquis1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Thierry</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3FtXpB_tqMC&pg=PA86">"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Ṭūlūn to Kāfūr, 868–969"</a>. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517</i>. 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(1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k241retEBE0C"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXVIII: The Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad: The Caliphates of al-Muʿtaḍid, al-Muktafī and al-Muqtadir, A.D. 892–915/A.H. 279–302</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-876-9"><bdi>978-0-87395-876-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XXXVIII%3A+The+Return+of+the+Caliphate+to+Baghdad%3A+The+Caliphates+of+al-Mu%CA%BFta%E1%B8%8Did%2C+al-Muktaf%C4%AB+and+al-Muqtadir%2C+A.D.+892%E2%80%93915%2FA.H.+279%E2%80%93302&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-876-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk241retEBE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Muktafi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougher1997" class="citation book cs1">Tougher, Shaun (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPquae5A4zIC"><i>The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10811-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Leo+VI+%28886%E2%80%93912%29%3A+Politics+and+People&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10811-0&rft.aulast=Tougher&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPquae5A4zIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Muktafi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterstéenBosworth1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Vilhelm_Zetterst%C3%A9en" title="Karl Vilhelm Zetterstéen">Zetterstéen, K. V.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-muktafi-SIM_5481">"al-Muktafī"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume VII:<i> Mif–Naz</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 542–543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09419-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Muktaf%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VII%3A+Mif%E2%80%93Naz&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=542-543&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09419-2&rft.aulast=Zetterst%C3%A9en&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fal-muktafi-SIM_5481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Muktafi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>al-Muktafi</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 877/8</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 13 August 908</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs" title="List of Abbasid caliphs">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> </b><br />5 April 902 – 13 August 908 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><br />(749–1258)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">al-Amin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a></i><sup>[B]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muntasir" title="Al-Muntasir">al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in" title="Al-Musta'in">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz" title="Al-Mu'tazz">al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Muktafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_al-Mu%27tazz" title="Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz</a></i><sup>[B]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Radi" title="Al-Radi">al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muti%27" title="Al-Muti'">al-Muti'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ta%27i%27" title="Al-Ta'i'">al-Ta'i'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Billah" title="Al-Rashid Billah">al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah">al-Zahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_I" title="Al-Mustansir I">al-Mustansir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Mongol conquest</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a><br />(1261–1517)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_II" title="Al-Mustansir II">al-Mustansir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_I" title="Al-Hakim I">al-Hakim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_I_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)">al-Mustakfi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq_I" title="Al-Wathiq I">al-Wathiq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_II" title="Al-Hakim II">al-Hakim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid_I" title="Al-Mu'tadid I">al-Mu'tadid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq_II" title="Al-Wathiq II">al-Wathiq II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)">al-Musta'sim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_I" title="Al-Mutawakkil I">al-Mutawakkil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in_(Cairo)" title="Al-Musta'in (Cairo)">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid_II" title="Al-Mu'tadid II">al-Mu'tadid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_II" title="Al-Mustakfi II">al-Mustakfi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Cairo)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Cairo)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustanjid (Cairo)">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_II" title="Al-Mutawakkil II">al-Mutawakkil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustamsik" title="Al-Mustamsik">al-Mustamsik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a></li> <li><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)">Ottoman conquest</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>[B]</sup> indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abbasid_Caliphate_topics_(750–1258)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abbasid_Caliphate_topics_(750–1258)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> topics <span style="font-size:85%;">(750–1258)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Background</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Early period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(750–833)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Establishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_conquest_of_Ifriqiya" title="Abbasid conquest of Ifriqiya">Conquest of Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_revolt_of_762%E2%80%93763" title="Alid revolt of 762–763">Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_city_of_Baghdad" title="Round city of Baghdad">Round city of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid%E2%80%93Carolingian_alliance" title="Abbasid–Carolingian alliance">Abbasid–Carolingian alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Apogee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Sack of Heraclea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">al-Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fitna" title="Fourth Fitna">Fourth Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Fragmentation of<br />the Abbasid empire</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(833–946)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="Sack of Amorium">Sack of Amorium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">Anarchy at Samarra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muntasir" title="Al-Muntasir">al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in" title="Al-Musta'in">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz" title="Al-Mu'tazz">al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijite_Rebellion_(866%E2%80%93896)" title="Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)">Kharijite Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Abbasid revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq" title="Al-Muwaffaq">al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Muktafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Collapse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Radi" title="Al-Radi">al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27nis_al-Muzaffar" title="Mu'nis al-Muzaffar">Mu'nis al-Muzaffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Ali_ibn_al-Furat" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat">Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah">Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Qarmatian invasion of Iraq">Qarmatian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca_(930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Mecca (930)">Sack of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajkam" title="Bajkam">Bajkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Baridi" title="Abu Abdallah al-Baridi">Abu Abdallah al-Baridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla" title="Nasir al-Dawla">Nasir al-Dawla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Buyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyid">Buyid</a> period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(946–1055)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muti" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muti">al-Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ta'i">al-Ta'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Buyid emirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla" title="Izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Dawla" title="Baha al-Dawla">Baha al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharrif_al-Dawla" title="Musharrif al-Dawla">Musharrif al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla" title="Jalal al-Dawla">Jalal al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Rahim" title="Al-Malik al-Rahim">al-Malik al-Rahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1055–1157)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Billah" title="Al-Rashid Billah">al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Seljuk sultans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tughril" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril">Tughril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud I of Great Seljuk">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkyaruq" title="Berkyaruq">Berkyaruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_II" title="Malik-Shah II">Malik-Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Tapar" title="Muhammad I Tapar">Muhammad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Final period</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–1258)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Caliphs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah">al-Zahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)">al-Mustansir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriya Madrasah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">al-Musta'sim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Sack of Baghdad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Aftermath</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphs_of_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphs of Cairo">Abbasid caliphs of Cairo</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Barqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq (region)">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Sind">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awasim" title="Al-Awasim">Awasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Palace and central government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barid" title="Barid">Barid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajib" title="Hajib">Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazalim" title="Mazalim">Mazalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Officials of the Abbasid Caliphate">Officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">tiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">Shurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">Vizier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Financial administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">Diwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta'">Iqta'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abna_al-dawla" title="Abna al-dawla">Abna al-dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Battles involving the Abbasid Caliphate">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate">Commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Wars involving the Abbasid Caliphate">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Islam in the Abbasid Caliphate">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafism">Hanafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalism">Hanbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Revival" title="Sunni Revival">Sunni Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Century" title="Shi'a Century">Shi'a Century</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Christianity in the Abbasid Caliphate">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in the Abbasid Caliphate">Jews and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbasid_architecture" title="Category:Abbasid architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbasid_literature" title="Category:Abbasid literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Musicians from the Abbasid Caliphate">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Science in the Abbasid Caliphate">Science and learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284701#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46530262">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1836337/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfx7dJhT8fhrYjTkMhyh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006136528">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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