CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "dl.acm.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e7623b0de4fa8d9',cH: 'v6VGZBjHxjR6OXaJjO3tLAzrwINuBzheZ.E8ACrLIn0-1732417129-1.2.1.1-P0idJV8rYO5CVu6oKgA2Kup1rnl2k_7qef.GiWCjjrNHo7gPWsIUYcnHHZE40MWz',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.1145\/1837110.1837130?__cf_chl_tk=gYLzLwLeoEcsPztqvpT9fYVS_iMEo8JQcGe_U7LDvjc-1732417129-1.0.1.1-qrmCzTPhCwrB1f9M.ISab867rkBxdkE6FCtLyOHn1sY",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732417129',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.1145\/1837110.1837130?__cf_chl_f_tk=gYLzLwLeoEcsPztqvpT9fYVS_iMEo8JQcGe_U7LDvjc-1732417129-1.0.1.1-qrmCzTPhCwrB1f9M.ISab867rkBxdkE6FCtLyOHn1sY",md: "d1ObQwRdNTOwaQS1N4F.3G9ez_A1Vh_4etpfxFuDE94-1732417129-1.2.1.1-ZlGDk0UPIchiPpGNPXeRm7mJAjxpPxQ.JMlkuzdzFJWRj_nRedMdQqX3rsHMqnAD5qhBw11x5DbeoBBNl946fcywMP53IdVUxXNfh8xuvFPqXAcEuBHp9gBQQiH1bp4AFYvphKBEhalkDTpXD7jOVpMP3kpw4Hrc1YlOwubmHIATeqYd7xLmtyZXIWFcvpLVpGC59wcwJxbhN1EEFiPm0Qndz2zJm7OtQxIdlMwB5M2qMSM2LHO_9YS_BDhnQn8w3J2K9407lzYKQsFMqgbklmZo1YzAodeF3TZ31.K_HbwMmomK3_dS39Ka20k3DTNxzwB0Ia3eGAepxwhCTeVpsOFoPCjwSTPfZk5fiARlN6UPBjkCNDSQBCKdvpAcscNXlaaGDmZb9nDc2VfSNHh2hZRtst6L3.gSnQGUSwuWZ1DLgpbVkMHwSpHkElsbVYvdRmmm1rXcMC5M1qXSiHzaMxzFFoZZXXdcKo0N8D69ymOAUaIbYHWQvkEQXv0DUrcjqoFx9Eh.u47ki7RkByvr7HXV7qQeRuKWidZ2xrJKwoLCGv8n8ieceLpTaImoYgAWAtb8.L26mLGmzAtJgol5klOpcOO17kmPeQIMqUifc2CkQYfn2Jf.nVsGWeUkBI4SoYI.m6wzLknL7LaL.X8KZXoZORAsi5NnXTK1dB6K0BW_0luzCwERTsIl6iY6hlBCNHUczlIUkpnQgEpuDE4R7g2qNYN17qzLnEZv4FHAkDhjqY1VjgNbJRIMRuE62PSP5B7JIRNw0gTd3NwcyXiDPEGZ52EKzww.IQUwW8oQVIESIetrWYBBuZqu1a5eTUPoX2_ZiCidEcdWNMHdwrpzZeINPG2RgInbVE8GKupGa.4_E5pL9wf4QN_jxqfkwhDdkdlgPvAROnwZQiVJKJKzc8WtToGSqbZguBMl6nb0Ej0WiKz0JMCjl2z27HHYhZfdtGo.lZdUlqhjChAcETwyDINitB9ymJUrHDajm4qV.BXrfjyL7h_ejNa.6wVwoqPE2glYcgzFd0ChOg5umv3kkXZUR19Tm6VhZvDnG6OQfP.JbU3iBjNIqcUOT2jZJIZPhZgcp9ZinO1S9jpMecf_sfpElLoSDciOEeddRI6uz_cAX8XpJ2XY74jgG1HsDAsHUuqQEomQ14i3ZiXXROQmqoenunoPAQ.Bf8SFzAMTsU0CmMSAfafbtrvuLjroCIUmzzK0J4N3ymbH8zJirkczplAGyTb26nFkDbLRbqJTboANY25WvJIX2KmgjekGpebd2ivgConWBj_TQHlfYeWSy5ZLi9mzWlSSH4OOiP0qb3JnD8ALytv6qDVMAhvNc7g0AaEQ26xnZ9QcJwOR2Y2cr04aZrCOA09u2kw13FTgGneAIVKXev_fntF1NuJYISsOzQowGMFGY4YMl0WTGkDVY66tTt128gHgMzROkDpXkyTFhFEzrL7Na06gL02IU4RMet4GJ0nFm_SR8.i7PsbxdK_tdAKJGF3JHmr7BpAc9K1SnldD_iLl2G08YSkXCEnrBSh3a7l4MSaNZDuIU6zWi0uvtBQK4eyO7phYB707Y_4Zw4VlMh4W5.8YYCkNPGDqmHLgLrjQPHdbyySSDqBv_2nGUfDTXu8J6jJZXcbIxvLc9SUuHFOXTqnQmtMoUzGP6SCOH.Z3Je9EMbHdT7Wx6K6z6brw1y9n3BFu4GX4OQY011awByKQ6v8iZULpz6ICRQ890dM0XcQdJ9lnMJvA.a0LCeiMCcVsxVau_T7FEtHgQs9lQIJE5Th0vlT7fihogESHkijW820nnWChNdVkH.6i.EhUsOtmFvhsbcKGcMtzBg1YSFS8t1NKYoKcB85AfIIgz7KZQjZ6VrGArJJh3ZY8HxhompRDSPcory.z5uWVdyQ8o1T9UFhXWYhWVO8W8WbdRUZHKdTzUVf8WaXAUbJ1ZdCRazR3_FMFlqXB2m2GnlXjeNha.g9kUJNAUC7DqsTQvLWZcC0EyeyIFGNPi5ca5b22E.6A_8RsvOFnVWmkpzzBtLQ2QWbW.qLVDnmbr7S0aj31fEMMWGwUVQpYcrHQjVQ.nEqren9uvDZm9p7ylUSOCyWoAWeyFKR.JEb_3tLEt_sWGuWeysa6MryC7sbqhcnv8ZVCiAkH7cXAe0WlD6JIenGL9HDANNMmLcg7BC21hvESu7_igy2pdNKJ8CZrkkrqPDHvaC8eI_CyI6cPefaFb0fPE87ugabYZX1AnICzSqbSYD10so5WFhAuZr7tyRn8pkquoN497InI3a7sCQlIuzQ9OntlQFAwFbh9s5cW.WRRrWKT2GwFF.PNBlU5qCHcfYHy2Qz2azbcbymQBon51Gjn7qg8_95HoHd75exXI96dKncmAtaL10SVzJzcna3OutyNP.CeYLgys0CfabTEL2kKIfP6SmCiDRDLY3ea75mQu.4kk77rVqGMtgHrekxmvIBxNPg2hquNf85xtRFsGYtVaRV4SP1eVN8TeAcfnpsFYm4jqC.Jgf9ZiOzegmXfWh7D57vKY.7lVUofgOjrDB1q1.ZmNaEFgTHTA_72cUdMMDLhYYD9.KugFgOdXWGUSo3Kq7akQ2qLT0F5i9QHx3n.mex3w_yi2Dv_35AE7st2jv9wjwwanVgz_VtoQ_xtZS6yMUEU3YIqzL4jAdbkOaQJ_94OShZ2dlPA3uo.GTO_SQhTJ5mt5EsYTlcvPFrE9srfF4KmRp3wqwQ_5KMHPPWXSRon._P4fuQGfJxN.TB4RUeuoAo1WXN74NEAJAQTTu.810YnvVTFX1MdlOoqUVVj866rKM1SknOaYMPsN_0PcqV4E36Wv2_Kdufo.heP7wj1JOL04.wG7OSs7gC89a_3RpZItaVC64PBsmET6bloQHa.b5LWWVuPf6b2FrQqW.9nU0Gre_e1vq_LLH_MwPJz0wv3qcQADCZun1FmVaOtx0KWMa8HVh_WMgZxtNldDAG12dZ_QN2bZsnT2Scjf6o3na18R7dFjZpu",mdrd: "d65oYmfGoqzDSMDJfPYfmWu_qmRBLHvQvjBESqnFfRs-1732417129-1.2.1.1-RDWLSV6zOHJNd.03YIL3IPjo8KJ5hPTz0VMa8ygL7VMsD.PtADf183PBudztScmOq7I1G.Xx3XPFAeGJPsV0lXeNeutK88Rdcj1bQUfBnXW3G1Wc5xXDjOFeEWqrV7DHhIKrCM_ngQZ84.C.pJATefIUTrAFnZdz4WiX3K.KMhMmFYnGK5uDNZ8dAY.CEO5hKHxdZ9LMVyYQ9zTt.zuBtzcjua1lES3WCpLwLHnF3.FFEfsP4X8ib9NnyKIkglbmxvVvNGUEkIyP8tMpZ.qorBfxeVQyAHVeYJuYl33nUbZZb0kD3jyHkGJuHHhpesXbcXW7ktSh2lCEXrDzY0GIL3p3G7pGhWUBGBoVMD.zDo1Fyt2pIfSy8Z0jYFAq9pXbqO6SSNTtK_9tml1EbHDTNp55YmGz5ndHh83Ht8IosY2yG5BtkLIyVNHedemfwoMN5uuakUew47X._aOrLsNGrQjRGXjEzFEsljakPLPenJk6Yh3bCwjBbxjfAsGO_ovy7CxI2HH2bMfGp8_uKY6qiZLLRauJXsgSq0B12X2I6uNbodQ821IfV1.BzP57UgSP2SiC9u27KNugU.k25A_4CMTA3m.y4Wv_7k5hZqLxOBYqVqi4p3xPDmM2vshQKXUAclkqOpPbGV0G5KrX_mQoGKIUNVFMMqVMsOOHqLOs3WQS_4ccQi7B9Vk_Y6XFlqt3rkjaplO2w8a6B0TQ9dFa6I58FU5rgzfA2wAd.5LWtogR832Ftpt0IXOHOy0ENG_V1sNGXk68I0bAYApdXeEIY5dD6u0cDVcvel6F7_xbDl_y7IUnjRqW7V43OOgITezH9Phj8nWbND9sdokFi1F4CdJus2wGHRfiRJI_d6IwaX2Ya5l6eyPosmHekfuz1ztJRR0pgS8eWcoRy5Ov1t3Kpow4pGcLawG_z4j67nVTQngGFr6ZqULTLalQIS9mw71Xyg6L_3iyeFiQ3HA9uxoywjWcVTLsA1lseejSjncHGil11PKqQseCnoqEwF5GHcxuWiVgUBaSqadXTTtP30KjsAl6mtwVT3UOMQyn.p9wdhJqPfezZMM2jfSxnL_pmrlTIZdv12EjbOQyknx7n_HXoOYubV9.ReibCiB3HRKlMuckvkeYD2CX.1_Qz4nnYIxGngi1VLQJL_WrZ.cAaBTIivqFIqX7PQzMdPfZsAFt.p9c8lQrwUFXyvKvkNjYOW_XjIiFpuheZ_TlHYk8shkU.QAdqLEkpSA6u7QUWZW2pi1gMp3l28aVkt7efN6PJv4FfRKYqGLnD7LtFP.KPI51GQuHnGqqYdEdk2YfvttPUYs8QTzRYzci_dGPVgeHH8Tz7OJuDUtcmOOaxTolgCe_32ZEEQMvfcWRHWAY2c_byroXQbMM86CW2OP1BP.u0QRfkQim0ae0KgrF1Pc4kbVL5gT.FesBmbp3E2zQvsmPpMUq8nXLzvIZGB1NGfZExq2F87LefUVNIUinKDTChDndWJmTYK0jctNJVjsTFWf9dyhSWR4KNsCGB8d0aPtRHEndyerdaVePpLFBeSaI0bH2MChamXY4sUcFdV16t.ZsnZXuumtkgLxj3.Ys5nBFQnU9TJY2fZ3odfO4l4tMyVg9lYetL5Hb2ORMGKeqlKIsE4ie9MuXm6E_XxWY0TpMHwTbo10Z0aBE7OQ57IAQ3_8LjMMZjYKlne_tEdho3.nvY31ViNXLgICyyHI9.jRYgSvedwg0oq46oi95pLEYKQZMsyoF_R7OqOPaWnSk2bxOV3_RPLDEZ5WQto9KsWKKyG7zrSMggoITvHFsKsAFrEBDumd1ONQ_rdI6Mc8oFzQMIWt01PW6dKWIqx7fY2ToCzERXRb5vAdteDJFf7RiB1q7L5qwr9ffbp7wwpXkSnTdKPkC5C47hnFOh6o9dK1UO2berPgVEKZRfIRbTP4KTgugetylsV75uXwxxd9YnzqhqFw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e7623b0de4fa8d9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.1145\/1837110.1837130?__cf_chl_rt_tk=gYLzLwLeoEcsPztqvpT9fYVS_iMEo8JQcGe_U7LDvjc-1732417129-1.0.1.1-qrmCzTPhCwrB1f9M.ISab867rkBxdkE6FCtLyOHn1sY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>