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class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Volcanoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific Ring of Fire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_van_Vuur" title="Ring van Vuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ring van Vuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="منطقة الحزام الناري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة الحزام الناري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3n_de_Fueu_del_Pac%C3%ADficu" title="Cinturón de Fueu del Pacíficu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cinturón de Fueu del Pacíficu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungkung_Api_Pasifik" title="Bungkung Api Pasifik – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bungkung Api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="আগুনের বৃত্ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগুনের বৃত্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkar_gunung_api_pasifik" title="Lingkar gunung api pasifik – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lingkar gunung api pasifik" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Ціхаакіянскае вогненнае кальцо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ціхаакіянскае вогненнае кальцо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singsing_nin_Kalayo" title="Singsing nin Kalayo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Singsing nin Kalayo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тихоокеански огнен пръстен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тихоокеански огнен пръстен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_vatreni_prsten" title="Pacifički vatreni prsten – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pacifički vatreni prsten" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3_de_foc_del_Pac%C3%ADfic" title="Cinturó de foc del Pacífic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinturó de foc del Pacífic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohniv%C3%BD_kruh" title="Ohnivý kruh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ohnivý kruh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildringen" title="Ildringen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ildringen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%86" title="صمطة لعوافي دلمحيط لمهدن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صمطة لعوافي دلمحيط لمهدن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifischer_Feuerring" title="Pazifischer Feuerring – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pazifischer Feuerring" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikse_ookeani_tuler%C3%B5ngas" title="Vaikse ookeani tulerõngas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaikse ookeani tulerõngas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Δακτύλιος της φωτιάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δακτύλιος της φωτιάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ring of Fire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3n_de_fuego_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Cinturón de fuego del Pacífico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cinturón de fuego del Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifika_fajra_rondo" title="Pacifika fajra rondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pacifika fajra rondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeano_Bareko_Suzko_Eraztuna" title="Ozeano Bareko Suzko Eraztuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozeano Bareko Suzko Eraztuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حلقه آتش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حلقه آتش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceinture_de_feu_du_Pacifique" title="Ceinture de feu du Pacifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ceinture de feu du Pacifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1inne_Tine" title="Fáinne Tine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fáinne Tine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinto_de_lume_do_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Cinto de lume do Pacífico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinto de lume do Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%ED%83%9C%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%B0%EB%8C%80" title="환태평양 조산대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환태평양 조산대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5_%D6%85%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան հրաբուխների հրե օղակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղաղօվկիանոսյան հրաբուխների հրե օղակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अग्नि वृत्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अग्नि वृत्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dki_vatreni_prsten" title="Pacifički vatreni prsten – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pacifički vatreni prsten" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singsing_ti_Apuy" title="Singsing ti Apuy – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Singsing ti Apuy" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincin_Api_Pasifik" title="Cincin Api Pasifik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cincin Api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldhringurinn" title="Eldhringurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldhringurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintura_di_fuoco" title="Cintura di fuoco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cintura di fuoco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A9" title="טבעת האש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבעת האש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-ali_geni" title="Ali-ali geni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ali-ali geni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ცეცხლოვანი სარტყელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცეცხლოვანი სარტყელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Отты шеңбер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Отты шеңбер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ແຫວນໄຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຫວນໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulus_Ignis_Pacificus" title="Circulus Ignis Pacificus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circulus Ignis Pacificus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uguns_loks" title="Uguns loks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Uguns loks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnies_%C5%BEiedas" title="Ugnies žiedas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ugnies žiedas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumpacifikus-hegys%C3%A9grendszer" title="Cirkumpacifikus-hegységrendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cirkumpacifikus-hegységrendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Огнен Прстен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Огнен Прстен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="റിംഗ് ഓഫ് ഫയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിംഗ് ഓഫ് ഫയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkaran_api_Pasifik" title="Lingkaran api Pasifik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lingkaran api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifische_Ring_van_Vuur" title="Pacifische Ring van Vuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pacifische Ring van Vuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%AF" title="環太平洋火山帯 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="環太平洋火山帯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildringen_i_Stillehavet" title="Ildringen i Stillehavet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ildringen i Stillehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldringen_i_Stillehavet" title="Eldringen i Stillehavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eldringen i Stillehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cencha_de_Fu%C3%B2c_del_Pacific" title="Cencha de Fuòc del Pacific – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cencha de Fuòc del Pacific" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حلقۂ آتش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حلقۂ آتش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacyficzny_pier%C5%9Bcie%C5%84_ognia" title="Pacyficzny pierścień ognia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pacyficzny pierścień ognia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo_de_fogo_do_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Círculo de fogo do Pacífico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Círculo de fogo do Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercul_de_foc_al_Pacificului" title="Cercul de foc al Pacificului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cercul de foc al Pacificului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE" title="Тихоокеанское вулканическое огненное кольцо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тихоокеанское вулканическое огненное кольцо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaza_e_Zjarrit" title="Unaza e Zjarrit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Unaza e Zjarrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohniv%C3%BD_kruh" title="Ohnivý kruh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ohnivý kruh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C5%A1ki_ognjeni_obro%C4%8D" title="Pacifiški ognjeni obroč – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pacifiški ognjeni obroč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ватрени појас Пацифика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ватрени појас Пацифика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatreni_pojas_Pacifika" title="Vatreni pojas Pacifika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vatreni pojas Pacifika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cingcin_Api_Pasifik" title="Cingcin Api Pasifik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cingcin Api Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyynenmeren_tulirengas" title="Tyynenmeren tulirengas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyynenmeren tulirengas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldringen" title="Eldringen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eldringen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singsing_ng_Apoy_ng_Pasipiko" title="Singsing ng Apoy ng Pasipiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Singsing ng Apoy ng Pasipiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எரிமலை வளையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிமலை வளையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="วงแหวนไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงแหวนไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifik_ate%C5%9F_%C3%A7emberi" title="Pasifik ateş çemberi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pasifik ateş çemberi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тихоокеанське вогняне коло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тихоокеанське вогняне коло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%DB%82_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="حلقۂ آتش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حلقۂ آتش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0nh_%C4%91ai_l%E1%BB%ADa_Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Vành đai lửa Thái Bình Dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vành đai lửa Thái Bình Dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palibot_nga_Kalayo_ha_Pacifico" title="Palibot nga Kalayo ha Pacifico – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Palibot nga Kalayo ha Pacifico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%A6" title="环太平洋火山带 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="环太平洋火山带" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="רינג פון פייער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רינג פון פייער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png/200px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png/300px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png/400px-Pacific_Ring_of_Fire.png 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>The pacific ring of fire</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg/200px-MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg/300px-MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg/400px-MSH80_st_helens_eruption_plume_07-22-80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2888" /></a><figcaption>Eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> on July 22, 1980.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg/400px-Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg/600px-Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg/800px-Map_of_earthquakes_1900-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Major earthquakes from 1900 to 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Pacific Ring of Fire</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Arc" title="Arc">arc</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> where many <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> are formed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area is also called the <b>Pacific Rim</b>, a term which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> areas of the countries round the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About three quarters of the world's <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" title="Dormant volcano">dormant volcanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Active volcano">active volcanos</a> are here. The ring is 40,000km long, and there are 452 volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 90%<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the world's earthquakes and 81%<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. The next most seismic region (5–6% of earthquakes and 17%<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the world's largest earthquakes) is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpide_belt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpide belt (not yet started)">Alpide belt</a>, which extends from <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, and out into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a> is the third most prominent earthquake belt.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ring of Fire is a direct result of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> and the movement and collisions of crustal plates.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volcanoes">Volcanoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Volcanoes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Volcanoes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avachinsky-Koryaksky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avachinsky-Koryaksky (not yet started)">Avachinsky-Koryaksky</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-decade_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barren_Island" title="Barren Island">Barren Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li>Bogoslof island in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimborazo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi" title="Cotopaxi">Cotopaxi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeras" title="Galeras">Galeras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><sup id="cite_ref-decade_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_Peak" class="extiw" title="en:Glacier Peak">Glacier Peak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irazu_volcano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irazu volcano (not yet started)">Irazu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelut" title="Kelut">Kelut</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup id="cite_ref-deadliest_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a> in the US (<a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a> in Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-deadliest_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C5%8D%27ihi_Seamount" title="Lō'ihi Seamount">Lō'ihi Seamount</a> in the US (Hawai'i)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Mount Adams</a> in US (Washington)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a> in the US (<a href="/wiki/Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington">Washington</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a> in the US (<a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Lassen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Lassen (not yet started)">Mount Lassen</a> in the US (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-deadliest_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mayon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Mayon">Mount Mayon</a> in Albay in the Philippines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a> in Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mount Olympus in US (Washington)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a><sup id="cite_ref-deadliest_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> (Tahoma) in the US (Washington)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mount Slamet in Central Java, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St_Helens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount St Helens">Mount St Helens</a> in US <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li>Mauna Kea in US (Hawaii)<sup id="cite_ref-hawaii_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaii-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mauna Hualalai in US (Hawaii)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> in the US (Hawaii)<sup id="cite_ref-hawaii_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaii-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Nevado del Ruiz</a> in Colombia<sup id="cite_ref-deadliest_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacaya (not yet started)">Pacaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin" title="Parícutin">Parícutin</a> in Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popocatepetl" class="mw-redirect" title="Popocatepetl">Popocatepetl</a> in Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Redoubt" title="Mount Redoubt">Redoubt</a> in US (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima,_Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima, Kagoshima">Sakurajima</a> in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinabung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinabung (not yet started)">Sinabung</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup id="cite_ref-decade_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taal (not yet started)">Taal</a> in the Philippines<sup id="cite_ref-McGuire_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuire-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambora">Tambora</a> in Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-deadliest_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulawun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulawun (not yet started)">Ulawun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a><sup id="cite_ref-decade_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decade-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Mount Unzen</a> in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-deadliest_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/ring-of-fire-1433460">"The Ring of Fire: home to the majority of the world's active volcanoes"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=The+Ring+of+Fire%3A+home+to+the+majority+of+the+world%27s+active+volcanoes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fring-of-fire-1433460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Ring+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLinda1987" class="citation web cs1">Linda, Wojtan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308002246/http://ericdigests.org/pre-929/rim.htm">"Teaching about the Pacific Rim. ERIC Digest No. 43"</a>. <i>ERIC DIGEST</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-929/rim.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ERIC+DIGEST&rft.atitle=Teaching+about+the+Pacific+Rim.+ERIC+Digest+No.+43.&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Linda&rft.aufirst=Wojtan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericdigests.org%2Fpre-929%2Frim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Ring+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204224637/http://geography.about.com/cs/earthquakes/a/ringoffire.htm">"Ring of Fire - Pacific Ring of Fire"</a>. Geography.about.com. 2010-06-14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/cs/earthquakes/a/ringoffire.htm">the original</a> on 2010-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ring+of+Fire+-+Pacific+Ring+of+Fire&rft.pub=Geography.about.com&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Fcs%2Fearthquakes%2Fa%2Fringoffire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Ring+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=Ring%20of%20Fire">"Earthquake Glossary"</a>. <i>earthquake.usgs.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthquake.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Earthquake+Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Flearn%2Fglossary%2F%3Fterm%3DRing%2520of%2520Fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Ring+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213101830/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/megaqk_facts_fantasy.php">"Earthquake Facts & Earthquake Fantasy"</a>. <i>earthquake.usgs.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/megaqk_facts_fantasy.php">the original</a> on 2017-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthquake.usgs.gov&rft.atitle=Earthquake+Facts+%26+Earthquake+Fantasy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Flearn%2Ftopics%2Fmegaqk_facts_fantasy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Ring+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html#1">U.S. Geological Survey Earthquakes FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117041632/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/hist.html#1">Archived</a> 2006-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/image_glossary/ringoffire.html">U.S. Geological Survey Earthquakes Visual Glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210081116/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/image_glossary/ringoffire.html">Archived</a> 2005-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971011154953/http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/slabs.html">"Moving slabs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/slabs.html">the original</a> on 1997-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moving+slabs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fpublications%2Ftext%2Fslabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Ring+of+Fire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decade-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-decade_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-decade_9-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-decade_9-2">9.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-decade_9-3">9.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Geologic Survey (USGS), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/DecadeVolcanoes/">"Decade Volcanoes"</a>. Retrieved 2012-6-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Costa Rica National Parks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.costarica-nationalparks.com/irazuvolcanonationalpark.html">"Irazu Volcano National Park"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712132204/http://www.costarica-nationalparks.com/irazuvolcanonationalpark.html">Archived</a> 2020-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2012-6-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deadliest-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-deadliest_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-deadliest_11-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-deadliest_11-2">11.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-deadliest_11-3">11.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-deadliest_11-4">11.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-deadliest_11-5">11.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-deadliest_11-6">11.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">USGS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicFacts/deadly_eruptions.html">"Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions Since 1500 A.D."</a>. Retrieved 2012-6-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531100910/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicFacts/deadly_eruptions.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malahoff, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oar.noaa.gov/spotlite/archive/spot_loihi.html">"Loihi Submarine Volcano: A unique, natural extremophile laboratory,"</a>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), December 18, 2000. Retrieved 2012-6-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216230303/http://oar.noaa.gov/spotlite/archive/spot_loihi.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">USGS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/fs059-00/">"Mount Baker—Living with an Active Volcano,"</a>May 25, 2005. Retrieved 2012-6-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604123548/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/fs059-00/">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geological Survey of Japan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/act_map.htm">"Active Volcanoes in Japan"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since January 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>. Retrieved 2012-6-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">USGS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/fs060-00/">"Mount Hood—History and Hazards of Oregon's Most Recently Active Volcano,"</a> May 27, 2010. Retrieved 2012-6-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jun/08/indonesia.naturaldisasters">"Villagers flee biggest Mt Merapi eruption yet,"</a> <i>The Guardian</i> (UK). June 8, 2006. Retrieved 2012-6-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">US National Park Service (NPS), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mora/index.htm">"Mount Rainier"</a>. Retrieved 2012-6-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawaii-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hawaii_18-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hawaii_18-1">18.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/409">"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park"</a>. Retrieved 2012-6-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Global Volcanism Program (GVP), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0802-08=">"Sakura-jima"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204751/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0802-08=">Archived</a> 2017-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2012-6-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGuire-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McGuire_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGuire, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2003/oct/16/research.highereducation2">"In the shadow of the volcano,"</a> <i>The Guardian,</i>15 October 2003. Retrieved 2012-6-15.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&oldid=9498439">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Ring_of_Fire&oldid=9498439</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacific_Ocean" title="Category:Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" title="Category:Volcanoes">Volcanoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Asia" title="Category:Volcanoes of Asia">Volcanoes of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_North_America" title="Category:Volcanoes of North America">Volcanoes of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_South_America" title="Category:Volcanoes of South America">Volcanoes of South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Oceania" title="Category:Volcanoes of Oceania">Volcanoes of Oceania</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_links_to_other_websites" title="Category:All articles with dead links to other websites">All articles with dead links to other websites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_links_to_other_websites_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead links to other websites from January 2021">Articles with dead links to other websites from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_links_to_other_websites" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead links to other websites">Articles with permanently dead links to other websites</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 22 April 2024, at 02:36.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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