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class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4437</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: legal transfer</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4437</span> Translation and Legal Terminology: Techniques for Coping with the Untranslatability of Legal Terms between Arabic and English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafat%20Alwazna">Rafat Alwazna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Technical lexicon is witnessing a large upsurge in the use of new terminologies whose emergence is an inevitable result of the spread of high-quality technology, the existence of scientific paradigms and the fast growth of research in different disciplines. One important subfield of terminology is legal terminology, which forms a crucial part of legal studies, and whose translation from one legal system into another is deemed a formidable and arduous task that needs to be properly performed by legal translators. Indeed, the issue of untranslatability of legal terms, particularly between originally unrelated languages, like legal Arabic and legal English, has long been a real challenge in legal translation. It stems from the conceptual incongruency between legal terms of different legal languages, which are derived from different legal cultures and legal systems. Such conceptual asymmetry is owing to the fact that law has no universal reference and that legal language is what determines the degree of difference in conceptual correspondence. The present paper argues that although conceptual asymmetry, which is the main reason for the issue of untranslatability of legal terms, cannot be denied in legal translation, there exist certain translation techniques which, if properly adopted, would resolve the issue of untranslatability of legal terms and therefore achieve acceptable legal translation. Hence, the question of untranslatability of legal terms should no longer exist within the context of legal translation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual%20incongruency" title="conceptual incongruency">conceptual incongruency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Legal%20terms" title=" Legal terms"> Legal terms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20techniques" title=" translation techniques"> translation techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=untranslatability" title=" untranslatability"> untranslatability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86078/translation-and-legal-terminology-techniques-for-coping-with-the-untranslatability-of-legal-terms-between-arabic-and-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86078.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4436</span> The Transfer of Low-Cost Housing in South Africa: Problems and Impediments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gert%20Van%20Schalkwyk">Gert Van Schalkwyk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chris%20Cloete"> Chris Cloete</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> South Africa is experiencing a massive housing backlog in urban low-cost housing. A backlog in the transfer of low-cost housing units is exacerbated by various impediments and delays that exist in the current legal framework. Structured interviews were conducted with forty-five practicing conveyancers and fifteen deeds office examiners at the Deeds Office in Pretoria, South Africa. One of the largest, the Deeds Office in Pretoria implements a uniform registration process and can be regarded as representative of other deeds offices in South Africa. It was established that a low percentage of low-cost properties are freely transferable. The main economic impediments are the absence of financing and the affordability or payment of rates and taxes to local government. Encroachment of buildings on neighboring stands caused by the enlargement of existing small units on small stands also causes long-term unresolved legal disputes. In addition, as the transfer of properties is dependent on the proper functioning of administrative functions of various government departments, the adverse service delivery of government departments hampers transfer. Addressing the identified problems will contribute to a more sustainable process for the transfer of low-cost housing units in South Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conveyancing" title="conveyancing">conveyancing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-cost%20housing" title=" low-cost housing"> low-cost housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Africa" title=" South Africa"> South Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tenure" title=" tenure"> tenure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titling" title=" titling"> titling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer" title=" transfer"> transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150781/the-transfer-of-low-cost-housing-in-south-africa-problems-and-impediments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150781.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4435</span> Challenges in Learning Legal English from the Students’ Perspective at Hanoi Law University</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nhac%20Thanh%20Huong">Nhac Thanh Huong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Legal English, also known as Language of the Law (Mellinkoff, David. 2004), is an indispensable factor contributing to the development of legal field. At Hanoi Law University, legal English is a compulsory subject in the syllabus of legal English major; International Trade law and Fast-track law training program. The question that what obstacles students face with when dealing with legal English, however, has not been answered at that institution. Therefore, this present research, which makes use of survey questionnaires as the main method, aims to study the challenges of learning legal English from the students’ perspective, from which some useful solutions are drawn up to overcome these difficulties and improve the effectiveness of learning legal English. The results indicate notable difficulties arising from the level of general English skills, the characteristics of legal English and legal background knowledge. These findings lay a scientific foundation for suggesting some solutions for practical applications in teaching as well as learning legal English among both teachers and students. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=challenges" title="challenges">challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HLU" title=" HLU"> HLU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Legal%20English" title=" Legal English"> Legal English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=students%27%20perspective" title=" students' perspective"> students' perspective</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95596/challenges-in-learning-legal-english-from-the-students-perspective-at-hanoi-law-university" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4434</span> The Current And Prospective Legal Regime of Non-Orbital Flights</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20Koutsika">Olga Koutsika</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper deals primarily with the question of the legal framework of non-orbital flights. The submission is based upon two pillars, starting with the ill-defined current legal regime and proceeding to further recommendations for the prospective legal regime for non-orbital flights. For this reason, the paper focuses on certain key legal aspects of the topic, including among other things liability, responsibility, jurisdiction, registration and authorisation. Furthermore, taking into consideration the hybrid nature of both the craft conducting non-orbital flights and of the flights themselves, which exit airspace but do not enter an orbit in outer space, the paper addresses each legal question from the perspective of both air law and space law and concludes to a number of recommendations regarding the applicability of each legal regime for each legal question individually. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=current%20regime" title="current regime">current regime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20framework" title="legal framework">legal framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-orbital%20flights" title=" non-orbital flights"> non-orbital flights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prospective%20regime" title="prospective regime">prospective regime</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42270/the-current-and-prospective-legal-regime-of-non-orbital-flights" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4433</span> Curbing Abuses of Legal Power in the Society</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tajudeen%20Ojo%20Ibraheem">Tajudeen Ojo Ibraheem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In a world characterized by greed and the lust for power and its attendant trappings, abuse of legal power is nothing new to most of us. Legal abuses of power abound in all fields of human endeavour. Accounts of such abuses dominate the mass media and for the average individual, no single day goes by without his getting to hear about at least one such occurrence. This paper briefly looks at the meaning of legal power, what legal abuse is all about, its causes, and some of its manifestations in the society. Its consequences will also be discussed and some suggestions for reform will be made. In the course of the paper, references will be made to various jurisdictions around the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abuse" title="abuse">abuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal" title=" legal"> legal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=society" title=" society"> society</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31888/curbing-abuses-of-legal-power-in-the-society" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31888.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">454</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4432</span> The Syntactic Features of Islamic Legal Texts and Their Implications for Translation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafat%20Y.%20Alwazna">Rafat Y. Alwazna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Certain religious texts are deemed part of legal texts that are characterised by high sensitivity and sacredness. Amongst such religious texts are Islamic legal texts that are replete with Islamic legal terms that designate particular legal concepts peculiar to Islamic legal system and legal culture. However, from the syntactic perspective, Islamic legal texts prove lengthy, condensed and convoluted, with little use of punctuation system, but with an extensive use of subordinations and co-ordinations, which separate the main verb from the subject, and which, of course, carry a heavy load of legal detail. The present paper seeks to examine the syntactic features of Islamic legal texts through analysing a short text of Islamic jurisprudence in an attempt at exploring the syntactic features that characterise this type of legal text. A translation of this text into legal English is then exercised to find the translation implications that have emerged as a result of the English translation. Based on these implications, the paper compares and contrasts the syntactic features of Islamic legal texts to those of legal English texts. Finally, the present paper argues that there are a number of syntactic features of Islamic legal texts, such as nominalisation, passivisation, little use of punctuation system, the use of the Arabic cohesive device, etc., which are also possessed by English legal texts except for the last feature and with some variations. The paper also claims that when rendering an Islamic legal text into legal English, certain implications emerge, such as the necessity of a sentence break, the omission of the cohesive device concerned and the increase in the use of nominalisation, passivisation, passive participles, and so on. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20legal%20texts" title="English legal texts">English legal texts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20legal%20texts" title=" Islamic legal texts"> Islamic legal texts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nominalisation" title=" nominalisation"> nominalisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participles" title=" participles"> participles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passivisation" title=" passivisation"> passivisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20features" title=" syntactic features"> syntactic features</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation%20implications" title=" translation implications"> translation implications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107825/the-syntactic-features-of-islamic-legal-texts-and-their-implications-for-translation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107825.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4431</span> Cross-border Data Transfers to and from South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amy%20Gooden">Amy Gooden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meshandren%20Naidoo"> Meshandren Naidoo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Genetic research and transfers of big data are not confined to a particular jurisdiction, but there is a lack of clarity regarding the legal requirements for importing and exporting such data. Using direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) as an example, this research assesses the status of data sharing into and out of South Africa (SA). While SA laws cover the sending of genetic data out of SA, prohibiting such transfer unless a legal ground exists, the position where genetic data comes into the country depends on the laws of the country from where it is sent – making the legal position less clear. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-border" title="cross-border">cross-border</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data" title=" data"> data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20testing" title=" genetic testing"> genetic testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regulation" title=" regulation"> regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research" title=" research"> research</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sharing" title=" sharing"> sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Africa" title=" South Africa"> South Africa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153435/cross-border-data-transfers-to-and-from-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4430</span> Legal Regulations for the Environmental Pollution of Multinational Corporations in China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Rui">Zhang Rui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multinational corporations have significantly increased their investment in China due to their strong economic strength and advanced production technology. On the one hand, this has promoted the development of China's economy, created a large amount of tax revenue for China's finance, and brought huge economic benefits to China's economic development. On the other hand, it has also consumed huge resources in China and even caused serious environmental damage, which has attracted widespread attention from all sectors of society to the environmental violations committed by multinational corporations in China. Due to the incomplete legal regulation of environmental responsibility of multinational corporations in China, there are legal gaps that provide convenient conditions for them to transfer pollution. These multinational corporations in China will take advantage of the loopholes in Chinese laws and even achieve "zero pollution" in their home country's environmental protection, but their branches in China only meet the minimum standards stipulated by Chinese environmental protection laws. Therefore, the differential treatment of environmental protection by multinational corporations urgently needs to be regulated from a legal perspective in China to promote the balance and harmony between ecological environment protection and economic development. At present, the environmental pollution caused by multinational corporations in China has received widespread attention from Chinese scholars. Through research on the environmental pollution and legal aspects of multinational corporations in China, it not only helps to enrich the theoretical research results of environmental pollution and legal regulation of multinational corporations in China, but also promotes the continuous improvement of the relevant legal system for environmental pollution caused by multinational corporations in China, so as to effectively regulate the environmental pollution caused by multinational corporations in China in practice, and provide legal basis for the governance of environmental violations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title="international law">international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20law" title=" environmental law"> environmental law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multinational%20corporations" title=" multinational corporations"> multinational corporations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jurisdiction" title=" jurisdiction"> jurisdiction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193085/legal-regulations-for-the-environmental-pollution-of-multinational-corporations-in-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">30</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4429</span> Research on the Positive Mechanism of Land Transfer Problems and Transformation in the Context of Rural Revitalization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong%20Tianxiang">Dong Tianxiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the context of the era of rural revitalization, rural land is popular for more and more active, and its process has been widely concerned by all walks of life. By analyzing and summarizing the actual situation of land transfer, the author found that land transfer has such problems as ambiguous land transfer benefit subjects, decentralized and disorderly land transfer forms, lack of guarantee system for land transfer, and land transfer affecting food production. Based on the above problems, the author first analyzes the specific situation of land transfer in the study area with relevant econometric models and ArcGIS spatial analysis methods and analyzes its causes to construct a positive role mechanism of land use transformation on land transfer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20transfer" title="land transfer">land transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use" title=" land use"> land use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20revitalization" title=" rural revitalization"> rural revitalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=population%20loss" title=" population loss"> population loss</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194631/research-on-the-positive-mechanism-of-land-transfer-problems-and-transformation-in-the-context-of-rural-revitalization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194631.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">26</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4428</span> Legal Arrangement on Media Ownership and the Case of Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sevil%20Yildiz">Sevil Yildiz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, we will touch upon the legal arrangements issued in Turkey for prevention of condensation and for ensuring pluralism in the media. We will mention the legal arrangements concerning the regulatory and supervisory authority, namely the Radio and Television Supreme Council, for the visual and auditory media. In this context; the legal arrangements, which have been introduced by the Law No 6112 on the Establishment of Radio and Television Enterprises and Their Media Services in relation to the media ownership, will be reviewed through comparison with the Article 29 of the repealed Law No 3984. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=media%20ownership" title="media ownership">media ownership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20arrangements" title=" legal arrangements"> legal arrangements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20case%20for%20Turkey" title=" the case for Turkey"> the case for Turkey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pluralism" title=" pluralism"> pluralism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12969/legal-arrangement-on-media-ownership-and-the-case-of-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12969.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">514</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4427</span> Positivism Legal Controversy: Dilemma Carok as Madura’s Culture through Indigenous Dispute Settlement in Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Yasin%20Al-Arif">M. Yasin Al-Arif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Faisol%20Soleh"> Mohammad Faisol Soleh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Indonesia’s Constitution in Article 18b explained that the state recognizes and respects indigenous peoples and their traditional rights that are guaranteed by the law. Despite already guaranteed its existence; in practice such indigenous law is often considered contrary to positive law by legal experts. It is because of legal positivism paradigm which requires the written law as the main reference for the settlement of legal disputes. Carok’s culture is one of the indigenous cultures of Madura to resolve legal disputes that still thrives until today. Carok’s culture is in outside the legal process, and through a fight between the disputing parties until one dies. On the other hand, the legal positivism does not give place to accommodate Carok as indigenous dispute settlement, until it must be solved through trial. This way of settlement has not been successfully satisfying the indigenous people, thus although it has been done through its verdict in the trial, but Carok still be used by them. From the explanation above, Carok’s culture must be accommodated as the main settlement process and legal process of law as the alternative to the effectiveness of dispute resolution in Madura Indonesia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carok" title="carok">carok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispute%20settlement" title=" dispute settlement"> dispute settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20positivism" title=" legal positivism"> legal positivism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=madura%E2%80%99s%20culture" title=" madura’s culture"> madura’s culture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56553/positivism-legal-controversy-dilemma-carok-as-maduras-culture-through-indigenous-dispute-settlement-in-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56553.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4426</span> Victims Legal Representation before International Criminal Court: Freedom of Choice and Role of Victims Legal Representatives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erinda%20Male">Erinda Male</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Participation of a lawyer in any criminal proceedings on behalf of an accused person or a victim is essential to a fair trial. Legal representation is particularly crucial in proceedings before international tribunals, especially in the International Criminal Court. The paper thus focuses on the importance of the legal representation of victims and defendants before the ICC, as well as on the role of the legal representative in the proceedings before the court and the principle of freedom of choice of legal representatives. Also, the paper presents a short overview of the significance of legal representatives for victims and the necessity to protect their primary role in the ICC system, and ensure that it is coherent and respectful of victims’ rights. Victim participation is an important part of the ICC Statute and it is designed to help ensure that those most affected by the crimes are able to engage with the Court. Proper and quality legal representation ensures meaningful participation of victims at stages of the proceedings before ICC. Finally, the paper acknowledges the role of legal representatives during the pre-trial, trial and post-trial phase, the different modalities in selecting the legal representatives as well as balancing victims’ participation with the right of the accused to a fair trial. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fair%20trial" title="fair trial">fair trial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom%20of%20choice%20principle" title=" freedom of choice principle"> freedom of choice principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20criminal%20court" title=" international criminal court"> international criminal court</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20representatives" title=" legal representatives"> legal representatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=victims" title=" victims"> victims</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46838/victims-legal-representation-before-international-criminal-court-freedom-of-choice-and-role-of-victims-legal-representatives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46838.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4425</span> A Transformer-Based Question Answering Framework for Software Contract Risk Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qisheng%20Hu">Qisheng Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianglei%20Han"> Jianglei Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yue%20Yang"> Yue Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=My%20Hoa%20Ha"> My Hoa Ha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When a company is considering purchasing software for commercial use, contract risk assessment is critical to identify risks to mitigate the potential adverse business impact, e.g., security, financial and regulatory risks. Contract risk assessment requires reviewers with specialized knowledge and time to evaluate the legal documents manually. Specifically, validating contracts for a software vendor requires the following steps: manual screening, interpreting legal documents, and extracting risk-prone segments. To automate the process, we proposed a framework to assist legal contract document risk identification, leveraging pre-trained deep learning models and natural language processing techniques. Given a set of pre-defined risk evaluation problems, our framework utilizes the pre-trained transformer-based models for question-answering to identify risk-prone sections in a contract. Furthermore, the question-answering model encodes the concatenated question-contract text and predicts the start and end position for clause extraction. Due to the limited labelled dataset for training, we leveraged transfer learning by fine-tuning the models with the CUAD dataset to enhance the model. On a dataset comprising 287 contract documents and 2000 labelled samples, our best model achieved an F1 score of 0.687. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20risk%20assessment" title="contract risk assessment">contract risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLP" title=" NLP"> NLP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20learning" title=" transfer learning"> transfer learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=question%20answering" title=" question answering"> question answering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156605/a-transformer-based-question-answering-framework-for-software-contract-risk-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156605.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4424</span> A Family Development Approach to Understanding the Transfer of Family Business Ownership</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susan%20Lanz">Susan Lanz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gary%20T.%20Burke"> Gary T. Burke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omid%20Omidvar"> Omid Omidvar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The intention to transfer ownership control across family generations is acknowledged to be central to developing a theoretical understanding of how family businesses differ and are distinct as a business group. However, in practice, most business-owning families face challenges to transfer their business ownership from one family generation to the next. To date, researchers have paid little attention to how and when ownership is passed across family generations and what the dynamics of such transitions are. This is primarily due to the prevailing assumption that ownership transfer is an unimportant and legalistic issue that occurs within a wider family management succession process. Yet, the limited evidence available suggests that family ownership transfer occurs inside and outside of the management succession process and is a difficult process for business-owning families to navigate. As a result, many otherwise viable family businesses are closing, leading to unnecessary loss of jobs and knowledge. This qualitative paper examines how family members understand and navigate the ownership transfer process. This study uses an inductive qualitative research design, conducted through in-depth interviews within eight business-owning families. It draws on family development theory and shows how a wide range of family-related events and dynamics outside of family business involvement underlie and shape the ownership transfer process. The findings extend the theory on how these events trigger ownership transfer and how they shape the ownership meanings held within business-owning families. This study found that ownership transfer meanings extend beyond that of transferring the legal control and financial appropriation rights of shareholders. The study concludes there are three different stages in the process of ownership transfer -symbolic, re-balancing, and protectionist. Each stage creates distinct family social constructions of the rights of family members to hold business ownership, and each stage occurs within a specific family development phase. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business-owning%20family" title="business-owning family">business-owning family</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family%20development%20theory" title=" family development theory"> family development theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ownership%20transfer" title=" ownership transfer"> ownership transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=process" title=" process"> process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125030/a-family-development-approach-to-understanding-the-transfer-of-family-business-ownership" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125030.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4423</span> Legal Interpretation of the Transplanted Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wahyu%20Kurniawan">Wahyu Kurniawan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesia developed the legal system radically since 1999. Several laws have been established and mostly the result of transplantation. Laws were made general but legal problems have been growing. In the legal enforcement, the judges have authority to interpret the laws. Authority and freedom are the source of corruption by the courts in Indonesia. Therefore, it should be built the conceptual framework to interpret the transplanted laws as the legal basis in deciding the cases. This article describes legal development based on interpretation of transplanted law in Indonesia by using the Indonesian Supervisory Commission for Business Competition (KPPU) decisions between 2000 and 2010 as the object of the research. The study was using law as a system theory and theories of legal interpretation especially the static and dynamic interpretations. The research showed that the KPPU interpreted the concept that exists in the Competition Law by using static and dynamic interpretation. Static interpretation was used to interpret the legal concepts based on two grounds, minute of meeting during law making process and the definitions that have been recognized in the Indonesian legal system. Dynamic interpretation was used when the KPPU developing the definition of the legal concepts. The general purpose of the law and the theories of the basis of the law were the conceptual framework in using dynamic interpretation. There are two recommendations in this article. Firstly, interpreting the laws by the judges should be based on the correct conceptual framework. Secondly, the technique of interpreting the laws would be the method of controlling the judges. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20interpretation" title="legal interpretation">legal interpretation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20transplant" title=" legal transplant"> legal transplant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competition%20law" title=" competition law"> competition law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KPPU" title=" KPPU"> KPPU</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45342/legal-interpretation-of-the-transplanted-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45342.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4422</span> Three Issues for Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Legal Reasoning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fausto%20Morais">Fausto Morais</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Artificial intelligence has been widely used in law. Programs are able to classify suits, to identify decision-making patterns, to predict outcomes, and to formalize legal arguments as well. In Brazil, the artificial intelligence victor has been classifying cases to supreme court’s standards. When those programs act doing those tasks, they simulate some kind of legal decision and legal arguments, raising doubts about how artificial intelligence can be integrated into legal reasoning. Taking this into account, the following three issues are identified; the problem of hypernormatization, the argument of legal anthropocentrism, and the artificial legal principles. Hypernormatization can be seen in the Brazilian legal context in the Supreme Court’s usage of the Victor program. This program generated efficiency and consistency. On the other hand, there is a feasible risk of over standardizing factual and normative legal features. Then legal clerks and programmers should work together to develop an adequate way to model legal language into computational code. If this is possible, intelligent programs may enact legal decisions in easy cases automatically cases, and, in this picture, the legal anthropocentrism argument takes place. Such an argument argues that just humans beings should enact legal decisions. This is so because human beings have a conscience, free will, and self unity. In spite of that, it is possible to argue against the anthropocentrism argument and to show how intelligent programs may work overcoming human beings' problems like misleading cognition, emotions, and lack of memory. In this way, intelligent machines could be able to pass legal decisions automatically by classification, as Victor in Brazil does, because they are binding by legal patterns and should not deviate from them. Notwithstanding, artificial intelligent programs can be helpful beyond easy cases. In hard cases, they are able to identify legal standards and legal arguments by using machine learning. For that, a dataset of legal decisions regarding a particular matter must be available, which is a reality in Brazilian Judiciary. Doing such procedure, artificial intelligent programs can support a human decision in hard cases, providing legal standards and arguments based on empirical evidence. Those legal features claim an argumentative weight in legal reasoning and should serve as references for judges when they must decide to maintain or overcome a legal standard. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title="artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20legal%20principles" title=" artificial legal principles"> artificial legal principles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypernormatization" title=" hypernormatization"> hypernormatization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20anthropocentrism%20argument" title=" legal anthropocentrism argument"> legal anthropocentrism argument</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20reasoning" title=" legal reasoning"> legal reasoning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115926/three-issues-for-integrating-artificial-intelligence-into-legal-reasoning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4421</span> Genetic Testing and Research in South Africa: The Sharing of Data Across Borders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amy%20Gooden">Amy Gooden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meshandren%20Naidoo"> Meshandren Naidoo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Genetic research is not confined to a particular jurisdiction. Using direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) as an example, this research assesses the status of data sharing into and out of South Africa (SA). While SA laws cover the sending of genetic data out of SA, prohibiting such transfer unless a legal ground exists, the position where genetic data comes into the country depends on the laws of the country from where it is sent – making the legal position less clear. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-border" title="cross-border">cross-border</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data" title=" data"> data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20testing" title=" genetic testing"> genetic testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regulation" title=" regulation"> regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research" title=" research"> research</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sharing" title=" sharing"> sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Africa" title=" South Africa"> South Africa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153426/genetic-testing-and-research-in-south-africa-the-sharing-of-data-across-borders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153426.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4420</span> The Role of Legal Translation in Conflict Resolution: The Case of the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shwiri%20Eshwa%20Chumbow">Shwiri Eshwa Chumbow</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research paper explores the contribution of legal translation in conflict resolution with a specific focus on the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon. The Anglophone Crisis, which emerged from grievances concerning language and legal systems, has underscored the importance of accurate and culturally sensitive legal translation services. Using documentary research and case study analysis, this paper examines the impact of translation (or lack thereof) on conflict resolution and proposes translation-related solutions to resolve the conflict and promote peace. The findings highlight the critical role of (legal) translation in bridging linguistic and cultural gaps, facilitating dialogue, and fostering understanding in conflict resolution processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anglophone%20crisis" title="anglophone crisis">anglophone crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cameroon" title=" Cameroon"> Cameroon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict%20resolution" title=" conflict resolution"> conflict resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=francophone" title=" francophone"> francophone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20translation" title=" legal translation"> legal translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation" title=" translation"> translation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179149/the-role-of-legal-translation-in-conflict-resolution-the-case-of-the-anglophone-crisis-in-cameroon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179149.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4419</span> Partial Knowledge Transfer Between the Source Problem and the Target Problem in Genetic Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terence%20Soule">Terence Soule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tami%20Al%20Ghamdi"> Tami Al Ghamdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To study how the partial knowledge transfer may affect the Genetic Algorithm (GA) performance, we model the Transfer Learning (TL) process using GA as the model solver. The objective of the TL is to transfer the knowledge from one problem to another related problem. This process imitates how humans think in their daily life. In this paper, we proposed to study a case where the knowledge transferred from the S problem has less information than what the T problem needs. We sampled the transferred population using different strategies of TL. The results showed transfer part of the knowledge is helpful and speeds the GA process of finding a solution to the problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20learning" title="transfer learning">transfer learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20transfer" title=" partial transfer"> partial transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolutionary%20computation" title=" evolutionary computation"> evolutionary computation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147924/partial-knowledge-transfer-between-the-source-problem-and-the-target-problem-in-genetic-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147924.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4418</span> University-Industry Technology Transfer and Technology Transfer Offices in Emerging Economies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Rodr%C3%ADguez">José Carlos Rodríguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mario%20G%C3%B3mez"> Mario Gómez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to get insight on the nature of university-industry technology transfer (UITT) and technology transfer offices (TTOs) activity at universities in the case of emerging economies. In relation to the process of transferring knowledge/technology in the case of emerging economies, knowledge/technology transfer in these economies are more reactive than in developed economies due to differences in maturity of technologies. It is assumed in this paper that knowledge/technology transfer is a complex phenomenon, and thus the paper contributes to get insight on the nature of UITT and TTOs creation in the case of emerging economies by using a system dynamics model of knowledge/technology transfer in these countries. The paper recognizes the differences between industrialized countries and emerging economies on these phenomena. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=university-industry%20technology%20transfer" title="university-industry technology transfer">university-industry technology transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology%20transfer%20offices" title=" technology transfer offices"> technology transfer offices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology%20transfer%20models" title=" technology transfer models"> technology transfer models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emerging%20economies" title=" emerging economies"> emerging economies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88464/university-industry-technology-transfer-and-technology-transfer-offices-in-emerging-economies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88464.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4417</span> Working Together: The Nature of Collaborative Legal and Social Services and Their Influence on Practice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jennifer%20Donovan">Jennifer Donovan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Practice collaborations between legal assistance and social support services have emerged as a growing framework worldwide for delivering services to clients with high degrees of disadvantage, vulnerability and complexity. In Australia, the past five years has seen a significant growth in these socio-legal collaborations, with programs being delivered through legal, social service and health organizations and addressing a range of issues including mental health, immigration, parental child abduction and domestic violence. This presentation is based on research currently mapping the nature of these collaborations in Australia and exploring the influence that collaborating professions are having on each other’s practice. In a similar way to problem-solving courts being seen as a systematic take up of therapeutic jurisprudence in the court setting, socio-legal collaborations have the potential to be a systematic take up of therapeutic jurisprudence in an advice setting. This presentation will explore the varied ways in which socio-legal collaboration is being implemented in these programs. It will also explore the development of interdisciplinary therapeutic jurisprudence within them, with preliminary findings suggesting that both legal and social service practice is being influenced by the collaborative setting, with legal practice showing a more therapeutic orientation and social service professions, such as social work, moving toward a legal and rights orientation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collaboration" title="collaboration">collaboration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-legal" title=" socio-legal"> socio-legal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title=" Australia"> Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=therapeutic%20jurisprudence" title=" therapeutic jurisprudence"> therapeutic jurisprudence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52728/working-together-the-nature-of-collaborative-legal-and-social-services-and-their-influence-on-practice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52728.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4416</span> Cartagena Protocol and Beyond: Issues and Challenges in the Nigeria's Response to Biosafety</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalhat%20Binta%20Dan%20-%20Ali">Dalhat Binta Dan - Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reality of the new world economic order and the ever increasing importance of biotechnology in the global economy have necessitated the ratification of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the recent promulgation of Biosafety Act in Nigeria 2015. The legal regimes are anchored on the need to create an enabling environment for the flourishing of bio-trade and also to ensure the safety of the environment and human health. This paper critically examines the legal framework on biosafety by taking a cursory look at its philosophical foundation, key issues and milestones. The paper argues that the extant laws, though a giant leap in the establishment of a legal framework on biosafety, it posits that the legal framework raises debate and controversy on the difficulties of risk assessment on biodiversity and human health, other challenges includes lack of sound institutional capacity and the regimes direction of a hybrid approach between environmental conservation and trade issues. The paper recommend the need for the country to do more in the area of stimulating awareness and establishment of a sound institutional capacity to enable the law ensure adequate level of protection in the field of safe transfer, handling, and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cartagena%20protocol" title="Cartagena protocol">Cartagena protocol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosafety" title=" biosafety"> biosafety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=issues" title=" issues"> issues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=challenges" title=" challenges"> challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biotrade" title=" biotrade"> biotrade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetically%20modified%20organism%20%28GMOs%29" title=" genetically modified organism (GMOs)"> genetically modified organism (GMOs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment "> environment </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37211/cartagena-protocol-and-beyond-issues-and-challenges-in-the-nigerias-response-to-biosafety" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37211.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4415</span> Assignment of Legal Personality to Robots: A Premature Meditation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Solomon%20Okorley">Solomon Okorley</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the emergence of artificial intelligence, a proposition that has been made with increasing conviction is the need to assign legal personhood to robots. A major problem that arises when dealing with robots is the issue of liability: who do it hold liable when a robot causes harm? The suggestion to assign legal personality to robots has been made to aid in the assignment of liability. This paper contends that it is premature to assign legal personhood to robots. The paper employed the doctrinal and comparative research methodology. The paper first discusses the various theories that underpin the granting of legal personhood to juridical personalities to ascertain whether these theories can aid in the proposition to assign legal personhood to robots. These theories include fiction theory, aggregate theory, realist theory, and organism theory. Except for the aggregate theory, the fiction theory, the realist theory and the organism theory provide a good foundation to the proposal for legal personhood to be assigned to robots. The paper considers whether robots should be assigned legal personhood from a jurisprudential approach. The legal positivists assert that no metaphysical presuppositions are needed to determine who could be a legal person: the sole deciding factor is the engagement in legal relations and this prerequisite could be fulfilled by robots. However, rationalists, religionists and naturalists assert that the satisfaction of the metaphysical criteria is the basis of legal personality and since robots do not possess this feature, they cannot be assigned legal personhood. This differing perspective shows that the jurisprudential school of thought to which one belongs influences the decision whether to assign legal personhood to robots. The paper makes arguments for and against the assigning of legal personhood to robots. Assigning legal personhood to robots is necessary for the assigning of liability; and since robots are independent in their operation, they should be assigned legal personhood. However, it is argued that the degree of autonomy is insufficient. Robots do not understand legal obligations; they do not have a will of their own and the purported autonomy that they possess is an ‘imputed autonomy’. A crucial question to be asked is ‘whether it is desirable to confer legal personhood on robots’ and not ‘whether legal personhood should be assigned to robots’. This is due to the subjective nature of the responses to such a question as well as the peculiarities of countries in response to this question. The main argument in support of assigning legal personhood to robots is to aid in assigning liability. However, it is argued conferring legal personhood on robots is not the only way to deal with liability issues. Since any of the stakeholders involved with the robot system can be held liable for an accident, it is not desirable to assign legal personhood to robot. It is forecasted that in the epoch of strong artificial intelligence, granting robots legal personhood is plausible; however, in the current era, it is premature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomy" title="autonomy">autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20personhood" title=" legal personhood"> legal personhood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premature" title=" premature"> premature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jurisprudential" title=" jurisprudential"> jurisprudential</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179209/assignment-of-legal-personality-to-robots-a-premature-meditation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179209.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4414</span> Lease Contract: Concept and Types, Comparative Legal Analysis Between Bulgarian Legislation and European Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Veselin%20Konstantinov%20Hristov">Veselin Konstantinov Hristov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, the lease contract has become more and more applicable and occupies a key place in commercial relations and business. In Bulgaria, the legal regulation of the leasing contract is relatively new and imperfectly developed. There are many legal loopholes and it is they that determine the need for a comparative legal analysis. The purpose of the study is to analyze the various European legislations regarding the leasing contract and to find effective solutions for the legal system of Bulgaria. First of all, are examined the concept of the leasing contract, which originated in the United States of America around the 1950s and spread in Europe, and the etymology of the term "leasing". After that, the main types of lease contracts – financial and operational – are examined and analyzed in detail. Their features and characteristics were studied, as well as a comparative analysis was made between them. Next, in the research, a comparative-legal analysis of the leasing contract in different European countries was made in terms of its development and distribution, as well as its legal characteristics. The mechanism of action and functioning of the leasing contract in several European countries is analyzed. Conclusions are made regarding the legal framework under which the lease contract is most effective. Types of leasing contracts specific only to certain European countries and their advantages are examined. In conclusion, recommendations are made to improve the legal framework of the leasing contract in Bulgaria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20financing" title="alternative financing">alternative financing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leasing%20contract" title=" leasing contract"> leasing contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financing%20instruments" title=" financing instruments"> financing instruments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167808/lease-contract-concept-and-types-comparative-legal-analysis-between-bulgarian-legislation-and-european-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4413</span> Comparative International Law and Feminist Legal Studies, Uniting to Make a Difference in Addressing the Disempowerment of Women</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isaac%20Kfir">Isaac Kfir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In thinking about the role of the law and its impact on socially constructed norms and identities, scholars have come to explore a multitude of issues to do with equality, empowerment, and views. The aim of this contribution is threefold. Firstly, offer a descriptive framework of feminist legal studies (FLS) through a review of the evolution of the field in the context of equality, rights, and justice. Secondly, encourage those working on equality, rights, and justice in respect to ‘women’s issues’ to engage in international comparative legal studies. Third, to highlight that those seeking solutions to disempowerment and discrimination must recognize that they need to contend with claims that one is seeking to undermine cultural norms. Therefore, one effective way for feminists to address this situation is by relying more on the international legal mechanism, which reflects basic legal tenets as to the universality of equality, rights, and justice, that can then help shape the domestic setting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20comparative%20law" title="international comparative law">international comparative law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feminist%20legal%20studies" title=" feminist legal studies"> feminist legal studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equality" title=" equality"> equality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rights" title=" rights"> rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=justice" title=" justice"> justice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55106/comparative-international-law-and-feminist-legal-studies-uniting-to-make-a-difference-in-addressing-the-disempowerment-of-women" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55106.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4412</span> Intercultural Competence in Teaching Mediation to Students of Legal English</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulina%20Dwuznik">Paulina Dwuznik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For students of legal English, the skill of mediation is of special importance as it constitutes part of their everyday work. Developing the skill of mediation requires developing linguistic, communicative, textual, pragmatic, interactive, social, and intercultural competencies. The study conducted at the Open University of the University of Warsaw compared the results of a questionnaire concerning the needs of legal professionals relating to mediation tasks, which they perform at work with the analysis of the content of different legal English handbooks with special stress on the development of intercultural competence necessary in interlinguistic mediation. The study found that legal English handbooks focus mainly on terminology study, but some of them extend students' intercultural competence in a way which may help them to perform tasks of mediating concepts, texts, and communication. The author of the paper will present the correlation between intercultural competence and mediation skill and give some examples of mediation tasks which may be based on comparative intercultural content of some chosen academic legal English handbooks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intercultural%20competence" title="intercultural competence">intercultural competence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20English" title=" legal English"> legal English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mediation%20skill" title=" mediation skill"> mediation skill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching" title=" teaching"> teaching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130325/intercultural-competence-in-teaching-mediation-to-students-of-legal-english" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4411</span> Jet Impingement Heat Transfer on a Rib-Roughened Flat Plate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20H.%20Alenezi">A. H. Alenezi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cooling by impingement jet is known to have a significant high local and average heat transfer coefficient which make it widely used in industrial cooling systems. The heat transfer characteristics of an impinging jet on rib-roughened flat plate has been investigated numerically. This paper was set out to investigate the effect of rib height on the heat transfer rate. Since the flow needs to have enough spacing after passing the rib to allow reattachment especially for high Reynolds numbers, this study focuses on finding the optimum rib height which would be the best to maximize the heat transfer rate downstream the plate. This investigation employs a round nozzle with hydraulic diameter (Dh) of 13.5 mm, Jet-to-target distance of (H/D) of 4, rib location=1.5D and and finally jet angels of 45˚ and 90˚ under the influence of Re =10,000. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jet%20impingement" title="jet impingement">jet impingement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulence%20model" title=" turbulence model"> turbulence model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57530/jet-impingement-heat-transfer-on-a-rib-roughened-flat-plate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57530.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4410</span> Employee Inventor Compensation: A New Quest for Comparative Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Borroni">Andrea Borroni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The evolution of technology, the global scale of economy, and the new short-term employment contracts make a very peculiar set of disposition of raising interest for the legal interpreter: the employee inventor compensation. Around the globe, this issue is differently regulated according to the legal systems; therefore, it is extremely fragmented. Of course, employers with transnational businesses should face this issue from a comparative perspective. Different legal regimes are available worldwide awarding, as a consequence, diverse compensation to the inventor and according to their own methodology. Given these premises, the recourse to comparative law methodology (legal formants, diachronic and synchronic methodology, common core approach) is the best equipped to face all these different national approaches in order to achieve a tidy systematic. This research, so, elaborates a map of the specific criteria to grant the compensation for the inventor and to show the criteria to calculate them. This finding has been the first step to find out a common core of the discipline given by the common features present in the different legal systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20law" title="comparative law">comparative law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employee%20invention" title=" employee invention"> employee invention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intellectual%20property" title=" intellectual property"> intellectual property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20transplant" title=" legal transplant"> legal transplant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75250/employee-inventor-compensation-a-new-quest-for-comparative-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">339</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4409</span> Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Protruded Rectangular Fin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarique%20Jamil%20Khan">Tarique Jamil Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swapnil%20Pande"> Swapnil Pande</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The investigation deals with the study of heat transfer enhancement using protruded square fin. This study is enough to determine whether protrusion in forced convection is enough to enhance the rate of heat transfer. It includes the results after performing experiments by using a plane rectangular fin of aluminum material and the same dimension rectangular fin of the same material but having protruded circular shape extended normally. The fins made by a sand casting method. The results clearly mentioned that the protruded surface is effective enough to enhance the rate of heat transfer. This research investigates a modern fin topologies heat transfer characteristics that will clearly outdated the conventional fin to increase the rate of heat transfer. Protruded fins improve the rate of heat transfer compared to solid fin by varying shape of the protrusion in diameter and height. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer%20enhancement" title="heat transfer enhancement">heat transfer enhancement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forced%20convection" title=" forced convection"> forced convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protruted%20fin" title=" protruted fin"> protruted fin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rectangular%20fin" title=" rectangular fin"> rectangular fin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56370/experimental-study-of-heat-transfer-enhancement-using-protruded-rectangular-fin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56370.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">369</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4408</span> Revolutionizing Legal Drafting: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Efficient Legal Work</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shreya%20Poddar">Shreya Poddar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Legal drafting and revising are recognized as highly demanding tasks for legal professionals. This paper introduces an approach to automate and refine these processes through the use of advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI). The method employs Large Language Models (LLMs), with a specific focus on 'Chain of Thoughts' (CoT) and knowledge injection via prompt engineering. This approach differs from conventional methods that depend on comprehensive training or fine-tuning of models with extensive legal knowledge bases, which are often expensive and time-consuming. The proposed method incorporates knowledge injection directly into prompts, thereby enabling the AI to generate more accurate and contextually appropriate legal texts. This approach substantially decreases the necessity for thorough model training while preserving high accuracy and relevance in drafting. Additionally, the concept of guardrails is introduced. These are predefined parameters or rules established within the AI system to ensure that the generated content adheres to legal standards and ethical guidelines. The practical implications of this method for legal work are considerable. It has the potential to markedly lessen the time lawyers allocate to document drafting and revision, freeing them to concentrate on more intricate and strategic facets of legal work. Furthermore, this method makes high-quality legal drafting more accessible, possibly reducing costs and expanding the availability of legal services. This paper will elucidate the methodology, providing specific examples and case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of 'Chain of Thoughts' and knowledge injection in legal drafting. The potential challenges and limitations of this approach will also be discussed, along with future prospects and enhancements that could further advance legal work. The impact of this research on the legal industry is substantial. The adoption of AI-driven methods by legal professionals can lead to enhanced efficiency, precision, and consistency in legal drafting, thereby altering the landscape of legal work. This research adds to the expanding field of AI in law, introducing a method that could significantly alter the nature of legal drafting and practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AI-driven%20legal%20drafting" title="AI-driven legal drafting">AI-driven legal drafting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20automation" title=" legal automation"> legal automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=futureoflegalwork" title=" futureoflegalwork"> futureoflegalwork</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=largelanguagemodels" title=" largelanguagemodels"> largelanguagemodels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179280/revolutionizing-legal-drafting-leveraging-artificial-intelligence-for-efficient-legal-work" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20transfer&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20transfer&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20transfer&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20transfer&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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