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1905年俄国革命 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會變遷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>社會變遷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社會變遷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治派别" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治派别"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>政治派别</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治派别-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日俄戰爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日俄戰爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>日俄戰爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日俄戰爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-革命開始" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#革命開始"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>革命開始</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-革命開始-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关革命開始子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-革命開始-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-血腥星期日" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#血腥星期日"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>血腥星期日</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-血腥星期日-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-族裔衝突" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#族裔衝突"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>族裔衝突</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-族裔衝突-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-亞美尼亞-韃靼戰爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞美尼亞-韃靼戰爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>亞美尼亞-韃靼戰爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞美尼亞-韃靼戰爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-波蘭獨立要求" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#波蘭獨立要求"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>波蘭獨立要求</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-波蘭獨立要求-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政府反應" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政府反應"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>政府反應</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政府反應-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-革命關鍵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#革命關鍵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>革命關鍵</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-革命關鍵-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关革命關鍵子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-革命關鍵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-十月詔書" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#十月詔書"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>十月詔書</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-十月詔書-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-塞瓦斯托波爾起義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#塞瓦斯托波爾起義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>塞瓦斯托波爾起義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-塞瓦斯托波爾起義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他起義事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他起義事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>其他起義事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他起義事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-革命後期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#革命後期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>革命後期</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-革命後期-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关革命後期子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-革命後期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-國家杜馬" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國家杜馬"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>國家杜馬</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國家杜馬-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基本法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>基本法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-斯托雷平改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#斯托雷平改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>斯托雷平改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-斯托雷平改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-土地改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#土地改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>土地改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-土地改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地方政府改革" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地方政府改革"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>地方政府改革</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地方政府改革-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-恐怖刺殺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#恐怖刺殺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>恐怖刺殺</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-恐怖刺殺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-帝國其他各地的社會運動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#帝國其他各地的社會運動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>帝國其他各地的社會運動</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-帝國其他各地的社會運動-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关帝國其他各地的社會運動子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-帝國其他各地的社會運動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-芬蘭民主化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#芬蘭民主化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>芬蘭民主化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-芬蘭民主化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-愛沙尼亞獨立運動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#愛沙尼亞獨立運動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>愛沙尼亞獨立運動</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-愛沙尼亞獨立運動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史評價" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史評價"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>歷史評價</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史評價-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參看</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1905年俄国革命</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。60种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiese_Rewolusie_(1905)" title="Russiese Rewolusie (1905) – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russiese Rewolusie (1905)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_1905" title="الثورة الروسية 1905 – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة الروسية 1905" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_rusa_de_1905" title="Revolución rusa de 1905 – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución rusa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiyada_1905%E2%80%931907-ci_ill%C9%99r_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Rusiyada 1905–1907-ci illər inqilabı – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiyada 1905–1907-ci illər inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B5-%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B7-%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="روسیه ده ۱۹۰۵-۱۹۰۷-جی ایللر اینقیلابی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه ده ۱۹۰۵-۱۹۰۷-جی ایللر اینقیلابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_1905%E2%80%941907_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96" title="Рэвалюцыя 1905—1907 гадоў у Расіі – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэвалюцыя 1905—1907 гадоў у Расіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1905)" title="Революция в Русия (1905) – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Революция в Русия (1905)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_russa_de_1905" title="Revolució russa de 1905 – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució russa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%941907_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C" title="1905—1907 шерашкара революци Россехь – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1905—1907 шерашкара революци Россехь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_revoluce_(1905)" title="Ruská revoluce (1905) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská revoluce (1905)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905-07_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="1905-07 çулсенчи революцийĕ – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1905-07 çулсенчи революцийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Russiske_Revolution_1905" title="Den Russiske Revolution 1905 – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Russiske Revolution 1905" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_Revolution_1905" title="Russische Revolution 1905 – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russische Revolution 1905" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1905" title="Ρωσική επανάσταση του 1905 – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσική επανάσταση του 1905" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905 – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Russian Revolution of 1905" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusia_revolucio_de_1905" title="Rusia revolucio de 1905 – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusia revolucio de 1905" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_rusa_de_1905" title="Revolución rusa de 1905 – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución rusa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905._aasta_revolutsioon" title="1905. aasta revolutsioon – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1905. aasta revolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905eko_Errusiako_Iraultza" title="1905eko Errusiako Iraultza – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1905eko Errusiako Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B5_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="انقلاب ۱۹۰۵ روسیه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب ۱۹۰۵ روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_vuoden_1905_vallankumous" title="Venäjän vuoden 1905 vallankumous – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän vuoden 1905 vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_russe_de_1905" title="Révolution russe de 1905 – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution russe de 1905" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3id_1905-1907_sa_R%C3%BAis" title="Réabhlóid 1905-1907 sa Rúis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réabhlóid 1905-1907 sa Rúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Rusa_de_1905" title="Revolución Rusa de 1905 – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución Rusa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%AA_1905" title="מהפכת 1905 – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהפכת 1905" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="१९०५ की रूसी क्रांति – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९०५ की रूसी क्रांति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_revolucija_1905._godine" title="Ruska revolucija 1905. godine – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska revolucija 1905. godine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905-%C3%B6s_orosz_forradalom" title="1905-ös orosz forradalom – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1905-ös orosz forradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1905-1907)" title="Ռուսական հեղափոխություն (1905-1907) – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուսական հեղափոխություն (1905-1907)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Rusia_1905" title="Revolusi Rusia 1905 – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Rusia 1905" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_revoluciono_di_1905" title="Rusa revoluciono di 1905 – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rusa revoluciono di 1905" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_russa_del_1905" title="Rivoluzione russa del 1905 – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione russa del 1905" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="ロシア第一革命 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア第一革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(1905)" title="რუსეთის რევოლუცია (1905) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის რევოლუცია (1905)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Бірінші орыс төңкерісі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бірінші орыс төңкерісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85_(1905%EB%85%84)" title="러시아 혁명 (1905년) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 혁명 (1905년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B_1905%E2%80%931907-%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орусиядагы 1905–1907-жылдардагы революция – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орусиядагы 1905–1907-жылдардагы революция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%E2%80%931907_m._Rusijos_revoliucija" title="1905–1907 m. Rusijos revoliucija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1905–1907 m. Rusijos revoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905._gada_revol%C5%ABcija" title="1905. gada revolūcija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1905. gada revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AB-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सन् १९०५-१९०७ को प्रथम रुसी पुँजीजीवी प्रजातन्त्रवादी क्रान्ति – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सन् १९०५-१९०७ को प्रथम रुसी पुँजीजीवी प्रजातन्त्रवादी क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutie_van_1905" title="Revolutie van 1905 – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Revolutie van 1905" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905-revolusjonen" title="1905-revolusjonen – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1905-revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucion_russa_de_1905" title="Revolucion russa de 1905 – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revolucion russa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_(1905)" title="ਰੂਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ (1905) – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਸੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ (1905)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_1905_roku" title="Rewolucja 1905 roku – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja 1905 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%AF_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B0%DB%B5_%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="د روسیې د ۱۹۰۵ زکال انقلاب – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د روسیې د ۱۹۰۵ زکال انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Russa_de_1905" title="Revolução Russa de 1905 – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Russa de 1905" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_rus%C4%83_din_1905" title="Revoluția rusă din 1905 – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția rusă din 1905" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_1905%E2%80%941907_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Революция 1905—1907 годов в России – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Революция 1905—1907 годов в России" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_revolucija_1905." title="Ruska revolucija 1905. – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ruska revolucija 1905." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_revolucija_(1905)" title="Ruska revolucija (1905) – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruska revolucija (1905)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_1905." title="Руска револуција 1905. – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руска револуција 1905." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska_revolutionen_1905" title="Ryska revolutionen 1905 – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska revolutionen 1905" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF,_1905" title="உருசியப் புரட்சி, 1905 – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியப் புரட்சி, 1905" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8.%E2%80%8B_1905" title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1905 – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปฏิวัติรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 1905" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himagsikang_Ruso_ng_1905" title="Himagsikang Ruso ng 1905 – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himagsikang Ruso ng 1905" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_Devrimi_(1905)" title="Rus Devrimi (1905) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rus Devrimi (1905)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Беренче Россия инкыйлабы – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Беренче Россия инкыйлабы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_1905%E2%80%941907" title="Революція 1905—1907 – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Революція 1905—1907" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_Nga_(1905)" title="Cách mạng Nga (1905) – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cách mạng Nga (1905)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2013年6月22日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%22">"1905年俄国革命"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%221905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%221905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%221905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%221905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%221905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%22">图像</a></span>),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>)。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70578162">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:315px;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;font-size:100%">1905年俄国革命</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;font-size:85%;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shestviye_u_Narvskikh_vorot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shestviye_u_Narvskikh_vorot.jpg/220px-Shestviye_u_Narvskikh_vorot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shestviye_u_Narvskikh_vorot.jpg/330px-Shestviye_u_Narvskikh_vorot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shestviye_u_Narvskikh_vorot.jpg/440px-Shestviye_u_Narvskikh_vorot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="925" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E8%85%A5%E6%98%9F%E6%9C%9F%E6%97%A5_(1905%E5%B9%B4)" title="血腥星期日 (1905年)">血腥星期日</a>前夕的景象</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">日期</th><td>1905年1月22日-1907年6月16日<br />(2年4个月3周又4天)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">地点</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄羅斯帝國</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">结果</th><td class="status"> <p>革命未成功,政府鎮壓並做出一定妥協 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="尼古拉二世 (俄罗斯)">尼古拉二世</a>保住了皇位</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" title="十月詔書">十月诏书</a>发表</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" title="俄羅斯帝國基本法">俄羅斯帝國基本法</a>诞生</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">参战方</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国"><img alt="俄罗斯帝国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a><br /> <b>支援者</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="俄羅斯帝國陸軍">俄罗斯帝国陆军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F%E4%BF%9D%E5%8D%AB%E9%83%A8" title="公共安全与秩序保卫部">暗探局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A2" title="黑色百人团">黑色百人团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="俄羅斯貴族">俄羅斯貴族</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命者</a><br /> <b>支援者:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="农民">农民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="工人">工人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="分裂主義">分裂主义者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="圣彼得堡苏维埃">圣彼得堡苏维埃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%B8%82%E6%9D%9C%E9%A6%AC" title="莫斯科市杜馬">莫斯科市杜马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E5%A1%94%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="赤塔共和国">赤塔共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="俄国社会革命党">社会革命党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" title="俄国社会民主工党">社会民主工党</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">指挥官与领导者</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/23px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/35px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg/45px-Imperial_Standard_of_the_Emperor_of_Russia_%281858%E2%80%931917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="俄罗斯君主列表">皇帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="尼古拉二世 (俄罗斯)">尼古拉二世</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9" title="谢尔盖·维特">谢尔盖·维特</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" title="维克托·切尔诺夫">维克托·切尔诺夫</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="列夫·托洛茨基">列夫·托洛茨基</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>1905年俄國革命</b>(俄语:<span lang="ru">Ру́сская револю́ция 1905 го́да</span>),亦被称为<b>第一次俄国革命</b>(俄语:<span lang="ru">Первая русская революция</span>)、<b>1905年失败起义</b>,是指于1905年至1907年间,发生于当时的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>境內,一连串范围广泛,以反政府为目的,又或没有目标的社会动乱事件,诸如恐怖攻击、罢工、农民抗争、暴动等,导致<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="俄罗斯君主列表">俄罗斯皇帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="尼古拉二世 (俄罗斯)">尼古拉二世</a>政府于1906年制定等同于宪法的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" title="俄羅斯帝國基本法">俄罗斯帝国基本法</a>、成立<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%9C%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="帝國杜馬">國家杜馬</a>与实行<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="多党制">多党制</a>。這場革命沒有組織、沒有目標、也沒有單一原因,主要歸咎於幾十年的國家動亂和對<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AB%BE%E5%A4%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="羅曼諾夫王朝">羅曼諾夫王朝</a>的不滿,俄國國內改革不利以及少數民族要求解放也是起因。尼古拉二世指揮不力,導致俄軍在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="日俄戰爭">日俄戰爭</a>中慘敗,是最直接的導火線。戰後一直有連續不斷的軍人革命以及革命團體活動。雖然各地方的革命最後妥協或被鎮壓,俄國國內也加快改革的步調,但仍不夠阻擋1917年推翻<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AB%BE%E5%A4%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="羅曼諾夫王朝">羅曼諾夫王朝</a>的革命。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%80%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="布爾什維克黨">布爾什維克黨</a>員常常把這場革命當作<a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1917年俄国革命">1917年革命</a>的先驅。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社會變遷"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E8.AE.8A.E9.81.B7"></span>社會變遷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:社會變遷"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>18世纪初期,以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="彼得大帝">彼得一世</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="彼得大帝改革">改革</a>为标志,俄国开始了追赶西方先进国家,以成为军事强国为直接目标的现代化之路。这些改革由国家主导,通过强制命令驱动,具有旧东斯拉夫国家的蒙古式统治特征。彼得一世引进西方先进文化与技术的目的不是改变俄国的社会制度,而是增强和巩固现有制度的基础,他“用野蛮制服了俄国的野蛮”。仰赖蒙古式手段的西欧化的进程长期只停留在贵族的表面生活,未能渗入到政治经济生活与下层社会中。 </p><p>然而西欧化的固有逻辑使得事情的发展与皇帝的初衷相悖,西方文化对俄国的渗透最终超越上层社会的生活形态,逐渐影响到意识形态和内部结构的深入层面,18世纪末<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%8D%A1%E6%8D%B7%E7%90%B3%E5%A8%9C%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="叶卡捷琳娜二世">叶卡捷琳娜二世</a>进行了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="开明专制">开明专制</a>改革,19世纪初<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="亚历山大一世 (俄罗斯)">亚历山大一世</a>进行了贵族自由主义改革。而1861年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="亚历山大二世 (俄罗斯)">亚历山大二世</a>实行的<a href="/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E8%BE%B2%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="1861年俄國農奴制度改革">改革</a>具有划时代的意义:俄国农民获得了人身解放,成为了享有权利的公民。但被改造后具有资产阶级私有制特征的地主土地所有制被保留了下来,<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%A5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="农奴">农奴</a>虽然摆脱了对地主的人身依附,但强化了的村社和连环保制度仍然把他们束缚在封建宗法关系之中。新的工业资产阶级成为了传统的宗法制的有力挑战者,然而却受到贵族地主以及社会下层的反抗。本次改革被激进的左翼革命派认为具有妥协性质,因而俄罗斯皇帝亚历山大二世在六七十年代推行地方管理与自治、司法、财政、教育、军事等方面的一系列改革后,得不到满足、遭到铁腕镇压的革命派有一部分转向恐怖主义活动,其中<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%84%8F%E5%85%9A" title="民意党">民意党</a>1881年成功刺杀皇帝。自此,继任的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大三世 (俄国)">亞歷山大三世</a>由“政府自由主义”转向反动保守方向,拒绝继续实行改革,以鐵腕治國,國會與東正教會都服膺在他的獨裁統治下。 </p><p>19世纪末20世纪初,俄国的资本主义经济快速发展,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="工业革命">工业革命</a>大体完成,19世纪90年代的俄国经济出现了“工业高涨”局面。这是自<a href="/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E8%BE%B2%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="1861年俄國農奴制度改革">1861年改革</a>以来俄国经济发生质变、社会转型加速的关键因素。 工业的迅猛发展改变着国家的经济结构,并引起了俄国社会结构的急剧变化。伴随着工业化,城市化进程加快,城市人口随之迅速增长,大量农村人口进入城市。人口构成和社会关系出现新趋势,等级社会逐渐向阶级社会转变,贵族和农民的分化加剧,资产阶级、无产阶级以及知识分子的人数显著增加。传统的等级制度无法适应社会的变化,人们的观念开始更加注重职业、财产和受教育程度,而非出身背景。农奴制和等级关系的残余与阶级关系的逐渐崛起并存;宗法制下的地主-农民经济与资本主义经济或市场经济并存;贵族和地主在统治机关和地方政府机构中的支配地位与资产阶级的立宪要求并存。经济社会方面的农民土地问题,和政治领域贵族独掌政权问题,构成了19世纪末发端的社会政治危机的两大核心。 </p><p>除开这两个核心因素,19世纪末的俄国又进入了一个人口增长周期,这加剧了农业、农村和农民问题的严重性。农村人口快速增长而耕地缺乏导致农业人口过剩,19世纪的后16年中有6年发生了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E5%92%8C%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" title="俄国和苏联的干旱和饥荒">饥荒</a>,其中<a href="/wiki/1891%E2%80%941892%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E9%A3%A2%E8%8D%92" title="1891—1892年俄國飢荒">1891-1892年的饥荒</a>中就有70万人饿死<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这一系列饥荒也是推动1904-1906年农民革命的诱因。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治派别"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E6.B4.BE.E5.88.AB"></span>政治派别</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:政治派别"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于不能适应俄国经济发展和社会结构变动所提出的变革政治结构的要求,帝国政权与资产阶级的矛盾日渐加深。工业高涨时期成长起来的一代资产阶级知识分子成为追求政治变革的俄国自由主义运动新的力量来源。另一方面,俄国解放运动中的革命派别也在发生深刻变化。 </p><p>1883年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%A4%BE" title="劳动解放社">劳动解放社</a>的成立标志着俄国马克思主义流派的形成。 </p><p>1895年,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="工人阶级解放斗争协会">工人阶级解放斗争协会</a>成立。 </p><p>1897年,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" title="俄国社会民主工党">社会民主工党</a>的成立使社会主义工人运动进入了一个新阶段,而列宁主义的诞生宣告了马克思主义俄国化进程的开始。 </p><p>1899年,俄国第一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由主义</a>的政治组织“聚谈”(Беседа)成立。在俄国出现合法政党前,“聚谈”成为了先进社会统一的、有指导作用的中心。 </p><p>1903年11月,“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地方自治和立宪主义者同盟" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Союз земцев-конституционалистов"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%92%8C%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地方自治和立宪主义者同盟(页面不存在)">地方自治和立宪主义者同盟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Союз земцев-конституционалистов"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Союз земцев-конституционалистов</span></a></span>)</span></span>”成立,其目标是促使皇帝尼古拉二世实行宪制。 </p><p>1904年,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="解放同盟" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Союз освобождения"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解放同盟(页面不存在)">解放同盟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Союз освобождения"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Союз освобождения</span></a></span>)</span></span>的成立把俄国自由主义与专制主义的冲突推向了高潮,它已经不满足于要求皇帝立宪,而是要求推翻现存制度、实现普选权,由立宪会议来制定俄国的宪法;实行土地的国有化,为反对地主的农民提供支持;对工人运动的兴起持肯定态度,暂时放弃资产阶级法制国家思想与无产阶级革命思想的对抗;与社会民主党之外的革命组织建立广泛联系,对<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民粹主義">民粹主義</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="社会革命党">社会革命党</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="革命恐怖主义行动" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Революционный терроризм в Российской империи"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="革命恐怖主义行动(页面不存在)">革命恐怖主义行动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Революционный терроризм в Российской империи"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Революционный терроризм в Российской империи</span></a></span>)</span></span>保持沉默乃至为之辩解。 </p><p>1905年,成立了<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF)" title="立憲民主黨 (俄羅斯)">立宪民主党</a>,主张實施英国式的君主立憲制。 </p><p>1904年秋天,自由派舉行一系列的活動,以慶祝自由派國會規章訂定40週年,並藉此時機要求更多的政治改革與立憲。1904年11月30日,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a>市政府通過了一項決議案,要求成立一個由選舉產生的國民議會、以及完全的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="出版自由">出版自由</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="宗教自由">宗教自由</a>,而其他的城市與地方自治會,也陸續通過類似的決議或呼籲案。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="尼古拉二世 (俄罗斯)">尼古拉二世</a>提出了許多措施以滿足各方要求,包括任命自由派的 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B-%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="彼得·德米特里耶维奇·斯维亚托波尔克-米尔斯基">彼得·德米特里耶维奇·斯维亚托波尔克-米尔斯基</a>為內政部長,以接替被暗殺身亡的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E9%9F%A6" title="维亚切斯拉夫·冯·普勒韦">维亚切斯拉夫·冯·普勒韦</a>。1904年12月12日,皇帝發表一份詔書,包括同意擴大地方自治會與市議會的權力、為工業勞工建立保險制度、解放異族階級、以及廢止<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="审查制度">審查制度</a>,意圖向反對勢力妥協,但關鍵的全國代議立法權仍未被納入<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日俄戰爭"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E4.BF.84.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD"></span>日俄戰爭</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:日俄戰爭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="日俄戰爭">日俄戰爭</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="甲午戰爭">甲午戰爭</a>之後,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大日本帝國">日本帝國</a>加入意圖瓜分<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清帝國</a>的列強行列,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="滿洲">滿洲</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>等地與日本屢起爭端,1904年日本因與俄羅斯對滿洲與朝鮮半島的利益談判未獲回應,同年2月6日日本驅逐俄羅斯的外交官員<sup id="cite_ref-Connaughton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connaughton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,2月8日日本對俄羅斯開戰,俄軍雖有較大的軍力,卻一直處於劣勢,因此引起俄國軍政的震撼與自信心受創,民間亦對皇帝的領導產生疑慮及不滿。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="革命開始"><span id=".E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.E9.96.8B.E5.A7.8B"></span>革命開始</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:革命開始"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="血腥星期日"><span id=".E8.A1.80.E8.85.A5.E6.98.9F.E6.9C.9F.E6.97.A5"></span>血腥星期日</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:血腥星期日"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BloodySunday1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BloodySunday1905.jpg/220px-BloodySunday1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BloodySunday1905.jpg/330px-BloodySunday1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BloodySunday1905.jpg/440px-BloodySunday1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>血腥星期日:冬宮外廣場,士兵向示威民眾開鎗</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E8%85%A5%E6%98%9F%E6%9C%9F%E6%97%A5_(1905%E5%B9%B4)" title="血腥星期日 (1905年)">血腥星期日</a></div> <p>1904年12月,位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="聖彼得堡">聖彼得堡</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E5%B7%A5%E5%8E%82" title="基洛夫工厂">普梯洛夫工厂</a>發生罷工,聖彼得堡各界認同罷工的民眾不斷增加,罷工人數攀升至八萬人。1905年1月22日<small>[<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5%E6%9B%86" title="儒略曆">儒略曆</a>1月9日]</small>清早,俄羅斯東正教大司祭<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E9%82%A6" title="格奧爾基·加邦">格奥尔基·加邦</a>神父帶領一個為數約三萬人的工人組織到<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="冬宮">冬宮</a>外廣場和平示威,目的是向皇帝遞交請願書,以表達勞工階層與社會底層人民的困苦,與遭受到的欺壓,請求皇帝進行社會改革與終止<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="日俄戰爭">日俄戰爭</a>,並期望不要有超時的工作與獲得合理的待遇。 </p><p>尼古拉二世從1月8日起已移居在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E6%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="皇村">皇村</a>,和平示威當天不在冬宮,當時負責守護宮庭的武裝士兵,列陣與示威群眾對峙,而聚集的民眾已漸漸增加到二十萬人,大家手拿著聖像、皇帝圖像,唱著聖詩與愛國歌曲,士兵後來對空鳴槍示警,不久之後便向群眾射擊,民眾在驚慌中逃亡而爭相推擠,蓋龐神父則在混亂逃出,換下神職服裝隱匿起來,後來更宣布革除皇帝的教籍並號召工人起身反抗政府。官方宣稱傷亡人數為96人死333人受傷,反對勢力宣稱死亡人數超過4,000人,保守估計約1,000人傷亡。此一血腥鎮壓事件,引起公眾的憤怒,俄國人民不再寄望皇帝,一連串大規模的罷工在各地發生<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="族裔衝突"><span id=".E6.97.8F.E8.A3.94.E8.A1.9D.E7.AA.81"></span>族裔衝突</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:族裔衝突"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="亞美尼亞-韃靼戰爭"><span id=".E4.BA.9E.E7.BE.8E.E5.B0.BC.E4.BA.9E.EF.BC.8D.E9.9F.83.E9.9D.BC.E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD"></span>亞美尼亞-韃靼戰爭</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:亞美尼亞-韃靼戰爭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchplunderda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Churchplunderda.jpg/220px-Churchplunderda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Churchplunderda.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>高加索地區因族裔衝突遭破壞的教堂</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%EF%BC%8D%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞美尼亞-韃靼戰爭(页面不存在)">亞美尼亞-韃靼戰爭</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索">高加索地區</a>是俄羅斯從19世紀加入的新領土,有多個民族定居在此,其中<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="亚美尼亚族">亞美尼亞族</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%84%B6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="亞塞拜然族">亞塞拜然族</a>(當時稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%83%E9%9D%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="韃靼人">韃靼人</a>)雖然比鄰而居,卻因宗教與文化差異而時有衝突。1905年2月,在血腥星期日事件之後不久,傳出一名<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>遭到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="亚美尼亚革命联盟">亞美尼亞革命聯盟</a>黨員殺害,引發兩族的對立,於是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴庫">巴庫</a>發生大規模的族裔攻擊事件,接著5月在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%91%E5%87%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="納希契凡">納希契凡</a>、8月在<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E6%B2%99" title="舒沙">舒沙</a>、11月在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E8%B4%BE" title="占贾">占賈</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tadeusz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="波蘭獨立要求"><span id=".E6.B3.A2.E8.98.AD.E7.8D.A8.E7.AB.8B.E8.A6.81.E6.B1.82"></span>波蘭獨立要求</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:波蘭獨立要求"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波蘭王國革命(页面不存在)">波蘭王國革命</a></div> <p>以俄羅斯皇帝為共主的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="波蘭會議王國">波蘭會議王國</a>,深受日俄戰爭帶來的不景氣所苦,1904年下半年,超過10萬波蘭工人失業。1905年血腥星期日事件後不久,在波蘭的工業重鎮<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9_(%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0)" title="罗兹 (波兰)">羅茲</a>,工人以「打倒獨裁!打倒戰爭!」為口號,進行大罷工<sup id="cite_ref-AA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,同一時間,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%B2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="華沙">華沙</a>與其他工業中心,陸續發生罷工、示威或遊行。同年的1月28日,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="波兰社会党">波蘭社會黨</a>與波蘭王國與立陶宛社會民主黨的策動下,呼籲大規模罷工,波蘭全境超過40萬工人加入,持續了4個星期<sup id="cite_ref-WE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當時示威民眾同時要求改善工人環境,以及給波蘭人更多的自治,2月開始波蘭的大學生加入示威,後來甚至有中學與小學的學生加入,學生抗議俄羅斯化並要求學習<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭語">波蘭語</a>的權利<sup id="cite_ref-AA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>沙俄政府向波蘭的民族主義運動作出了讓步,但部份示威民眾尤其是工人仍然不滿<sup id="cite_ref-AA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,沙俄政府已失去耐性,5月1日在華沙的一場遊行中,沙俄警察開槍鎮壓,有30名工人被槍擊<sup id="cite_ref-AA_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。到6月中旬在羅茲,沙俄警察在其中一場示威遊行中開槍殺死了約10名工人,6月20日至21日,死者<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E6%AE%AF" title="出殯">出殯</a>時演變成為大規模的抗議遊行,21日當天,遊行群眾與沙俄的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B" title="哥薩克">哥薩克騎兵</a>相遇,遊行群眾向騎兵投擲石塊,哥薩克騎兵開槍還擊,造成至少25人死亡,當天晚上憤怒的群眾開始攻襲警察和巡兵,並殺死不願投降者,遂演變成暴動,波蘭歷史稱之為羅茲暴動事件。6月23日,皇帝尼古拉二世簽署了<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E5%9A%B4%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="戒嚴令">戒嚴令</a>,俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5" title="步兵">步兵</a>軍團進入發生動亂的城市,逮捕了部份滋事民眾,當時的民族運動團體認為不敵軍隊而自制,動亂終在6月25日平復<sup id="cite_ref-Kalicki_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalicki-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政府反應"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C.E5.8F.8D.E6.87.89"></span>政府反應</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:政府反應"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>面對國內的動盪,沙俄政府回應迅速,1905年1月18日,皇帝尼古拉二世解去內政部長<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B-%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="彼得·德米特里耶维奇·斯维亚托波尔克-米尔斯基">彼得·德米特里耶维奇·斯维亚托波尔克-米尔斯基</a>的職務,委任<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E9%87%91" title="亚历山大·布雷金">亚历山大·布雷金</a>接替。另一方面又任命組成一個<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="辛德洛夫斯基委员会" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Комиссия Шидловского"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9B%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辛德洛夫斯基委员会(页面不存在)">委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Комиссия Шидловского"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Комиссия Шидловского</span></a></span>)</span></span>,令其調查聖彼得堡與鄰近地區工人們不滿原因;該委員會是由國會議員<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉·辛德洛夫斯基" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Шидловский, Николай Владимирович"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉·辛德洛夫斯基(页面不存在)">尼古拉·辛德洛夫斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шидловский, Николай Владимирович"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Шидловский, Николай Владимирович</span></a></span>)</span></span>主持,成員有政府部門人員、國營工廠廠長、以及民營工廠老闆,並邀請工人代表加入,但在社會主義人士抵制下,工人沒有選出代表,社會主義人士更試圖轉移工人進行武裝鬥爭,到2月20日調查委員會在從來沒有開始運作情況而瓦解<sup id="cite_ref-AA-3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1905年2月17日,<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="谢尔盖·亚历山德罗维奇">谢尔盖·亚历山德罗维奇</a>大公所乘坐馬車通過<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="克里姆林宮">克里姆林宮</a>時,遭<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%85%9A" title="社会革命党">社會革命黨</a>分支黨員<span lang="ru"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊瓦·卡利亚耶夫" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Каляев, Иван Платонович"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊瓦·卡利亚耶夫(页面不存在)">伊瓦·卡利亚耶夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Каляев, Иван Платонович"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Каляев, Иван Платонович</span></a></span>)</span></span></span>近距離投擲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9" title="硝酸甘油">硝酸甘油</a>炸彈於車廂內,謝爾蓋大公當場被炸死<sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。2月17日<small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5%E6%9B%86" title="儒略曆">儒略曆</a>2月4日)</small>當天,尼古拉二世決定同意作出新的讓步,3月3日<small>(儒略曆2月18日)</small>頒布《布雷金詔書》(<span lang="ru">Булыгина был дан Высочайший рескрипт</span>),准許成立諮政團體、包容各種宗教、開放語言自由、以及減少農民贖回農地的費用<sup id="cite_ref-AA-3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1905年5月24日至25日,約300名來自各地地方自治會與市議會代表,齊聚在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a>召開了3場會議,會後通過了一個決議案,要求成立一個國家層級的議會;6月6日,尼古拉二世接見一名郡縣議會代表,會後由<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE%E8%93%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E5%88%A5%E8%8C%A8%E5%8F%AF%E4%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="謝爾蓋·特魯別茨可伊">謝爾蓋·特魯別茨可伊</a>亲王與<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="费奥多罗夫">費奧多羅夫</a>代表皇帝回應,表示允許召集成立人民代表會議<sup id="cite_ref-AA-3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1905年10月,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="圣彼得堡苏维埃">聖彼得堡蘇維埃</a>成立,訴求大規模的罷工、抗稅與提領銀行存款。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="革命關鍵"><span id=".E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.E9.97.9C.E9.8D.B5"></span>革命關鍵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:革命關鍵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="十月詔書"><span id=".E5.8D.81.E6.9C.88.E8.A9.94.E6.9B.B8"></span>十月詔書</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:十月詔書"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Repin_17October.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repin_17October.jpg/220px-Repin_17October.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repin_17October.jpg/330px-Repin_17October.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Repin_17October.jpg/440px-Repin_17October.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8197" data-file-height="4440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E8%8F%B2%E8%8E%AB%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="伊利亚·叶菲莫维奇·列宾">伊利亞·葉菲莫維奇·列賓</a>畫作《1905年10月17日》</figcaption></figure> <p>1905年8月19日<small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5%E6%9B%86" title="儒略曆">儒略曆</a>8月6日)</small>,尼古拉二世同意成立<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%9D%9C%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="國家杜馬">國家杜馬</a>(即俄羅斯國會),惟因限制選舉方式,並僅授予輕微的權力,當消息透露,動亂加劇,引發10月的大規模罷工。 </p><p>10月份,由財政大臣<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9" title="谢尔盖·维特">谢尔盖·维特</a>等人所撰寫的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" title="十月詔書">十月詔書</a>,呈給尼古拉二世批閱,內容大致沿自9月份地方自治會所提要求,允許多項基本公民權利,還包括組織<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="政黨">政黨</a>、延申<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%89%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="普选权">普選權</a>、賦與國家杜馬作有中央<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="立法权">立法權</a>,尼古拉二世與大臣爭論並考慮了3天,一來基於避免再度發生殺戮,二來是沒有優勢軍力足以掌控全局,尼古拉二世最終在10月30日<small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5%E6%9B%86" title="儒略曆">儒略曆</a>10月17日)</small>簽署了此一詔書。 </p><p>當詔書公告,各主要城市輿論隨即表示支持,聖彼得堡以及其他地區的動亂,要不宣告結束,又或迅速地瓦解,政府在同時間特赦政治犯,讓步接踵發生。社會上雖仍有反對變革的保守份子,但整體政局的發展已不可復返。 </p><p>正當俄羅斯自由派人士滿意10月詔書的結果,與準備國家杜馬選舉,激進的社會主義人士與革命人士則譴責選舉,並呼籲武裝起義以終結皇帝專制統治。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="塞瓦斯托波爾起義"><span id=".E5.A1.9E.E7.93.A6.E6.96.AF.E6.89.98.E6.B3.A2.E7.88.BE.E8.B5.B7.E7.BE.A9"></span>塞瓦斯托波爾起義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:塞瓦斯托波爾起義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leader_of_Potemkin_revolt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Leader_of_Potemkin_revolt.jpg/220px-Leader_of_Potemkin_revolt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Leader_of_Potemkin_revolt.jpg/330px-Leader_of_Potemkin_revolt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Leader_of_Potemkin_revolt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>波坦金號戰艦上叛军</figcaption></figure> <p>1905年11月在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE" title="塞瓦斯托波爾">塞瓦斯托波爾</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E8%89%A6%E9%9A%8A" title="黑海艦隊">黑海艦隊</a>海軍少校<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9" title="彼得·施密特">彼得·施密特</a>公開演說,要求當局釋放政治犯,民眾響應他的號召,在監獄前示威但受到機關槍開火驅散,隨後幾天,施密特到議會與墓園演說,最後在墓園被逮捕,並令其退伍。11月26日,巡洋艦<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%81%B0%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧恰科夫號(页面不存在)">奧恰科夫號</a>(<span lang="ru">Очаків</span>)兵變,艦隊其他船隻陸續加入,施密特受邀出任叛軍指揮官,叛軍人數最後達8200人。 </p><p>11月28日,施密特登上奧恰科夫號,並發送電報給尼古拉二世要求召開憲法會議;沙俄軍隊約10000人,向叛軍提出最後通牒要求投降,3小時後仍未獲回應,沙俄軍隊遂向叛軍的軍艦與軍營開火攻擊,約90分鐘的時間,叛軍中隊便被沙俄軍隊擊敗,施密特、他的兒子與其他生還者被捕。1906年2月,施密特與其他叛軍首領判決死刑,同年3月19日伏刑。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他起義事件"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E8.B5.B7.E7.BE.A9.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>其他起義事件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:其他起義事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在塞瓦斯托波爾起義發生的同一時間,剛完工的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環貝加爾湖鐵路" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Кругобайкальская железная дорога"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E8%B2%9D%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E6%B9%96%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環貝加爾湖鐵路(页面不存在)">環貝加爾湖鐵路</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Кругобайкальская железная дорога"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Кругобайкальская железная дорога</span></a></span>)</span></span>被抗議的群眾,以及因日俄戰爭結束而解甲的士兵們所控制,皇帝派效忠的特遣步隊沿<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="西伯利亞鐵路">西伯利亞鐵路</a>清剿收復。 </p><p>最後的起義事件發生在莫斯科,1905年12月18日<small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5%E6%9B%86" title="儒略曆">儒略曆</a>12月5日)</small>至20日<small>(儒略曆12月7日)</small>間,由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%80%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="布爾什維克">布爾什維克</a>黨員發動工人階級進行大規模罷工,12月20日政府派軍隊入城,以掃街方式驅散示威民眾,演變成街頭暴力鬥毆,一個星期之後,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E4%BF%84%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙俄護衛隊(页面不存在)">沙俄護衛隊</a>(<span lang="ru">Ле́йб-гва́рдия</span>)派駐佈署,並使用大炮來驅散示威民眾與砲轟工人守區,到12月31日<small>(儒略曆12月18日)</small>估計已有1,000名民眾死亡,部份的城市變成廢墟,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%80%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="布爾什維克">布爾什維克</a>宣告投降。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="革命後期"><span id=".E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD.E5.BE.8C.E6.9C.9F"></span>革命後期</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:革命後期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="國家杜馬"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E5.AE.B6.E6.9D.9C.E9.A6.AC"></span>國家杜馬</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:國家杜馬"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tauride_duma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tauride_duma.jpg/220px-Tauride_duma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tauride_duma.jpg/330px-Tauride_duma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tauride_duma.jpg/440px-Tauride_duma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>第一屆國家杜馬在陶利德宮的會議場地</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9D%9C%E9%A9%AC" title="国家杜马">国家杜马</a></div> <p>1905年12月,沙俄政府頒佈了選舉辦法,第一屆<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%9D%9C%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="國家杜馬">國家杜馬</a>訂於1906年3月進行選舉,限25歲以上男性國民為合格選民,並對不同的社會階層選票,給以不同的權重,例如地主就比農民與工人有較高的選票權重。 </p><p>有多個參選的政黨因應選舉而組成或合法化,主要有自由派和知識分子組成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF)" title="立憲民主黨 (俄羅斯)">憲政民主黨</a>、農民代表的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="勞動團體" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Трудовая группа"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勞動團體(页面不存在)">勞動團體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Трудовая группа"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Трудовая группа</span></a></span>)</span></span>、另一少數自由派聯盟<a href="/wiki/10%E6%9C%8817%E6%97%A5%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="10月17日聯盟">10月17日聯盟</a>(又稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="十月黨">十月黨</a>)、以及由地主組成的保守聯盟等;最後當選共566人,主要有179名憲政民主黨員、136名勞動團體黨員、121名非俄羅斯民族代表、18名社會民主勞動黨員、17名十月黨員。其他左翼社會主義人士、社會革命黨與布爾什維克則主張抵制杜馬選舉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基本法"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E6.B3.95"></span>基本法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:基本法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" title="俄羅斯帝國基本法">俄羅斯帝國基本法</a></div> <p>1906年4月23日<small>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5%E6%9B%86" title="儒略曆">儒略曆</a>4月10日)</small>,在國家杜馬開始運作的前一天,沙俄政府頒佈了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95" title="俄羅斯帝國基本法">俄羅斯帝國基本法</a>,定義了政府架構,俄羅斯皇帝為絕對的領袖,完整控制行政、外交政策、教堂事務以及軍事武力,限定了國家杜馬的政治位階,國家杜馬議員一半由選舉產生,另一半由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國大臣會議">大臣會議</a>指派,法律制定必須經由國家杜馬與大臣會議核准,惟最終必須由皇帝核准才能生效,若國家杜馬在休會期間,允許立法程序可由大臣會議轉給皇帝核准,無需待國家杜馬開議。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="斯托雷平改革"><span id=".E6.96.AF.E6.89.98.E9.9B.B7.E5.B9.B3.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>斯托雷平改革</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:斯托雷平改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilya_Repin_-_Ceremonial_Sitting_of_the_State_Council_on_7_May_1901_Marking_the_Centenary_of_its_Foundation_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ilya_Repin_-_Ceremonial_Sitting_of_the_State_Council_on_7_May_1901_Marking_the_Centenary_of_its_Foundation_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Ilya_Repin_-_Ceremonial_Sitting_of_the_State_Council_on_7_May_1901_Marking_the_Centenary_of_its_Foundation_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ilya_Repin_-_Ceremonial_Sitting_of_the_State_Council_on_7_May_1901_Marking_the_Centenary_of_its_Foundation_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Ilya_Repin_-_Ceremonial_Sitting_of_the_State_Council_on_7_May_1901_Marking_the_Centenary_of_its_Foundation_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ilya_Repin_-_Ceremonial_Sitting_of_the_State_Council_on_7_May_1901_Marking_the_Centenary_of_its_Foundation_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Ilya_Repin_-_Ceremonial_Sitting_of_the_State_Council_on_7_May_1901_Marking_the_Centenary_of_its_Foundation_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4721" data-file-height="2113" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E8%8F%B2%E8%8E%AB%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%AE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="伊利亚·叶菲莫维奇·列宾">伊利亞·葉菲莫維奇·列賓</a>畫作《1901年5月7日大臣會議,百年紀念》</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E9%9B%B7%E5%B9%B3" title="彼得·斯托雷平">彼得·斯托雷平</a></div> <p>1906年4月,大臣會議主席<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9" title="谢尔盖·维特">谢尔盖·维特</a>被指派負責籌措近9億盧布的借款,用以重建俄羅斯財政,大臣會議主席一職由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%88%97%E6%A2%85%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="伊万·戈列梅金">伊万·戈列梅金</a>接任,同年5月6日,再改由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E9%9B%B7%E5%B9%B3" title="彼得·斯托雷平">彼得·斯托雷平</a>出任。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="土地改革"><span id=".E5.9C.9F.E5.9C.B0.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>土地改革</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:土地改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>第一次革命后,旧有的结构性问题没有得到解决,帝国政权实行了以《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%97%A5%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="十月十七日宣言">十月十七日宣言</a>》为依据的政治制度变革和旨在缓和农民土地问题的土地改革,表明俄国通过改革继续解决结构性矛盾、实现和平发展的可能性。然而<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E9%9B%B7%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="斯托雷平">斯托雷平</a>遇刺身亡后出现的新情况,将系统性危机引向了深渊,成为了<a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1917年俄国革命">1917年革命</a>的中期因素。 </p><p>斯托雷平土地改革的首要目标是解决农民土地问题,长期目标是使农民融入市场经济,农业和农村实现繁荣发展。1906年11月9日的法令<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>规定农民有权取得村社中的份地的所有权。 </p><p>斯托雷平主導新的土地改革政策,讓農民更容易取得土地,更自由地成立公社,目的是要建立一個新農階級,發揮保守安定的力量,從1906年10月開始,至1917年尼古拉二世被推翻其間,俄羅斯農村的面貌不斷改變,農地持續私有化,農民可以世襲農地,原本零星的土地變成大面的農地,也因此大量提升了農業產出<sup id="cite_ref-land_reform_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-land_reform-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>但是斯托雷平的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E9%9B%B7%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="斯托雷平土地改革">土地改革</a>有效促进了农民资产阶级的形成,但这项由贵族地主阶级选择的变革之路牺牲了大部分农业人口的利益,没有从根本上解决问题。无论是地主土地所有制还是村社份地占有制都没有彻底消除。前三届国家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E9%A9%AC" title="杜马">杜马</a>中,农民代表不分党派,都一致要求把地主土地交给实际耕种的农民。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="地方政府改革"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E6.96.B9.E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C.E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9"></span>地方政府改革</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:地方政府改革"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>斯托雷平对地方管理和自治籍贯进行改革的目标是使地方自治机关尽量消除或至少弱化阶级和等级色彩,以加强中央集权化的管理结构,改变农民机构的封闭性和农民相对于俄国社会其他阶层的狭隘性。但是由于贵族大土地所有者和宫廷集团的抵制,以及来自地方既得利益者的强烈反对,许多改革方案未能实现。在1911年关于西部省份地方自治改革法案引起的危机之后,斯托雷平与皇帝和第三届杜马十月党多数代表之间失去了相互信任。 </p><p>斯托雷平的强硬手段在推行自由主义改革的道路上陷入了两难的政治困境:一方面,他的改革措施和主张遭到保守派的强烈抵制;另一方面,他对革命运动的态度和独断专行的作风激起了自由派和革命派的敌视与反对。 </p><p>當時倡導革命的激進份子,發動多起的刺殺行動,多名警務人員與官員被殺,為能可以壓制恐怖主義,斯托雷平導入一套新的司法制度,允許迅速逮捕和審判,1906至09年間,超過3,000名嫌疑犯被判有罪而遭絞刑<sup id="cite_ref-Stolypin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolypin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。時人皆諷刺絞刑架為「斯托雷平的領帶」<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>总体而言,第一次革命后皇帝被迫进行的改革使俄国政治结构有所调整,经济得到了一定发展,社会思想和意识逐渐改变,俄国又进入了一个现代化进程加快的时期。而改革没有解决的问题也在高速的发展中愈发失控,最终在1917年革命中爆发。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="恐怖刺殺"><span id=".E6.81.90.E6.80.96.E5.88.BA.E6.AE.BA"></span>恐怖刺殺</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:恐怖刺殺"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1904至07年間,除了頻繁的社會運動外,也是恐怖暗殺的高峰期,社會革命黨格鬥組織、波蘭社會主義黨格鬥組織與布爾什維克格鬥組,策動了多起針對大臣、公務員與警務人員的刺殺或搶劫案件。 </p><p>遭刺殺身亡者中較著名的有: </p> <table style="width:90%;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">肖像 </th> <th style="width:40%;">姓名 </th> <th style="width:10%;">身分 </th> <th style="width:10%;">刺殺身亡日期 </th> <th style="width:10%;">刺殺地點 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Sipyagin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dmitry_Sipyagin.jpg/80px-Dmitry_Sipyagin.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dmitry_Sipyagin.jpg/120px-Dmitry_Sipyagin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dmitry_Sipyagin.jpg/160px-Dmitry_Sipyagin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE%E8%93%8B%E8%80%B6%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%9A%AE%E9%98%BF%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德米特里·謝爾蓋耶維奇·西皮阿金(页面不存在)">德米特里·謝爾蓋耶維奇·西皮阿金</a><br /><small><span lang="ru">Дми́трий Серге́евич Сипя́гин</span></small></td> <td style="text-align:center;">內政部長</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1902年4月2日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="聖彼德堡">聖彼德堡</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%82%91%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94%E8%AB%BE%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉·莫傑斯托維奇·博格達諾維奇(页面不存在)">尼古拉·莫傑斯托維奇·博格達諾維奇</a><br /><small><span lang="ru">Никола́й Моде́стович Богдано́вич</span></small></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%81" title="烏法省">烏法省</a>長</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1903年5月6日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%B3%95" title="烏法">烏法</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolai_Bobrikov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nikolai_Bobrikov.jpg/80px-Nikolai_Bobrikov.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nikolai_Bobrikov.jpg/120px-Nikolai_Bobrikov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nikolai_Bobrikov.jpg/160px-Nikolai_Bobrikov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="尼古拉·博布里科夫">尼古拉·博布里科夫</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">芬蘭總督</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1904年6月17日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="赫爾辛基">赫爾辛基</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vyacheslav_von_Plehve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve.jpg/80px-Vyacheslav_von_Plehve.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve.jpg/120px-Vyacheslav_von_Plehve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve.jpg/160px-Vyacheslav_von_Plehve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E8%AB%BE%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%88%97%E9%9F%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="維亞切斯拉夫·康士坦丁諾維奇·馮·普列韋">維亞切斯拉夫·康士坦丁諾維奇·馮·普列韋</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">內政部長</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1904年7月28日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="聖彼德堡">聖彼德堡</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliel_soisalon-soininen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eliel_soisalon-soininen.jpg/80px-Eliel_soisalon-soininen.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eliel_soisalon-soininen.jpg/120px-Eliel_soisalon-soininen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eliel_soisalon-soininen.jpg/160px-Eliel_soisalon-soininen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2266" data-file-height="2960" /></a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%9C%94%E4%BE%9D%E6%B2%99%E6%9C%97%E2%88%92%E6%9C%94%E4%BE%9D%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾里爾·朔依沙朗−朔依尼南(页面不存在)">艾里爾·朔依沙朗−朔依尼南</a><br /><small><span lang="ru">Eliel Soisalon-Soininen</span></small></td> <td style="text-align:center;">芬蘭大法官</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905年2月6日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="赫爾辛基">赫爾辛基</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia.png/80px-Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia.png/120px-Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia.png/160px-Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="谢尔盖·亚历山德罗维奇">謝爾蓋·亞歷山德羅維奇</a>大公</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%9C%81" title="莫斯科省">莫斯科總督</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905年2月17日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%AB%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕維爾·帕夫洛維奇·瓦洛夫(页面不存在)">帕維爾·帕夫洛維奇·瓦洛夫</a><br /><small><span lang="ru">Павел Павлович Шувалов</span></small></td> <td style="text-align:center;">莫斯科市長</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905年6月28日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%AB%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格雷戈里·帕夫洛維奇·博布里科夫(页面不存在)">格雷戈里·帕夫洛維奇·博布里科夫</a><br /><small><span lang="ru">Григо́рий Па́влович Чухни́н</span></small></td> <td style="text-align:center;">黑海艦隊指揮官</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1906年6月29日</td> <td style="text-align:center;">自己家裡 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維特·薩哈羅夫(页面不存在)">維特·薩哈羅夫</a><br /><small><span lang="ru">Ви́ктор Ви́кторович Са́харов</span></small></td> <td style="text-align:center;">戰爭部長</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1906年11月22日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB" title="薩拉托夫">薩拉托夫</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Count_Alexey_Ignatyev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Count_Alexey_Ignatyev.jpg/80px-Count_Alexey_Ignatyev.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Count_Alexey_Ignatyev.jpg/120px-Count_Alexey_Ignatyev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Count_Alexey_Ignatyev.jpg/160px-Count_Alexey_Ignatyev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="347" /></a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%AC%9D%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%8D%E5%AD%A3%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿列克謝·伊格納季耶夫(页面不存在)">阿列克謝·伊格納季耶夫</a>伯爵<br /><small><span lang="ru">Алексе́й Па́влович Игна́тьев</span></small></td> <td style="text-align:center;">大臣會議成員</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1906年12月9日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="特维尔">特維爾</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%B0%BC%E6%9B%BF%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗拉基米爾·勞尼替斯(页面不存在)">弗拉基米爾·勞尼替斯</a><br /><small><span lang="ru">Влади́мир Фёдорович фон дер Ла́униц</span></small></td> <td style="text-align:center;">聖彼德堡市長</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1906年12月21日</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="聖彼德堡">聖彼德堡</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="帝國其他各地的社會運動"><span id=".E5.B8.9D.E5.9C.8B.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.90.84.E5.9C.B0.E7.9A.84.E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E9.81.8B.E5.8B.95"></span>帝國其他各地的社會運動</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:帝國其他各地的社會運動"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="芬蘭民主化"><span id=".E8.8A.AC.E8.98.AD.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E5.8C.96"></span>芬蘭民主化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:芬蘭民主化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg/220px-Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg/330px-Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg/440px-Demonstration_Pietarsaari_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="皮耶塔尔萨里">皮耶塔爾薩里</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭語">芬蘭語</a>:<span lang="fi">Pietarsaari</span>)街頭示威群眾</figcaption></figure> <p>1905年10月30日至11月6日期間,在沙俄附屬國<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭大公國">芬蘭大公國</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭社會民主黨">社會民主黨</a>組織了大規模罷工,由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%85%8B_(%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·科克 (革命家)(页面不存在)">約翰·科克</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="芬蘭語">芬蘭語</a>:<span lang="fi">Johan Kock</span>)領導的第一代<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%B5%A4%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="芬兰赤卫队">芬蘭赤衛隊</a>成立,罷工期間在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7" title="坦佩雷">坦佩雷</a>發表紅色宣言,要求解散<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芬蘭參議院(页面不存在)">參議院</a>,實行普選、政治自由、以及取消審查制度。 </p><p>憲法專家們的領導人物,芬蘭裔的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%BE%B9%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利奧·梅徹林(页面不存在)">利奧·梅徹林</a>參與撰寫了十月詔書,因此終止了芬蘭大公國從1809年開始運作,由各<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國民等級(页面不存在)">國民等級</a>代表組成的波爾渥國會,於1906年籌辦<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="芬蘭議會">芬蘭議會</a>,1907年舉行了人類史上第一次不分男女的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="普選">普選</a>,選出了第一屆議會議員。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="愛沙尼亞獨立運動"><span id=".E6.84.9B.E6.B2.99.E5.B0.BC.E4.BA.9E.E7.8D.A8.E7.AB.8B.E9.81.8B.E5.8B.95"></span>愛沙尼亞獨立運動</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:愛沙尼亞獨立運動"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="愛沙尼亞">愛沙尼亞</a>為沙俄在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="大北方戰爭">大北方戰爭</a>取勝後,1721年從<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>取得的土地之一,後成立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%9C%81" title="日瓦爾省">愛沙尼亞省</a>,19世紀因抗衡俄羅斯化政策,愛沙尼亞民族意識萌發。1905年1月,在血腥星期日發生後,愛沙尼亞人要求<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="出版自由">出版自由</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%9C%83%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="集會自由">集會自由</a>、普選以及國家主權,10月16日,沙俄軍隊在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97" title="塔林">塔林</a>的街上市場向集會開火,造成94死200傷。 </p><p>十月詔書發佈後,愛沙尼亞人表示支持,愛沙尼亞旗幟首次公開,亞安·托尼森藉機擴大愛沙尼亞人的權利,成立愛沙尼亞民族進步黨,為第一個愛沙尼亞的政黨;另一個更激進的政治組織,愛沙尼亞社會民主工人聯盟在差不多的時間成立。 </p><p>11月27日,民族進步黨在塔林舉行了第一次代表大會,800名代表分成溫和派與激進派,溫和派支持托尼森,而激進派則支持<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%A2%AF%E5%AD%9F%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞安·梯孟特(页面不存在)">亞安·梯孟特</a>,最後投票決議通過向沙俄要求實施政治自治、限制<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="波罗的海德国人">波羅的海德國人</a>以及終止俄羅斯化<sup id="cite_ref-Yahoo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1905年12月,社會主義社團領導人物<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E8%8C%A8" title="康斯坦丁·佩茨">康斯坦丁·佩茨</a>,在戒嚴中的塔林召集一次農民代表大會,引發工人在郊區搶劫或焚燒莊園房屋,共有160處莊園被洗劫一空,沙俄軍隊奉命前往鎮壓,328名愛沙尼亞人被當場槍斃或被捕後絞死。帕茨與梯孟特分別逃往國外,兩人後來都因被控反叛罪而判處死刑。在第一屆和後來的第二屆國家杜馬代表選舉,愛沙尼亞民各選出5名代表派往議會<sup id="cite_ref-Yahoo_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史評價"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E8.A9.95.E5.83.B9"></span>歷史評價</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:歷史評價"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對於這次革命,當時與後世名人學者的評論,多持正面評價,認為因有這一次革命事件,而讓主張推翻俄羅斯帝國統治的社會主義人士,發現工人革命的可行性,奠定了<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="無產階級">無產階級</a>革命的方向,更創立了<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%83" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇維埃">蘇維埃</a>組織,培養了許多的革命家,總體來說這是<a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="1917年俄國革命">1917年俄國革命</a>能夠成功的關鍵事件。 </p><p>眾多評論中,最著名的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="列寧">列寧</a>,他稱這一次革命為「總演習」,留下名言: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>沒有1905年的‘總演習’,就不可能有1917年10月革命的勝利。</p></blockquote> <p>當時清末文人<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%95%9F%E8%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="梁啟超">梁啟超</a>,曾於血腥星期日發生後不久,發表《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B9%8E%EF%BC%9F%E6%AD%BB%E4%B9%8E%EF%BC%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由乎?死乎?(页面不存在)">自由乎?死乎?</a>》評論專文,文中引述「路透電」、「柏林電報」、「倫敦電」以及「連日各地電報」,詳實說明事件發生與各地反應,文中評論<sup id="cite_ref-Liang_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>改革事業,如轉巨石於于危墜,非達其最终之目的地不止。</p></blockquote><p>又綜合引述各地電報,說明了當時<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>各國的輿論情形: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> </p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>全歐各國,殆無不以此事為一大事,諸報館皆表同情於俄民,無一袒俄廷者。內中與俄同盟之法國激昂特甚。其報紙大率謂市民不持武器,為平和之要求,俄廷以強暴手段待之,實無理之甚云云。又某新聞紙謂俄太后俄皇為坡鱉那士德夫之傀儡,日被玩弄於股掌上,至今迷夢不醒,實屬可憐。<br />比利時素表同情於俄,今次亦大加非難。其新聞紙多以俄皇此次之出奔,與一七九一年法王路易第十六之出奔相比較。比國人民,憤俄廷舉動既極,本月二十三日晚,至有在俄國公使館門前為示威運動以表敵意者。警官彈壓,僅乃無事。<br />各國紛紛募義捐,以恤俄國被難之民。<br />各國中惟德國對於此事,視之稍冷淡。</p></blockquote> <p>文中最後稱之為「俄國革命」,且說明當時他與他的同儕,無不關注此一事件的發展<sup id="cite_ref-Liang_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>後來的<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯共產黨">蘇聯共產黨</a>領袖,當時布爾什維克重要人物<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="列夫·托洛茨基">列夫·托洛茨基</a>,在流亡國外期間,於1939年所發表的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%A8%AE%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%A7%80%EF%BC%881939%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三種俄國革命觀(1939年)(页面不存在)">三種俄國革命觀(1939年)</a>》,文中一開始便說明<sup id="cite_ref-Trotsky_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trotsky-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1905年革命,不僅是1917年革命的‘總演習’,而且是一種實驗室,在其中造成了俄國政治生活內所有基本的派別,又反映出俄國馬克思主義內部各種不同的傾向。</p></blockquote> <p>文中他稱是次革命為「第一次革命」,並引述了列寧、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97" title="约瑟夫·斯大林">斯大林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%9E%E4%BA%AC%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%88%97%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="格奥尔基·瓦连京诺维奇·普列汉诺夫">普列漢諾夫</a>等人的言行,以及他的想法,以闡明1905年的革命事件,如何影響社會主義領袖們的革命論述,認為因此產生了「不斷革命」的理論: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>俄國民主革命的完全勝利,只有採取依靠農民支援的無產階級專政形式,才是可以思議的。無產階級專政將不可避免地不僅把民主任務提到議事日程上來,而且把社會主義任務提到議事日程上來,同時有力地推動國際社會主義革命。唯有西方無產階級的勝利才能保障俄國免除資產階級復辟危險和完成社會主義建設。</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參看"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E7.9C.8B"></span>參看</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:參看"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%B3%E5%85%83%E4%BA%8C%E9%83%8E" title="明石元二郎">明石元二郎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="亚美尼亚革命联盟">亚美尼亚革命联盟</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>參考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:參考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">姚海. 郑异凡 , 编. 苏联史/第一卷 俄国革命. 北京: 人民出版社. 2013年9月: 38. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-01-012270-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-01-012270-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-01-012270-0</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文(简体)网页">(中文(简体))</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.au=%E5%A7%9A%E6%B5%B7&rft.btitle=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8F%B2%2F%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%B7+%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.date=2013-09&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-01-012270-0&rft.pages=38&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connaughton-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Connaughton_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Connaughton, Richard M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=igwOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover">The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5</a>. Routledge. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-00906-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-00906-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-415-00906-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rising+Sun+and+the+Tumbling+Bear%E2%80%94A+Military+History+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War+1904%E2%80%935&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-00906-5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigwOAAAAQAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tadeusz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tadeusz_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Swietochowski, Tadeusz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cozSOSsv7ZsC&printsec=frontcover">Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920. The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1985: 41–42 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-01-13</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521522455" title="Special:网络书源/0521522455"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0521522455</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140122225332/http://books.google.com/books?id=cozSOSsv7ZsC&printsec=frontcover">存档</a>于2014-01-22) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.btitle=Russian+Azerbaijan%2C+1905%E2%80%931920.+The+Shaping+of+a+National+Identity+in+a+Muslim+Community&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521522455&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcozSOSsv7ZsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AA_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Abraham Ascher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9J9Dt6EQHs8C&pg=PA157">The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray</a>. Stanford University Press. 1994: 157–158 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-01-13</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0804723273" title="Special:网络书源/0804723273"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0804723273</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.au=Abraham+Ascher&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1905%3A+Russia+in+Disarray&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0804723273&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9J9Dt6EQHs8C%26pg%3DPA157&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WE_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WE_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/20246,,,,rewolucja_1905_1907_w_krolestwie_polskim,haslo.html">Rewolucja 1905-1907 w Królestwie Polskim</a>. WIEM Encyklopedia. 2007-10-09 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-01-13</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728224237/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/20246,,,,rewolucja_1905_1907_w_krolestwie_polskim,haslo.html">存档</a>于2017-07-28) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=Rewolucja+1905-1907+w+Kr%C3%B3lestwie+Polskim&rft.date=2007-10-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIEM+Encyklopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportalwiedzy.onet.pl%2F20246%2C%2C%2C%2Crewolucja_1905_1907_w_krolestwie_polskim%2Chaslo.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Norman Davies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EBpghdZeIwAC&pg=PA274&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_search_r&cad=0_2">Gods Playground: A History of Poland</a>. Columbia University Press. 2005: 273-278. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0231128193" title="Special:网络书源/0231128193"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0231128193</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft.btitle=Gods+Playground%3A+A+History+of+Poland&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0231128193&rft.pages=273-278&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEBpghdZeIwAC%26pg%3DPA274%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D3%26source%3Dgbs_search_r%26cad%3D0_2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalicki-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalicki_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kalicki, Włodzimierz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612021840/http://wyborcza.pl/1%2C86176%2C3058864.html">Rok 1905: Przebudzeni bombą</a>. Gazeta Wyborcza. 2005-12-09 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-01-14</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wyborcza.pl/1,86176,3058864.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-06-12) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到波兰语网页">(波兰语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=Rok+1905%3A+Przebudzeni+bomb%C4%85&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82odzimierz&rft.aulast=Kalicki&rft.date=2005-12-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwyborcza.pl%2F1%2C86176%2C3058864.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA-3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AA-3_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA-3_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA-3_8-2"><sup><b>8.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ascher, Abraham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rNRqfGWR4pIC&printsec=frontcover#PPP9,M1">The Revolution of 1905: A Short History</a>. Stanford University Press. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-01-14</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0804750289" title="Special:网络书源/0804750289"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0804750289</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1905%3A+A+Short+History&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0804750289&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNRqfGWR4pIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPP9%2CM1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lincoln-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">W. Bruce Lincoln. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GwLPAQAACAAJ">The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias</a>. Doubleday. 1983. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0385279086" title="Special:网络书源/0385279086"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0385279086</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.au=W.+Bruce+Lincoln&rft.btitle=The+Romanovs%3A+Autocrats+of+All+the+Russias&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0385279086&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwLPAQAACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">О дополнении некоторых постановлений действующего закона, касающихся крестьянского землевладения и землепользования</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-land_reform-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-land_reform_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ingrid Hardcastle; Ashley Dick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330074202/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~pvteach/imprus/papers/09b.html">Stolypin and land reform</a>. Modern History Honours Option. University of St Andrews. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-12</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~pvteach/imprus/papers/09b.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-03-30) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=Stolypin+and+land+reform&rft.au=Ashley+Dick&rft.au=Ingrid+Hardcastle&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+History+Honours+Option&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F~pvteach%2Fimprus%2Fpapers%2F09b.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stolypin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stolypin_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223013825/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSstolypin.htm">Peter Stolypin</a>. Spartacus Educational. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-12</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSstolypin.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-23) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.btitle=Peter+Stolypin&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Spartacus+Educational&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk%2FRUSstolypin.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">столыпинский галстук</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yahoo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yahoo_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yahoo_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">仙航. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124804/http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/jian_boxer/article?mid=111&prev=319&next=80&l=f&fid=8">難得一見的愛沙尼亞中文簡介</a>. 愛沙尼亞(Eesti - Estonia) — 新興歐洲聯盟國家. Yahoo部落格. 2007-08-10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-23</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/jian_boxer/article?mid=111&prev=319&next=80&l=f&fid=8">原始内容</a>存档于2020-08-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=%E9%9B%A3%E5%BE%97%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B&rft.au=%E4%BB%99%E8%88%AA&rft.date=2007-08-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%28Eesti+-+Estonia%29+%E2%80%94+%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftw.myblog.yahoo.com%2Fjian_boxer%2Farticle%3Fmid%3D111%26prev%3D319%26next%3D80%26l%3Df%26fid%3D8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liang-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liang_15-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liang_15-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406191814/http://msh01.blog.sohu.com/73799029.html">梁启超述评俄国1905年革命</a>. 马少华的博客. 2007-12-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-25</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msh01.blog.sohu.com/73799029.html">原始内容</a>存档于2020-04-06).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=%E6%A2%81%E5%90%AF%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%B0%E8%AF%84%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD1905%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%91%E5%8D%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsh01.blog.sohu.com%2F73799029.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trotsky-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trotsky_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20030402131510/http://linkage.ngo.org.tw/theory/trotsky/trosky021001.htm">三種俄國革命觀(1939年)</a>. 紅鼴鼠. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-25</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkage.ngo.org.tw/theory/trotsky/trosky021001.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2003-04-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1905%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%89%E7%A8%AE%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%A7%80%EF%BC%881939%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%B4%85%E9%BC%B4%E9%BC%A0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkage.ngo.org.tw%2Ftheory%2Ftrotsky%2Ftrosky021001.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐f8r85 Cached time: 20241124094503 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.604 seconds Real time usage: 0.758 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6086/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 73812/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6990/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 34794/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.255/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16898141/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 587.120 1 -total 23.60% 138.542 1 Template:Reflist 17.14% 100.654 12 Template:Lang 16.96% 99.582 2 Template:Lang-ru 15.54% 91.265 7 Template:Cite_book 15.42% 90.555 12 Template:Category_handler 13.57% 79.693 1 Template:Refimprove 12.48% 73.270 1 Template:Ambox 9.68% 56.859 12 Template:Category_handler/numbered 9.44% 55.453 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key zhwiki:pcache:idhash:903233-0!canonical!zh and timestamp 20241124094503 and revision id 84896644. 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