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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">查看“︁碳足跡”︁的源代码</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" 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vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1&action=edit" title="编辑该页面"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%25A2%25B3%25E8%25B6%25B3%25E8%25B7%25A1%26action%3Dedit"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E7%25A2%25B3%25E8%25B6%25B3%25E8%25B7%25A1%26action%3Dedit"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310667" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" title="碳足跡">碳足跡</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因，您并无权限去编辑该页面： </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>，但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前，IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被‪Jimmy-abot‬<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>，而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由：</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具，因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏，<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么？</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理（包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>）工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP，使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏，故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办？</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科，不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器，或是有特殊需要，请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理，那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>}}模板申请解除封禁。极少数情况下，您的网络设备或服务提供商可能未进行正确配置，或已被恶意软件（如病毒）入侵。</li> <li>您如果无法自行解决问题，可至<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" title="Wikipedia:IRC聊天频道">IRC聊天频道</a>寻求其他编者的帮助。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">這次封禁的結束時間是：<b>2025年7月23日 (三) 10:52 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)</b></div> </div> <p>如您对此封禁有疑问或异议，您可以： </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1)); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666 solid); border-radius: 3px;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>网站申诉</b>：前往<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp">-{R|https://unblock-zh.org/new/zhwp}-</a>，如果您没有账户，请选择“无法创建账户”。如果您有账户，请选择“已有账户，但无法编辑”。在页面下方的“IP地址和IPBE”一节，请您选择“检测并提供我的IP地址信息，同时申请IPBE权限”。如果您使用代理/翻墙工具，请确保您开启全局模式，以保证我们获得您的准确IP信息。管理员将手工处理您的请求。</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0.4em;"><b>邮件申诉</b>：将您的用户名和申诉理由写入电子邮件，发送至 <b><samp>unblock-zh<span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="@"><img alt="@" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/12px-Nospam_at.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/18px-Nospam_at.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nospam_at.svg/24px-Nospam_at.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span>lists.wikimedia.org</samp></b>。管理员将在收到邮件后考虑您的请求。请注意邮件发送可能会有延时，请勿重复多次发送。</div> <div class="user-show"><b>联络管理员</b>：聯絡<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%94%B5%E9%82%AE%E8%81%94%E7%B3%BB/Jimmy-abot" title="Special:电邮联系/Jimmy-abot">执行封禁的管理员‪Jimmy-abot‬</a>或者其他的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%91%98%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95#在任管理员" title="Wikipedia:管理员名单">管理員</a>，討論這次封禁。如果您希望使用「電郵用戶」功能聯絡管理員，請注意您必须已于您的<a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE" title="Special:参数设置">参数设置</a>中設定了一個有效的電子郵件地址，并且在管理员执行封禁时没有被禁止发送电子邮件。</div></div> <p>您目前的IP地址是8.222.208.146，而該封鎖ID是#566341。請您在所有申訴中註明此IP地址及封鎖ID。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="height: 2em;"></div> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>您的IP地址属于已<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">在所有维基媒体基金会维基受到封禁</a>的地址段。</b> <p>封禁执行者是<a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>。封禁原因是<i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>。 </p> <ul><li>封禁开始时间：2023年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li> <li>封禁期满时间：2028年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li></ul> <p>您当前的IP地址是8.222.208.146。封禁的地址段是8.222.128.0/17。 </p> 请在进行咨询时提供上面所有详情。如果您认为您受到错误封禁，您可以在<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">禁止公开代理</a>全域方针里找到更多信息和说明。您也可以<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">到元维基发布复查申请</a>讨论该封禁。您还可以给<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">监管员</a><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>队列（<kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>）发送提供上面所有详情的电子邮件。</li></ul><hr /> <p>您可以查看和复制此页面的源代码。 </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="zh" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1"><noinclude>{{request translation|en}} </noinclude> <noinclude>[[File:Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png|thumb|upright=1.35|不同食物在[[供應鏈]]中產生的溫室氣體排放。]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[File:Carbon Footprint simple-explanation EN.webm|thumb|什麼是碳足跡？]]</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Green economics sidebar}}</noinclude> <noinclude>[[File:Annual total CO₂ emissions, by world region.png|thumb|upright=1.5|世界[[二氧化碳]]排放，按區域劃分（資料來源:[[Our World in Data]]）。]]</noinclude> '''碳足跡'''（{{lang-en|Carbon footprint}}，也稱為'''溫室氣體足跡'''（{{lang-en|Greenhouse gas footprint}}））指的是由個人、事件、機構、服務、地點或產品產生的[[溫室氣體]] (GHG) 排放總量，以[[二氧化碳]]當量 (CO<sub>2</sub>) 表示。<ref>{{cite web|title=What is a carbon footprint? |url=http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/solutions/CarbonFootprinting/what_is_a_carbon_footprint.htm |access-date=2009-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511102744/http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/solutions/CarbonFootprinting/what_is_a_carbon_footprint.htm |archive-date=2009-05-11 }}</ref>溫室氣體包括含碳氣體如二氧化碳和[[甲烷]]，會經由燃燒[[化石燃料]]、土地清理以及生產及耗用食品、製成品、材料、木材、道路、建築物、運輸和其他服務而排放。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the.co2list.org/|title=The CO2 list (and original sources cited therein)|access-date= 2011-03-18|archive-date=2021-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213013553/http://www.co2list.org/files/carbon.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> 在大多數情況下，由於對產生過程中複雜的相互作用（包括儲存或釋放二氧化碳的自然過程）了解不足，因此無法對總體碳足跡作準確估計。為此，研究人員Wright、Kemp和Williams提出碳足跡的定義為： {{blockquote|衡量特定人群、系統或活動的二氧化碳和甲烷排放總量（相關人群、系統或活動的空間和時間範圍內所有相關來源、彙整和儲存均列入考慮），採相關百年[[全球暖化潛勢]] (GWP100) 計算所得的二氧化碳當量。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=L.|author2=Kemp, S.|author3=Williams, I.|title='Carbon footprinting': towards a universally accepted definition|journal=Carbon Management|year=2011|volume=2|issue=1|pages=61–72|doi=10.4155/CMT.10.39|s2cid=154004878|doi-access=free}}</ref>}} 溫室氣體盤查議定書（Greenhouse Gas Protocol）把溫室氣體的範圍予以擴大。 {{blockquote|包含《[[京都議定書]]》所涵蓋的7種溫室氣體的核算和報告 - 二氧化碳 (CO<sub>2</sub>)、甲烷 (CH<sub>4</sub>)、[[一氧化二氮]] (N<sub>2</sub>O)、[[氫氟烴]] (HFCs)、[[碳氟化合物]] (PCFs)、[[六氟化硫]] (SF<sub>6</sub>) 和[[三氟化氮]] (NF<sub>3</sub>)。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard|title=Corporate Standard Greenhouse Gas Protocol|access-date=2022-07-29|url-status=no|archive-date=2022-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729200224/https://ghgprotocol.org/corporate-standard}}</ref>}} 全球2014年人均碳足跡約為5公噸二氧化碳當量。<ref name=":4" />計算碳足跡的方法有多種，[[環保組織]][[大自然保護協會]]認為[[美國]]公民的平均碳足跡為16噸。<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is your carbon footprint?|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/carbon-footprint-calculator/|access-date=2021-09-16|website=The Nature Conservancy|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910224410/https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/carbon-footprint-calculator/|url-status=live}}</ref>此數字名列世界最高者之一，<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is your carbon footprint?|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/carbon-footprint-calculator/|access-date=2021-09-25|website=The Nature Conservancy|language=en-US|archive-date= 2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910224410/https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/carbon-footprint-calculator/|url-status=live}}</ref>導致該國要實施新政策以將其降低。學者們估計[[紐約市]]到2050年可把當地建築物的碳足跡消除。根據紐約市的文件和國家統計數據，該市能直接控制的重要做法是把其集中供熱的碳排放消除，此排放佔紐約市報告碳排放量的30%，在能源相關的碳排放量中佔比則為58%。 <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Liyun |last2=Li |first2=Rita Yi Man |last3=Mao |first3=Yunyi |last4=Chen |first4=Hong |last5=Zeng |first5=Huiling |title=A comparative study on LinkedIn and Sina Weibo users' perceptions of the carbon-neutral city |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |date=2022 |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2022.962367 |issn=2296-665X|doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Wayback|url=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=20171016050101 }}.</ref> 家庭碳足跡計算表源自石油生產商[[BP]]，這家公司聘請[[奥美]]公司開展宣傳活動，把造成[[氣候變化]]的責任從企業和機構轉移到個人生活方式之上 - 即人類經自身選擇而導致碳排放，無可避免。 “碳足跡”這個名詞也因BP推廣而變得風行。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=James Morton |date=February 2014 |title=Counting Carbon: The Politics of Carbon Footprints and Climate Governance from the Individual to the Global |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00214 |journal=Global Environmental Politics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=59–78 |doi=10.1162/glep_a_00214 |s2cid=15886043 |issn=1526-3800 |access-date=2022-09-21 |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416161434/https://direct.mit.edu/glep/article-abstract/14/1/59/14640/Counting-Carbon-The-Politics-of-Carbon-Footprints?redirectedFrom=fulltext |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == 背景 == 人類活動是[[溫室氣體排放]]的重要原因之一，特別是能源和交通運輸領域使用化石燃料（[[煤]]、[[石油]]和[[天然氣]]）所產生的排放，會增加地球的溫度。其主要影響包括氣候變化（例如[[極端天氣]]和[[海洋酸化]]與變暖）。自1820年代[[第一次工業革命]]啟動以來，即開始導致氣候變化。由於人類嚴重依賴化石燃料、大量使用能源和不斷進行的[[森林砍伐]]，持續增加大氣中的溫室氣體數量，讓減少溫室氣體足跡變得極為困難。但個人有幾種方法可減少自己的溫室氣體足跡，例如改變飲食習慣（減少肉類和奶製品的消費，以及減少食物浪費）、在家中使用高[[能源效率]]的電器、減少日常購買（尤其是一次性物品，例如[[快時尚]]）和減少旅行（特別是減少航空旅行）。<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-27 |title=The 35 Easiest Ways to Reduce Your Carbon Footprint |url=https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2018/12/27/35-ways-reduce-carbon-footprint/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=State of the Planet |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822082527/https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2018/12/27/35-ways-reduce-carbon-footprint/ |dead-url=no }}</ref> 溫室氣體會吸收[[紅外線]]輻射而升高地球的溫度。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Snyder|first1=C. S.|last2=Bruulsema|first2=T. W.|last3=Jensen|first3=T. L.|last4=Fixen|first4=P. E.|date=2009-10-01|title=Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|series=Reactive nitrogen in agroecosystems: Integration with greenhouse gas interactions|volume=133|issue=3|pages=247–266|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.021}}</ref>雖然有些排放是自然發生，但人類是導致排放速率增加的罪魁禍首。這些排放來自使用化石燃料來發電、產生熱和交通運輸，還有從事工業生產活動中的副產品。最常見的溫室氣體有二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮和許多{{le|氟化氣體|fluorinated gases}}。<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases|title=Overview of Greenhouse Gases {{!}} US EPA|last=EPA, OA|first=US|website=US EPA|language=en|access-date=2017-11-01|date=2015-12-23|archive-date=2016-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812082641/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases|url-status=live}}</ref>溫室氣體足跡的計算，可單獨計算一個人的，以至於計算全世界的。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/|title=Household Carbon Footprint Calculator|last=Division|first=US EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Atmospheric Programs, Climate Change|website=www3.epa.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-11-01|archive-date=2020-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614033936/https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/|url-status=live}}</ref> 發表在[[IPCC第六次評估報告]]中的的氣候科學數據，列出的關鍵科學發現，把人為溫室氣體排放量的增加與當前氣候變化建立關聯。根據這份報告，世界唯有立即大規模減少溫室氣體排放，才能避免地球溫度升高1.5&nbsp;°C或2&nbsp;°C的窘境。 === 概念由來 === 碳足跡的概念和名稱源自[[生態足跡]]概念，<ref name="Safire2008">{{cite news|last=Safire|first=William|date=2008-02-17|title=Footprint|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/magazine/17wwln-safire-t.html|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=2013-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430210302/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/magazine/17wwln-safire-t.html|url-status=live}}</ref>生態足跡之名由在[[英屬哥倫比亞大學]]任教的{{le|William E. Rees|William E. Rees}}和{{le|Mathis Wackernagel|Mathis Wackernagel}}於1990年代提出。碳足跡通常以每年排放的噸數（二氧化碳當量）表達，但生態足跡通常是以地球的更新來作報告。評估方式是根據地球每人的生態足跡所耗用的資源，需要幾個“地球”才足夠應付。碳足跡是生態足跡中的一部分。碳足跡僅衡量導致氣候變化的氣體排放，較生態足跡受更多的關注。除碳足跡及生態足跡外，<ref name="Safire2008"/>還有[[水足跡]]和{{le|土地足跡|land footprint}}等關於足跡的指標。個人碳足跡的概念在2005年，經BP僱用奧美辦理的大型廣告活動中而變得普及。 <ref name=":3" /><ref name="Safire2008" />人們受指導去計算自己的個人足跡，活動中並為人們提供施行“低碳飲食”的做法。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-02-12|title=BP Global - Environment and society - Carbon reduction|url=http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9005334&contentId=7009881|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212090704/http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9005334&contentId=7009881|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-02-12|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref>其他主要化石燃料公司<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Westervelt|first=Amy|date=2021-05-14|title=Big Oil Is Trying to Make Climate Change Your Problem to Solve. Don't Let Them|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/climate-change-exxonmobil-harvard-study-1169682/|access-date=2021-06-13|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621192628/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/climate-change-exxonmobil-harvard-study-1169682/|url-status=live}}</ref>也採此一策略，此策略是大量借鑒[[菸草業]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobacco industry public relations strategies - SourceWatch|url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_industry_public_relations_strategies|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.sourcewatch.org|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613153848/https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Tobacco_industry_public_relations_strategies|url-status=live}}</ref>和{{le|塑料業|plastics industry}}之前的做法，把這些行業產生負面影響的責任（如未成年人[[吸菸]]，<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carter|first=Stacy M|date=2003-11-26|title=From legitimate consumers to public relations pawns: the tobacco industry and young Australians|url=https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/suppl_3/iii71|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=12|issue=90003|pages=71iii–78|doi=10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii71|pmid=14645951|pmc=1766123|access-date= 2021-06-13|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613153854/https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/12/suppl_3/iii71|url-status=live}}</ref>亂扔煙蒂，<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=McDaniel|first2=Patricia A.|date=2011-03-01|title=Covering their butts: responses to the cigarette litter problem|url=https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/2/100|journal=Tobacco Control|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=100–106|doi=10.1136/tc.2010.036491|issn=0964-4563|pmid=20966130|pmc=3209806|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613153853/https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/2/100|url-status=live}}</ref>和[[塑膠污染]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dunaway|first=Finis|title=The 'Crying Indian' ad that fooled the environmental movement|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-indian-crying-environment-ads-pollution-1123-20171113-story.html|access-date=2021-06-13|website=chicagotribune.com|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613153846/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-indian-crying-environment-ads-pollution-1123-20171113-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>）推諉成因個人選擇所造成。 BP並未嘗試減少自己的碳足跡，反而把石油鑽探活動擴充，進入2020年代。<ref>{{Cite web|title=BP plans for significant growth in deepwater Gulf of Mexico {{!}} News and insights {{!}} Home|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/press-releases/bp-plans-for-significant-growth-in-deepwater-gulf-of-mexico.html|access-date=2021-06-13|website=bp global|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613153848/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/press-releases/bp-plans-for-significant-growth-in-deepwater-gulf-of-mexico.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Allister|date=2019-05-06|title=BP approves new expansion to Thunder Horse in Gulf of Mexico - News for the Energy Sector|url=https://www.energyvoice.com/oilandgas/americas/198744/bp-approves-new-expansion-to-thunder-horse-in-gulf-of-mexico/|access-date=2021-06-13|website=Energy Voice|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104224312/https://www.energyvoice.com/oilandgas/americas/198744/bp-approves-new-expansion-to-thunder-horse-in-gulf-of-mexico/|url-status=live}}</ref>其策略確實獲致取某種成功，越來越多的消費者開始關注自己的個人行為，並創建多個計算碳足跡計的方式。<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Mark |date=2020-07-13 |title=The devious fossil fuel propaganda we all use |url=https://mashable.com/feature/carbon-footprint-pr-campaign-sham/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917005055/https://mashable.com/feature/carbon-footprint-pr-campaign-sham/ |archive-date=2020-09-17 |access-date=2020-09-17 |website=[[Mashable]] |language=en}}</ref> == 衡量碳足跡 == {{Pie chart | caption = 常見溫室氣體 | label1 =二氧化碳 | value1 =84 | color1 =#29578e | label2 =甲烷 | value2 =9 | color2 =#3573bd | label3 =一氧化氮 | value3 =5 | color3 =#6d94cf | label4 =氟化氣體 | value4 =2 | color4 =#aabbdd }} 個人、國家或機構的碳足跡可依據其溫室氣體排放的數量做評估。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Methodologies for the Assessment of Project GHG Emissions and Emission Variations|url=https://www.eib.org/about/cr/footprint-methodologies.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.eib.org|language=en}}</ref>碳排放[[生命週期評估]]或其他統計作業被稱為{{le|碳排放會計|carbon accounting}}。一旦知道碳足跡的數量，就可制定將其降低的策略 - 例如透過技術發展、能源效率改進、更完善的流程和產品管理、改採綠色公共或私人採購 (GPP)、[[碳捕集與封存]]、消費策略和{{le|碳補償|carbon offset}}等。 <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sundarakani|first1=Balan|last2=Goh|first2=Mark|last3=Souza|first3=Robert de|last4=Shun|first4=Cai|date=2008-01-01|title=Measuring carbon footprints across the supply chain|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/dubaipapers/205|journal=University of Wollongong in Dubai - Papers|pages=555–562|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-date=2020-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620215248/https://ro.uow.edu.au/dubaipapers/205/|url-status=live}}</ref> 網路上提供有幾個免費計算個人碳足跡的應用工具<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mycarbonplan.org/measure-carbon-footprint-calculator|title=My Carbon Plan - Carbon Footprint Calculator, which provides a calculator using ONS data in the UK|website=mycarbonplan.org|access-date=2020-04-04|archive-date= 2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073303/https://www.mycarbonplan.org/measure-carbon-footprint-calculator|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://co2list.org/|title=CO2List.org which shows CO2 coming from common products and activities|website=co2list.org|access-date=2019-10-04|archive-date=2019-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003010424/http://www.co2list.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>其中一些（包括[[柏克萊加利福尼亞大學]]的CoolClimate Network研究聯盟和CarbonStory。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coolclimate.berkeley.edu/carboncalculator|title=CoolClimate Carbon Footprint Calculator for U.S. Households and Individuals|access-date=2012-05-04|archive-date=2012-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420023038/http://coolclimate.berkeley.edu/carboncalculator|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwI9ptFQU1QiM2IzNWE0YTQtNjY4NS00MzM5LWFkZDUtOWNkY2NkNTMxOTM4/edit?hl=en_US&pli=1|title=Online supporting data, calculations & methodologies for paper: Jones, Kammen "Quantifying Carbon Footprint Reduction Opportunities for U.S. Households and Communities" ES&T, 2011 (publicly available)|access-date=2012-05-04|archive-date= 2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061641/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwI9ptFQU1QiM2IzNWE0YTQtNjY4NS00MzM5LWFkZDUtOWNkY2NkNTMxOTM4/edit?hl=en_US&pli=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carbonstory.org/calculator/overview|website=carbonstory.org|title=Calculator|access-date=2014-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212949/https://www.carbonstory.org/calculator/overview|archive-date=2014-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>）得到同行評審的支持。這些網站或多或少會要求使用者回答有關飲食、交通選項、房屋大小、購物和娛樂活動、用電量、供暖以及如烘乾機和冰箱等設備方面的詳細問題。網站會根據回答，以[[系統性回顧]]方式，盡力客觀的計算出個人/家庭的碳足跡。[[卡內基美隆大學]]主管氣候與可持續性研究的克里斯托弗·韋伯（Christopher Weber）最近發表的研究結果，發現在做產品碳足跡計算時，往往充滿甚大的不確定性。計算電子產品碳足跡中的變量，例如生產、運輸和製造所用的先前技術，會讓建立準確的碳足跡變得困難。對那些廣受歡迎的計算碳足跡技術提出質疑和確定其準確性就變得很重要。 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Collin |first1=Robert William |first2=Debra Ann |last2=Schwartz |chapter=Carbon Offsets |editor=Michael Shally-Jensen |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Social Issues, vol. 4: Environment, Science, and Technology |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=2011 |pages=1311–1314 |isbn=978-0-3133-9204-7 }}</ref> 計算產業、產品或服務的碳足跡是項複雜的工作。[[國際標準化組織]]有個名為ISO 14040:2006的標準，此標準具有針對生命週期評估（LCA）做研究的框架。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html|title=Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Principles and framework|website=International Organization for Standardization|access-date=2019-02-25|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045810/https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html|url-status=live}}</ref>而ISO 14060系列標準為溫室氣體排放和清除在量化、監測、報告和確認或驗證提供更複雜的工具。<ref>{{Citation|title=DIN EN ISO 14067:2019-02, Treibhausgase_- Carbon Footprint von Produkten_- Anforderungen an und Leitlinien für Quantifizierung (ISO_14067:2018); Deutsche und Englische Fassung EN_ISO_14067:2018|publisher=Beuth Verlag GmbH|doi=10.31030/2851769}}</ref>另一種是通過溫室氣體盤查議定書，<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ghgprotocol.org/ |title=Greenhouse Gas Protocol |access-date=2019-02-25 |archive-date= 2020-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222020458/https://ghgprotocol.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>此為一套用於跟踪價值鏈中範圍1、2和3排放的溫室氣體排放的標準。 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Streamlined Energy And Carbon Reporting Guidance UK|url=https://longevityzero.com/secr-reporting-guidance/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=LongevityIntelligen|language=en}}</ref> 使用上述標准，也可用於預測過程中發生的碳足跡 - 在規劃/設計流程時，把燃料、化學品或其他原料的估計年度使用量，乘上它們的{{le|排放強度|emission intensity}}（也稱碳強度（carbon intensity）即有結果。 === 直接碳排放 === 直接碳排放（或稱範圍1碳排放）是由生產產品或提供服務的場所直接產生的排放。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Accounting for Carbon Monitoring, Reporting and Verifying Emissions in the Climate Economy|last=Bellassen|first=Valentin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781316162262|pages=6}}</ref>其中一例是與現場燃燒燃料相關的排放。而在個人層面，私家車或燃氣灶的排放屬於這一類。 === 間接碳排放 === [[File:Consumption-based CO₂ emissions per capita, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|根據貿易數字計算，以消費為基礎的2017年國家/區域人均二氧化碳排放。]] 間接碳排放是來自過程的上游或下游的排放（或稱範圍2或範圍3排放）。<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/standards/Product-Life-Cycle-Accounting-Reporting-Standard_041613.pdf|title=Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard|website=GHG Protocol|access-date=2019-02-25|archive-date=2019-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223919/https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/standards/Product-Life-Cycle-Accounting-Reporting-Standard_041613.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 上游間接碳排放的例子包括：<ref name=":51">{{Cite web|url=http://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Scope3_Calculation_Guidance.pdf|title=Scope 2 Calculation Guidance|website=GHG Protocol|access-date=2019-02-25|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021072905/https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/ghgp/Scope3_Calculation_Guidance.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> * 材料/燃料的交通運輸所產生 * 在生產場所之外使用的任何能源所產生 * 生產場所外產生的廢棄物（垃圾）所產生下游間接碳排放的例子包括：<ref name=":0" /> * 任何報廢過程或處置所產生 * 產品和廢棄物的交通運輸所產生 * 與銷售產品相關的排放範圍2排放是與現場購入使用的電力、熱和/或蒸汽間接相關的排放。<ref name=":2" /> 範圍3排放是來自組織活動使用，但非由自身生產或控制的所有其他間接排放。<ref>Green Element Ltd., [https://compareyourfootprint.com/difference-scope-1-2-3-emissions/ What is the Difference Between Scope 1, 2 and 3 Emissions?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212333/https://compareyourfootprint.com/difference-scope-1-2-3-emissions/ |date=2020-11-11 }}, published 2018-11-02, accessed 2020-11-11</ref>溫室氣體盤查議定書中的企業價值鏈（範圍3）會計和報告標準可讓公司評估其整個價值鏈排放影響，以確定減排活動的重點。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Standard {{!}} Greenhouse Gas Protocol|url=https://ghgprotocol.org/standards/scope-3-standard|access-date=2021-12-09|website=ghgprotocol.org|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209194835/https://ghgprotocol.org/standards/scope-3-standard|dead-url=no}}</ref> === 報告 === [[美國國家環境保護局]]（EPA）把導致發電廠排放的因素按州劃分。 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf|title=Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories|website=EPA|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306054848/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-03/documents/emission-factors_mar_2018_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[英國]][[環境食品與鄉村事務部]]（DEFRA）從2002年起就把排放因素按範圍1、2和3做區分。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/government-conversion-factors-for-company-reporting|title=Government emission conversion factors for greenhouse gas company reporting|website=GOV.UK|access-date=2020-02-20|archive-date= 2020-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125174043/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/government-conversion-factors-for-company-reporting|url-status=live}}</ref>DEFRA不再提供排放因素給國外詢問者，而請他們找[[國際能源署]]（IEA）取得重點資料，IEA可提供詳細的（範圍1及2）資料，但要收費。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/subscribe-to-data-services/co2-emissions-statistics|title=CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion|website=IEA|access-date=2020-02-20|archive-date=2020-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220143740/https://www.iea.org/subscribe-to-data-services/co2-emissions-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref> == 地理區域的碳足跡 == [[File:CO2 emissions per capita, 2017 (Our World in Data).svg|thumb|upright=1.5|按國家區分，2017年人均二氧化碳排放（資料來源:Our World in Data）。]] === 全國碳足跡 === {{main|{{le|人均溫室氣體排放量國家列表|List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person}}}} 根據[[世界銀行]]的數據，2014年全球人均碳足跡為4.97公噸。<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC?end=2014&start=1960&view=chart|title=CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)|website=The World Bank|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111344/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC?end=2014&start=1960&view=chart|url-status=live}}</ref>歐盟2007年的人均值約為13.8噸（二氧化碳當量），而美國、[[盧森堡]]和[[澳大利亞]]的則超過25噸。美國在2017年的人均值約為20公噸（二氧化碳當量）。{{efn|The footprints per capita of countries in [[Africa]] and [[India]] were well below average. To set these numbers into context, assuming a [[global population]] around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO<sub>2</sub>e per capita is needed to stay within a 2&nbsp;°C target. The carbon footprint calculations are based on a consumption based approach using a Multi-Regional<ref>{{Cite web |website=EPA |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |date=2017-02-08|access-date=2019-04-01 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020061113/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |url-status=live }}</ref> [[input–output model|Input-Output]] database, which accounts for all [[greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions]] in the global supply chain and allocates them to the final consumer of the purchased commodities. GHG emissions related to [[land use, land-use change, and forestry|land use cover change]] are not included.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tukker|first1=Arnold |last2=Bulavskaya|first2=Tanya |last3=Giljum|first3=Stefan|last4=de Koning|first4=Arjan |last5=Lutter|first5=Stephan |last6=Simas|first6=Moana |last7=Stadler|first7=Konstantin |last8=Wood|first8=Richard |year=2016 |title=Environmental and resource footprints in a global context: Europe's structural deficit in resource endowments|volume=40|pages=171–181 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.07.002 |periodical=Global Environmental Change}}</ref> }} 決定個人碳足跡最主要的因素有移動（駕車、搭乘飛機和少量來自公共交通）、住所（用電、供暖和建築）和食物。在歐盟，因移動而產生的碳足跡，由直接排放（例如駕駛私家車）和購買與移動相關服務中隱含的排放（航空運輸、汽車生產和燃料開採過程中產生的排放）平均分配。如[[瑞典]]和[[法國]]等低碳經濟體中，大部分家庭碳排放由進口商品產生，分別為65%和51%。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ivanova|first1=Diana|last2=Stadler|first2=Konstantin|last3=Steen-Olsen|first3=Kjartan|last4=Wood|first4=Richard|last5=Vita|first5=Gibran|last6=Tukker|first6=Arnold|last7=Hertwich|first7=Edgar|year=2016|title=Environmental Impact Assessment of Household Consumption|volume=20|pages=526–536|doi=10.1111/jiec.12371|periodical=Journal of Industrial Ecology|number=3|s2cid=155524615|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1134811|access-date= 2019-06-29|archive-date=2020-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105192619/https://zenodo.org/record/1134811|url-status=live}}</ref> 美國家庭的碳足跡大約是全球平均值的5倍。對大多數美國家庭來說，減少碳足跡的最重要方式是減少駕車，或是改開具有更高燃料效率的汽車。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Christopher|last2=Kammen|first2=Daniel|s2cid=3482920|year=2011|title=Quantifying Carbon Footprint Reduction Opportunities for U.S. Households and Communities|volume=45|pages=4088–4095|doi=10.1021/es102221h|pmid=21449584|periodical=Environmental Science & Technology|number=9|bibcode=2011EnST...45.4088J}}</ref> === 次國家或地方碳足跡 === 除計算整個國家的碳足跡外，也可計算地區、城市和社區的碳足跡。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy|date= 2020-06-25|title=UK local authority carbon dioxide emissions estimates 2018|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/894785/2005-18-local-authority-co2-emissions-statistical-release.pdf|website=GOV.UK|access-date= 2021-04-13|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126205847/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/894785/2005-18-local-authority-co2-emissions-statistical-release.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> == 能源消耗的碳足跡 == {{main|{{le|能源產品生命週期溫室氣體排放|List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person}}}} 研究顯示在所有發電方式中，[[水力發電]]、[[風能]]發電和[[核子動力|核能]]發電所產生的二氧化碳最少。但數字不包括事故或[[恐怖主義]]造成的排放。風能發電和[[太陽能發電]]在其運行過程中不排放碳，但在建設和維護期間會留下碳足跡。利用[[水庫]]作水力發電也有很大的足跡，包括建築時的移除植被和持續的甲烷排放（溪流中殘餘物在水庫底部厭氧活動分解出甲烷，若殘留物隨溪水移動，則經有氧活動分解出二氧化碳）。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.co2list.info/1/category/hydroelectricity/1.html|title=Hydroelectricity|publisher=CO2List|access-date=2013-09-30|archive-date=2014-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510064627/http://www.co2list.info/1/category/hydroelectricity/1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 發電廠產生的二氧化碳佔世界人為排放量的一半。熱量的二氧化碳足跡同樣重要，研究顯示使用發電廠廢熱做[[熱電聯產]]（CHP）或是供熱（DH）的碳足跡最低，<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/carbon-footprints-of-various-sources-of-heat-chpdh-comes-out-lowest.html|title=Carbon footprints of various sources of heat - CHPDH comes out lowest - Claverton Group|work=claverton-energy.com|access-date=2009-02-09|archive-date=2011-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005102349/http://www.claverton-energy.com/carbon-footprints-of-various-sources-of-heat-chpdh-comes-out-lowest.html|url-status=live}}</ref>遠低於[[微型發電]]或[[熱泵]]空調所產生的。煤炭生產經調整後，已大幅減少碳排放，自1980年代以來，生產一噸鋼所消耗的能源減少達50%。<ref>{{cite book |last=Aldridge |first=Susan |chapter=Coal and Steel |editor1=Brenda Wilmoth Lerner |editor2=K. Lee Lerner |editor3=Thomas Riggs |title=Energy: In Context, vol. 1 |publisher=Gale |date=2016 |pages=111–113 |isbn=978-1-4103-1751-3 }}</ref> == 交通運輸的碳足跡 == 本節提供不同運輸工具所使用燃料，其碳足跡的代表性數字（不包括製造車輛或建設相關基礎設施的碳足跡）。準確的數字因多種因素而異。 === 航空 === {{main|航空業對環境的影響}} [[芬蘭]]所採用的交通工具[[尾氣]]排放和能源使用排放計算系統LIPASTO<ref>{{cite web | url =http://lipasto.vtt.fi/en/index.htm | title =LIPASTO - calculation system for transport exhaust emissions and energy use in Finland | publisher =LIPOSTO TRAFFICE EMISSIONS | date = | accessdate =2023-02-25 | archive-date =2023-05-31 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230531185002/http://lipasto.vtt.fi/en/index.htm | dead-url =no }}</ref>對客機的平均直接排放量（不考慮高海拔輻射效應）所做的調查，提供一些二氧化碳排放量代表性數據，這些排放以每乘客公里的二氧化碳及二氧化碳當量表示：<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/ilmaliikennee/ilmae.htm|title=Average passenger aircraft emissions and energy consumption per passenger kilometre in Finland 2008|website=lipasto.vtt.fi|access-date=2009-07-03|archive-date= 2011-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224215/http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/ilmaliikennee/ilmae.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> * 國內，短距離（小於463公里，或288英里）：257克/公里，或259克/公里（14.7盎司/英里）二氧化碳當量 * 長途飛行：113克/公里二氧化碳，或114克/公里（6.5盎司/英里）二氧化碳當量但使用每單位旅行距離的排放量不一定是表達航空旅行碳足跡的最佳指標，因為航空旅行所覆蓋的距離通常比其他旅行方式更遠。決定碳足跡的是一次旅行的總排放量，而非僅是排放率。例如由於航空旅行讓快速長途旅行成為可能，因此選擇的目的地可能比使用其他旅行方式要遠很多。<ref>Gössling S., Upham P. (2009). [http://www.gci.org.uk/Documents/Aviation-and-Climate-Change_.pdf Climate change and aviation: Issues, challenges and solutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115011104/http://www.gci.org.uk/Documents/Aviation-and-Climate-Change_.pdf |date= 2020-11-15 }}. EarthScan. 386pp.</ref> === 道路 === {{see also|{{le|電動汽車環境足跡|Environmental footprint of electric cars}}}} [[歐洲環境署]]提供的2011年歐洲所有公路旅行每乘客公里的二氧化碳排放量：<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/energy-efficiency-and-specific-co2-emissions/energy-efficiency-and-specific-co2-5|title=Energy efficiency and specific CO2 emissions (TERM 027) - Assessment published Jan 2013|work=europa.eu|access-date=2015-03-21|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120835/http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/energy-efficiency-and-specific-co2-emissions/energy-efficiency-and-specific-co2-5|url-status=live}}</ref> * 109克/公里對於車輛，{{le|國際清潔運輸委員會|International Council on Clean Transportation}}提供2013年歐洲道路行駛每公里二氧化碳排放量的平均數據（依[[新歐洲駕駛循環]]調整）：<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/EU_pocketbook_2014.pdf|title=EU pocketbook 2014|website=theicct.org|page=28|access-date=2015-03-21|archive-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003165937/https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/EU_pocketbook_2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> * 新註冊汽車：127克/公里 * [[混合動力電動載具|混合動力汽車]]：92克/公里 * {{le|輕型商用車|Light commercial vehicle}} (LCV)：175克/公里美國的平均數據由EPA<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/fetrends/1975-2014/420r14023a.pdf |title=Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2014 |date=October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131603/http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/fetrends/1975-2014/420r14023a.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |website=EPA |id=EPA-420-R-14-023a}}</ref>依據{{le|EPA聯邦測試程序|FTP-75}}提供，分為以下三類： * 乘用車：200克/公里（322克/英里） * [[卡車]]：280克/公里（450克/英里） * 綜合：229克/公里（369克/英里） === 鐵路 === {{see also|{{le|軌道交通的環保設計|Environmental design in rail transportation}}}} == 產品碳足跡 == [[File:A third of Chinese people believe that the carbon footprint should be on every product we buy. Only 2 Europeans out of 10 see this as a priority..svg|thumb|受訪談的中國人中有3分之1認為該在產品上標示出碳足跡。]] 有些組織已為製成品做過碳足跡的計算。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://The.CO2List.org|title=CO<sub>2</sub> Released when Making & Using Products|access-date=2009-10-27|archive-date=2021-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213013553/http://www.co2list.org/files/carbon.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>EPA已為紙張、塑料（供糖果包裝）、玻璃、罐頭、電腦、地毯和輪胎計算出碳足跡。澳大利亞已為木材和其他建材計算出碳足跡。澳大利亞、[[韓國]]和美國的學術單位已為[[柏油]]路計算出碳足跡。公司、[[非營利組織]]和學術單位已為郵寄信件和包裹計算出碳足跡。卡內基美隆大學為8個國家，每國46個大型經濟部門計算出碳足跡。卡內基美隆大學、瑞典和英國{{le|碳信託基金|Carbon Trust}}已為家庭和餐館食品計算出碳足跡。碳信託基金與英國的食品、襯衫和[[清潔劑]]製造商合作，於2007年3月推出{{le|二氧化碳排放標籤|Carbon emission label}}。這種標籤用於配合新的{{le|公開可用規範|Publicly Available Specification}}（不是種標準）和{{link-de|PAS 2050|PAS 2050}}（產品與服務溫室氣體排放生命週期評估規範），<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsigroup.com/PAS2050|title=PAS 2050|work=bsigroup.com|access-date=2008-08-06|archive-date=2008-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907002634/http://www.bsigroup.com/PAS2050|url-status=live}}</ref>碳信託基金和各種行業合作夥伴正積極推動這種標籤的試點計畫。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/carbon/briefing/carbon_label.htm|title=Certification - Carbon Trust|work=carbontrust.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516033219/http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/carbon/briefing/carbon_label.htm|archive-date=2008-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>碳信託基金在2012年8月表示他們已經測量27,000個可認證產品的碳足跡。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carbontrust.com/client-services/footprinting/footprint-measurement|title=Footprint measurement|publisher=The Carbon Trust|access-date=2012-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223225009/http://www.carbontrust.com/client-services/footprinting/footprint-measurement|archive-date=2014-12-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> 觀察某些產品的包裝是計算其碳足跡的關鍵因素。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pasqualino|first1=Jorgelina|last2=Meneses|first2=Montse|last3=Castells|first3=Francesc|date=2011-04-01|title=The carbon footprint and energy consumption of beverage packaging selection and disposal|journal=Journal of Food Engineering|volume=103|issue=4|pages=357–365|doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.11.005}}</ref>通常包裝體積越大，碳足跡就越大。 === 食物 === {{main|{{le|低碳飲食|low carbon diet}}}} 食物佔家庭碳足跡的10-30%，主要由[[農業]]活動和運輸等產生。由於植物能量轉化為動物能量的效率低下，以及畜養動物的糞便會釋放甲烷，[[肉類食物]]的碳足跡比蔬菜和穀物等植物產品大。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carbon Footprint Factsheet {{!}} Center for Sustainable Systems|url=https://css.umich.edu/factsheets/carbon-footprint-factsheet|access-date=2021-11-22|website=css.umich.edu|archive-date=2021-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122164311/https://css.umich.edu/factsheets/carbon-footprint-factsheet|dead-url=no}}</ref>由研究人員Scarborough等人於2014年所做的研究，針對英國人的現實飲食進行調查，並就其飲食溫室氣體足跡做估計。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scarborough|first1=Peter|last2=Appleby|first2=Paul N.|last3=Mizdrak|first3=Anja|last4=Briggs|first4=Adam D. M.|last5=Travis|first5=Ruth C.|last6=Bradbury|first6=Kathryn E.|last7=Key|first7=Timothy J.|year=2014|title=Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK|journal=Climatic Change|volume=125|issue=2|pages=179–192|doi=10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1|pmc=4372775|pmid=25834298|bibcode=2014ClCh..125..179S}}</ref>每天平均膳食溫室氣體排放量（以二氧化碳公斤當量計）為： * 大量肉食者，7.19公斤 * 中等肉食者，5.63公斤 * 低肉食者，4.67公斤 * 食魚者，3.91公斤 * [[素食主義]]者，3.81公斤 * [[純素主義]]者，2.89公斤 === 紡織品 === 不同紡織品的精確碳足跡會因多種因素而有很大差異。但針對歐洲紡織品生產的研究顯示，消費者在購買時，每公斤紡織品的二氧化碳排放當量為：<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs13m5JquBwC|title=How Bad are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of Everything (London: Profile, 2010), pp. 93, 112 (table 6.1)|last=Berners-Lee|first=Mike|date=2010-12-09|isbn=978-1847651822|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165300/https://books.google.com/books?id=zs13m5JquBwC|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[棉花]]：8公斤 * 尼龍：5.43公斤 * [[聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯|PET]]（例如合成羊毛）：5.55公斤 * [[羊毛]]：5.48公斤就紡織品經洗滌和乾燥的耐用性和所需能量，合成紡織品的碳足跡通常比天然織物低得多。 <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs13m5JquBwC|title=How Bad are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of Everything|publisher=Profile|location=London|pages=93–94|last=Berners-Lee|first=Mike|date=2010-12-09|isbn=978-1847651822|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=2020-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165300/https://books.google.com/books?id=zs13m5JquBwC|url-status=live}}</ref> === 材料 === 材料的碳足跡（也稱為{{le|隱含碳足跡|embodied carbon}}）差異很大。許多常見材料的碳足跡可在數據庫如“Carbon & Energy database ”、<ref name="ICE Database">G.P.Hammond and C.I.Jones (2011) ''[http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html Embodied energy and carbon footprint database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801131843/http://www.circularecology.com/embodied-energy-and-carbon-footprint-database.html |date=2017-08-01 }}''</ref>“GREET databases及模型 ”，<ref name="GREET databases and models">GREET databases ''[https://greet.es.anl.gov/ GREET databases and models] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513041940/https://greet.es.anl.gov/ |date=2016-05-13 }}''</ref>以及透過網頁openLCA Nexus進入“LCA databases”中找到。<ref name="LCA databases via openLCA Nexus">LCA databases via openLCA Nexus ''[http://www.openlca.org/lca-data LCA databases via openLCA Nexus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429192138/http://www.openlca.org/lca-data |date=2015-04-29 }}''</ref>任何製成品的估計碳足跡都應經由第三方驗證。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/how-to-measure-embodied-carbon_o|title=How to Measure Embodied Carbon|last=Shapiro|first=Gideon Fink|date=2020-01-15|website=Architect Magazine|access-date=2020-03-16|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607141509/https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/how-to-measure-embodied-carbon_o|url-status=live}}</ref> === 水泥 === {{main|混凝土對環境的影響#二氧化碳排放與氣候變遷}} [[水泥]]的生產過程中會產生大量二氧化碳排放。 == 政治碳足跡 == 衡量個人政治傾向（例如透過[[投票]]表達）的“政治碳足跡”概念最初由Seth Wynes、Matthew Motta和SimonDonner三位研究人員於2021年在探討[[加拿大]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wynes |first1=Seth |last2=Motta |first2=Matthew |last3=Donner |first3=Simon D. |date=2021-03-19 |title=Understanding the climate responsibility associated with elections |journal=One Earth |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=363–371 |doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2021.02.008 |bibcode=2021OEart...4..363W |s2cid=233634925 |issn=2590-3322|doi-access=free }}</ref>選舉中引入。針對[[德國]]和英國的<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomä |first=Jakob |date=2021 |title=A Citizen's Footprint: An analysis of the carbon footprint of our consumption, investment, and political choices for the UK and Germany |url=https://2degrees-investing.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2DII_Citizens_Footprint.pdf |journal=2° Investing Initiative Working Paper |access-date=2023-08-14 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227121917/https://2degrees-investing.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2DII_Citizens_Footprint.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>則由Jakob Thomä在同時期進行。這項研究首次嘗試把個人碳足跡的概念擴展到消費和投資之外。對加拿大大選的分析顯示，“贊同克制氣候變化”投票的中位數勝選投票者，每人可轉化為34.2噸二氧化碳當量減排，而提倡生活無車的勝選投票者，每人可轉化為2噸二氧化碳當量減排。對德國和英國的分析通過將投票轉向更多“支持克制氣候變化的政黨”來衡量相對碳足跡的減少。在2021年的德國大選中，一名德國選民從[[德國社會民主黨]]（[[社會主義]]政黨）轉向[[聯盟90/綠黨]]後每年可減少約7噸二氧化碳當量排放，而轉向更“可持續的生活方式”則可減少3噸二氧化碳當量排放。政治碳足跡通常比消費或投資足跡具有更高的減排潛力，因為消費足跡僅導致自己行為的影響，而透過選舉，可同時決定獲勝政黨選民、失敗政黨選民和未投票選民的氣候結果。 == 融資排放 == 金融投資組合的碳足跡（所謂的“融資排放”）起源於2000年代中期，投資公司（Henderson Global Investors和Pictet Asset Management）和[[非政府組織]]試圖讓銀行和投資者為其牽涉的碳足跡負責。<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Dupre |first=Stan |date=2013 |title=From financed emissions to long-term investing metrics |url=https://2degrees-investing.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/From-financed-emissions-to-long-term-investing-metrics-state-of-the-art-review-of-GHG-emissions-accounting-for-the-financial-sector-July-2013.pdf |journal=2° Investing Initiative Working Paper |access-date=2023-08-14 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603173753/https://2degrees-investing.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/From-financed-emissions-to-long-term-investing-metrics-state-of-the-art-review-of-GHG-emissions-accounting-for-the-financial-sector-July-2013.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>名為2° Investing Initiative的非營利[[智庫]]於2013年對研究融資排放的方法學進行首次審查。<ref name=":5" />蒙特利爾碳承諾（Montreal Climate Pledge）是金融機構所做的首個正式碳足跡承諾。<ref name="未命名-20231105161751">{{Cite web |title=Montreal Pledge |url=https://www.unpri.org/montreal-pledge |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=PRI |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609181922/https://www.unpri.org/montreal-pledge |dead-url=no }}</ref>此承諾受{{le|責任投資原則組織|Principles for Responsible Investment}}（[[聯合國]]支持的國際金融機構網絡）監督，截至2015年12月在巴黎舉行的{{le|聯合國氣候變化會議|United Nations Climate Change Conference}} (COP21)時，已經吸引120多家投資公司（合計管理的資產超過10兆美元）的承諾，。在這個領域有一系列融資排放數據和方法供應商（例如 ISS、MSCI、S&P Sustainable1）。碳會計金融夥伴關係 (Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financial，PCAF) 是項金融產業倡議，目的在把支持管制融資排放的會計原則標準化。<ref name="未命名-20231105161751"/>然而在此領域使用碳足跡概念並非沒爭議，因為將足跡邏輯轉換為金融工具會帶來許多挑戰和警示，包括須把扭曲結果和數據品質的金融變量標準化。<ref>{{Cite web |title=PCAF: Enabling financial institutions to assess greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://carbonaccountingfinancials.com/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=PCAF |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803055226/https://carbonaccountingfinancials.com/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>因此許多主要的氣候目標設定行動都側重於前瞻性的衡量投資組合匹配做法（例如Paris Agreement Capital Transition Assessment，PACTA，由2° Investing Initiative開發的工具，用於衡量財務投資組合與氣候變化情景的匹配度，也可用於衡量特定公司的投資<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thomä |first1=Jakob |last2=Dupré |first2=Stan |last3=Hayne |first3=Michael |date=February 2018 |title=A Taxonomy of Climate Accounting Principles for Financial Portfolios |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=328 |doi=10.3390/su10020328 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free }}</ref>）。 == 成因 == [[File:Apollo Beach power plant 01432.jpg|thumb|由火力發電廠釋放，含有溫室氣體的煙霧。|right|245x245px]] 雖然有些溫室氣體是自然產生，但人類活動已大幅增加其數量。工業上，溫室氣體的主要來源是發電廠、住宅建築物和公路運輸，以及能源工業生產的流程和逸失、鋼鐵製造、煤炭開採以及化學和石化工業。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allianz.com/en/about_us/open-knowledge/topics/environment/articles/140912-fifteen-sources-of-greenhouse-gases.html/#!m1b4621cf-8fa4-421d-91ad-e866c4f65de8|title=15 sources of greenhouse gases - About us {{!}} Allianz|website=www.allianz.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=2021-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120224408/https://www.allianz.com/en/press/extra/knowledge/environment/140912-fifteen-sources-of-greenhouse-gases.html#!m1b4621cf-8fa4-421d-91ad-e866c4f65de8|url-status=live}}</ref>環境變化也導致溫室氣體排放增加，例如森林砍伐、[[森林退化]]和[[土地利用]]變化、[[畜牧業]]、農業使用土壤和水，以及污水。[[中國]]是最大的溫室氣體排放國，佔總排放量的30%。美國佔15%，其次是歐盟佔9%，[[印度]]佔7%，俄羅斯佔5%，日本佔4%，剩餘的30%由其他國家/地區共同組成。.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data|title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data {{!}} US EPA|last=EPA, OA|first=US|website=US EPA|language=en|access-date=2017-11-03|date=2016-01-12|archive-date=2019-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data|url-status=live}}</ref> 二氧化碳並非威力最強的溫室氣體，但因其最為普遍，而且數量極為龐大（約佔所有溫室氣體的3分之2），因此有絕大的影響力。其餘的主要溫室氣體有甲烷（16%佔比）、氮氧化物（6%佔比）及工業廢氣（2%佔比）。<ref>{{cite web | url =https://moretrees.eco/why-is-carbon-dioxide-harmful-to-the-environment/2358/ | title =Why is carbon dioxide harmful to the environment? | publisher =MoreTrees.eco | date = | accessdate =2023-02-26 | archive-date =2023-06-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230609184329/https://moretrees.eco/why-is-carbon-dioxide-harmful-to-the-environment/2358/ | dead-url =no }}</ref> 甲烷主要由煤炭、石油和天然氣產業釋放。雖然甲烷不像二氧化碳那般數量龐大，但仍非常普遍。因甲烷更能吸收熱量而比二氧化碳更有害。甲烷是天然氣的主要成分。工業界和消費者近來大量使用天然氣，他們認為天然氣含有較少的二氧化碳，因此對環境較好。但事實上是甲烷對環境的危害反而更大。 <ref name="未命名_2-20231105161751">{{Cite journal|last=Howarth|first=Robert W.|date=2014-06-01|title=A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas|journal=Energy Science & Engineering|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=47–60|doi=10.1002/ese3.35|issn=2050-0505|doi-access=free}}</ref> 一氧化二氮經燃料燃燒後釋放，主要是由[[燃煤發電廠]]、農業和工業活動所產生。氟化氣體包括氫氟烴、碳氟化合物、六氟化硫和三氟化氮。這些氣體完全是人類活動的產物，最主要的來源是使用如[[冷媒]]、[[氣膠]]、[[推進劑]]、發泡劑、溶劑和[[阻燃劑]]等會耗用[[臭氧]]的物質。<ref name="未命名_2-20231105161751"/> 生產這些氣體會增加個人的溫室氣體足跡。產量越多，溫室氣體足跡就越大。 == 與時俱增的溫室氣體 == [[File:World fossil carbon dioxide emissions six top countries and confederations.png|thumb|upright=1.5|世界7大二氧化碳排放國/聯盟的歷史排放記錄。]] 自第一次工業革命以來，全球溫室氣體排放量急劇增加。截至2017年，二氧化碳水準是工業革命前的142%。甲烷增加253%，一氧化二氮增加121%。大量使用化石燃料，讓溫室氣體排放量迅速增加，把地球溫度升高。在過去的250年裡，燃燒化石燃料加上砍伐森林等人類活動是這一增長的大推動者。僅在過去25年裡，排放量就增加33%以上，其中大部分是二氧化碳，佔增量的4分之3。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php|title=Global Warming : Feature Articles|last=Holli|first=Riebeek|date=2010-06-03|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-date=2020-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616025048/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming/page2.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions/#the-long-run-history-cumulative-co2|title=CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions|work=Our World in Data|access-date=2017-11-03|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612181325/https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#the-long-run-history-cumulative-co2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/09/carbon-dioxide-emissions-greenhouse-gases|title=Greenhouse gas emissions rise at fastest rate for 30 years|last=Association|first=Press|date=2014-09-09|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-11-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2020-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516074415/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/09/carbon-dioxide-emissions-greenhouse-gases|url-status=live}}</ref> == 減少碳足跡 == === 減少個人碳足跡的方法 === {{see also|{{le|應對氣候變化的個人作為| Individual action on climate change}}}} 2017年7月發表在季刊《{{le|環境研究快報|Environmental Research Letters}}》上的一項研究報告，提出個人減輕自身碳足跡的最重要方式是少生一個孩子（“在[[已開發國家]]平均每年可減少58.6公噸二氧化碳當量排放”），其次是無車生活（每年減少2.4公噸二氧化碳當量排放），放棄航空旅行（每一次跨大西洋旅行會產生1.6公噸二氧化碳當量排放）和採[[植物性飲食]]（每年減少0.8公噸二氧化碳當量排放）。<ref>{{cite news|last=Perkins|first=Sid|date=2017-07-11|title=The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government isn't telling you about|work=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/best-way-reduce-your-carbon-footprint-one-government-isn-t-telling-you-about|access-date=2017-12-31|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030527/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/best-way-reduce-your-carbon-footprint-one-government-isn-t-telling-you-about|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WynesNicholas">{{cite journal|last1=Wynes|first1=Seth|last2=Nicholas|first2=Kimberly A|date=2017|title=The climate mitigation gap: education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions|journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]]|volume=12|page=074024|bibcode=2017ERL....12g4024W|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541|doi-access=free|number=7}}</ref>該研究還說大多數政府的資源都用在效果不大的地方，結論是：“一個美國家庭選擇少生一個孩子，其減排效果抵得上684個青少年選擇在其餘生中採全面資源回收利用的做法。<ref name="WynesNicholas" /> 一個有效選擇是少開車。利用步行、騎自行車、[[共乘]]、利用[[大眾運輸]]和整合旅遊行程都可減少燃料消耗，減少排放。選擇食物對個人的碳足跡有重大影響。動物性蛋白質（尤其是[[紅肉]]）、[[稻]]米（通常產自甲烷排放量高的[[稻田]]）、需長途運輸或低燃料效率運輸的食品（例如，長途運送極易腐爛的農產品）以及經大量加工和包裝的食品，都是高碳食物。[[芝加哥大學]]的科學家估計<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eshel|first1=Gidon|last2=Martin|first2=Pamela A.|year=2006|title=Diet, Energy, and Global Warming|journal=Earth Interactions|volume=10|issue=9|pages=1–17|bibcode=2006EaInt..10i...1E|citeseerx=10.1.1.394.3094|doi=10.1175/EI167.1|s2cid=11796436 }}</ref>“美國人的平均飲食（有28%的[[卡路里]]來自動物性食物)，每人每年比素食，或是純素食多產生約一公噸半以上的溫室氣體。”<ref>{{cite report|url=http://cecmanitoba.ca/resource/hearings/22/WPG2-006.pdf|title=Presentation to the Manitoba Clean Environment Commission "Hog Production Industry Review"|author=Syd Baumel|date= 2007-04-27|access-date=2013-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014225/http://cecmanitoba.ca/resource/hearings/22/WPG2-006.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>依據他們的計算，即使用植物蛋白（例如豆類、穀物）取代一般美國人飲食中3分之1的動物蛋白，也可把飲食的碳足跡減少半公噸。最後，扔掉食物不僅會增加個人或家庭碳足跡，還會增加把垃圾運送到垃圾場的運輸排放量和食物分解的排放量，而分解所產生的是比二氧化碳更強大的甲烷。減少人類碳足跡的做法還有對所用材料的拒絕使用、減少使用、[[重複使用]]、{{le|設定新用途|repurposing}}及[[資源回收]]（稱為5R's）。<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.roadrunnerwm.com/blog/the-5-rs-of-waste-recycling| title =THE 5 R'S: REFUSE, REDUCE, REUSE, REPURPOSE, RECYCLE| publisher =ROADRUNNER| date =| accessdate =2023-02-26| archive-date =2023-03-27| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230327203908/https://www.roadrunnerwm.com/blog/the-5-rs-of-waste-recycling| dead-url =no}}</ref> 另一種選擇是減少在家中使用空調和暖氣。同樣，可在家中穿著價格不高的保溫衣物即可達到減排的目的。<ref name="aquarianonline.com">{{cite web|title=Dressed Not to Chill|url=http://www.aquarianonline.com/dressed-not-to-chill/|work=Enlighten Up! with The Aquarian|access-date=2013-09-29|archive-date=2014-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222902/http://www.aquarianonline.com/dressed-not-to-chill/|url-status=live}}</ref> 碳手印（carbon handprint）運動強調碳補償的個別手段，例如多利用大眾交通工具或在歷經森林砍伐地區植樹，以減少個人的碳足跡並增加他們的“手印”。<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Daniel Goleman|date=2012-03-12|title=Handprints, Not Footprints|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2108015,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301174524/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2108015,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-01|magazine=Time|access-date=2019-06-04|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Christopher M.|last2=Kammen|first2=Daniel M.|date=March 2011|title=Quantifying Carbon Footprint Reduction Opportunities for U.S. Households and Communities|journal=Environ. Sci. Technol.|volume=45|issue=9|pages=4088–4095|bibcode=2011EnST...45.4088J|doi=10.1021/es102221h|pmid=21449584|doi-access=free}}</ref> === 大量減少碳足跡的方法 === [[File:Windmill field.jpg|thumb|風力發電場內的零排放[[風力發動機]]。]] 效果最大的氣體排放管理行動有：<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-07|title=Solutions|url=https://www.drawdown.org/solutions|access-date=2019-09-06|website=Drawdown|language=en|archive-date=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217020404/https://www.drawdown.org/solutions|url-status=live}}</ref>冷媒管理（2017年-2050年，減少900-980億公噸二氧化碳當量排放，<ref>90 billion estimate from Project Drawdown, 98 billion estimate from{{Cite report|title=Benefits of Leapfrogging to Superefficiency and Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerants in Room Air Conditioning|last1=Shah|first1=Nihar|last2=Wei|first2=Max|date=2015-10-01|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)|language=en|osti=1397235|last3=Letschert|first3=Virginie|last4=Phadke|first4=Amol}}</ref>因為冷媒的升溫潛能是二氧化碳的數千倍）、建立陸地[[風力發動機]]發電（減少850億公噸當量）、減少[[食物浪費]]（減少710億公噸當量）及復育熱帶森林（減少610億公噸當量）。前述計算是到2050年的累積減量，因為這類行動的準備時間很長，無法按年計算。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hua|first1=Guowei|last2=Cheng|first2=T. C. E.|last3=Wang|first3=Shouyang|date=2011-08-01|title=Managing carbon footprints in inventory management|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527311001599|journal=International Journal of Production Economics|language=en|volume=132|issue=2|pages=178–185|doi=10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.03.024|issn=0925-5273|hdl-access=free|hdl=10397/9148|access-date=2020-04-14|archive-date=2021-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120224304/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0925527311001599|url-status=live}}</ref> 產品、服務或公司的碳足跡受到多種因素的影響，包括但不限於： * 能源種類 * 發電廠以外發電活動 * 使用材料這些因素也可能因地點或產業而有變化。但有一些通用步驟可達到大規模減少碳足跡。根據[[美國能源信息署]]（EIA）在2016年的報告，美國發電廠約佔全國二氧化碳排放量的37%，是值得設法減排的目標。<ref>Easterlyn, Jonah. "U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis." How Much of U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions Are Associated with Electricity Generation? - FAQ - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). N.p., 2016-04-01. Web. 2016-12-05.</ref>最便宜的方法是透過提高能源效率。{{le|美國節能經濟委員會|American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy}}（ACEEE）報告說，根據2015年的數據，能源效率有可能每年為美國節省超過8,000億千瓦時的電量。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Molina|first=Maggie|date=October 2016|title=The Greatest Energy Story You Haven't Heard: How Investing in Energy Efficiency Changed the US Power Sector and Gave Us a Tool to Tackle Climate Change|url=https://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/u1604.pdf|website=ACEEE|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114180438/https://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/researchreports/u1604.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>提高能源效率的一些方案，包括但不限於：<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=o'Rielly|first1=K.|last2=Jeswiet|first2=J.|date=January 2014|title=Strategies to Improve Industrial Energy Efficiency|journal=Procedia Cirp|volume=15|pages=325–330|doi=10.1016/j.procir.2014.06.074|doi-access=free}}</ref> * {{le|廢熱回收系統|waste heat recovery unit}} * 大型建築物和燃燒室的隔熱設計 * 技術升級，即採用不同的發光源，更低的機器耗電量通過發展[[核子動力]]（一種零碳排放能源）和替代能源項目（例如[[太陽能]]和風能等[[再生資源]]，可減少消耗能源而產生的碳足跡 [[林地復育]]是碳補償（在產生碳排放的同時也減少大氣中等量的二氧化碳）的其中一例。<ref>{{cite book|last=Corbett|first=James|title=Climate Change: In Context, vol. 1|date=2008|publisher=Gale|isbn=978-1-4144-3708-8|editor1=Brenda Wilmoth Lerner|pages=162–164|chapter=Carbon Footprint|editor2=K. Lee Lerner}}</ref>因有碳補償，而產生[[碳信用]]，可用來減少公司的整體碳足跡。由於供應商改進排放核算，而計算出供應鏈排放（範圍3）平均比營運排放高11.4倍，<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transparency to Transformation: A Chain Reaction|url=https://www.cdp.net/en/research/global-reports/transparency-to-transformation|access-date=2021-12-09|website=www.cdp.net|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209095022/https://www.cdp.net/en/research/global-reports/transparency-to-transformation|dead-url=no}}</ref>（為先前估計的兩倍多）。因此有越來越多的公司關注減少來自其供應商的排放，以此作為降低風險和掌握改進機會的方式。生命週期或供應鏈碳足跡研究可提供有用的數據，幫助企業確定需要改進的特定和關鍵領域，便於採取降低行動。目前收集供應商排放的真實數據、制定針對熱點的戰略和激勵供應商，仍會遇到障礙。但確實已有解決方案，重點應放在逐年改進。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-27|title=How to create the carbon footprint of your supply chain|url=https://carlossanchez.eco/blog/carbon-footprint/|access-date=2021-12-09|website=Carlos Sanchez|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209095018/https://carlossanchez.eco/blog/carbon-footprint/|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[File:Co2 projection.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|2021年承諾二氧化碳減排，幾個國家提出的數字。]] == 減少碳排放的方案 == 由於人類燃燒天然氣、石油和煤炭等化石燃料而把大量溫室氣體排放進入大氣。但可透過購買碳權來抵銷此類有害影響。京都議定書設定具有法律約束力的目標和時間表，以減少參與簽訂的工業化國家的溫室氣體排放量。從經濟（即市場)的角度來看，強制市場和自願市場有其區別。此兩種市場有典型特徵，即排放權證交易： * {{le|認證減排單位|Certified Emission Reduction}} (CER)，根據京都議定書[[清潔發展機制]]頒發 * {{le|減排單位|Emission Reduction Unit }}（ERU），根據京都議定書的{{le|聯合執行|joint implementation}}（JI）計畫產生，單位為二氧化碳當量公噸 * {{le|核實減排量|Verified Emission Reduction}} (VER)，以二氧化碳當量公噸為單位，可用於交易 === 強制市場機制 === 強制市場引入下列三{{le|靈活機制|flexible mechanisms}}，企圖以最低的經濟成本實現《京都議定書》規定的目標： * [[清潔發展機制]]（CDM），經由聯合國運作的碳抵銷計畫，供參與國家籌集減排資金以及達到{{le|氣候目標|climate target}}的衡量 * 聯合執行(joint implementation（JI）)，讓簽訂國達成具有拘束力的目標 * [[排放權交易]] CDM和JI機制用來創建減排的權證，而排放權交易機制則讓這些權證得在國際市場上銷售。 * 符合清潔發展機制（CDM）要求的項目可產生認證減排單位(CER)。 * 符合聯合執行機制（JI）要求的項目可產生減排單位（ERU）。 CER和ERU可透過排放權交易機制出售。對CER和ERU的需求是由下述因素驅動： * 依據《京都議定書》，減排不足的國家。 * 根據當地減排計劃，減排不足的機構團體。履行京都議定書減排義務的國家，發生不足的情況時，可購買CER和ERU作彌補。國家和國家集團也可制定地方減排計劃，設定強制性二氧化碳排放目標。如果有義務的實體發生減排不足的情況，可購買CER和ERU來彌補。雖然《京都議定書》並未對地方性減排義務設有規定，但這種地方性對CER和ERU的需求，可有效刺激排放權交易和設定市場價格。 [[歐盟排放交易體系]] (EU ETS)是個知名的強制性本地排放交易計劃。 EU ETS對進出歐盟的航空業產生的排放於2022年12月達成協議，納入排放權交易。 <ref>{{cite web | url =https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_7609 | title =European Green Deal: new rules agreed on applying the EU emissions trading system in the aviation sector | publisher =European Commission | date = | accessdate =2023-02-27 | archive-date =2023-07-16 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230716024938/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_7609 | dead-url =no }}</ref> 其他國家（包括中國、印度和美國）計劃在未來幾年內開始參與排放權交易計劃。<ref name="Callick, Rowan 2011">Callick, Rowan. "Nations Split on Route to Reduce Carbon Emissions." The Australian. 2011-03-02. Web. 2011-03-01.</ref> === 自願市場機制 === 與強制市場相對的，有自願市場，為公司提供減排的另類選項。自願性市場開發的解決方案稱為核實減排量 (VER)。此方案的優勢在於項目/活動是根據CDM/JI項目的標準進行管理，但所提供的權證並未在東道國政府或是聯合國執行委員會註冊。對於相同項目品質的權證，VER的市場價格會較低。但目前VER並不能在強制性市場抵用。北美洲的自願市場分為{{le|芝加哥氣候交易所|Chicago Climate Exchange}}成員和場外交易 (OTC) 市場成員。芝加哥氣候交易所是個自願但買賣具有法律約束力的排放權交易計劃，成員必須承諾遵守設定排放上限，並且從其他成員處購買配額以抵消超額排放。場外交易市場買賣的不涉及具有法律約束力的計劃，進場者包含公共和私人領域的廣泛買家，以及希望達成[[碳中和]]的特殊活動的參與者。碳中和指的是透過等量的碳封存或抵消量來平衡碳排放，或購買足夠的碳信用額度來彌補差額，達到淨零碳排放。自願市場的參與者有項目開發商、批發商、經紀人和零售商，也有碳基金。參與市場的一些企業和非營利組織可能具有前述一種以上的身份。根據非營利性組織{{le|Ecosystem Marketplace|Ecosystem Marketplace}}發表的報告顯示，碳抵消價格隨著供應鏈從上而往下（從項目開發商到零售商）的移動而增加。<ref name="ecosysmarket">{{cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://ecosystemmarketplace.com/documents/acrobat/StateoftheVoluntaryCarbonMarket18July_Final.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710170031/http://ecosystemmarketplace.com/documents/acrobat/StateoftheVoluntaryCarbonMarket18July_Final.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-10|access-date=2007-08-21}}</ref> 雖然一些強制性減排計劃並未包括森林項目，但此類項目在自願市場內的交易卻很蓬勃。一個對林業項目溫室氣體封存量化方法的的批評是其不具精確性。但仍有人注意到林業項目可促進社區共同利益。自願市場中的項目包括避免森林砍伐、造林/林地復育、工業溫室氣體封存、提高能源效率、燃料轉換、從燃煤電廠和牲畜中捕獲甲烷，甚至是[[再生能源]]。在自願市場上出售的[[可再生能源證書]] (REC) 因有所謂的{{le|額外性|additionality}}問題而頗有爭議。<ref>{{cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.acore.org/renewableenergyinfo/includes/resource-files/bios.doc|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707112535/http://www.acore.org/renewableenergyinfo/includes/resource-files/bios.doc|archive-date= 2007-07-07|access-date= 2007-08-21}}</ref>工業溫室氣體項目受到批評，因為此類項目僅適用於固定成本已經很高的大型工業工廠。吸收工業溫室氣體作封存被認為是是種輕而易舉之事；結果是類似項目的權證在自願市場上的價格最低。擴大自願碳市場特別工作組 (Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets，TSVCM) <ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/leaders/adps.html | title =About Us | publisher =TSVCM | date = | accessdate =2023-02-27 | archive-date =2022-12-19 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221219000441/https://www.cdc.gov/about/leadership/leaders/adps.html | dead-url =no }}</ref>是由[[英格蘭銀行]]前總裁[[馬克·卡尼]]領銜的倡議，目的是為自願碳市場提高品質和完整性。TSVCM預定在2023年期間創建一套核心碳原則 (Core Carbon Principles，CCP) 和機制，以簡化公司取得高誠信信評的途徑，並為銀行和投資者提供融資和交易的信心。自願碳市場的規模和活動目前不易衡量。估計在2021年的市場規模為10億美元。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-24|title=Carbon Offset Markets 👉 Market Size, Controversy and Major Trends|url=https://carlossanchez.eco/blog/carbon-offset-markets/|access-date=2021-12-09|website=Carlos Sanchez|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610152236/https://carlossanchez.eco/blog/carbon-offset-markets/|dead-url=no}}</ref> == 解決方案 == === 日常生活中改變 === {{see also|{{le|應對氣候變化的個人作為| Individual action on climate change}}}} 透過簡單改變個人日常生活的方式，就能達到減少溫室氣體足跡。做法包括減少使用空調與暖氣、使用[[LED燈]]、選擇符合[[能源之星]]標準的電器、回收利用、使用冷水洗衣服、避免使用烘乾機以及少吃肉。另一項調整是減少使用汽車。<ref name=":1" />人們還可在空中旅行時搭乘直航班機。雖然這樣做不會瞬間減少個人的碳足跡，但長遠而言可產生重大影響。<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is your carbon footprint?|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/carbon-footprint-calculator/|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The Nature Conservancy|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910224410/https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/carbon-footprint-calculator/|url-status=live}}</ref> === 生活方式和系統性變化 === [[綠色生活|可持續生活]]指的是在地球上可持續的生活方式，或是人們有意減少個人或社會使用自然資源和個人資源的生活方式。研究發現人類經濟結構“脫碳”<ref name="effectspaper">{{cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers M. |last2=Forster |first2=Harriet I. |last3=Evans |first3=Mat J. |last4=Gidden |first4=Matthew J. |last5=Jones |first5=Chris D. |last6=Keller |first6=Christoph A. |last7=Lamboll |first7=Robin D. |last8=Quéré |first8=Corinne Le |author9-link=Joeri Rogelj|last9=Rogelj |first9=Joeri |last10=Rosen |first10=Deborah |last11=Schleussner |first11=Carl-Friedrich |last12=Richardson |first12=Thomas B. |last13=Smith |first13=Christopher J. |last14=Turnock |first14=Steven T. |title=Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19 |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=2020-08-07 |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=913–919 |doi=10.1038/s41558-020-0883-0 |bibcode=2020NatCC..10..913F |s2cid=221019148 |language=en |issn=1758-6798|doi-access=free }}</ref>的{{le|結構性變化|structural change}}（也需超脫政治的結構性變化）是[[氣候變緩緩解]]所必需。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ripple |first1=William J. |last2=Wolf |first2=Christopher |last3=Newsome |first3=Thomas M. |last4=Gregg |first4=Jillian W. |last5=Lenton |first5=Timothy M. |last6=Palomo |first6=Ignacio |last7=Eikelboom |first7=Jasper A. J. |last8=Law |first8=Beverly E. |last9=Huq |first9=Saleemul |last10=Duffy |first10=Philip B. |last11=Rockström |first11=Johan |display-authors=4 |title=World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2021 |journal=BioScience |date=2021-07-28 |volume=71 |issue=9 |page=biab079 |doi=10.1093/biosci/biab079 |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biab079/6325731 |hdl=1808/30278 |hdl-access=free |access-date= 2021-08-26 |archive-date=2021-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826155112/https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biab079/6325731 |url-status=live }}</ref>這種變化會引導進入可持續的生活方式，連同生產出相關的產品、服務和支出。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kanyama |first1=Annika Carlsson |last2=Nässén |first2=Jonas |last3=Benders |first3=René |title=Shifting expenditure on food, holidays, and furnishings could lower greenhouse gas emissions by almost 40% |journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology |year=2021 |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1602–1616 |doi=10.1111/jiec.13176 |language=en |issn=1530-9290|doi-access=free }}</ref> === 減排溫室氣體 === ==== 減排二氧化碳 ==== 為減少二氧化碳排放就必須降低對化石燃料的依賴，改用[[可再生資源]]。 <ref name=":0" />家庭節能措施包括在建築中增加絕緣、使用節能車輛和能源之星電器，以及在不使用時把電器插頭拔下。 ==== 減排甲烷 ==== 有幾種減少甲烷氣體排放的方式，其中兩種是收集煤礦和[[垃圾掩埋場]]的排放。做牲畜及其糞便管理是另一種解決方案。生產化石燃料時會產生副產品的甲烷。利用技術避免過程中的洩漏以及減少車輛的使用也能減少排放。 <ref name=":0" /> ==== 減排一氧化二氮 ==== 一氧化二氮通常在工業生產中發生以及排放，改進生產技術是減排的手段。許多肥料都有[[含氮鹼基]]的成分，減少其使用，或改變其成分，是減少氧化氮排放的方法。 <ref name=":0" /> ==== 減少含氟氣體 ==== 氟化氣體並未大規模生產，但其對環境的影響最嚴重。有多種方式可減少這類氣體排放。許多會排放這些氣體的產業可將其捕獲，或是回收利用。這些產業也可投資於先進的技術，避免產出這類氣體。透過降低[[輸電網路]]和機動車的洩漏，還有許多空調系統會排放氟化氣體，而改用溫室效果較小的[[氫氟烯烴]]（HFOs）來取代，並最終開發不需用到[[氫氟烴]]冷媒的技術，均可降低這類氣體的排放。<ref name=":0" /> == 參見 == {{portal|Science}} {{div col|colwidth=32em}} * {{le|排放強度|emission intensity}}（也稱carbon intensity） * {{le|碳素養|Carbon literacy}} * [[生態足跡]] * [[航空業對環境的影響]] * {{le|食物里程|Food miles}} * [[氣候變化]] * {{le|土地足跡|Land footprint}} * [[生命週期評估]] * {{le|各國人均溫室氣體排放列表|List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita}} * {{le|低碳飲食|ow-carbon diet}} * [[遠距工作]] * [[純素主義]] * [[水足跡]] {{div col end}} == 附註 == {{notelist}} == 參考文獻 == {{Reflist|2}} * Association, Press (2014-09-09). "Greenhouse gas emissions rise at fastest rate for 30 years". The Guardian. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-11-03. * Climate change 2014. (2015). Retrieved from INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL website: <nowiki>http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf</nowiki> * "CO₂ and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2017-11-03. * Division, US EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Atmospheric Programs, Climate Change. "Household Carbon Footprint Calculator". www3.epa.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-01 * EPA, OA, US. "Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2017-11-08 * EPA, OA, US. "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2017-11-03. * EPA, OA, US. "Overview of Greenhouse Gases | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2017-11-01 * Holli, Riebeek, (2010-06-03). "Global Warming : Feature Articles". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-03. * Howarth, Robert W. (2014-06-01). "A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas". Energy Science & Engineering. 2 (2): 47–60. {{doi|10.1002/ese3.35}}. {{ISSN|2050-0505}} * Snyder, C. S.; Bruulsema, T. W.; Jensen, T. L.; Fixen, P. E. (2009-10-01). "Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Reactive nitrogen in agroecosystems: Integration with greenhouse gas interactions. 133 (3): 247–266. {{doi|10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.021}}. * "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect". history.aip.org. 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