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States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Packingham v. North Carolina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued February 27, 2017<br />Decided June 19, 2017</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Lester Gerard Packingham, Petitioner v. North Carolina</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15–1194.html">15–1194</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">582 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 98 (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_582" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 582">more</a></i>)<div>137 S. Ct. 1730; 198 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 273</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.oyez.org/player/#/roberts7/oral_argument_audio/24253">Oral argument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opinion announcement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.oyez.org/player/#/roberts8/opinion_announcement_audio/24344">Opinion announcement</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>State v. Packingham</i>, 368 N.C. 380, 777 <a href="/wiki/S.E.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="S.E.2d">S.E.2d</a> 738 (2015); <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert</a>. granted, 137 S. Ct. 368 (2016).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A statute prohibiting <a href="/wiki/Registered_sex_offenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered sex offenders">registered sex offenders</a> from accessing <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> websites impermissibly restricts lawful speech in violation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Kennedy, joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Alito (in judgment), joined by Roberts, Thomas</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Gorsuch took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. I</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Packingham v. North Carolina</b></i>, 582 U.S. 98 (2017), is a case in which the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> held that a <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> statute that prohibited <a href="/wiki/Registered_sex_offenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered sex offenders">registered sex offenders</a> from using <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> websites was <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a> because it violated the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>, which protects <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oyez_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oyez-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Lester Gerard Packingham, a registered sex offender, posted on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> under a pseudonym to comment favorably on a recent traffic court experience. Police then identified Packingham and charged him with violating North Carolina's law. Packingham moved to dismiss the charges, arguing that the state's law violated the First Amendment. The trial court dismissed this motion and ultimately convicted Packingham. A state appellate court initially reversed the trial court, holding that the law did violate the First Amendment, but the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina Supreme Court</a>, the state's highest court, disagreed and reinstated the conviction. </p><p>In June 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously reversed the North Carolina Supreme Court's judgment. In the <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">majority opinion</a> authored by Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, the Court held that <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>—defined broadly to include Facebook, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/WebMD" title="WebMD">WebMD</a>—is a "protected space" under the First Amendment for lawful speech.<sup id="cite_ref-verge_decision_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge_decision-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court offered that North Carolina could protect children through less restrictive means, such as prohibiting "conduct that often presages a <a href="/wiki/Sex_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex crime">sexual crime</a>, like contacting a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a> or using a website to gather information about a minor".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Carolina_statute">North Carolina statute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: North Carolina statute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the state of North Carolina passed a law that made it a felony for a <a href="/wiki/Registered_sex_offender" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered sex offender">registered sex offender</a> "to access a commercial social networking Web site where the sex offender knows that the site permits minor children to become members or to create or maintain personal Web pages".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law defined a "commercial social networking Web site" using four criteria. Specifically, the website must: </p> <ol><li>be "operated by a person who derives revenue from membership fees, advertising, or other sources related to the operation of the Web site".<sup id="cite_ref-packingham1-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packingham1-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>facilitate "the social introduction between two or more persons for the purposes of friendship, meeting other persons, or information exchanges".<sup id="cite_ref-packingham1-2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packingham1-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>allow "users to create Web pages or personal profiles that contain information such as the name or nickname of the user, photographs placed on the personal Web page by the user, other personal information about the user, and links to other personal Web pages on the commercial social networking Web site of friends or associates of the user that may be accessed by other users or visitors to the Web site".<sup id="cite_ref-packingham1-2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packingham1-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>provide "users or visitors... mechanisms to communicate with other users, such as a message board, chat room, electronic mail, or instant messenger".<sup id="cite_ref-packingham1-2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packingham1-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The law exempted websites that "Provid[e] only one of the following discrete services: photo-sharing, electronic mail, instant messenger, or chat room or message board platform", as well as websites that have as their primary purpose "the facilitation of commercial transactions involving goods or services between [their] members or visitors".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facts_of_the_case">Facts of the case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Facts of the case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, Lester Gerard Packingham was convicted of taking "indecent liberties with a child", a felony that required him to register as a sex offender.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A North Carolina court sentenced him to 10–12 months in prison with 24 months of <a href="/wiki/Supervised_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervised release">supervised release</a>. He was given no other special instructions on his behavior outside of prison other than to "remain away from" the minor.<sup id="cite_ref-oyez_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oyez-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, after a state court dismissed a traffic ticket against Packingham, he submitted a post on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> under the name "J. R. Gerrard", stating: "Man God is Good! How about I got so much favor they dismissed the ticket before court even started? No fine, no court cost, no nothing spent. . . . . .Praise be to GOD, WOW! Thanks JESUS!"<sup id="cite_ref-packingham3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packingham3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Durham_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Durham Police Department">Durham Police Department</a> identified Packingham as the author of the post after cross-checking the time of the post with recently dismissed traffic tickets, and a <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> indicted him for violating the North Carolina statute.<sup id="cite_ref-packingham3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packingham3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_court_proceedings">Lower court proceedings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lower court proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, Packingham moved to dismiss his indictment, arguing that it violated the First Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Superior_Court" title="North Carolina Superior Court">North Carolina Superior Court</a> judge denied this motion, and he was convicted of violating the North Carolina social media law.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Packingham appealed his conviction to the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Court_of_Appeals" title="North Carolina Court of Appeals">North Carolina Court of Appeals</a>, which reversed the trial court's decision in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applying <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_scrutiny" title="Intermediate scrutiny">intermediate scrutiny</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the court of appeals determined that North Carolina's law violated the First Amendment because it was too broad, applying to all registered sex offenders regardless of whether the offender had committed a crime involving a minor or whether the offender was a continuing threat of harm to minors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court of appeals also stated that the law had been defined broadly enough to prohibit a registered sex offender from conducting a wide array of Internet activity, such as "conducting a 'Google' search, purchasing items on Amazon.com, or accessing a plethora of Web sites unrelated to online communication with minors".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina Supreme Court</a>, the state's highest court, reversed the court of appeals, holding that the law was "constitutional in all respects".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North Carolina Supreme Court found that the statute was a "limitation on conduct" and did not impede any <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>. The state had a vested interest in “forestalling the illicit lurking and contact of minors” by registered sex offenders and potential future victims, and sustained Packingham's conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_ruling">Supreme Court ruling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supreme Court ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Packingham filed a petition for a writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> with the Supreme Court of the United States. The federal government also filed a brief recommending that the Supreme Court grant <i>certiorari</i>, arguing that the North Carolina Supreme Court incorrectly decided the case in favor of the state. The U.S. Supreme Court granted <i>certiorari</i> in October 2016. <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">Amicus briefs</a> in support of Packingham were filed by the libertarian <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. The North Carolina Supreme Court filed a brief supporting its prior decision, urging the importance of protecting minors in the Internet age from being stalked online.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_argument">Oral argument</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oral argument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oral argument took place in February 2017. Packingham’s lawyer, David T. Goldberg, argued that the law banned “vast swaths of First Amendment activity”, went too far in restricting which Internet sites could be accessed, and forbade use of the Internet in general. The law targeted speech on some of the platforms that Americans use most often, Goldberg noted, and that under the law Packingham could not even use <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> to read the myriad messages discussing his own case. He further noted that the law imposes punishment without regard to whether the offender actually did anything wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-scotusblog-argument-analysis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblog-argument-analysis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Carolina’s senior <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Attorney General">deputy Attorney General</a>, Robert C. Montgomery, argued for the state, and claimed that communication through social media sites is a “crucial channel”.<sup id="cite_ref-scotusblog-argument-analysis_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblog-argument-analysis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> asked Montgomery to provide evidence as to the claim that by giving Packingham Internet privileges, he would commit another crime. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Justice Stephen Breyer</a> added that “It seems to be well-settled law that the state can’t (bar usage) unless there is a 'clear and present danger'."<sup id="cite_ref-scotusblog-argument-analysis_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblog-argument-analysis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/220px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/330px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/440px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="2919" /></a><figcaption>Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> authored the <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">majority opinion</a> in <i>Packingham v. North Carolina</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 2017 the Supreme Court delivered a judgment in favor of Packingham, unanimously voting to reverse the state court.<sup id="cite_ref-harv_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harv-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> explained the decision: "A fundamental principle of the First Amendment is that all persons have access to places where they can speak and listen, and then, after reflection, speak and listen once more." He continued that "By prohibiting sex offenders from using those websites, North Carolina with one broad stroke bars access to what for many are the principal sources for knowing current events, checking ads for employment, speaking and listening in the modern public square, and otherwise exploring the vast realms of human thought and knowledge." Citing <i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Free_Speech_Coalition" title="Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition">Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition</a></i> as a precedent, Kennedy also wrote: "It is well established that, as a general rule, the Government 'may not suppress lawful speech as the means to suppress unlawful speech'." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concurring_opinion">Concurring opinion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Concurring opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Justice Samuel Alito</a> wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment, joined by <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>. While Alito agreed that the law at issue violated the First Amendment, he noted that there are reasonable scenarios for which legal bans for sex offenders can be placed, such as for sites targeted at teenagers.<sup id="cite_ref-verge_decision_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge_decision-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Packingham v. North Carolina</i> was one of the first U.S. Supreme Court cases to analyze the role of the First Amendment with respect to social media use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019118_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ashutosh Bhagwat, a law professor at the <a href="/wiki/UC_Davis_School_of_Law" title="UC Davis School of Law">UC Davis School of Law</a>, as of 2018 <i>Packingham</i> is one of only two cases heard by the <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a> that directly address new technologies up to that point, the other being <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association" title="Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association">Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association</a></i> (2011) with respect to video games.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhagwat20181328–29_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhagwat20181328–29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhagwat speculated that this might change in the future, as "recent calls to regulate 'fake news' and otherwise impose filtering obligations on search engine and social media companies will inevitably raise important and difficult First Amendment issues".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhagwat20181329_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhagwat20181329-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_First_Amendment_case_law">Effect on First Amendment case law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effect on First Amendment case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an article published in the <i>North Dakota Law Review</i>, Katie Miller wrote that the <i>Packingham</i> decision may be used to challenge laws and restrictions in other states similar to the one in North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2018139_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2018139-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in a case called <i>United States v. Rock</i> (2017), a defendant who pleaded guilty to distributing child pornography cited <i>Packingham</i> in an appeal of one of the conditions of his <a href="/wiki/Supervised_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervised release">supervised release</a>, which prevented him from possessing or using a computer. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit</a> rejected that argument on the basis that the defendant's release condition was not a "post-custodial restriction" as it was in <i>Packingham</i>, stating that "'a court granting probation may impose reasonable conditions that deprive the offender of some freedoms enjoyed by law-abiding citizens'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2018139_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2018139-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madeleine Burnette-McGrath, in an article published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Northern_University_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Northern University Law Review">Ohio Northern University Law Review</a></i>, wrote that "<i>Packingham</i> adopts a new avenue for government regulation, allowing the government to interfere with individual social media entities and their ability to regulate speech that occurs on their websites"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019124_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019124-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019125_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019125-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, <i>Packingham</i> delineates an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_scrutiny" title="Intermediate scrutiny">intermediate scrutiny</a> test for governmental regulation of Internet speech, under which a government agent "need only put into effect a law that is both narrowly tailored to and includes a substantial government interest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019126_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019126-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burnette-McGrath described this as a "low standard" that may inspire states to "implement new laws under the guise of substantial government interest or of being narrowly tailored" at the detriment of free speech on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019126_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnette-McGrath2019126-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_582" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 582">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 582</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oyez-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oyez_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oyez_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2016/15-1194">"Packingham v. North Carolina"</a>. <i>Oyez</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=Packingham+v.+North+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F2016%2F15-1194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackingham+v.+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verge_decision-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-verge_decision_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-verge_decision_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecher2017" class="citation web cs1">Lecher, Colin (June 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/19/15830286/supreme-court-north-carolina-sex-offenders-social-media">"Supreme Court strikes down North Carolina law banning sex offenders from social media"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+strikes+down+North+Carolina+law+banning+sex+offenders+from+social+media&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft.aulast=Lecher&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2017%2F6%2F19%2F15830286%2Fsupreme-court-north-carolina-sex-offenders-social-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackingham+v.+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-1194_08l1.pdf"><i>Packingham v. North Carolina</i>, slip op. at 7.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Packingham</i>, 582 U.S. ___, slip op. at 1 (quoting N. C. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§14–202.5(a), (e) (2015)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-packingham1-2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-packingham1-2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-packingham1-2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-packingham1-2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-packingham1-2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Packingham</i>, 582 U.S. ___, slip op. at 1–2 (quoting N. C. Gen. Stat. Ann. §14–202.5(b)) (internal quotation marks omitted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Packingham</i>, 582 U.S. ___, slip op. at 2 (quoting N. C. Gen. Stat. Ann. §14–202.5(c)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Packingham</i>, 582 U.S. ___, slip op. at 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-packingham3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-packingham3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-packingham3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Packingham</i>, 582 U.S. ___, slip op. at 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Packingham</i>, 582 U.S. ___ (2017), slip op. at 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2017" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Perry (March 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2017/03/packingham_v_north_carolina_is_a_first_amendment_test_case_in_the_age_of.html">"Packingham v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate.com&rft.atitle=Packingham+v.+North+Carolina+is+a+First+Amendment+test+case+in+the+age+of+Trump&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fjurisprudence%2F2017%2F03%2Fpackingham_v_north_carolina_is_a_first_amendment_test_case_in_the_age_of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackingham+v.+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Halliburton2017" class="citation web cs1">Nicholas Halliburton (February 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/15-1194">"Packingham v. North Carolina | LII / Legal Information Institute"</a>. <i>Law.cornell.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Packingham+v.+North+Carolina+%26%23124%3B+LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft.au=Nicholas+Halliburton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fcert%2F15-1194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackingham+v.+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Packingham</i>, 582 U.S. ___ (2017), slip op. at 4 (quoting 386 N.C., at 381, 777 S.E. 2d, at 741).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2017" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (February 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/us/politics/supreme-court-north-carolina-sex-offenders-social-media.html">"A Constitutional Right to Facebook and Twitter? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Candides+and+Cassandras%3A+Technology+and+Free+Speech+on+the+Roberts+Court&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1327-1352&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bhagwat&rft.aufirst=Ashutosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenscholarship.wustl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6484%26context%3Dlaw_lawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackingham+v.+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnette-McGrath2019" class="citation journal cs1">Burnette-McGrath, Madeleine (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.onu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=onu_law_review">"Packingham v. North Carolina"</a>. <i>Ohio Northern University Law Review</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 117–129<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+Northern+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Packingham+v.+North+Carolina&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-129&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Burnette-McGrath&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.onu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1005%26context%3Donu_law_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackingham+v.+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2018" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Katie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.und.edu/ndlr/vol93/iss1/5/">"Constitutional Law - Sex Offenses and Free Speech: Constitutionality of Ban on Sex Offenders' Use of Social Media: Impact on States with Similar Restrictions"</a>. <i>North Dakota Law Review</i>. <b>93</b> (1): 129–142<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Dakota+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Law+-+Sex+Offenses+and+Free+Speech%3A+Constitutionality+of+Ban+on+Sex+Offenders%27+Use+of+Social+Media%3A+Impact+on+States+with+Similar+Restrictions&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-142&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.und.edu%2Fndlr%2Fvol93%2Fiss1%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APackingham+v.+North+Carolina" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Packingham v. North Carolina</i>, 582 U.S. ___ (2017) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/15-1194">Cornell</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/15-1194.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/582/15-1194/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2016/15-1194">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-1194_08l1.pdf">Supreme Court (slip opinion)</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/packingham-v-north-carolina/">Case file</a> at <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Establishment_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public displays<br />and ceremonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Chambers" title="Marsh v. Chambers">Marsh v. Chambers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lynch_v._Donnelly" title="Lynch v. Donnelly">Lynch v. Donnelly</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_Scarsdale_v._McCreary" title="Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary">Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Allegheny_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union">County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Van_Orden_v._Perry" title="Van Orden v. Perry">Van Orden v. Perry</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCreary_County_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union">McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salazar_v._Buono" title="Salazar v. Buono">Salazar v. Buono</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Town_of_Greece_v._Galloway" title="Town of Greece v. Galloway">Town of Greece v. Galloway</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Legion_v._American_Humanist_Association" title="American Legion v. American Humanist Association">American Legion v. American Humanist Association</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory religious<br />exemptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Walz_v._Tax_Commission_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York">Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_v._Grace_Brethren_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California v. Grace Brethren Church (page does not exist)">California v. Grace Brethren Church</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University_v._United_States" title="Bob Jones University v. United States">Bob Jones University v. United States</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Thornton_v._Caldor,_Inc." title="Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.">Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_Presiding_Bishop_of_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_v._Amos" title="Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos">Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Monthly,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock">Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Boerne_v._Flores" title="City of Boerne v. Flores">City of Boerne v. Flores</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutter_v._Wilkinson" title="Cutter v. Wilkinson">Cutter v. Wilkinson</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochran_v._Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cochran v. Board of Education (page does not exist)">Cochran v. Board of Education</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education" title="Everson v. Board of Education">Everson v. Board of Education</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Ed._of_Central_School_Dist._No._1_v._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen (page does not exist)">Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lemon_v._Kurtzman" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman">Lemon v. Kurtzman</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tilton_v._Richardson" title="Tilton v. Richardson">Tilton v. Richardson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemon_v._Kurtzman_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman II (page does not exist)">Lemon v. Kurtzman II</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levitt_v._Committee_for_Public_Education_and_Religious_Liberty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty (page does not exist)">Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunt_v._McNair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunt v. McNair (page does not exist)">Hunt v. McNair</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Public_Education_v._Nyquist" title="Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist">Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloan_v._Lemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sloan v. Lemon (page does not exist)">Sloan v. Lemon</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_v._Barrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheeler v. Barrera (page does not exist)">Wheeler v. Barrera</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Funds_for_Public_Schools_v._Marburger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger (page does not exist)">Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meek_v._Pittenger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meek v. Pittenger (page does not exist)">Meek v. Pittenger</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roemer_v._Board_of_Public_Works_of_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland (page does not exist)">Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolman_v._Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolman v. Walter (page does not exist)">Wolman v. Walter</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_v._Cathedral_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York v. Cathedral Academy (page does not exist)">New York v. Cathedral Academy</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_Public_Education_and_Religious_Liberty_v._Regan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan (page does not exist)">Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mueller_v._Allen" title="Mueller v. Allen">Mueller v. Allen</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_Dist._of_Grand_Rapids_v._Ball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball (page does not exist)">School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Felton" title="Aguilar v. Felton">Aguilar v. Felton</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witters_v._Washington_Department_of_Services_for_the_Blind" title="Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind">Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zobrest_v._Catalina_Foothills_School_District" title="Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District">Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agostini_v._Felton" title="Agostini v. Felton">Agostini v. Felton</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._Helms" title="Mitchell v. Helms">Mitchell v. Helms</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelman_v._Simmons-Harris" title="Zelman v. Simmons-Harris">Zelman v. Simmons-Harris</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lutheran_Church_of_Columbia,_Inc._v._Comer" title="Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer">Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Montana_Department_of_Revenue" title="Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue">Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carson_v._Makin" title="Carson v. Makin">Carson v. Makin</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion in<br />public schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education" title="McCollum v. Board of Education">McCollum v. Board of Education</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorach_v._Clauson" title="Zorach v. Clauson">Zorach v. Clauson</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp" title="Abington School District v. Schempp">Abington School District v. Schempp</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stone_v._Graham" title="Stone v. Graham">Stone v. Graham</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_v._Jaffree" title="Wallace v. Jaffree">Wallace v. Jaffree</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman" title="Lee v. Weisman">Lee v. Weisman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe" title="Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe">Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Unified_School_District_v._Newdow" title="Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow">Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private religious speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamb%27s_Chapel_v._Center_Moriches_Union_Free_School_District" title="Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District">Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Square_Review_%26_Advisory_Board_v._Pinette" title="Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette">Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Club_v._Milford_Central_School" title="Good News Club v. Milford Central School">Good News Club v. Milford Central School</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurtleff_v._City_of_Boston" title="Shurtleff v. City of Boston">Shurtleff v. City of Boston</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal church affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Watson_v._Jones" title="Watson v. Jones">Watson v. Jones</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalez_v._Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Manila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila (page does not exist)">Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ballard" title="United States v. Ballard">United States v. Ballard</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedroff_v._St._Nicholas_Cathedral_of_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church in North America (page does not exist)">Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreshik_v._St._Nicholas_Cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral (page does not exist)">Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_v._Hull_Church" title="Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church">Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Eastern_Orthodox_Diocese_for_the_United_States_of_America_%26_Canada_v._Milivojevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese for the United States of America & Canada v. Milivojevich">Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jones_v._Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones v. Wolf (page does not exist)">Jones v. Wolf</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Juan_v._Acevedo_Feliciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxpayer standing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blue laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McGowan_v._Maryland" title="McGowan v. Maryland">McGowan v. Maryland</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Guys_from_Harrison-Allentown,_Inc._v._McGinley" title="Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley">Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Braunfeld_v._Brown" title="Braunfeld v. Brown">Braunfeld v. Brown</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Thornton_v._Caldor,_Inc." title="Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.">Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDaniel_v._Paty" title="McDaniel v. Paty">McDaniel v. Paty</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._McRae" title="Harris v. McRae">Harris v. McRae</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larkin_v._Grendel%27s_Den,_Inc." title="Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.">Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larson_v._Valente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larson v. Valente (page does not exist)">Larson v. Valente</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowen_v._Kendrick" title="Bowen v. Kendrick">Bowen v. Kendrick</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaggart_Ministries_v._Board_of_Equalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (page does not exist)">Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Hawaii" title="Trump v. Hawaii">Trump v. Hawaii</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Free_Exercise_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Beason" title="Davis v. Beason">Davis v. Beason</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantwell_v._Connecticut" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jamison_v._Texas" title="Jamison v. Texas">Jamison v. Texas</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ballard" title="United States v. Ballard">United States v. Ballard</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_v._Texas" title="Tucker v. Texas">Tucker v. Texas</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niemotko_v._Maryland" title="Niemotko v. Maryland">Niemotko v. Maryland</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunz_v._New_York" title="Kunz v. New York">Kunz v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fowler_v._Rhode_Island" title="Fowler v. Rhode Island">Fowler v. Rhode Island</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Braunfeld_v._Brown" title="Braunfeld v. Brown">Braunfeld v. Brown</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_v._Crown_Kosher_Super_Market_of_Massachusetts,_Inc." title="Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.">Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherbert_v._Verner" title="Sherbert v. Verner">Sherbert v. Verner</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruz_v._Beto" title="Cruz v. Beto">Cruz v. Beto</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Yoder" title="Wisconsin v. Yoder">Wisconsin v. Yoder</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDaniel_v._Paty" title="McDaniel v. Paty">McDaniel v. Paty</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heffron_v._International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (page does not exist)">Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_v._Review_Board_of_the_Indiana_Employment_Security_Division" title="Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division">Thomas v. Review Board</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1982)" title="United States v. Lee (1982)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University_v._United_States" title="Bob Jones University v. United States">Bob Jones University v. United States</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowen_v._Roy" title="Bowen v. Roy">Bowen v. Roy</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldman_v._Weinberger" title="Goldman v. Weinberger">Goldman v. Weinberger</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Lone_v._Estate_of_Shabazz" title="O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz">O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frazee_v._Illinois_Department_of_Employment_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security (page does not exist)">Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaggart_Ministries_v._Board_of_Equalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (page does not exist)">Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Employment_Division_v._Smith" title="Employment Division v. Smith">Employment Division v. Smith</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lukumi_Babalu_Aye_v._City_of_Hialeah" title="Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah">Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_%26_Tract_Society_of_New_York,_Inc._v._Village_of_Stratton" title="Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York, Inc. v. Village of Stratton">Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission">Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brooklyn_v._Cuomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo">Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tandon_v._Newsom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandon v. Newsom">Tandon v. Newsom</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulton_v._City_of_Philadelphia" title="Fulton v. City of Philadelphia">Fulton v. City of Philadelphia</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exclusion of religion<br />from public benefits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Locke_v._Davey" title="Locke v. Davey">Locke v. Davey</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lutheran_Church_of_Columbia,_Inc._v._Comer" title="Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer">Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Montana_Department_of_Revenue" title="Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue">Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carson_v._Makin" title="Carson v. Makin">Carson v. Makin</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_exception" title="Ministerial exception">Ministerial exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Catholic_Bishop_of_Chicago" title="NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago">NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hosanna-Tabor_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_%26_School_v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_School_v._Morrissey-Berru" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru">Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory religious exemptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">RFRA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._O_Centro_Esp%C3%ADrita_Beneficente_Uni%C3%A3o_do_Vegetal" title="Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal">Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc." title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zubik_v._Burwell" title="Zubik v. Burwell">Zubik v. Burwell</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Home_v._Pennsylvania" title="Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania">Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanzin_v._Tanvir" title="Tanzin v. Tanvir">Tanzin v. Tanvir</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act" title="Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act">RLUIPA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sossamon_v._Texas" title="Sossamon v. Texas">Sossamon v. Texas</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holt_v._Hobbs" title="Holt v. Hobbs">Holt v. Hobbs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramirez_v._Collier" title="Ramirez v. Collier">Ramirez v. Collier</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_speech_(portal)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of speech</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">portal</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions" title="United States free speech exceptions">Unprotected<br />speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masses_Publishing_Co._v._Patten" title="Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten">Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._United_States" title="Schenck v. United States">Schenck v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Debs_v._United_States" title="Debs v. United States">Debs v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abrams_v._United_States" title="Abrams v. United States">Abrams v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York" title="Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitney_v._California" title="Whitney v. California">Whitney v. California</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas" title="Fiske v. Kansas">Fiske v. Kansas</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.</a></i> (1955; 1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i> (1957, <a href="/wiki/Clear_and_present_danger" title="Clear and present danger">clear and present danger</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._Floyd" title="Bond v. Floyd">Bond v. Floyd</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio" title="Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a></i> (1969, <a href="/wiki/Imminent_lawless_action" title="Imminent lawless action">imminent lawless action</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hess_v._Indiana" title="Hess v. Indiana">Hess v. Indiana</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_defamation_law" title="United States defamation law">Defamation</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/False_statements_of_fact" title="False statements of fact">false speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez" title="United States v. Alvarez">United States v. Alvarez</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_List_v._Driehaus" title="Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus">Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">Fighting words</a> and<br />the <a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">heckler's veto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantwell_v._Connecticut" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaplinsky_v._New_Hampshire" title="Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire">Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminiello_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Terminiello v. City of Chicago">Terminiello v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feiner_v._New_York" title="Feiner v. New York">Feiner v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Gregory v. City of Chicago">Gregory v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America_v._Village_of_Skokie" title="National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie">Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snyder_v._Phelps" title="Snyder v. Phelps">Snyder v. Phelps</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/True_threat" title="True threat">True threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Watts_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts v. United States">Watts v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elonis_v._United_States" title="Elonis v. United States">Elonis v. United States</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Counterman_v._Colorado" title="Counterman v. Colorado">Counterman v. Colorado</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">Obscenity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosen_v._United_States" title="Rosen v. United States">Rosen v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._One_Book_Called_Ulysses" title="United States v. One Book Called Ulysses">United States v. One Book Called Ulysses</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" title="Roth v. United States">Roth v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_Inc._v._Olesen" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen">One, Inc. v. Olesen</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._California" title="Smith v. California">Smith v. California</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_v._Search_Warrant" title="Marcus v. Search Warrant">Marcus v. Search Warrant</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MANual_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Day" class="mw-redirect" title="MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day">MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantity_of_Books_v._Kansas" title="Quantity of Books v. Kansas">Quantity of Books v. Kansas</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginzburg_v._United_States" title="Ginzburg v. United States">Ginzburg v. United States</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts">Memoirs v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redrup_v._New_York" title="Redrup v. New York">Redrup v. New York</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginsberg_v._New_York" title="Ginsberg v. New York">Ginsberg v. New York</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Thirty-seven_Photographs" title="United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs">United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kois_v._Wisconsin" title="Kois v. Wisconsin">Kois v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Adult_Theatre_I_v._Slaton" title="Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton">Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._12_200-ft._Reels_of_Film" title="United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film">United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_v._Georgia" title="Jenkins v. Georgia">Jenkins v. Georgia</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Promotions,_Ltd._v._Conrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad (page does not exist)">Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erznoznik_v._City_of_Jacksonville" title="Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville">Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_v._American_Mini_Theatres,_Inc." title="Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.">Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vance_v._Universal_Amusement_Co.,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc. (page does not exist)">Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Hudnut" title="American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut">American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut</a></i> (7th Cir. 1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Freeman" title="People v. Freeman">People v. Freeman</a></i> (Cal. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video,_Inc." title="United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.">United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. ACLU</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Playboy_Entertainment_Group,_Inc." title="United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.">United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Alameda_Books,_Inc." title="City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.">City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union">Ashcroft v. ACLU I</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._American_Library_Ass%27n" title="United States v. American Library Ass'n">United States v. American Library Ass'n</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union#Second_Opinion_of_the_Court" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union">Ashcroft v. ACLU II</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitke_v._Gonzales" title="Nitke v. Gonzales">Nitke v. Gonzales</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Williams_(2008)" title="United States v. Williams (2008)">United States v. Williams</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Foundation_for_Free_Expression_v._Strickland" title="American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland">American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland</a></i> (6th Cir. 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Kilbride" title="United States v. Kilbride">United States v. Kilbride</a></i> (9th Cir. 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stevens" title="United States v. Stevens">United States v. Stevens</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association" title="Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association">Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2012)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Coalition_v._Paxton" title="Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton">Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech integral<br />to criminal conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Ferber" title="New York v. Ferber">New York v. Ferber</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" title="Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Free_Speech_Coalition" title="Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition">Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hansen" title="United States v. Hansen">United States v. Hansen</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">Strict scrutiny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holder_v._Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project">Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overbreadth_doctrine" title="Overbreadth doctrine">Overbreadth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">Vagueness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Goguen" title="Smith v. Goguen">Smith v. Goguen</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Airport_Commissioners_of_Los_Angeles_v._Jews_for_Jesus,_Inc." title="Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.">Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_speech" title="Symbolic speech">Symbolic speech</a><br />versus conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stromberg_v._California" title="Stromberg v. California">Stromberg v. California</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._O%27Brien" title="United States v. O'Brien">United States v. O'Brien</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spence_v._Washington" title="Spence v. Washington">Spence v. Washington</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_v._Stanglin" title="Dallas v. Stanglin">Dallas v. Stanglin</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Johnson" title="Texas v. Johnson">Texas v. Johnson</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Eichman" title="United States v. Eichman">United States v. Eichman</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnes_v._Glen_Theatre,_Inc." title="Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.">Barnes v. Glen Theatre</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Erie_v._Pap%27s_A._M." title="City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.">City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-based<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boos_v._Barry" title="Boos v. Barry">Boos v. Barry</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butterworth_v._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butterworth v. Smith (page does not exist)">Butterworth v. Smith</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster,_Inc._v._Crime_Victims_Board" title="Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board">Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Town_of_Gilbert" title="Reed v. Town of Gilbert">Reed v. Town of Gilbert</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Austin_v._Reagan_National_Advertising_of_Austin,_LLC" title="City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC">City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-neutral<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneider_v._New_Jersey" title="Schneider v. New Jersey">Schneider v. New Jersey</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renton_v._Playtime_Theatres,_Inc." title="Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.">Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ladue_v._Gilleo" title="City of Ladue v. Gilleo">City of Ladue v. Gilleo</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Packingham v. North Carolina</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /><a href="/wiki/Public_forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Public forum">public forum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Massachusetts" title="Davis v. Massachusetts">Davis v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hague_v._Committee_for_Industrial_Organization" title="Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization">Hague v. CIO</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornhill_v._Alabama" title="Thornhill v. Alabama">Thornhill v. Alabama</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._City_of_Struthers" title="Martin v. City of Struthers">Martin v. City of Struthers</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niemotko_v._Maryland" title="Niemotko v. Maryland">Niemotko v. Maryland</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Louisiana" title="Brown v. Louisiana">Brown v. Louisiana</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adderley_v._Florida" title="Adderley v. Florida">Adderley v. Florida</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carroll_v._Town_of_Princess_Anne" title="Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne">Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coates_v._City_of_Cincinnati" title="Coates v. City of Cincinnati">Coates v. City of Cincinnati</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_a_Better_Austin_v._Keefe" title="Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe">Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=USPS_v._Council_of_Greenburgh_Civic_Assns.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns. (page does not exist)">USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Grace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Grace (page does not exist)">United States v. Grace</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frisby_v._Schultz" title="Frisby v. Schultz">Frisby v. Schultz</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ward_v._Rock_Against_Racism" title="Ward v. Rock Against Racism">Ward v. Rock Against Racism</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burson_v._Freeman" title="Burson v. Freeman">Burson v. Freeman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madsen_v._Women%27s_Health_Center,_Inc." title="Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.">Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._Pro-Choice_Network_of_Western_New_York" title="Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York">Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v._Colorado" title="Hill v. Colorado">Hill v. Colorado</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCullen_v._Coakley" title="McCullen v. Coakley">McCullen v. Coakley</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designated<br />public forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Widmar_v._Vincent" title="Widmar v. Vincent">Widmar v. Vincent</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonpublic<br />forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Glines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v. Glines (page does not exist)">Brown v. Glines</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_Education_Association_v._Perry_Local_Educators%27_Association" title="Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association">Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_v._NAACP_Legal_Defense_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund (page does not exist)">Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc._v._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee (page does not exist)">International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Educational_Television_Commission_v._Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes (page does not exist)">Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compelled_speech" title="Compelled speech">Compelled speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald_Publishing_Co._v._Tornillo" title="Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo">Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wooley_v._Maynard" title="Wooley v. Maynard">Wooley v. Maynard</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_v._Forum_for_Academic_%26_Institutional_Rights,_Inc." title="Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.">Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Family_and_Life_Advocates_v._Becerra" title="National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra">National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/303_Creative_LLC_v._Elenis" title="303 Creative LLC v. Elenis">303 Creative LLC v. Elenis</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moody_v._NetChoice,_LLC" title="Moody v. NetChoice, LLC">Moody v. NetChoice, LLC</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compelled subsidy<br />of others' speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry._Emps._Department_v._Hanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson (page does not exist)">Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machinists_v._Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinists v. Street">Machinists v. Street</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abood_v._Detroit_Board_of_Education" title="Abood v. Detroit Board of Education">Abood v. Detroit Board of Education</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellis_v._Railway_Clerks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellis v. Railway Clerks (page does not exist)">Ellis v. Railway Clerks</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Local_Teachers_Union_v._Hudson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson (page does not exist)">Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America_v._Beck" title="Communications Workers of America v. Beck">Communications Workers of America v. Beck</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keller_v._State_Bar_of_California" title="Keller v. State Bar of California">Keller v. State Bar of California</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehnert_v._Ferris_Faculty_Ass%27n" title="Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n">Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glickman_v._Wileman_Brothers_%26_Elliot,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (page does not exist)">Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin_System_v._Southworth" title="Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth">Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._United_Foods_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. United Foods Inc. (page does not exist)">United States v. United Foods Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davenport_v._Washington_Education_Ass%27n" title="Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n">Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locke_v._Karass" title="Locke v. Karass">Locke v. Karass</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysursa_v._Pocatello_Education_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association (page does not exist)">Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knox_v._Service_Employees_International_Union,_Local_1000" title="Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000">Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Quinn" title="Harris v. Quinn">Harris v. Quinn</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrichs_v._California_Teachers_Association" title="Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association">Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janus_v._AFSCME" title="Janus v. AFSCME">Janus v. AFSCME</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Compelled_representation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compelled representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele_v._Louisville_%26_N.R._Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co (page does not exist)">Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Board_for_Community_Colleges_v._Knight" title="Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight">Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government grants<br />and subsidies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Regan_v._Taxation_with_Representation_of_Washington" title="Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington">Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rust_v._Sullivan" title="Rust v. Sullivan">Rust v. Sullivan</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_v._Finley" title="National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley">National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Services_Corp._v._Velazquez" title="Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez">Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2013)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2013)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2020)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2020)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_speech" title="Government speech">Government<br />as speaker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walker_v._Texas_Division,_Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans">Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Community_College_System_v._Wilson" title="Houston Community College System v. Wilson">Houston Community College System v. Wilson</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurtleff_v._City_of_Boston" title="Shurtleff v. City of Boston">Shurtleff v. City of Boston</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_oath" title="Loyalty oath">Loyalty oaths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Communications_Association_v._Douds" class="mw-redirect" title="American Communications Association v. Douds">American Communications Ass'n v. Douds</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speiser_v._Randall" title="Speiser v. Randall">Speiser v. Randall</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indiana_v._Whitcomb" title="Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb">Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb</a></i> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in schools in the United States">School speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.</a></i> (1969, <a href="/wiki/Substantial_disruption" title="Substantial disruption">substantial disruption</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Healy_v._James" title="Healy v. James">Healy v. James</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Island_Trees_School_District_v._Pico" title="Island Trees School District v. Pico">Island Trees School District v. Pico</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bethel_School_District_v._Fraser" title="Bethel School District v. Fraser">Bethel School District v. Fraser</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_School_District_v._Kuhlmeier" title="Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier">Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn." class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morse_v._Frederick" title="Morse v. Frederick">Morse v. Frederick</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_Area_School_District_v._B.L." title="Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.">Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pickering_v._Board_of_Education" title="Pickering v. Board of Education">Pickering v. Board of Education</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Sindermann" title="Perry v. Sindermann">Perry v. Sindermann</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnett_v._Kennedy" title="Arnett v. Kennedy">Arnett v. Kennedy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elrod_v._Burns" title="Elrod v. Burns">Elrod v. Burns</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Givhan_v._Western_Line_Consolidated_School_District" title="Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District">Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Arkansas_State_Hwy._Employees_Local&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local (page does not exist)">Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connick_v._Myers" title="Connick v. Myers">Connick v. Myers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rankin_v._McPherson" title="Rankin v. McPherson">Rankin v. McPherson</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutan_v._Republican_Party_of_Illinois" title="Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois">Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waters_v._Churchill" title="Waters v. Churchill">Waters v. Churchill</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._National_Treasury_Employees_Union" title="United States v. National Treasury Employees Union">United States v. National Treasury Employees Union</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Comm%27rs,_Wabaunsee_Cty._v._Umbehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr (page does not exist)">Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn." class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcetti_v._Ceballos" title="Garcetti v. Ceballos">Garcetti v. Ceballos</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lane_v._Franks" title="Lane v. Franks">Lane v. Franks</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heffernan_v._City_of_Paterson" title="Heffernan v. City of Paterson">Heffernan v. City of Paterson</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act</a> and<br />similar laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Curtis" title="Ex parte Curtis">Ex parte Curtis</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Public_Workers_v._Mitchell" title="United Public Workers v. Mitchell">United Public Workers v. Mitchell</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission_v._National_Ass%27n_of_Letter_Carriers" title="United States Civil Service Commission v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers">U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadrick_v._Oklahoma" title="Broadrick v. Oklahoma">Broadrick v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensing and<br />restriction of speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Film_Corp._v._Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio" title="Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio">Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._New_Hampshire" title="Cox v. New Hampshire">Cox v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunz_v._New_York" title="Kunz v. New York">Kunz v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Burstyn,_Inc._v._Wilson" title="Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson">Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Books,_Inc._v._Brown" title="Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown">Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railroad_Trainmen_v._Virginia_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar (page does not exist)">Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedman_v._Maryland" title="Freedman v. Maryland">Freedman v. Maryland</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mine_Workers_v._Illinois_Bar_Assn.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn. (page does not exist)">Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heffron_v._International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (page does not exist)">Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riley_v._Nat%27l_Fed%27n_of_the_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (page does not exist)">Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forsyth_County_v._Nationalist_Movement" title="Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement">Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_speech" title="Commercial speech">Commercial speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Valentine_v._Chrestensen" title="Valentine v. Chrestensen">Valentine v. Chrestensen</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rowan_v._United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="Rowan v. United States Post Office Department">Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press_Co._v._Pittsburgh_Commission_on_Human_Relations" title="Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations">Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfarb_v._Virginia_State_Bar" title="Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar">Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_v._Virginia" title="Bigelow v. Virginia">Bigelow v. Virginia</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Pharmacy_Board_v._Virginia_Citizens_Consumer_Council" title="Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council">Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linmark_Associates,_Inc._v._Township_of_Willingboro" title="Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Township of Willingboro">Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carey_v._Population_Services_International" title="Carey v. Population Services International">Carey v. Population Services International</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._State_Bar_of_Arizona" title="Bates v. State Bar of Arizona">Bates v. State Bar of Arizona</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Primus" title="In re Primus">In re Primus</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohralik_v._Ohio_State_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association (page does not exist)">Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedman_v._Rogers" title="Friedman v. Rogers">Friedman v. Rogers</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Edison_Co._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission">Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Hudson_Gas_%26_Electric_Corp._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission">Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_R.M.J.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In re R.M.J. (page does not exist)">In re R.M.J.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zauderer_v._Office_of_Disciplinary_Counsel_of_Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio">Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Posadas_de_Puerto_Rico_Associates_v._Tourism_Co._of_Puerto_Rico" title="Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico">Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee" title="San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee">San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapero_v._Kentucky_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association (page does not exist)">Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riley_v._Nat%27l_Fed%27n_of_the_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (page does not exist)">Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_University_of_New_York_v._Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State University of New York v. Fox (page does not exist)">State University of New York v. Fox</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peel_v._Attorney_Registration_and_Disciplinary_Commission_of_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois (page does not exist)">Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cincinnati_v._Discovery_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network">City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edenfield_v._Fane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edenfield v. Fane (page does not exist)">Edenfield v. Fane</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Edge_Broadcasting_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co. (page does not exist)">United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibanez_v._Florida_Dept._of_Business_and_Professional_Regulation,_Bd._of_Accountancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy (page does not exist)">Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebron_v._National_Railroad_Passenger_Corp." title="Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.">Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_v._Coors_Brewing_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co. (page does not exist)">Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Bar_v._Went_For_It,_Inc." title="Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.">Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/44_Liquormart,_Inc._v._Rhode_Island" title="44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island">44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glickman_v._Wileman_Brothers_%26_Elliot,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (page does not exist)">Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_New_Orleans_Broadcasting_Assn.,_Inc._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States (page does not exist)">Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Police_Department_v._United_Reporting_Publishing_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co. (page does not exist)">Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._United_Foods_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. United Foods Inc. (page does not exist)">United States v. United Foods Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lorillard_Tobacco_Co._v._Reilly" title="Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly">Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thompson_v._Western_States_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thompson v. Western States Medical Center (page does not exist)">Thompson v. Western States Medical Center</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc._v._Kasky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike, Inc. v. Kasky">Nike, Inc. v. Kasky</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milavetz,_Gallop_%26_Milavetz,_P.A._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States (page does not exist)">Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_v._Carlisle,_McNellie,_Rini,_Kramer_%26_Ulrich_LPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA (page does not exist)">Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorrell_v._IMS_Health_Inc." title="Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.">Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expressions_Hair_Design_v._Schneiderman" title="Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman">Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a><br />and political speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Boston_v._Bellotti" title="First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti">First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Medical_Association_v._FEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Medical Association v. FEC (page does not exist)">California Medical Association v. FEC</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Against_Rent_Control_v._City_of_Berkeley" title="Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley">Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._National_Right_to_Work_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. National Right to Work Committee (page does not exist)">FEC v. National Right to Work Committee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._National_Conservative_PAC" title="FEC v. National Conservative PAC">FEC v. National Conservative PAC</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Massachusetts_Citizens_for_Life" title="FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life">FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eu_v._S.F._Cty._Democratic_Cent._Comm.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm. (page does not exist)">Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austin_v._Michigan_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce">Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee_v._FEC" title="Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC">Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Shrink_Missouri_Government_PAC" title="Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC">Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee">FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota_v._White" title="Republican Party of Minnesota v. White">Republican Party of Minnesota v. White</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._Beaumont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. Beaumont (page does not exist)">FEC v. Beaumont</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McConnell_v._FEC" title="McConnell v. FEC">McConnell v. FEC</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc._v._FEC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC">Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randall_v._Sorrell" title="Randall v. Sorrell">Randall v. Sorrell</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc." title="FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.">FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._FEC" title="Davis v. FEC">Davis v. FEC</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Commission_on_Ethics_v._Carrigan" title="Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan">Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Free_Enterprise_Club%27s_Freedom_Club_PAC_v._Bennett" title="Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett">Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tradition_Partnership,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock">American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCutcheon_v._FEC" title="McCutcheon v. FEC">McCutcheon v. FEC</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Hebdon" title="Thompson v. Hebdon">Thompson v. Hebdon</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Ted_Cruz_for_Senate" title="FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate">FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anonymous speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._City_of_Little_Rock" title="Bates v. City of Little Rock">Bates v. City of Little Rock</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Socialist_Workers_%2774_Campaign_Committee" title="Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee">Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McIntyre_v._Ohio_Elections_Commission" title="McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission">McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama" title="Marsh v. Alabama">Marsh v. Alabama</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Corp._v._Tanner" title="Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner">Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Access_Corp._v._Halleck" title="Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck">Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lindke_v._Freed" title="Lindke v. Freed">Lindke v. Freed</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retaliatory_arrest_and_prosecution" title="Retaliatory arrest and prosecution">Official retaliation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartman_v._Moore" title="Hartman v. Moore">Hartman v. Moore</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichle_v._Howards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichle v. Howards (page does not exist)">Reichle v. Howards</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Moss" title="Wood v. Moss">Wood v. Moss</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)" title="Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018)">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nieves_v._Bartlett" title="Nieves v. Bartlett">Nieves v. Bartlett</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Boule" title="Egbert v. Boule">Egbert v. Boule</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Trevino" title="Gonzalez v. Trevino">Gonzalez v. Trevino</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America_v._Vullo" title="National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo">National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boycotts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Claiborne_Hardware_Co." title="NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.">NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTC_v._Superior_Ct._TLA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA (page does not exist)">FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procunier_v._Martinez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procunier v. Martinez (page does not exist)">Procunier v. Martinez</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._North_Carolina_Prisoners%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union">Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Safley" title="Turner v. Safley">Turner v. Safley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaw_v._Murphy" title="Shaw v. Murphy">Shaw v. Murphy</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overton_v._Bazzetta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overton v. Bazzetta (page does not exist)">Overton v. Bazzetta</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beard_v._Banks" title="Beard v. Banks">Beard v. Banks</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_the_press" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the press</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraints</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patterson_v._Colorado" title="Patterson v. Colorado">Patterson v. Colorado</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota" title="Near v. Minnesota">Near v. Minnesota</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovell_v._City_of_Griffin" title="Lovell v. City of Griffin">Lovell v. City of Griffin</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_v._Texas" title="Tucker v. Texas">Tucker v. Texas</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hannegan_v._Esquire,_Inc." title="Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.">Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States" title="New York Times Co. v. United States">New York Times Co. v. United States</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pell_v._Procunier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pell v. Procunier (page does not exist)">Pell v. Procunier</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Press_Ass%27n_v._Stuart" title="Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart">Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Communications,_Inc._v._Virginia" title="Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia">Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lowe_v._SEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lowe v. SEC (page does not exist)">Lowe v. SEC</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tory_v._Cochran" title="Tory v. Cochran">Tory v. Cochran</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Hill" title="Time, Inc. v. Hill">Time, Inc. v. Hill</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_Broadcasting_Corp._v._Cohn" title="Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn">Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Star_v._B._J._F." title="Florida Star v. B. J. F.">Florida Star v. B. J. F.</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxation and<br />privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grosjean_v._American_Press_Co." title="Grosjean v. American Press Co.">Grosjean v. American Press Co.</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Branzburg_v._Hayes" title="Branzburg v. Hayes">Branzburg v. Hayes</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houchins_v._KQED,_Inc." title="Houchins v. KQED, Inc.">Houchins v. KQED, Inc.</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Star_Tribune_Co._v._Commissioner" title="Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner">Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Writers%27_Project_v._Ragland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland (page does not exist)">Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._Cowles_Media_Co." title="Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.">Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beauharnais_v._Illinois" title="Beauharnais v. Illinois">Beauharnais v. Illinois</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Co._v._Butts" title="Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts">Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_Cooperative_Publishing_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Bresler" title="Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler">Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gertz_v._Robert_Welch,_Inc." title="Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Firestone" title="Time, Inc. v. Firestone">Time, Inc. v. Firestone</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bose_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_United_States,_Inc." title="Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.">Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet,_Inc._v._Greenmoss_Builders,_Inc." title="Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.">Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Smith" title="McDonald v. Smith">McDonald v. Smith</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harte-Hanks_Communications,_Inc._v._Connaughton" title="Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton">Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milkovich_v._Lorain_Journal_Co." title="Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.">Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Finance_Group,_LLC_v._Cox" title="Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox">Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox</a></i> (9th Cir. 2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Broadcasting_Co._v._FCC" title="Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC">Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation" title="FCC v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica Foundation</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FCC_v._WNCN_Listeners_Guild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild (page does not exist)">FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denver_Area_Ed._Telecommunications_Consortium,_Inc._v._FCC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC (page does not exist)">Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartnicki_v._Vopper" title="Bartnicki v. Vopper">Bartnicki v. Vopper</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Copyrighted materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co." title="Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.">Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_assembly" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presser_v._Illinois" title="Presser v. Illinois">Presser v. Illinois</a></i> (1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection from prosecution <br />and state restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Jonge_v._Oregon" title="De Jonge v. Oregon">De Jonge v. Oregon</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Collins (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Collins</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#United_States_Constitution" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joint_Anti-Fascist_Refugee_Committee_v._McGrath" title="Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath">Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._City_of_Little_Rock" title="Bates v. City of Little Rock">Bates v. City of Little Rock</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future Conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baggett_v._Bullitt" title="Baggett v. Bullitt">Baggett v. Bullitt</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solicitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Primus" title="In re Primus">In re Primus</a></i> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership restriction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hishon_v._King_%26_Spalding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hishon v. King & Spalding (page does not exist)">Hishon v. King & Spalding</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roberts_v._United_States_Jaycees" title="Roberts v. United States Jaycees">Roberts v. United States Jaycees</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_Int%27l_v._Rotary_Club_of_Duarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte (page does not exist)">Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Club_Ass%27n_v._City_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York (page does not exist)">New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_v._Stanglin" title="Dallas v. Stanglin">Dallas v. Stanglin</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America_v._Dale" title="Boy Scouts of America v. Dale">Boy Scouts of America v. Dale</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Legal_Society_v._Martinez" title="Christian Legal Society v. Martinez">Christian Legal Society v. Martinez</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primaries and elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousins_v._Wigoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousins v. Wigoda (page does not exist)">Cousins v. Wigoda</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_v._Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Party v. Wisconsin (page does not exist)">Democratic Party v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tashjian_v._Republican_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tashjian v. Republican Party (page does not exist)">Tashjian v. Republican Party</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timmons_v._Twin_Cities_Area_New_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party (page does not exist)">Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party_v._Jones" title="California Democratic Party v. Jones">California Democratic Party v. Jones</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clingman_v._Beaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clingman v. Beaver (page does not exist)">Clingman v. Beaver</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Board_of_Elections_v._Lopez_Torres" title="New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres">New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Grange_v._Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party">Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_to_petition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Freedom to petition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Collins (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Collins</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railroad_Presidents_Conference_v._Noerr_Motor_Freight,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.">Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_v._Pennington" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers v. Pennington">United Mine Workers v. Pennington</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Motor_Transport_Co._v._Trucking_Unlimited" title="California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited">California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Arkansas_State_Highway_Employees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees (page does not exist)">Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Smith" title="McDonald v. Smith">McDonald v. Smith</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Grant" title="Meyer v. Grant">Meyer v. Grant</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._American_Constitutional_Law_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation">Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BE_and_K_Construction_Co._v._National_Labor_Relations_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board (page does not exist)">BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. 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