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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wykŏz inhaltu</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przeciep do bocznyj lajsty</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Przodek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Klasyfikacyjŏ_naturalnŏ_i_sztucznŏ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasyfikacyjŏ_naturalnŏ_i_sztucznŏ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Klasyfikacyjŏ naturalnŏ i sztucznŏ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasyfikacyjŏ_naturalnŏ_i_sztucznŏ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Przeszaltruj podsekcyjõ Klasyfikacyjŏ naturalnŏ i sztucznŏ</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klasyfikacyjŏ_naturalnŏ_i_sztucznŏ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klasyfikacyjŏ_naturalnŏ_ôrganizmōw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasyfikacyjŏ_naturalnŏ_ôrganizmōw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Klasyfikacyjŏ naturalnŏ ôrganizmōw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasyfikacyjŏ_naturalnŏ_ôrganizmōw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podziały_świata_żywego" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podziały_świata_żywego"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Podziały świata żywego</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Podziały_świata_żywego-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Przeszaltruj podsekcyjõ Podziały świata żywego</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Podziały_świata_żywego-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tradycyjny_podzioł" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tradycyjny_podzioł"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tradycyjny podzioł</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tradycyjny_podzioł-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trzi_dōmyny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trzi_dōmyny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Trzi dōmyny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trzi_dōmyny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podzioł_Cavaliera-Smitha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podzioł_Cavaliera-Smitha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Podzioł Cavaliera-Smitha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podzioł_Cavaliera-Smitha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przirōwnanie_dzielynie_systymatycznych" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przirōwnanie_dzielynie_systymatycznych"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Przirōwnanie dzielynie systymatycznych</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przirōwnanie_dzielynie_systymatycznych-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wejzdrzij_tyż" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wejzdrzij_tyż"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wejzdrzij tyż</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wejzdrzij_tyż-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przipisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przipisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Przipisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przipisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linki_zewnyntrzne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linki_zewnyntrzne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Linki zewnyntrzne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linki_zewnyntrzne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Wykŏz inhaltu" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przeszaltruj sztand wykŏzu inhaltu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przeszaltruj sztand wykŏzu inhaltu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Klasyfikacyjŏ biologicznŏ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pōdź do artikla w inkszyj gŏdce. Dostympne we 111 godkach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 gŏdek</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiese_klassifikasie" title="Biologiese klassifikasie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biologiese klassifikasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassifikation_(Biologie)" title="Klassifikation (Biologie) – szwajcarski niymiecki" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Klassifikation (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="szwajcarski niymiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_cientifica" title="Clasificación cientifica – aragoński" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Clasificación cientifica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A6ftlicu_endebyrdung" title="Cræftlicu endebyrdung – staroangielski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cræftlicu endebyrdung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="staroangielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تصنيف حيوي – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصنيف حيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3xica" title="Clasificación biolóxica – asturyjski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clasificación biolóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87" title="بیولوژیک بؤلمه‌لندیرمه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیولوژیک بؤلمه‌لندیرمه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биологик классификация – baszkirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биологик классификация" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baszkirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muoksl%C4%97n%C4%97_klas%C4%97f%C4%97kac%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Muokslėnė klasėfėkacėjė – żmudzki" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Muokslėnė klasėfėkacėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="żmudzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Біялагічная класіфікацыя – biołoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біялагічная класіфікацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biołoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Біялягічная клясыфікацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біялягічная клясыфікацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Класификация на организмите – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Класификация на организмите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="জীববৈজ্ঞানিক শ্রেণিবিন্যাস – byngalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীববৈজ্ঞানিক শ্রেণিবিন্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="byngalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ka_klasifikacija" title="Biološka klasifikacija – bośniacki" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biološka klasifikacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bośniacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_ilmiah" title="Klasifikasi ilmiah – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Klasifikasi ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificaci%C3%B3_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Classificació científica – katalōński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Classificació científica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalōński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk_h%C5%ADng-l%C3%B4i-hu%C3%A1k" title="Sĕng-ŭk hŭng-lôi-huák – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-ŭk hŭng-lôi-huák" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyentipiko_nga_klasipikasyon" title="Siyentipiko nga klasipikasyon – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Siyentipiko nga klasipikasyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پۆلێنی زانستیی گیانداران – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆلێنی زانستیی گیانداران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificazione_scentifica" title="Classificazione scentifica – korsykański" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Classificazione scentifica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsykański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologick%C3%A1_klasifikace" title="Biologická klasifikace – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biologická klasifikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosbarthiad_gwyddonol" title="Dosbarthiad gwyddonol – walijski" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dosbarthiad gwyddonol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_klassifikation" title="Biologisk klassifikation – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biologisk klassifikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologische_Einteilung" title="Biologische Einteilung – niymiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biologische Einteilung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niymiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Συστηματική ταξινόμηση – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συστηματική ταξινόμηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" title="Biological classification – angelski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biological classification" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia_klasado" title="Biologia klasado – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biologia klasado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_biol%C3%B3gica" title="Clasificación biológica – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clasificación biológica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailkapen_zientifiko" title="Sailkapen zientifiko – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sailkapen zientifiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="رده‌بندی زیست‌شناختی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رده‌بندی زیست‌شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieteellinen_luokittelu" title="Tieteellinen luokittelu – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tieteellinen luokittelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_scientifique_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Classification scientifique des espèces – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classification scientifique des espèces" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicmi%C3%BA_eola%C3%ADoch" title="Aicmiú eolaíoch – irlandzki" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aicmiú eolaíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Clasificación científica – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clasificación científica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekovekuaaty_%C3%B1emohenda" title="Tekovekuaaty ñemohenda – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekovekuaaty ñemohenda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰 – gocki" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐌴𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gocki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-vu%CC%8Dt_f%C3%BBn-lui-fap" title="Sâng-vu̍t fûn-lui-fap – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-vu̍t fûn-lui-fap" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2" title="טקסונומיה של עולם הטבע – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסונומיה של עולם הטבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="जीववैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीववैज्ञानिक वर्गीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" title="Biological classification – hindi fidżyjskie" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Biological classification" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidżyjskie" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ka_klasifikacija" title="Biološka klasifikacija – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biološka klasifikacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_biologic" title="Classification biologic – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Classification biologic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_biologis" title="Klasifikasi biologis – indōnezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klasifikasi biologis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indōnezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolohiko_a_pannakaidasig" title="Biolohiko a pannakaidasig – ilokano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biolohiko a pannakaidasig" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencala_klasifikuro_di_speci" title="Ciencala klasifikuro di speci – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ciencala klasifikuro di speci" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsindaleg_flokkun" title="Vísindaleg flokkun – islandzki" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vísindaleg flokkun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificazione_scientifica" title="Classificazione scientifica – italijański" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Classificazione scientifica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="生物の分類 – japōński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物の分類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japōński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოლოგიური კლასიფიკაცია – gruziński" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოლოგიური კლასიფიკაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruziński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asismel_n_tesnudert" title="Asismel n tesnudert – kabylski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asismel n tesnudert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Жүйеленім – kazachski" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүйеленім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಜೈವಿಕ ವಿಂಗಡಣೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೈವಿಕ ವಿಂಗಡಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC_%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98" title="생물 분류 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물 분류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabe%C5%9Fandina_biyoloj%C3%AEk" title="Dabeşandina biyolojîk – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dabeşandina biyolojîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatio_biologica" title="Classificatio biologica – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Classificatio biologica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificasi%C3%B9_scent%C3%ACfica" title="Clasificasiù scentìfica – lombardzki" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Clasificasiù scentìfica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologin%C4%97_klasifikacija" title="Biologinė klasifikacija – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biologinė klasifikacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismu_klasifik%C4%81cija" title="Organismu klasifikācija – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Organismu klasifikācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_Ilmiah" title="Klasifikasi Ilmiah – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Klasifikasi Ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Биологий классификаций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Биологий классификаций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_ilmiah" title="Klasifikasi ilmiah – minangkabu" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Klasifikasi ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ശാസ്ത്രീയ വർഗ്ഗീകരണം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശാസ്ത്രീയ വർഗ്ഗീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Биологийн ангилал – mōngolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Биологийн ангилал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mōngolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="जैविक वर्गीकरण – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जैविक वर्गीकरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengelasan_biologi" title="Pengelasan biologi – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengelasan biologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassifikazzjoni_bijolo%C4%A1ika" title="Klassifikazzjoni bijoloġika – maltański" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Klassifikazzjoni bijoloġika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဇီဝဗေဒဆိုင်ရာ မျိုးခွဲခြင်း – birmański" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇီဝဗေဒဆိုင်ရာ မျိုးခွဲခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassifecazzione_scient%C3%ACfeca" title="Crassifecazzione scientìfeca – neapolitański" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Crassifecazzione scientìfeca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioloogsche_Klassifikatschoon" title="Bioloogsche Klassifikatschoon – dolnoniymiecki" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bioloogsche Klassifikatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoniymiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="जैविक वर्गीकरण – newarski" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जैविक वर्गीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylogenetische_systematiek" title="Fylogenetische systematiek – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fylogenetische systematiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_klassifisering" title="Biologisk klassifisering – norweski (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologisk klassifisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norweski (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_klassifikasjon" title="Biologisk klassifikasjon – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biologisk klassifikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siential_klasifikatione" title="Siential klasifikatione – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Siential klasifikatione" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificacion_scientifica" title="Classificacion scientifica – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Classificacion scientifica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97" title="ବିଜ୍ଞାନଭିତ୍ତିକ ଶ୍ରେଣୀବିଭାଗ – ôrija" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜ୍ଞାନଭିତ୍ତିକ ଶ୍ରେଣୀବିଭାଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ôrija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਵਰਗੀਕਰਨ – pyndżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਵਰਗੀਕਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pyndżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasyfikacja_biologiczna" title="Klasyfikacja biologiczna – polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasyfikacja biologiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جیون ٹولی بنانا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیون ٹولی بنانا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Classificação científica – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Classificação científica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitan_kamay_katiguriya" title="Mitan kamay katiguriya – keczua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mitan kamay katiguriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keczua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificare_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83" title="Clasificare științifică – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clasificare științifică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биологическая классификация – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биологическая классификация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatzione_sient%C3%ACfica" title="Classificatzione sientìfica – sardyński" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Classificatzione sientìfica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificazzioni_scint%C3%ACfica" title="Classificazzioni scintìfica – sycylijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Classificazzioni scintìfica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sycylijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ka_klasifikacija" title="Biološka klasifikacija – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biološka klasifikacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification" title="Biological classification – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biological classification" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedeck%C3%A1_klasifik%C3%A1cia" title="Vedecká klasifikácia – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vedecká klasifikácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanstvena_klasifikacija_%C5%BEivih_bitij" title="Znanstvena klasifikacija živih bitij – słowyński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Znanstvena klasifikacija živih bitij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słowyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abala-abalayn_bayoloji" title="Abala-abalayn bayoloji – sōmalijski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Abala-abalayn bayoloji" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="sōmalijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikimi_biologjik" title="Klasifikimi biologjik – albański" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klasifikimi biologjik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биолошка класификација – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биолошка класификација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_biologi" title="Klasifikasi biologi – sundajski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Klasifikasi biologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_klassificering" title="Biologisk klassificering – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biologisk klassificering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uainishaji_wa_kisayansi" title="Uainishaji wa kisayansi – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uainishaji wa kisayansi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="உயிரிய வகைப்பாடு – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரிய வகைப்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologik_sistematika" title="Biologik sistematika – turkmyński" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Biologik sistematika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmyński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-uuring_pambiyolohiya" title="Pag-uuring pambiyolohiya – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-uuring pambiyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakafa%CA%BBafa%CA%BBahinga_fakasaienisi" title="Fakafaʻafaʻahinga fakasaienisi – tōnga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Fakafaʻafaʻahinga fakasaienisi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tōnga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биологик классификация – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биологик классификация" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біологічна класифікація – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біологічна класифікація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جماعت بندی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جماعت بندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologik_klassifikatsiya" title="Biologik klassifikatsiya – uzbecki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biologik klassifikatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasifegasion_sient%C3%ACfega" title="Clasifegasion sientìfega – wenecki" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Clasifegasion sientìfega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="wenecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincieus_rindjmint_do_vicant" title="Sincieus rindjmint do vicant – waloński" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sincieus rindjmint do vicant" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="waloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:ISO_639_Icon_szl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ISO_639_Icon_szl.svg/40px-ISO_639_Icon_szl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ISO_639_Icon_szl.svg/60px-ISO_639_Icon_szl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ISO_639_Icon_szl.svg/80px-ISO_639_Icon_szl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></div></td> <td class="ambox-text"><b>Ślabikŏrzowe abecadło</b><br /><small>Tyn artikel je narychtowany we ślabikŏrzowym zŏpisie ślōnskij gŏdki. Coby sie przewiedzieć wiyncyj, wejzdrzij do <a href="/wiki/Wikipedyjo:%C5%9Alabik%C5%8Frzowy_szrajb%C5%8Dnek" title="Wikipedyjo:Ślabikŏrzowy szrajbōnek">artikla ô nim</a>. </small></td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Taxonomy_Linn%C3%A9_%26_Diderot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taxonomy_Linn%C3%A9_%26_Diderot.jpg/300px-Taxonomy_Linn%C3%A9_%26_Diderot.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taxonomy_Linn%C3%A9_%26_Diderot.jpg/450px-Taxonomy_Linn%C3%A9_%26_Diderot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Taxonomy_Linn%C3%A9_%26_Diderot.jpg/600px-Taxonomy_Linn%C3%A9_%26_Diderot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Przikłady klasyfikacyji stworzōnych ôd Linneusza (z lewyj) i Diderota (z prawyj)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Age-of-Man-wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Age-of-Man-wiki.jpg/300px-Age-of-Man-wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="488" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Age-of-Man-wiki.jpg/450px-Age-of-Man-wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Age-of-Man-wiki.jpg/600px-Age-of-Man-wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Przikłŏd strōma filogynetycznego</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Klasyfikacyjŏ biologicznŏ</b> – szeregowanie <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%94rganizm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ôrganizm (niy ma zajty)">ôrganizmōw</a> uporzōndkowanym spusōbym podle prawideł <a href="/wiki/Systymatyka_%C3%B4rganizm%C5%8Dw" title="Systymatyka ôrganizmōw">systymatyki biologicznyj</a>. Wynikym tego procesu je hierarchiczny ukłŏd systymatyczny, co prezyntuje terŏźny w danym ôkresie sztand wiedzy ô podobiyństwie i pochodzyniu ôrganizmōw. Zaleznie ôd przijyntyj metody badawczyj może to być hierarchiczny ukłŏd oparty na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategoryj%C5%8F_systymatyczn%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategoryjŏ systymatycznŏ (niy ma zajty)">kategoryjach systymatycznych</a> abo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Str%C5%8Dm_filogynetyczny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strōm filogynetyczny (niy ma zajty)">strōmie filogynetycznym</a>, może ôbyjmować wszyjske znōme nauce ôrganizmy abo jejich ôkryślōnõ grupã. Dōmynōm <a href="/wiki/Biologij%C5%8F" title="Biologijŏ">biologije</a>, co pŏrŏ sie klasyfikowaniym ôrganizmōw, je <a href="/wiki/Systymatyka_%C3%B4rganizm%C5%8Dw" title="Systymatyka ôrganizmōw">systymatyka ôrganizmōw</a>, a prawidła klasyfikacyje i nazewnictwa systymatycznego ôkryślŏ jeji poddyscyplina – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn%C5%8Dmij%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōnōmijŏ (niy ma zajty)">taksōnōmijŏ</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasyfikacyjŏ_naturalnŏ_i_sztucznŏ"><span id="Klasyfikacyj.C5.8F_naturaln.C5.8F_i_sztuczn.C5.8F"></span>Klasyfikacyjŏ naturalnŏ i sztucznŏ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcyjõ: Klasyfikacyjŏ naturalnŏ i sztucznŏ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Klasyfikacyjŏ naturalnŏ i sztucznŏ"><span>edytuj zdrzōdło</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klasyfikowanie ôbiektōw je potrzebne wtynczŏs, jak mōmy do czyniyniŏ z jejich srogszōm liczbōm. Taki zbiōr wymŏgŏ skatalogowaniŏ, w ôpacznym wypadku ciynżko byłoby sie nim posugować. Tyn sōm zbiōr idzie klasyfikować na roztōmajte spusoby, podle roztōmajtych kryteriōw. Klasyfikacyjŏ ôpartŏ na kryteriach takich jak podobiyństwo morfologiczne abo siedliskowe mŏ naturã sztucznõ. Przikładym podziału sztucznego je podzioł zwiyrzōnt na <i>lōndowe</i> i <i>wodne</i>, bo tyn podzioł niy ôdnosi sie prōmp do kōnkretnych i ważnych cech klasyfikowanych ôrganizmōw. Przikładym podziału sztucznego, ale niyôbyczajle pożytecznego z pōnktu widzyniŏ metodyki nauczaniŏ biologije, je podzioł zwiyrzōōnt na <a href="/wiki/Kryngowce" title="Kryngowce">kryngowce</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bezkryngowce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bezkryngowce (niy ma zajty)">bezkryngowce</a>. Drugŏ z wymianowanych grup (bezkryngowce) je jednostkōm sztucznōm, a zaliczane do nij zwiyrzynta łōnczy ino jedna, negatywnŏ cecha diagnostycznŏ: brak <a href="/wiki/Krzi%C5%BC" title="Krziż">krziża</a>. Klasyfikacyjŏ, co je ôpartŏ na ważnych i ajnfachowych cechach ôrganizmōw, mŏ naturã naturalnõ. Przikładami podziału naturalnego je podzioł flanc na <i>ôkrytozalōnżkowe</i> i <i>nagozalōnżkowe</i> jak tyż podzioł ryb na <i>skrzelodyszne</i> jak tyż <i>dwudyszne</i>. </p><p>Społym z rozrostym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologij%C5%8F_molekularn%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologijŏ molekularnŏ (niy ma zajty)">biologije molekularnyj</a> hierarchiczne systymy klasyfikacyjne zyskały kōnkuryncyjõ we formie naturalnych klasyfikacyji ôrganizmōw opartych na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn%C5%8Dmij%C5%8F_filogenetyczna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōnōmijŏ filogenetyczna (niy ma zajty)">taksōnōmije filogenetycznej</a>, corŏz akuratnij pokazowały <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogyneza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filogyneza (niy ma zajty)">filogynezã</a>. Przikładym takij klasyfikacyje, co sie tykŏ roślin <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%94krytonasiynne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ôkrytonasiynne (niy ma zajty)">ôkrytonasiynnych</a> je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Systym_APG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systym APG (niy ma zajty)">systym APG</a>. W tradycyjnych systymach klasyfikacyjnych, co używajōm systymu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategoryj%C5%8F_systymatyczn%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategoryjŏ systymatycznŏ (niy ma zajty)">kategoryji biologicznych</a> niy idzie zmieścić corŏz barzij akuratnego, ale tyż corŏz barzij słożōnego ôbrazu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Str%C5%8Dm_filogynetyczny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strōm filogynetyczny (niy ma zajty)">strōma życiŏ</a>. W sytuacyji, jak liczba kategoryji systymatycznych je skōńczōnŏ, niy idzie stworzić systymu, w kerym kożdy taksōn by bōł <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn_m%C5%8Dnofiletyczny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōn mōnofiletyczny (niy ma zajty)">mōnofiletyczny</a>. Z drugij strōny słożoność <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn%C5%8Dmij%C5%8F_filogynetyczn%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōnōmijŏ filogynetycznŏ (niy ma zajty)">taksōnōmije filogynetycznyj</a> powoduje, iże durch jeszcze ciynżko sie wyforsztelować używanie inkszych aniżeli tradycyjne systymōw hierarchicznych chociŏż do cylōw dydaktycznych. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasyfikacyjŏ_naturalnŏ_ôrganizmōw"><span id="Klasyfikacyj.C5.8F_naturaln.C5.8F_.C3.B4rganizm.C5.8Dw"></span>Klasyfikacyjŏ naturalnŏ ôrganizmōw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcyjõ: Klasyfikacyjŏ naturalnŏ ôrganizmōw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Klasyfikacyjŏ naturalnŏ ôrganizmōw"><span>edytuj zdrzōdło</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wszyjske ôrganizmy powstały na drōdze <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewolucyj%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewolucyjŏ (niy ma zajty)">ewolucyje</a>. Jedne zorty wymiyrały, inksze dŏwały poczōntek nowym (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Powst%C5%8Fwanie_zort%C5%8Dw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Powstŏwanie zortōw (niy ma zajty)">specjacyjŏ</a>). Jejich historyjõ ewolucyjnõ (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filogyneza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filogyneza (niy ma zajty)">filogynezã</a>) idzie przedstawić graficznie we formie rozgałyńziōnego strōma, zwanego strōmym rodowym abo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Str%C5%8Dm_filogynetyczny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strōm filogynetyczny (niy ma zajty)">strōmym filogynetycznym</a>. Piyń tego strōma to jedyn spōlny praôjciec wszyjskich ôrganizmōw, za to kōnary to ôsobne linije ewolucyjne. </p><p>Danŏ grupa ôrganizmōw (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōn (niy ma zajty)">taksōn</a>) je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn_m%C5%8Dnofiletyczny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōn mōnofiletyczny (niy ma zajty)">mōnofiletycznŏ</a>, jeźli wywodzi sie ôd jednego spōlnego praôjca i ôbyjmuje wszyjskich jego potōmnych. Mōnofiletycznōm grupōm sōm <a href="/wiki/Cycacze" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycacze">cycacze</a>. Jeźli jednak jakŏś grupa ôbyjmuje dwa „kōnary” strōma (abo wiyncyj), to je ôna <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn_polifiletyczny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōn polifiletyczny (niy ma zajty)">polifiletycznŏ</a>. Polifiletycznōm grupōm sōm bp. wszyjske ôrganizmy cudzożywne. Za to mianym <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn_parafiletyczny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōn parafiletyczny (niy ma zajty)">parafiletycznyj</a> ôkryślŏ sie grupã, co skupiŏ ôrganizmy, co pochodzōm ôd jednego praôjca, ale niy ôbyjmujōm wszyjskich potōmnych. Przikładym takij grupy sōm <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwuli%C5%9Bciynne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwuliściynne (niy ma zajty)">dwuliściynne</a>. Nŏleżnego ôbrazu przŏcielstwa ôrganizmōw idzie sie spodziywać jyno w grupach mōnofiletycznych. </p><p>Doskōnalynie metod klasyfikacyje ôrganizmōw polygŏ na dōnżyniu do tego, by jak nojlepij pokazowały jejich przŏcielstwo. Ôptymalny systym klasyfikacyje winiyn ôddŏwać prŏwdziwy ukłŏd strōma rodowego. Wszyjske taksōny winny być mōnofiletyczne. Terŏźnŏ wiedza zbliżŏ nŏs do tego ideału, ale niy dŏwŏ podstaw do skōnstruowaniŏ takigo idealnego strōma rodowego wszyjskich ôrganizmōw. </p><p>Terŏźnie za tradycyjny idzie uznać podzioł na piyńć krōlestw: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokari%C5%8Dnty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokariōnty (niy ma zajty)">prokariōnty</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protisty (niy ma zajty)">protisty</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rośliny (niy ma zajty)">rośliny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby">grziby</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta">zwiyrzynta</a>. Podstawy takigo podziału były zapropōnowane już w XIX stoleciu (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Owen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Owen (niy ma zajty)">Richard Owen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Haeckel (niy ma zajty)">Ernst Haeckel</a>) bez wydzielynie krōlestwa ôsobnego ôd roślin i zwiyrzōnt<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ale systym, co wykrŏczŏ poza podzioł na dwa krōlestwa upowszechniōł sie dopiyro w drugij połowie XX s., za barzij zbliżōny do prŏwdy aniżeli podzioł ôd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karol_Linneusz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karol Linneusz (niy ma zajty)">Linneusza</a>. niyma ôn jednak wolny ôd felerōw, bo krōlestwo bakteryji ôbyjmuje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eubakteryje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eubakteryje (niy ma zajty)">iste bakteryje</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arche%C5%8Dny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeōny (niy ma zajty)">archebakteryje</a>, co sōm ze sobōm spokrewniōne ino niyznacznie. Je to grupa parafiletycznŏ, co pochodzi ôd spōlnego praôjca, ale niy stanowi ôsobnyj asty strōma. Sōm tyż dane, co przizwŏlajōm sōńdzić, iże archebakteryje sōm bliżyj spokrewniōne z inkszymi ôrganizmami aniżeli z bakteryjami istymi. Parafiletyczne sōm tyż protisty, co sōm ôd jednego spōlnego praôjca, ale co je tyż praôjcym roślin, zwiyrzōnt i grzibōw. </p><p>Skirz tych felerōw upowszechniŏ sie podzioł na trzi dōmyny: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arche%C5%8Dny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeōny (niy ma zajty)">archeōny</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakteryje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakteryje (niy ma zajty)">bakteryje</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukari%C5%8Dnty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukariōnty (niy ma zajty)">jōndrowce</a>. Jōndrowce (eukariōnty) prowizorycznie były dzielōne na 4 krōlestwa: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protisty (niy ma zajty)">protisty</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rośliny (niy ma zajty)">rośliny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby">grziby</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta">zwiyrzynta</a>, a niyskorzij na 6 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergrupa_(biologij%C5%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supergrupa (biologijŏ) (niy ma zajty)">supergrup</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthokonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthokonta (niy ma zajty)">Opisthokonta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoebozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoebozoa (niy ma zajty)">Amoebozoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Excavata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excavata (niy ma zajty)">Excavata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhizaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhizaria (niy ma zajty)">Rhizaria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosliny (niy ma zajty)">Archaeplastida</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromalveolata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromalveolata (niy ma zajty)">Chromalveolata</a>. Te grupy sōm podle terŏźnyj wiedze mōnofiletyczne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podziały_świata_żywego"><span id="Podzia.C5.82y_.C5.9Bwiata_.C5.BCywego"></span>Podziały świata żywego</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcyjõ: Podziały świata żywego" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Podziały świata żywego"><span>edytuj zdrzōdło</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_(1735).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/300px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/450px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/600px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>podzioł krōlestwa zwiyrzōw (Animalia) zapropōnowany bez Karola Linneusza w 1735 roku</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tradycyjny_podzioł"><span id="Tradycyjny_podzio.C5.82"></span>Tradycyjny podzioł</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcyjõ: Tradycyjny podzioł" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Tradycyjny podzioł"><span>edytuj zdrzōdło</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nojbarzij tradycyjny podzioł ôrganizmōw, co wywodzi sie jeszcze ôd <a href="/wiki/Arystoteles" title="Arystoteles">Arystotelesa</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teofrast_z_Eresos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teofrast z Eresos (niy ma zajty)">Teofrasta</a>, a utrwalony ôd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karol_Linneusz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karol Linneusz (niy ma zajty)">Linneusza</a> to podzioł na dwa krōlestwa: <a href="/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta">zwiyrzynta</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rośliny (niy ma zajty)">rośliny</a>. Bōł uznŏwany za ôbowiōnzujōncy jeszcze w piyrszyj połowie XX stoleciŏ, a jego ôstałości durch widać we podziale nauk biologicznych (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Botanika (niy ma zajty)">botanika</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoologij%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoologijŏ (niy ma zajty)">zoologijŏ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn%C5%8Dmij%C5%8F_ro%C5%9Blin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōnōmijŏ roślin (niy ma zajty)">taksōnōmijŏ roślin</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taks%C5%8Dn%C5%8Dmij%C5%8F_zwiyrz%C5%8Dnt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taksōnōmijŏ zwiyrzōnt (niy ma zajty)">taksōnōmijŏ zwiyrzōnt</a> itp.). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/200px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/300px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/400px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Historyczny strōm życiŏ ôd E. Haeckla, co dzieli świat ôrganizmōw na 3 <a href="/wiki/Kr%C5%8Dlestwo_(biologij%C5%8F)" title="Krōlestwo (biologijŏ)">krōlestwa</a>: Plantae, Protista, Animalia. Ilustracyjŏ z <i>Generelle Morphologie der Organismen</i> (1866).</figcaption></figure> <p>Usystymatyzować ôrganizmy żywe prōbowali tyż: </p> <ul><li>W 1866 niymiecki biolog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Haeckel (niy ma zajty)">Ernst Haeckel</a> – wkludziōł 3 krōlestwa: zwiyrzynta, rosliny i mikroôrganizmy (zdefiniowane za Protista). Bakteryje wraziōł do rzyndu Moneres (niyskorzij Monera)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Chatton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Chatton (niy ma zajty)">Édouard Chatton</a> – francuski zoolog i biolog morski – w mało znanyj pracy z 1925<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> piyrszy wkludziōł rozrōżniynie ôrganizmōw na prokariotyczne (bez jōndra kōmōrkowego) i eukariotyczne (co zawiyrajōm jōndro kōmōrkowe), co je nazwoł, ôdpednio, Prokaryota i Eukaryota. W 1962 Roger Stanier i C.B. van Niel ôbgŏdali kōncepcyjõ Chattona przi powołowaniu sie na jego inkszõ robotã z 1938<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ôkrōm tego zacytowali felernõ datã jeji wydaniŏ – 1937 zamiast 1938). Tyn błōnd bōł powiylōny w 45 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%BAnik_cytowa%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skaźnik cytowań (niy ma zajty)">cytowaniach podle Science Citation Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sapp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, co prziczyniyło sie do uznaniŏ Chattona za autora <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dychot%C5%8Dmij%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dychotōmijŏ (niy ma zajty)">podziału dychotōmicznego</a> Prokaryota-Eukaryota. Chatton niy zdefiniowoł ale tych pojyńć, ani niy nadoł im rangi w syńsie taksōnōmicznym. Niy zrobiyli tego tyż Stanier i van Neil<sup id="cite_ref-Sapp_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>W 1938 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Faulkner_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Faulkner Copeland (niy ma zajty)">Herbert Faulkner Copeland</a> ôpublikowoł pracã<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, a w 1956 ksiōnżkã<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, w kerych zapropōnowoł dźwigniyńcie Monera do rangi krōlestwa.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Whittaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Whittaker (niy ma zajty)">Robert Whittaker</a>, biolog z <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn College (niy ma zajty)">Brooklyn College</a> w Nowym Jorku, wkludziōł Fungi za piōnte krōlestwo w 1969 roku<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kōncepcyjŏ 5 krōlestw, leko zmodyfikowanŏ ôd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Margulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn Margulis (niy ma zajty)">Lynn Margulis</a> z <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boston_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boston University (niy ma zajty)">Boston University</a> (w 1970<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), ôstała nojszyrzyj zaakceptowanōm kōncepcyjōm dzielyniŏ świata żywego, aże do roku 1990. Systym piyńciu krōlestw, z drobnymi modyfikacyjami, je durch używany w wielu robotach abo stanowi podstawã dlŏ niyskorniyjszych systymōw.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trzi_dōmyny"><span id="Trzi_d.C5.8Dmyny"></span>Trzi dōmyny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcyjõ: Trzi dōmyny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Trzi dōmyny"><span>edytuj zdrzōdło</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>W 1977 amerykōński mikrobiolog i fizyk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Woese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Woese (niy ma zajty)">Carl Woese</a> jak tyż badŏcz z <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Houston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Houston (niy ma zajty)">University of Houston</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Edward_Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Edward Fox (niy ma zajty)">George Edward Fox</a> zapoczli podszukowania <a href="/w/index.php?title=RRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RRNA (niy ma zajty)">rRNA</a>, co w wyniku nich ôbrali trzi linije ewolucyjne ôrganizmōw. Nazwali je: <i>eubacteria</i>, <i>archaebacteria</i> i <i>urkaryotes</i><sup id="cite_ref-WoeseFox_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoeseFox-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Społym z inkszymi autorami podzielyli krōlestwo Monera na dwa krōlestwa: Eubacteria i Archaebacteria<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (systym 6 krōlestw). Jejich podszukowania dały podwaliny systymatyce bakteryji ôpartyj na filogynetyce. Autorzi zapoczli dyskusyjõ nad ôbraniym wyższyj ôd krōlestwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategoryj%C5%8F_systymatyczn%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategoryjŏ systymatycznŏ (niy ma zajty)">kategoryje systymatycznyj</a><sup id="cite_ref-WoeseFox_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoeseFox-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Woese niy zgŏdzoł sie z powszechnie wtynczŏs akceptowanym ôd wiynkszości biologōw podziałym dychotōmicznym Prokaryota-Eukaryota. W 1990 przedstawiōł argumynta dlŏ kōncepcyje podziału życiŏ na Ziymi na trzi grupy, co je nazwoł <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dmyna_(biologij%C5%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dōmyna (biologijŏ) (niy ma zajty)">dōmynami</a> Archaea, Bacteria i Eucarya<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podzioł_Cavaliera-Smitha"><span id="Podzio.C5.82_Cavaliera-Smitha"></span>Podzioł Cavaliera-Smitha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcyjõ: Podzioł Cavaliera-Smitha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Podzioł Cavaliera-Smitha"><span>edytuj zdrzōdło</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konkuryncyjny systym autorstwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cavalier-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith (niy ma zajty)">Thomasa Cavaliera-Smitha</a> zapropōnowany w <a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> i zmodyfikowany w <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> roku przewiduje sześ krōlestw zgrupowanych w <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%8Dmyna_(biologij%C5%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dōmyna (biologijŏ) (niy ma zajty)">cysŏrstwa</a>: </p><p>Cysŏrstwo: Procaryota </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakteryje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakteryje (niy ma zajty)">Bacteria</a> – bakteryje (wszyjske prokariōnty)</li></ul> <p>Cysŏrstwo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukari%C5%8Dnty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukariōnty (niy ma zajty)">Eucaryota</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierwotniaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierwotniaki (niy ma zajty)">Protozoa</a> (jednokōmōrkowe eukariōnty niy zaliczōne do inkszych krōlestw)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C5%8Dmisty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrōmisty (niy ma zajty)">Chromista</a> (niykere glōny, bp. brunŏtnice i ôkrzymki i niykere heterotrofy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby">Fungi</a> – grziby</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rośliny (niy ma zajty)">Plantae</a> – rośliny (społym ze zielynicami i krasnorostami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta">Animalia</a> – zwiyrzynta</li></ul> <p>W pierwotnyj wersyji przewidowoł podzioł na 8 krōlestw (były jeszcze Archaea i Archezoa, ale autōr uznoł, iże niy mŏ podstaw do jejich wydzielaniŏ). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Przirōwnanie_dzielynie_systymatycznych"><span id="Przir.C5.8Dwnanie_dzielynie_systymatycznych"></span>Przirōwnanie dzielynie systymatycznych</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj sekcyjõ: Przirōwnanie dzielynie systymatycznych" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&action=edit&section=7" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przirōwnanie dzielynie systymatycznych"><span>edytuj zdrzōdło</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin-left: 0.5em;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karol_Linneusz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karol Linneusz (niy ma zajty)">Linnaeus</a><br />1735<br />2 krōlestwa</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Haeckel (niy ma zajty)">Haeckel</a><br />1866<br />3 krōlestwa</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edouard_Chatton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edouard Chatton (niy ma zajty)">Chatton</a><br />1925<br />2 dōmyny</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Faulkner_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Faulkner Copeland (niy ma zajty)">Copeland</a><br />1938, 1956<br />4 krōlestwa</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Whittaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Whittaker (niy ma zajty)">Whittaker</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynn_Margulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynn Margulis (niy ma zajty)">Margulis</a><br />1969<br />5 krōlestw</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Woese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Woese (niy ma zajty)">Woese</a> i in.<br />1977<br />6 krōlestw</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Woese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Woese (niy ma zajty)">Woese</a> i in.<br />1990<br />3 dōmyny</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protisty (niy ma zajty)">Protista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prokari%C5%8Dnty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prokariōnty (niy ma zajty)">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monera_(biologij%C5%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monera (biologijŏ) (niy ma zajty)">Monera</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monera_(biologij%C5%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monera (biologijŏ) (niy ma zajty)">Monera</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakteryje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakteryje (niy ma zajty)">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakteryje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakteryje (niy ma zajty)">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="darkgray"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arche%C5%8Dny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeōny (niy ma zajty)">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="darkgray"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arche%C5%8Dny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archeōny (niy ma zajty)">Archaea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#e0d0b0" rowspan="4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukari%C5%8Dnty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukariōnty (niy ma zajty)">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protisty (niy ma zajty)">Protoctista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protisty (niy ma zajty)">Protista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protisty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protisty (niy ma zajty)">Protista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#e0d0b0" rowspan="4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukari%C5%8Dnty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukariōnty (niy ma zajty)">Eucarya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rośliny (niy ma zajty)">Vegetabilia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rośliny (niy ma zajty)">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby">Fungi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue"><a href="/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rośliny (niy ma zajty)">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rośliny (niy ma zajty)">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%9Bliny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rośliny (niy ma zajty)">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Zwiyrzynta" title="Zwiyrzynta">Animalia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wejzdrzij_tyż"><span id="Wejzdrzij_ty.C5.BC"></span>Wejzdrzij tyż</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj sekcyjõ: Wejzdrzij tyż" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&action=edit&section=8" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Wejzdrzij tyż"><span>edytuj zdrzōdło</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systymatyka_%C3%B4rganizm%C5%8Dw" title="Systymatyka ôrganizmōw">systymatyka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategoryj%C5%8F_systymatyczn%C5%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategoryjŏ systymatycznŏ (niy ma zajty)">kategoryjŏ systymatycznŏ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przipisy">Przipisy</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Joseph M. Scamardella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf"><em>Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista</em></a>. „International Microbiology”. 2, s. 207–216, 1999. Springer-Verlag Ibérica.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Not+plants+or+animals%3A+a+brief+history+of+the+origin+of+Kingdoms+Protozoa%2C+Protista+and+Protoctista&rft.jtitle=International+Microbiology&rft.date=1999&rft.volume=2&rft.aulast=Scamardella&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft.pages=207%E2%80%93216&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.im.microbios.org%2F08december99%2F03%2520Scamardella.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Ernst Haeckel: <i>Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Vol. II</i>. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1866.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generelle+Morphologie+der+Organismen.+Vol.+II&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.date=1866&rft.pub=Georg+Reimer&rft.place=Berlin"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Edouard Chatton. <em></em>Pansporella perplexa<em>: Amoebien a Spores Protégées Parasite des Daphnies. Réflexions sur la Biologie et la Phylogenie des Protozoaires</em>. „Ann Sci Nat Sér X (Zool)”. VII, s. 1–84, 1925 <span style="color:#009">(<a href="/wiki/Francusko_godka" class="mw-redirect" title="Francusko godka"><span style="color:#005" title="Treść w francuskij godce (français)">fr.</span></a>)</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27Pansporella+perplexa%27%27%3A+Amoebien+a+Spores+Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9es+Parasite+des+Daphnies.+R%C3%A9flexions+sur+la+Biologie+et+la+Phylogenie+des+Protozoaires&rft.jtitle=Ann+Sci+Nat+S%C3%A9r+X+%28Zool%29&rft.date=1925&rft.volume=VII&rft.aulast=Chatton&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9384"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Edouard Chatton: <i>Titre et travaux scientifique (1906-1937) de Edouard Chatton</i>. 1938.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titre+et+travaux+scientifique+%281906-1937%29+de+Edouard+Chatton&rft.aulast=Chatton&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rft.date=1938"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sapp-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sapp_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sapp_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Jan Sapp. <em>The Prokaryote-Eukaryote Dichotomy: Meanings and Mythology</em>. „Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews”. 69 (2), s. 292-305, czerwiec 2005. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy) (niy ma zajty)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005">10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005</a> <span style="color:#009">(<a href="/wiki/Angelsko_godka" title="Angelsko godka"><span style="color:#005" title="Treść w angelskij godce (English)">ang.</span></a>)</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Prokaryote-Eukaryote+Dichotomy%3A+Meanings+and+Mythology&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.date=czerwiec+2005&rft.volume=69+%282%29&rft.aulast=Sapp&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.pages=292-305&rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMMBR.69.2.292-305.2005"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Herbert F. Copeland. <em>The Kingdoms of Organisms</em>. „The Quarterly Review of Biology”. 13(4), s. 383-420, 1938. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy) (niy ma zajty)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/394568">10.1086/394568</a> <span style="color:#009">(<a href="/wiki/Angelsko_godka" title="Angelsko godka"><span style="color:#005" title="Treść w angelskij godce (English)">ang.</span></a>)</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Kingdoms+of+Organisms&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.date=1938&rft.volume=13%284%29&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Herbert+F.&rft.pages=383-420&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F394568"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Herbert F. Copeland: <i>The classification of lower organisms</i>. Palo Alto, Ca.: Pacific Books, 1956.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+classification+of+lower+organisms&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Herbert+F.&rft.date=1956&rft.pub=Pacific+Books&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+Ca."></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Robert H. Whittaker. <em>New Concepts of Kingdoms of Organisms</em>. „Science”. 163 (3863), s. 150–160, 1969. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy) (niy ma zajty)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.163.3863.150">10.1126/science.163.3863.150</a> <span style="color:#009">(<a href="/wiki/Angelsko_godka" title="Angelsko godka"><span style="color:#005" title="Treść w angelskij godce (English)">ang.</span></a>)</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Concepts+of+Kingdoms+of+Organisms&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=1969&rft.volume=163+%283863%29&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft.pages=150%E2%80%93160&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Lynn Margulis. <em>Whittaker’s five kingdoms of organisms: Minor revisions suggested by considerations of the origin of mitosis</em>. „Evolution”. 25, s. 242–245, 1970 <span style="color:#009">(<a href="/wiki/Angelsko_godka" title="Angelsko godka"><span style="color:#005" title="Treść w angelskij godce (English)">ang.</span></a>)</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Whittaker%E2%80%99s+five+kingdoms+of+organisms%3A+Minor+revisions+suggested+by+considerations+of+the+origin+of+mitosis&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.date=1970&rft.volume=25&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.pages=242%E2%80%93245"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoeseFox-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WoeseFox_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WoeseFox_10-1">10,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Woese C.R. & Fox G.E.. <em>Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms</em>. „Proceedings of the National Academy of Science”. 74(11), s. 5088-5090, 1977 <span style="color:#009">(<a href="/wiki/Angelsko_godka" title="Angelsko godka"><span style="color:#005" title="Treść w angelskij godce (English)">ang.</span></a>)</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+structure+of+the+prokaryotic+domain%3A+the+primary+kingdoms&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Science&rft.date=1977&rft.volume=74%2811%29&rft.au=Woese+C.R.+%26+Fox+G.E.&rft.pages=5088-5090"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Woese et al.. <em>An ancient divergence among the bacteria</em>. „Journal of Molecular Evolution”. 9(4), s. 305-311, 1977. Springer New York. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy) (niy ma zajty)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01796092">10.1007/BF01796092</a> <span style="color:#009">(<a href="/wiki/Angelsko_godka" title="Angelsko godka"><span style="color:#005" title="Treść w angelskij godce (English)">ang.</span></a>)</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+ancient+divergence+among+the+bacteria&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.date=1977&rft.volume=9%284%29&rft.au=Woese+et+al.&rft.pages=305-311&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF01796092"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Woese, C.R., Kandler, O. & Wheelis, M.L. <em>Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya</em>. „Proceedings of the National Academy of Science”. 87, s. 4576-4579, 1990 <span style="color:#009">(<a href="/wiki/Angelsko_godka" title="Angelsko godka"><span style="color:#005" title="Treść w angelskij godce (English)">ang.</span></a>)</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Science&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=87&rft.au=Woese%2C+C.R.%2C+Kandler%2C+O.+%26+Wheelis%2C+M.L&rft.pages=4576-4579"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linki_zewnyntrzne">Linki zewnyntrzne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edytuj sekcyjõ: Linki zewnyntrzne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasyfikacyj%C5%8F_biologiczn%C5%8F&action=edit&section=9" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Linki zewnyntrzne"><span>edytuj zdrzōdło</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikipedia.org">Wikispecies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree/">The Tree of Life – Strōm Życiŏ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/">Miyndzynŏrodowy Kodeks Nōmynklatury Zoologicznyj (4. wydanie, 2000)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021212031259/http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm">Miyndzynŏrodowy Kodeks Nōmynklatury Botanicznyj (Kod St. Louis, 2000)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/">Phylocode – nowŏ kōncepcyjŏ systymatycznŏ</a></li></ul> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks normdaten-typ-fehlt"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%8Dmoc:K%C5%8Dntrola_autorytatywn%C5%8F" title="Pōmoc:Kōntrola autorytatywnŏ">Kōntrola autorytatywnŏ</a>:<ul style="margin-left: 0px !important;"><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nazionale_Centrale_di_Firenze" class="extiw" title="it:Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze">BNCF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=32762">32762</a></span></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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