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propagation</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: fire propagation"> <meta name="keywords" content="fire propagation"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="fire propagation"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1283</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: fire propagation</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1283</span> Evaluation of the Fire Propagation Characteristics of Thermoplastics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ji-Hun%20Choi">Ji-Hun Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyoung-Suk%20Cho"> Kyoung-Suk Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Un%20Chae"> Seung-Un Chae</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Consisting of organic compounds, plastic ignites easily and burns fast. In addition, a large amount of toxic gas is produced while it is burning. When plastic is heated, its volume decreases because its surface is melted. The decomposition of its molecular bond generates combustible liquid of low viscosity, which accelerates plastic combustion and spreads the flames. Radiant heat produced in the process propagates the fire to increase the risk of human and property damages. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify chemical, thermal and combustion characteristics of thermoplastic plastics using the fire propagation apparatus based on experimental criteria of ISO 12136 and ASTM E 2058. By the experiment result, as the ignition time increased, the thermal response parameter (TRP) decreased and as the TRP increased, the slope decreased. In other words, the large the TRP was, the longer the time taken for heating and ignition of the material was. It was identified that the fire propagation speed dropped accordingly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20propagation%20apparatus%20%28FPA%29" title="fire propagation apparatus (FPA)">fire propagation apparatus (FPA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ISO%2012136" title=" ISO 12136"> ISO 12136</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20response%20parameter%20%28TRP%29" title=" thermal response parameter (TRP)"> thermal response parameter (TRP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20propagation%20index%20%28FPI%29" title=" fire propagation index (FPI)"> fire propagation index (FPI)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94397/evaluation-of-the-fire-propagation-characteristics-of-thermoplastics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1282</span> Effects of Flame Retardant Nano Bio-Filler on the Fire Behaviour of Thin Film Intumescent Coatings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming%20Chian%20Yew">Ming Chian Yew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming%20Kun%20Yew"> Ming Kun Yew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lip%20Huat%20Saw"> Lip Huat Saw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tan%20Ching%20Ng"> Tan Ching Ng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajkumar%20Durairaj"> Rajkumar Durairaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing%20Han%20Beh"> Jing Han Beh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper analyzes the fire protection performance, char formation and heat release characteristics of the thin film intumescent coatings that incorporate waste eggshell (ES) as a nano bio-filler. In this study, the Bunsen burner and the fire propagation (BS 476: Part 6) tests of coatings were measured. Experiments on the samples were also tested to evaluate their fire behavior using a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660-1 specifications. On exposure, the samples B, C and D had been certified to be Class 0 due to the fire propagation indexes of the samples were less than 12. Samples B and D showed a significant reduction in total heat rate (B=11.6 MJ/m² and D=12.0 MJ/m²) and uniform char structures with the addition of 3.30 wt.% and 2.75 wt.% ES nano bio-filler, respectively. As a result, ES nano bio-filler composition good to slow down the fire expanding and demonstrate better fire protection due to its positive synergistic effect with flame retardant ingredients on physical and chemical reactions in fire protection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cone%20calorimeter" title="cone calorimeter">cone calorimeter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eggshell" title=" eggshell"> eggshell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20protection" title=" fire protection"> fire protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20release%20rate" title=" heat release rate"> heat release rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intumescent%20coating" title=" intumescent coating"> intumescent coating</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86229/effects-of-flame-retardant-nano-bio-filler-on-the-fire-behaviour-of-thin-film-intumescent-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86229.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1281</span> Numerical Simulations of Fire in Typical Air Conditioned Railway Coach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Sarda">Manoj Sarda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhishek%20Agarwal"> Abhishek Agarwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juhi%20Kaushik"> Juhi Kaushik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vatsal%20Sanjay"> Vatsal Sanjay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arup%20Kumar%20Das"> Arup Kumar Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Railways in India remain primary mode of transport having one of the largest networks in the world and catering to billions of transits yearly. Catastrophic economic damage and loss to life is encountered over the past few decades due to fire to locomotives. Study of fire dynamics and fire propagation plays an important role in evacuation planning and reducing losses. Simulation based study of propagation of fire and soot inside an air conditioned coach of Indian locomotive is done in this paper. Finite difference based solver, Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) version 6 has been used for analysis. A single air conditioned 3 tier coupe closed to ambient surroundings by glass windows having occupancy for 8 people is the basic unit of the domain. A system of three such coupes combined is taken to be fundamental unit for the entire study to resemble effect to an entire coach. Analysis of flame and soot contours and concentrations is done corresponding to variations in heat release rate per unit volume (HRRPUA) of fire source, variations in conditioned air velocity being circulated inside coupes by vents and an alternate fire initiation and propagation mechanism via ducts. Quantitative results of fractional area in top and front view of the three coupes under fire and smoke are obtained using MATLAB (IMT). Present simulations and its findings will be useful for organizations like Commission of Railway Safety and others in designing and implementing safety and evacuation measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20conditioned%20coaches" title="air conditioned coaches">air conditioned coaches</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20propagation" title=" fire propagation"> fire propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20contour" title=" flame contour"> flame contour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soot%20flow" title=" soot flow"> soot flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=train%20fire" title=" train fire"> train fire</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50490/numerical-simulations-of-fire-in-typical-air-conditioned-railway-coach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1280</span> Numerical Study of Fire Propagation in Confined and Open Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadj%20Miloua">Hadj Miloua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abbes%20Azzi"> Abbes Azzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the present paper is to understand, predict and modeled the fire behavior in confined and open area in different conditions and diverse fuels such as liquid pool fire and the vegetative materials. The distinctive problems are a ventilated road tunnel used for urban transport, by the characterization installations of ventilation and his influence in the mode of smoke dispersion and the flame shape. A general investigation is relatively traditional, based on the modeling and simulation the scenario of the pool fire interacted with wind ventilation by the use of numerical software fire dynamic simulator FDS ver.5 to simulate the fire in ventilated tunnel. The second simulation by WFDS.5 is Wildland fire which is always occurs in forest and rangeland fire environments and will thus have an impact on people, property and resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire" title="fire">fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20tunnel" title=" road tunnel"> road tunnel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetation" title=" vegetation"> vegetation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wildland" title=" wildland"> wildland</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18967/numerical-study-of-fire-propagation-in-confined-and-open-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18967.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">514</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1279</span> Study of Fire Propagation and Soot Flow in a Pantry Car of Railway Locomotive</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juhi%20Kaushik">Juhi Kaushik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhishek%20Agarwal"> Abhishek Agarwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Sarda"> Manoj Sarda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vatsal%20Sanjay"> Vatsal Sanjay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arup%20Kumar%20Das"> Arup Kumar Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fire accidents in trains bring huge disaster to human life and property. Evacuation becomes a major challenge in such incidents owing to confined spaces, large passenger density and trains moving at high speeds. The pantry car in Indian Railways trains carry inflammable materials like cooking fuel and LPG and electrical fittings. The pantry car is therefore highly susceptible to fire accidents. Numerical simulations have been done in a pantry car of Indian locomotive train using computational fluid dynamics based software. Different scenarios of a fire outbreak have been explored by varying Heat Release Rate per Unit Area (HRRPUA) of the fire source, introduction of exhaust in the cooking area, and taking a case of an air conditioned pantry car. Temporal statures of flame and soot have been obtained for each scenario and differences have been studied and reported. Inputs from this study can be used to assess casualties in fire accidents in locomotive trains and development of smoke control/detection systems in Indian trains. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20propagation" title="fire propagation">fire propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20contour" title=" flame contour"> flame contour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pantry%20fire" title=" pantry fire"> pantry fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soot%20flow" title=" soot flow"> soot flow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50491/study-of-fire-propagation-and-soot-flow-in-a-pantry-car-of-railway-locomotive" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50491.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1278</span> Investigation of Flame and Soot Propagation in Non-Air Conditioned Railway Locomotives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhishek%20Agarwal">Abhishek Agarwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoj%20Sarda"> Manoj Sarda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juhi%20Kaushik"> Juhi Kaushik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vatsal%20Sanjay"> Vatsal Sanjay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arup%20Kumar%20Das"> Arup Kumar Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Propagation of fire through a non-air conditioned railway compartment is studied by virtue of numerical simulations. Simultaneous computational fire dynamics equations, such as Navier-Stokes, lumped species continuity, overall mass and energy conservation, and heat transfer are solved using finite volume based (for radiation) and finite difference based (for all other equations) solver, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). A single coupe with an eight berth occupancy is used to establish the numerical model, followed by the selection of a three coupe system as the fundamental unit of the locomotive compartment. Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA) of the initial fire is varied to consider a wide range of compartmental fires. Parameters, such as air inlet velocity relative to the locomotive at the windows, the level of interaction with the ambiance and closure of middle berth are studied through a wide range of numerical simulations. Almost all the loss of lives and properties due to fire breakout can be attributed to the direct or indirect exposure to flames or to the inhalation of toxic gases and resultant suffocation due to smoke and soot. Therefore, the temporal stature of fire and smoke are reported for each of the considered cases which can be used in the present or extended form to develop guidelines to be followed in case of a fire breakout. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20dynamics" title="fire dynamics">fire dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20propagation" title=" flame propagation"> flame propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=locomotive%20fire" title=" locomotive fire"> locomotive fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soot%20flow%20pattern" title=" soot flow pattern"> soot flow pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-air-conditioned%20coaches" title=" non-air-conditioned coaches"> non-air-conditioned coaches</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50482/investigation-of-flame-and-soot-propagation-in-non-air-conditioned-railway-locomotives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50482.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1277</span> Investigation of Arson Fire Incident in Textile Garment Building Using Fire Dynamic Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsin%20Ali%20Shaikh">Mohsin Ali Shaikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Song%20Weiguo"> Song Weiguo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Kashan%20Surahio"> Muhammad Kashan Surahio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usman%20Shahid"> Usman Shahid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rehmat%20Karim"> Rehmat Karim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated a catastrophic arson fire incident that occurred at a textile garment building in Karachi, Pakistan. Unfortunately, a catastrophic event led to the loss of 262 lives and caused 55 severe injuries. The primary objective is to analyze the aspects of the fire incident and understand the causes of arson fire disasters. The study utilized Fire Dynamic Simulation (F.D.S) was employed to simulate fire propagation, visibility, harmful gas concentration, fire temperature, and numerical results. The analysis report has determined the specific circumstances that created the unpleasant incident in the present study. The significance of the current findings lies in their potential to prevent arson fires, improve fire safety measures, and the development of safety plans in building design. The fire dynamic simulation findings can serve as a theoretical basis for the investigation of arson fires and evacuation planning in textile garment buildings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investigation" title="investigation">investigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20arson%20incident" title=" fire arson incident"> fire arson incident</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textile%20garment" title=" textile garment"> textile garment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20dynamic%20simulation%20%28FDS%29" title=" fire dynamic simulation (FDS)"> fire dynamic simulation (FDS)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175170/investigation-of-arson-fire-incident-in-textile-garment-building-using-fire-dynamic-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175170.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1276</span> Prediction of the Tunnel Fire Flame Length by Hybrid Model of Neural Network and Genetic Algorithms </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behzad%20Niknam">Behzad Niknam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kourosh%20Shahriar"> Kourosh Shahriar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Madani"> Hassan Madani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper demonstrates the applicability of Hybrid Neural Networks that combine with back propagation networks (BPN) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for predicting the flame length of tunnel fire A hybrid neural network model has been developed to predict the flame length of tunnel fire based parameters such as Fire Heat Release rate, air velocity, tunnel width, height and cross section area. The network has been trained with experimental data obtained from experimental work. The hybrid neural network model learned the relationship for predicting the flame length in just 3000 training epochs. After successful learning, the model predicted the flame length. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel%20fire" title="tunnel fire">tunnel fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20length" title=" flame length"> flame length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ANN" title=" ANN"> ANN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10980/prediction-of-the-tunnel-fire-flame-length-by-hybrid-model-of-neural-network-and-genetic-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10980.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">643</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1275</span> Improving Fire Resistance of Wood and Wood-Based Composites and Fire Testing Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadir%20Ayrilmis">Nadir Ayrilmis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wood and wood-based panels are one of the oldest structural materials used in the construction industry due to their significant advantages such as good mechanical properties, low density, renewable material, low-cost, recycling, etc. However, they burn when exposed to a flame source or high temperatures. This is very important when the wood products are used as structural or hemi-structural materials in the construction industry, furniture industry, so on. For this reason, the fire resistance is demanded property for wood products. They can be impregnated with fire retardants to improve their fire resistance. The most used fire retardants, fire-retardant mechanism, and fire-testing systems, and national and international fire-durability classifications and standard requirements for fire-durability of wood and wood-based panels were given in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20resistance" title="fire resistance">fire resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood-based%20panels" title=" wood-based panels"> wood-based panels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cone%20calorimeter" title=" cone calorimeter"> cone calorimeter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood" title=" wood"> wood</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130377/improving-fire-resistance-of-wood-and-wood-based-composites-and-fire-testing-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1274</span> The Importance of Fire Safety in Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Shakra">Omar Shakra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper contains a huge number of benefits that we can use it in several places and times in fire safety protection in the Middle East especially in Egypt . People here in Egypt did not consider the safety and fire protection as important as it is. But on the other hand, its very important for them to contain the fire systems and safety in every facility, the companies , hospitals , police stations , and even the super markets must use the fire system. It makes the facility safe to the visitors while they are using it.From my point of view as the owner Fire Safety Company called Deluge Egypt , i can say that not all of the companies use the fire system protection according to the high cost they prefer to build their company without the protection, and this is make the building totally unsafe to be used from the visitors or client.So, i am looking for new methods and technology to invest in Egypt, and this is through attending this Conference and let the audiences know more about the services i provide and [to let them know about the importance of the Fire Safety in Egypt. The Objectives of my research 1- The system that i used in my Company. 2- The benefits of the Fire System Protection. 3-The importance of the Fire System and safety. 4-The use of the new Technologies. 5-The hardships that i found while having new deals with new clients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire" title="fire">fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system" title=" system"> system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection" title=" protection"> protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20hydrants" title=" fire hydrants"> fire hydrants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alarms" title=" alarms"> alarms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171993/the-importance-of-fire-safety-in-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171993.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">109</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1273</span> Prediction of the Heat Transfer Characteristics of Tunnel Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung%20Cho%20Yang">Seung Cho Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae%20Sung%20Lee"> Jae Sung Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Se%20Hee%20Park"> Se Hee Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study suggests the analysis method to predict the damages of tunnel concrete caused by fires. The result obtained from the analyses of concrete temperatures at a fire in a tunnel using ABAQUS was compared with the test result. After the reliability of the analysis method was verified, the temperatures of a tunnel at a real fire and those of concrete during the fire were estimated to predict fire damages. The temperatures inside the tunnel were estimated by FDS, a CFD model. It was deduced that the fire performance of tunnel lining and the fire damages of the structure at an actual fire could be estimated by the analysis method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20resistance" title="fire resistance">fire resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20analysis" title=" numerical analysis"> numerical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel%20fire" title=" tunnel fire"> tunnel fire</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50411/prediction-of-the-heat-transfer-characteristics-of-tunnel-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1272</span> Impact of an Onboard Fire for the Evacuation of a Rolling Stock</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guillaume%20Craveur">Guillaume Craveur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study highlights the impact of an onboard fire for the evacuation of a rolling stock. Two fires models are achieved. The first one is a zone model realized with the CFAST software. Then, this fire is imported in a building EXODUS model in order to determine the evacuation time with effects of fire effluents (temperature, smoke opacity, smoke toxicity) on passengers. The second fire is achieved with Fire Dynamics Simulator software. The fire defined is directly imported in the FDS+Evac model which will permit to determine the evacuation time and effects of fire effluents on passengers. These effects will be compared with tenability criteria defined in some standards in order to see if the situation is acceptable. Different power of fire will be underlined to see from what power source the hazard become unacceptable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety%20engineering" title="fire safety engineering">fire safety engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20tools" title=" numerical tools"> numerical tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rolling%20stock" title=" rolling stock"> rolling stock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation" title=" evacuation"> evacuation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73910/impact-of-an-onboard-fire-for-the-evacuation-of-a-rolling-stock" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1271</span> An Experimental Study on the Optimum Installation of Fire Detector for Early Stage Fire Detecting in Rack-Type Warehouses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ki%20Ok%20Choi">Ki Ok Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Ho%20Hong"> Sung Ho Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong%20Suck%20Kim"> Dong Suck Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Don%20Mook%20Choi"> Don Mook Choi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rack type warehouses are different from general buildings in the kinds, amount, and arrangement of stored goods, so the fire risk of rack type warehouses is different from those buildings. The fire pattern of rack type warehouses is different in combustion characteristic and storing condition of stored goods. The initial fire burning rate is different in the surface condition of materials, but the running time of fire is closely related with the kinds of stored materials and stored conditions. The stored goods of the warehouse are consisted of diverse combustibles, combustible liquid, and so on. Fire detection time may be delayed because the residents are less than office and commercial buildings. If fire detectors installed in rack type warehouses are inadaptable, the fire of the warehouse may be the great fire because of delaying of fire detection. In this paper, we studied what kinds of fire detectors are optimized in early detecting of rack type warehouse fire by real-scale fire tests. The fire detectors used in the tests are rate of rise type, fixed type, photo electric type, and aspirating type detectors. We considered optimum fire detecting method in rack type warehouses suggested by the response characteristic and comparative analysis of the fire detectors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20detector" title="fire detector">fire detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rack" title=" rack"> rack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20characteristic" title=" response characteristic"> response characteristic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=warehouse" title=" warehouse"> warehouse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56376/an-experimental-study-on-the-optimum-installation-of-fire-detector-for-early-stage-fire-detecting-in-rack-type-warehouses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56376.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">745</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1270</span> Prediction of Fire Growth of the Office by Real-Scale Fire Experiment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kweon%20Oh-Sang">Kweon Oh-Sang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kim%20Heung-Youl"> Kim Heung-Youl</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Estimating the engineering properties of fires is important to be prepared for the complex and various fire risks of large-scale structures such as super-tall buildings, large stadiums, and multi-purpose structures. In this study, a mock-up of a compartment which was 2.4(L) x 3.6 (W) x 2.4 (H) meter in dimensions was fabricated at the 10MW LSC (Large Scale Calorimeter) and combustible office supplies were placed in the compartment for a real-scale fire test. Maximum heat release rate was 4.1 MW and total energy release obtained through the application of t2 fire growth rate was 6705.9 MJ. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20growth" title="fire growth">fire growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20experiment" title=" fire experiment"> fire experiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=t2%20curve" title=" t2 curve"> t2 curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=large%20scale%20calorimeter" title=" large scale calorimeter"> large scale calorimeter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50330/prediction-of-fire-growth-of-the-office-by-real-scale-fire-experiment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50330.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1269</span> A Small-Scale Study of Fire Whirls and Investigation of the Effects of Near-Ground Height on the Behavior of Fire Whirls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Arabghahestani">M. Arabghahestani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Darwish%20Ahmad"> A. Darwish Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20K.%20Akafuah"> N. K. Akafuah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, small-scale experiments of fire whirl were conducted to study the spinning fire phenomenon and to gain comprehensive understandings of fire tornadoes and the factors that affect their behavior. High speed imaging was used to track the flames at both temporal and spatial scales. This allowed us to better understand the role of the near-ground height in creating a boundary layer flow profile that, in turn contributes to formation of vortices around the fire, and consequent fire whirls. Based on the results obtained from these observations, we were able to spot the differences in the fuel burning rate of the fire itself as a function of a newly defined specific non-dimensional near-ground height. Based on our observations, there is a cutoff non-dimensional height, beyond which a normal fire can be turned into a fire whirl. Additionally, the results showed that the fire burning rate decreases by moving the fire to a height higher than the ground level. These effects were justified by the interactions between vortices formed by, the back pressure and the boundary layer velocity profile, and the vortices generated by the fire itself. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20layer%20profile" title="boundary layer profile">boundary layer profile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20whirls" title=" fire whirls"> fire whirls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=near-ground%20height" title=" near-ground height"> near-ground height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vortex%20interactions" title=" vortex interactions"> vortex interactions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107924/a-small-scale-study-of-fire-whirls-and-investigation-of-the-effects-of-near-ground-height-on-the-behavior-of-fire-whirls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107924.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1268</span> Forest Fire Risk Mapping Using Analytic Hierarchy Process and GIS-Based Application: A Case Study in Hua Sai District, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narissara%20Nuthammachot">Narissara Nuthammachot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitris%20Stratoulias"> Dimitris Stratoulias</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fire is one of the main causes of environmental and ecosystem change. Therefore, it is a challenging task for fire risk assessment fire potential mapping. The study area is Hua Sai district, Nakorn Sri Thammarat province, which covers in a part of peat swamp forest areas. 55 fire points in peat swamp areas were reported from 2012 to 2016. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods were selected for this study. The risk fire area map was arranged on these factors; elevation, slope, aspect, precipitation, distance from the river, distance from town, and land use. The results showed that the predicted fire risk areas are found to be in appreciable reliability with past fire events. The fire risk map can be used for the planning and management of fire areas in the future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytic%20hierarchy%20process" title="analytic hierarchy process">analytic hierarchy process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20risk%20assessment" title=" fire risk assessment"> fire risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geographic%20information%20system" title=" geographic information system"> geographic information system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peat%20swamp%20forest" title=" peat swamp forest"> peat swamp forest</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113447/forest-fire-risk-mapping-using-analytic-hierarchy-process-and-gis-based-application-a-case-study-in-hua-sai-district-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113447.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1267</span> A Review on Concrete Structures in Fire</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Iffat">S. Iffat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Bose"> B. Bose</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Concrete as a construction material is versatile because it displays high degree of fire-resistance. Concrete’s inherent ability to combat one of the most devastating disaster that a structure can endure in its lifetime, can be attributed to its constituent materials which make it inert and have relatively poor thermal conductivity. However, concrete structures must be designed for fire effects. Structural components should be able to withstand dead and live loads without undergoing collapse. The properties of high-strength concrete must be weighed against concerns about its fire resistance and susceptibility to spalling at elevated temperatures. In this paper, the causes, effects and some remedy of deterioration in concrete due to fire hazard will be discussed. Some cost effective solutions to produce a fire resistant concrete will be conversed through this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire" title=" fire"> fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spalling" title=" spalling"> spalling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density" title=" density"> density</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41154/a-review-on-concrete-structures-in-fire" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41154.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1266</span> Fire Characteristic of Commercial Retardant Flame Polycarbonate under Different Oxygen Concentration: Ignition Time and Heat Blockage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuelin%20Zhang">Xuelin Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shouxiang%20Lu"> Shouxiang Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changhai%20Li"> Changhai Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The commercial retardant flame polycarbonate samples as the main high speed train interior carriage material with different thicknesses were investigated in Fire Propagation Apparatus with different external heat fluxes under different oxygen concentration from 12% to 40% to study the fire characteristics and quantitatively analyze the ignition time, mass loss rate and heat blockage. The additives of commercial retardant flame polycarbonate were intumescent and maintained a steady height before ignition when heated. The results showed the transformed ignition time (1/t_ig)ⁿ increased linearly with external flux under different oxygen concentration after deducting the heat blockage due to pyrolysis products, the mass loss rate was taken on linearly with external heat fluxes and the slop of the fitting line for mass loss rate and external heat fluxes decreased with the enhanced oxygen concentration and the heat blockage independent on external heat fluxes rose with oxygen concentration increasing. The inquired data as the input of the fire simulation model was the most important to be used to evaluate the fire risk of commercial retardant flame polycarbonate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ignition%20time" title="ignition time">ignition time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20loss%20rate" title=" mass loss rate"> mass loss rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20blockage" title=" heat blockage"> heat blockage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20characteristic" title=" fire characteristic"> fire characteristic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74727/fire-characteristic-of-commercial-retardant-flame-polycarbonate-under-different-oxygen-concentration-ignition-time-and-heat-blockage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74727.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1265</span> Emissivity Analysis of Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel in Fire </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Gaigl">Christian Gaigl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Mensinger"> Martin Mensinger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Once a fire resistance rating is necessary, it has to be proofed that the load bearing behavior of a steel construction under the exposure of fire still fits the static demands. High costs of passive fire protection, which satisfies the requirements, frequently result in a concrete solution. To optimize these expenses, one method is to determine the critical temperature according to the Eurocode DIN EN 1993-1-2. For this purpose, positive effects of hot-dip galvanized surface layers on the temperature development of steel members in the accidental situation of fire exposure has been investigated. The test results show a significant better heating behavior of hot-dip galvanized steel components compared to normal steel specimen. This leads in many cases to a R30 (30 minutes of ISO-fire) fire protection requirement of unprotected steel members and therefore to an economic added value. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20resistance" title="fire resistance">fire resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot-dip%20galvanizing" title=" hot-dip galvanizing"> hot-dip galvanizing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20constructions" title=" steel constructions"> steel constructions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R30%20requirement" title=" R30 requirement"> R30 requirement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emissivity" title=" emissivity"> emissivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94148/emissivity-analysis-of-hot-dip-galvanized-steel-in-fire" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1264</span> Effect of Fire Exposure on the Ultimate Strength of Loaded Columns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hatem%20Hamdy%20Ghieth">Hatem Hamdy Ghieth</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the recent time many fires happened in many skeleton buildings. The fire may be continues for a long time. This fire may cause a collapse of the building. This collapse may be happened due to the time of exposure to fire as well as the rate of the loading to the carrying elements. In this research a laboratory study for reinforced concrete columns under effect of fire with temperature reaches (650 ْ C) on the behavior of columns which loaded with axial load and with exposing to fire temperature only from all sides of columns. the main parameters of this study are level of load applying to the column, and the temperature applied to the fire, this temperatures was 500oC and 650oc. Nine concrete columns with dimensions 20x20x100 cms were casted one of these columns was tested to determine the ultimate load while the least were fired according to the experimental schedule. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=columns" title="columns">columns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20duration" title=" fire duration"> fire duration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20strength" title=" concrete strength"> concrete strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=level%20of%20loading" title=" level of loading"> level of loading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19444/effect-of-fire-exposure-on-the-ultimate-strength-of-loaded-columns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19444.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1263</span> Accidental Compartment Fire Dynamics: Experiment, Computational Fluid Dynamics Weakness and Expert Interview Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Timothy%20Onyenobi">Timothy Onyenobi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Accidental fires and its dynamic as it relates to building compartmentation and the impact of the compartment morphology, is still an on-going area of study; especially with the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling methods. With better knowledge on this subject come better solution recommendations by fire engineers. Interviews were carried out for this study where it was identified that the response perspectives to accidental fire were different with the fire engineer providing qualitative data which is based on “what is expected in real fires” and the fire fighters provided information on “what actually obtains in real fires”. This further led to a study and analysis of two real and comprehensively instrumented fire experiments: the Open Plan Office Project by National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) USA (to study time to flashover) and the TF2000 project by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) UK (to test for conformity with Building Regulation requirements). The findings from the analysis of the experiments revealed the relative yet critical weakness of fire prediction using a CFD model (usually used by fire engineers) as well as explained the differences in response perspectives of the fire engineers and firefighters from the interview analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title="CFD">CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compartment%20fire" title=" compartment fire"> compartment fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experiment" title=" experiment"> experiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20fighters" title=" fire fighters"> fire fighters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20engineers" title=" fire engineers"> fire engineers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61009/accidental-compartment-fire-dynamics-experiment-computational-fluid-dynamics-weakness-and-expert-interview-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1262</span> Preliminary WRF SFIRE Simulations over Croatia during the Split Wildfire in July 2017</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivana%20%20%C4%8Cavlina%20Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87">Ivana Čavlina Tomašević</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vi%C5%A1njica%20Vu%C4%8Deti%C4%87"> Višnjica Vučetić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maja%20Teli%C5%A1man%20Prtenjak"> Maja Telišman Prtenjak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbara%20Male%C4%8Di%C4%87"> Barbara Malečić</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Split wildfire on the mid-Adriatic Coast in July 2017 is one of the most severe wildfires in Croatian history, given the size and unexpected fire behavior, and it is used in this research as a case study to run the Weather Research and Forecasting Spread Fire (WRF SFIRE) model. This coupled fire-atmosphere model was successfully run for the first time ever for one Croatian wildfire case. Verification of coupled simulations was possible by using the detailed reconstruction of the Split wildfire. Specifically, precise information on ignition time and location, together with mapped fire progressions and spotting within the first 30 hours of the wildfire, was used for both – to initialize simulations and to evaluate the model’s ability to simulate fire’s propagation and final fire scar. The preliminary simulations were obtained using high-resolution vegetation and topography data for the fire area, additionally interpolated to fire grid spacing at 33.3 m. The results demonstrated that the WRF SFIRE model has the ability to work with real data from Croatia and produce adequate results for forecasting fire spread. As the model in its setup has the ability to include and exclude the energy fluxes between the fire and the atmosphere, this was used to investigate possible fire-atmosphere interactions during the Split wildfire. Finally, successfully coupled simulations provided the first numerical evidence that a wildfire from the Adriatic coast region can modify the dynamical structure of the surrounding atmosphere, which agrees with observations from fire grounds. This study has demonstrated that the WRF SFIRE model has the potential for operational application in Croatia with more accurate fire predictions in the future, which could be accomplished by inserting the higher-resolution input data into the model without interpolation. Possible uses for fire management in Croatia include prediction of fire spread and intensity that may vary under changing weather conditions, available fuels and topography, planning effective and safe deployment of ground and aerial firefighting forces, preventing wildland-urban interface fires, effective planning of evacuation routes etc. In addition, the WRF SFIRE model results from this research demonstrated that the model is important for fire weather research and education purposes in order to better understand this hazardous phenomenon that occurs in Croatia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meteorology" title="meteorology">meteorology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agrometeorology" title=" agrometeorology"> agrometeorology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20weather" title=" fire weather"> fire weather</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wildfires" title=" wildfires"> wildfires</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=couple%20fire-atmosphere%20model" title=" couple fire-atmosphere model"> couple fire-atmosphere model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162421/preliminary-wrf-sfire-simulations-over-croatia-during-the-split-wildfire-in-july-2017" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162421.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1261</span> Canada Deuterium Uranium Updated Fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment Model for Canadian Nuclear Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossam%20Shalabi">Hossam Shalabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Hadjisophocleous"> George Hadjisophocleous</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Canadian Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) use some portions of NUREG/CR-6850 in carrying out Fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA). An assessment for the applicability of NUREG/CR-6850 to CANDU reactors was performed and a CANDU Fire PRA was introduced. There are 19 operating CANDU reactors in Canada at five sites (Bruce A, Bruce B, Darlington, Pickering and Point Lepreau). A fire load density survey was done for all Fire Safe Shutdown Analysis (FSSA) fire zones in all CANDU sites in Canada. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 557 proposes that a fire load survey must be conducted by either the weighing method or the inventory method or a combination of both. The combination method results in the most accurate values for fire loads. An updated CANDU Fire PRA model is demonstrated in this paper that includes the fuel survey in all Canadian CANDU stations. A qualitative screening step for the CANDU fire PRA is illustrated in this paper to include any fire events that can damage any part of the emergency power supply in addition to FSSA cables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety" title="fire safety">fire safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CANDU" title=" CANDU"> CANDU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear" title=" nuclear"> nuclear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20densities" title=" fuel densities"> fuel densities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FDS" title=" FDS"> FDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative%20analysis" title=" qualitative analysis"> qualitative analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20probabilistic%20risk%20assessment" title=" fire probabilistic risk assessment"> fire probabilistic risk assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106512/canada-deuterium-uranium-updated-fire-probabilistic-risk-assessment-model-for-canadian-nuclear-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106512.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1260</span> Optimizing Fire Suppression Time in Buildings by Forming a Fire Feedback Loop</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhdanova%20A.%20O.">Zhdanova A. O.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Volkov%20R.%20S."> Volkov R. S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuznetsov%20G.%20V."> Kuznetsov G. V.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Strizhak%20P.%20A."> Strizhak P. A.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fires in different types of facilities are a serious problem worldwide.It is still an unaccomplished science and technology objective to establish the minimum number and type of sensors in automatic systems of compartment fire suppression which would turn the fire-extinguishing agent spraying on and off in real time depending on the state of the fire, minimize the amount of agent applied, delay time in fire suppression and system response, as well as the time of combustion suppression. Based on the results of experimental studies, the conclusion was made that it is reasonable to use a gas analysis system and heat sensors (in the event of their prior activation) to determine the effectiveness of fire suppression (fire-extinguishing composition interacts with the fire). Thus, the concentration of CO in the interaction of the firefighting liquid with the fire increases to 0.7–1.2%, which indicates a slowdown in the flame combustion, and heat sensors stop responding at a gas medium temperature below 80 ºC, which shows a gradual decrease in the heat release from the fire. The evidence from this study suggests that the information received from the video recording equipment (video camera) should be used in real time as an additional parameter confirming fire suppression. Research was supported by Russian Science Foundation (project No 21-19-00009, https://rscf.ru/en/project/21-19-00009/). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compartment%20fires" title="compartment fires">compartment fires</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20suppression" title=" fire suppression"> fire suppression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=continuous%20control%20of%20fire%20behavior" title=" continuous control of fire behavior"> continuous control of fire behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feedback%20systems" title=" feedback systems"> feedback systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148653/optimizing-fire-suppression-time-in-buildings-by-forming-a-fire-feedback-loop" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1259</span> A Study for the Effect of Fire Initiated Location on Evacuation Success Rate </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20A%20Ryu">Jin A Ryu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hee%20Sun%20Kim"> Hee Sun Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the number of fire accidents is gradually raising, many studies have been reported on evacuation. Previous studies have mostly focused on evaluating the safety of evacuation and the risk of fire in particular buildings. However, studies on effects of various parameters on evacuation have not been nearly done. Therefore, this paper aims at observing evacuation time under the effect of fire initiated location. In this study, evacuation simulations are performed on a 5-floor building located in Seoul, South Korea using the commercial program, Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation (FDS+EVAC). Only the fourth and fifth floors are modeled with an assumption that fire starts in a room located on the fourth floor. The parameter for evacuation simulations is location of fire initiation to observe the evacuation time and safety. Results show that the location of fire initiation is closer to exit, the more time is taken to evacuate. The case having the nearest location of fire initiation to exit has the lowest ratio of successful occupants to the total occupants. In addition, for safety evaluation, the evacuation time calculated from computer simulation model is compared with the tolerable evacuation time according to code in Japan. As a result, all cases are completed within the tolerable evacuation time. This study allows predicting evacuation time under various conditions of fire and can be used to evaluate evacuation appropriateness and fire safety of building. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20simulation" title="fire simulation">fire simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20simulation" title=" evacuation simulation"> evacuation simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evacuation%20safety" title=" evacuation safety"> evacuation safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36360/a-study-for-the-effect-of-fire-initiated-location-on-evacuation-success-rate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1258</span> The Trend of Injuries in Building Fire in Tehran from 2002 to 2012</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadreza%20Ashouri">Mohammadreza Ashouri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Bayatian"> Majid Bayatian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Analysis of fire data is a way for the implementation of any plan to improve the level of safety in cities. Such an analysis is able to reveal signs of changes in a given period and can be used as a measure of safety. The information of about 66,341 fires (from 2002 to 2012) released by Tehran Safety Services and Fire-Fighting Organization and data on the population and the number of households provided by Tehran Municipality and the Statistical Yearbook of Iran were extracted. Using the data, the fire changes, the rate of injuries, and mortality rate were determined and analyzed. The rate of injuries and mortality rate of fires per one million population of Tehran were 59.58% and 86.12%, respectively. During the study period, the number of fires and fire stations increased by 104.38% and 102.63%, respectively. Most fires (9.21%) happened in the 4th District of Tehran. The results showed that the recorded fire data have not been systematically planned for fire prevention since one of the ways to reduce injuries caused by fires is to develop a systematic plan for necessary actions in emergency situations. To determine a reliable source for fire prevention, the stages, definitions of working processes and the cause and effect chains should be considered. Therefore, a comprehensive statistical system should be developed for reported and recorded fire data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20statistics" title="fire statistics">fire statistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20analysis" title=" fire analysis"> fire analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accident%20prevention" title=" accident prevention"> accident prevention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tehran" title=" Tehran"> Tehran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97571/the-trend-of-injuries-in-building-fire-in-tehran-from-2002-to-2012" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97571.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1257</span> Mitigation of Lithium-ion Battery Thermal Runaway Propagation Through the Use of Phase Change Materials Containing Expanded Graphite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jayson%20Cheyne">Jayson Cheyne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Butler"> David Butler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iain%20Bomphray"> Iain Bomphray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, lithium-ion batteries have been used increasingly for electric vehicles and large energy storage systems due to their high-power density and long lifespan. Despite this, thermal runaway remains a significant safety problem because of its uncontrollable and irreversible nature - which can lead to fires and explosions. In large-scale lithium-ion packs and modules, thermal runaway propagation between cells can escalate fire hazards and cause significant damage. Thus, safety measures are required to mitigate thermal runaway propagation. The current research explores composite phase change materials (PCM) containing expanded graphite (EG) for thermal runaway mitigation. PCMs are an area of significant interest for battery thermal management due to their ability to absorb substantial quantities of heat during phase change. Moreover, the introduction of EG can support heat transfer from the cells to the PCM (owing to its high thermal conductivity) and provide shape stability to the PCM during phase change. During the research, a thermal model was established for an array of 16 cylindrical cells to simulate heat dissipation with and without the composite PCM. Two conditions were modeled, including the behavior during charge/discharge cycles (i.e., throughout regular operation) and thermal runaway. Furthermore, parameters including cell spacing, composite PCM thickness, and EG weight percentage (WT%) were varied to establish the optimal material parameters for enabling thermal runaway mitigation and effective thermal management. Although numerical modeling is still ongoing, initial findings suggest that a 3mm PCM containing 15WT% EG can effectively suppress thermal runaway propagation while maintaining shape stability. The next step in the research is to validate the model through controlled experimental tests. Additionally, with the perceived fire safety concerns relating to PCM materials, fire safety tests, including UL-94 and Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), shall be conducted to explore the flammability risk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=battery%20safety" title="battery safety">battery safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicles" title=" electric vehicles"> electric vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20change%20materials" title=" phase change materials"> phase change materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20management" title=" thermal management"> thermal management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20runaway" title=" thermal runaway"> thermal runaway</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162329/mitigation-of-lithium-ion-battery-thermal-runaway-propagation-through-the-use-of-phase-change-materials-containing-expanded-graphite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162329.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1256</span> The Connection between Required Safe Egress Time and Occupant Fire Safety Training</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christina%20Knorr">Christina Knorr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Analysis of the evacuation of occupants of a building plays a significant role in Fire Safety Engineering. One of the tools used for the analysis is the concept of the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET). It is generally accepted that RSET is measured from the time the fire ignites until the time that all occupants have evacuated to a safe location. Instructions on how RSET is determined can be found in both the International Fire Engineering Guidelines and, more recently, in the Australian Fire Engineering Guidelines. The guidelines also specify measures that could be applied to reduce the RSET and hence improve the performance of fire-safety measures of a building. Further, it is suggested that the delay period can be reduced through “training programs.” This study examined the overall level of fire-safety awareness among occupants of residential apartment buildings in Australia and investigated the possible effects of fire-safety training on the delay period and, hence, the RSET. A questionnaire, interviews, and an experiment were conducted to collect data about people’s fire-safety knowledge, people’s behaviour and nature, and the duration of activities people are likely to undertake in the event of a fire. The study led to an investigation into the delay and response time approximations and the development of a new equation to incorporate the impact of training into the RSET calculations for the general use of the fire engineering community. Regardless of the RSET, it can be concluded that fire-safety education and training for residents of apartment buildings have a direct impact on improving their behaviour and firefighting equipment usage in a fire incident. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety%20engineering" title="fire safety engineering">fire safety engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20safety%20training" title=" fire safety training"> fire safety training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupant%20evacuation%20behaviour" title=" occupant evacuation behaviour"> occupant evacuation behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=required%20safe%20egress%20time" title=" required safe egress time"> required safe egress time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177752/the-connection-between-required-safe-egress-time-and-occupant-fire-safety-training" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177752.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">38</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1255</span> A Study on the Failure Modes of Steel Moment Frame in Post-Earthquake Fire Using Coupled Mechanical-Thermal Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehsan%20Asgari">Ehsan Asgari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meisam%20Afazeli"> Meisam Afazeli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nezhla%20Attarchian"> Nezhla Attarchian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Post-earthquake fire is considered as a major threat in seismic areas. After an earthquake, fire is possible in structures. In this research, the effect of post-earthquake fire on steel moment frames with and without fireproofing coating is investigated. For this purpose, finite element method is employed. For the verification of finite element results, the results of an experimental study carried out by previous researchers are used, and the predicted FE results are compared with the test results, and good agreement is observed. After ensuring the accuracy of the predictions of finite element models, the effect of post-earthquake fire on the frames is investigated taking into account the parameters including the presence or absence of fire protection, frame design assumptions, earthquake type and different fire scenario. Ordinary fire and post-earthquake fire effect on the frames is also studied. The plastic hinges induced by earthquake in the structure are determined in the beam to the column connection and in panel zone. These areas should be accurately considered when providing fireproofing coatings. The results of the study show that the occurrence of fire beside corner columns is the most damaging scenario that results in progressive collapse of structure. It was also concluded that the behavior of structure in fire after a strong ground motion is significantly different from that in a normal fire. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post%20earthquake%20fire" title="post earthquake fire">post earthquake fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moment%20frame" title=" moment frame"> moment frame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20simulation" title=" finite element simulation"> finite element simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupled%20temperature-displacement%20analysis" title=" coupled temperature-displacement analysis"> coupled temperature-displacement analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20scenario" title=" fire scenario"> fire scenario</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98372/a-study-on-the-failure-modes-of-steel-moment-frame-in-post-earthquake-fire-using-coupled-mechanical-thermal-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98372.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1254</span> The Fire Performance of Exposed Timber Panels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernice%20V.%20Y.%20Wong">Bernice V. Y. Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kong%20Fah%20Tee"> Kong Fah Tee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cross-laminated timber is increasingly being used in the construction of high-rise buildings due to its simple manufacturing system. In term of fire resistance, cross-laminated timber panels are promoted as having excellent fire resistance, comparable to that of non-combustible materials and to heavy timber construction, due to the ability of thick wood assemblies to char slowly at a predictable rate while maintaining most of their strength during the fire exposure. This paper presents an overview of fire performance of cross-laminated timber and evaluation of its resistance to elevated temperature in comparison to homogeneous timber panels. Charring rates for cross-laminated timber panels of those obtained experimentally were compared with those provided by Eurocode simplified calculation methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber%20structure" title="timber structure">timber structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-laminated%20timber" title=" cross-laminated timber"> cross-laminated timber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charring%20rate" title=" charring rate"> charring rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timber%20fire%20resistance" title=" timber fire resistance"> timber fire resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7520/the-fire-performance-of-exposed-timber-panels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7520.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20propagation&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20propagation&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20propagation&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20propagation&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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