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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rif_al-%C3%81rif" title="Árif al-Árif – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Árif al-Árif" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aref al-Aref" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="عارف العارف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عارف العارف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aref al-Aref" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aref al-Aref" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A3_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A3" title="עארף אל-עארף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עארף אל-עארף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Palestinian journalist, historian and politician (1891–1973)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Aref al-Aref</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aref_al-Aref.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Aref_al-Aref.jpg/220px-Aref_al-Aref.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Aref_al-Aref.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="423" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Mayor of East Jerusalem</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1949–1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Military Governor of Ramallah Governorate</th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1892<br /><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 July 1973 (aged 80–81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh" title="Al-Bireh">Al-Bireh</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Palestinian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mulkiyya College in Istanbul</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Journalist, historian, politician</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aref al-Aref</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عارف العارف</span>‎; 1892–1973) was a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> journalist, historian and politician. He served as mayor of <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> in the 1950s during the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian annexation of the West Bank</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aref_al-Aref&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aref al-Aref was born in 1892 as Aref Shehadeh in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamari2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamari2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a vegetable vendor. Excelling at his studies in primary school, he was sent to high school in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. He attended the Marjan Preparatory School and Mulkiyya College in Istanbul. During his college studies, he wrote for a Turkish newspaper. Later, he worked as a translator for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamari2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamari2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He was captured on the Caucasus front and spent three years in a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> camp in <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamari2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamari2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Krasnoyarsk, he edited a newspaper in handwritten Arabic called <i>Nakatullah</i> [Camel of God] and translated <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s <i>Die Weltraethsel</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Riddle_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddle of the Universe">The Riddles of the Universe</a>") into Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamari2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamari2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> he escaped and returned in 1918 to what had become British-occupied <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamari2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamari2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aref al-Aref died on 30 July 1973, in <a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh" title="Al-Bireh">al-Bireh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aref_al-Aref&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aref_al-Aref_as_governor_of_Beersheba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aref_al-Aref_as_governor_of_Beersheba.jpg/300px-Aref_al-Aref_as_governor_of_Beersheba.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aref_al-Aref_as_governor_of_Beersheba.jpg/450px-Aref_al-Aref_as_governor_of_Beersheba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Aref_al-Aref_as_governor_of_Beersheba.jpg/600px-Aref_al-Aref_as_governor_of_Beersheba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Aref al-Aref (seated, center), as District Administrative Officer of <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El-aref%27s-3_BeerSheva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/El-aref%27s-3_BeerSheva.jpg/150px-El-aref%27s-3_BeerSheva.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/El-aref%27s-3_BeerSheva.jpg/225px-El-aref%27s-3_BeerSheva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/El-aref%27s-3_BeerSheva.jpg/300px-El-aref%27s-3_BeerSheva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Home of Aref al-Aref, Beersheba</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1919, al-Aref was involved in political activism in Palestine, agitating for unity of Palestine with Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamari_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamari-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1919, he became editor of the recently established newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Suriyya_al-Janubiyya_(newspaper)" title="Suriyya al-Janubiyya (newspaper)">Suriya al-Janubiya</a></i> (Southern Syria), which was the first Arab nationalist newspaper published in Jerusalem and was an organ of the al-Nadi al-'Arabi (The Arab Club).<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamari_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamari-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the paper supported the British military authorities, but soon became an opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamari_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamari-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Aref attended the <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Musa" title="Nabi Musa">Nebi Musa</a> religious festival in Jerusalem in 1920 riding on his horse, and gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Gate" title="Jaffa Gate">Jaffa Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nature of his speech is disputed. According to Benny Morris, he said "If we don't use force against the Zionists and against the Jews, we will never be rid of them",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Bernard Wasserstein wrote "he seems to have cooperated with the police, and there is no evidence that he actively instigated violence".<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, "Zionist intelligence reports of this period are unanimous in stressing that he spoke repeatedly against violence".<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon the festival became a <a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">riot</a> involving attacks on the local Jews. Al-Aref was arrested for incitement, but when he was let out on bail he escaped to Syria together with co-accused Haj Amin al-Husseini.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another version, he was warned and escaped before being arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advised Arabs against violence, urging them instead to adopt the "discipline, silence, and courage" of their opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his absence, a military court sentenced him to 10 years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Damascus, al-Aref became a deputy to the <a href="/wiki/General_Syrian_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="General Syrian Congress">General Syrian Congress</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Hajj Amin</a> and others formed al-Jam'iyya al-'Arabiyya al-Filastiniyya (Palestinian Arab Society).<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tauber_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became its Secretary-General and campaigned against the decisions of the <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">French invasion of Syria</a> in July 1920, he fled to <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(Transjordan)" title="Interregnum (Transjordan)">Transjordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Jerusalem late in 1920 after being pardoned by the new <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioners_for_Palestine_and_Transjordan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan">British High Commissioner for Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a>, but the government refused to allow his newspaper to reopen.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aref_al-Aref&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1921, he was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/District_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="District Officer">district Officer</a> of the British administration by the Civil Secretary, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Deedes" title="Wyndham Deedes">Wyndham Deedes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in that capacity in <a href="/wiki/Jenin" title="Jenin">Jenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisan">Beisan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926 he was seconded to the Government of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> as Chief Secretary, where he served for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However he continued his political activities on the side to the displeasure of his British superior.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Palestine in 1929, where he served as District Officer in <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933 he received a special commendation from the High Commissioner for keeping his district quiet during a time of disturbances elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942 he was promoted and transferred to <a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh" title="Al-Bireh">al-Bireh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued as a Mandate official until 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Jordanian control of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, al-Aref was first appointed military governor of <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> governorate, and then, from 1949 to 1955, served as mayor of <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischbach_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischbach-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, he was appointed director of the Palestine Archaeological Museum (<a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Museum">Rockefeller Museum</a>) in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischbach_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischbach-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aref_al-Aref&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All following books have been published in Arabic, unless mentioned otherwise, and the English titles are literal translations of the Arabic ones. </p> <ul><li>[The] Bedouin Law/Bedouin Judiciary (<i>Al Qadaa bayn al Badou</i>), 1933;<sup id="cite_ref-Jad_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new edition published in Beirut, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-Assi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>History of Beersheba and its Tribes (<i>Tarikh B’ir al-Sabi‘ wa Qabailiha</i>), Jerusalem 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Assi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probably identical with "The Bedouin Love, Law and Legend: History of Beersheba and Its Tribes", 1934<sup id="cite_ref-Jad_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>My Vision (<i>Ru'yay</i>), Jerusalem 1943<sup id="cite_ref-Assi_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>History of Gaza (<i>Tarikh Ghazza</i>), Jerusalem 1943<sup id="cite_ref-Assi_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gazan-Jerusalemite History (<i>Tarigh Ghaza-Al Quds</i>), Jerusalem 1943<sup id="cite_ref-Jad_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Aref el-'Aref, in collaboration with/editor Harold W. Tilley, in English. <i>Bedouin Love, Law and Legend, Dealing Exclusively with the Badu of Beersheba</i>. Jerusalem 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also listed as <i>Bedouin Love, Law and Legend: History of Beersheba and Its Tribes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Assi_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>History of al-Haram al-Sharif (<i>Tarikh al-Haram al-Sharif</i> or <i>Tarikh al-Haram al-Qudsi</i>), Jerusalem 1947<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Assi_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>History of Jerusalem (<i>Tarikh al-Quds</i>), Cairo 1951<sup id="cite_ref-Assi_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or Summary of the History of Jerusalem (<i>Al Mijaz fi Tarikh al Quds</i>), Cairo 1951<sup id="cite_ref-Jad_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Disaster (<i>al-Nakba</i>), six vols., 1956–1961. <sup id="cite_ref-Jad_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jad-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also listed as The catastrophe: The catastrophe of Jerusalem and the lost paradise (<i>al-Nakba: Nakbat Bayt al-Maqdis wal-firdaws al-mafqud</i>)</li> <li>The Detailed History of Jerusalem (<i>al-Mufassal fi Tarikh al-Quds</i>), Jerusalem 1961<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Assi_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aref_al-Aref&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tamari2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamari & Turjman (2011), pp. 66–68, 71–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wasserstein-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wasserstein (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamari-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamari_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamari & Turjman (2011), pp. 78–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauber-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ṭauber (1994), pp. 95, 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischbach-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischbach_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischbach_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischbach (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jad-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jad_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jad_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jad_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jad_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jad_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJad2018" class="citation book cs1">Jad, Islah (2018). Suad Joseph (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ex0xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA217"><i>Palestine</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 217, 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815654247" title="Special:BookSources/9780815654247"><bdi>9780815654247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine&rft.pages=217%2C+231&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780815654247&rft.aulast=Jad&rft.aufirst=Islah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dex0xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAref+al-Aref" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assi_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assi_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assi_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assi_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assi_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assi_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssi2018" class="citation book cs1">Assi, Seraje (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT332"><i>The History and Politics of the Bedouin: Reimagining Nomadism in Modern Palestine</i></a>. Routledge Studies on the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Routledge. pp. 332–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351257862" title="Special:BookSources/9781351257862"><bdi>9781351257862</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Politics+of+the+Bedouin%3A+Reimagining+Nomadism+in+Modern+Palestine&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+on+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.pages=332-333&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351257862&rft.aulast=Assi&rft.aufirst=Seraje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqVYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAref+al-Aref" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappe-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a>, ed. (2005) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/5689998/mod_resource/content/1/isra_palestine%20question%20%5BIlan%20Pappe%CC%81%5D.pdf"><i>The Israel/Palestine Question</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-00376-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-00376-4"><bdi>0-203-00376-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel%2FPalestine+Question&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-203-00376-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisciplinas.usp.br%2Fpluginfile.php%2F5689998%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2Fisra_palestine%2520question%2520%255BIlan%2520Pappe%25CC%2581%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAref+al-Aref" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Bedouin-Love-dealing-exclusively-Beersheba/dp/B00178WL9W">Amazon</a>, with cover and precise description of the edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH001967884/NLI">Israel National Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAref1944" class="citation web cs1">Aref, Aref al- (10 March 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1971743">"Bedouin love law and legend dealing exclusively with the Badu of Beersheba"</a> – via National Library of Australia (new catalog).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bedouin+love+law+and+legend+dealing+exclusively+with+the+Badu+of+Beersheba&rft.date=1944-03-10&rft.aulast=Aref&rft.aufirst=Aref+al-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2FRecord%2F1971743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAref+al-Aref" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aref_al-Aref&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischbach2005" class="citation book cs1">Fischbach, Michael R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA81">"Arif al-Arif"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mattar" title="Philip Mattar">Mattar, Philip</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Palestinians</i>. Facts on File Library of World History. Infobase Publishing. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816069866" title="Special:BookSources/9780816069866"><bdi>9780816069866</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arif+al-Arif&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Palestinians&rft.series=Facts+on+File+Library+of+World+History&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780816069866&rft.aulast=Fischbach&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkbzYoZtaJMC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAref+al-Aref" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xC_uIe9G2FYC&q=%22never%20be%20rid%22"><i>Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1998</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307788054" title="Special:BookSources/9780307788054"><bdi>9780307788054</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict%2C+1881-1998&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780307788054&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxC_uIe9G2FYC%26q%3D%2522never%2520be%2520rid%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAref+al-Aref" class="Z3988"></span>, quoting the official history of the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamariTurjman2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salim_Tamari" title="Salim Tamari">Tamari, Salim</a>; Turjman, Ihsan Salih (2011). <i>A Soldier's Diary and the Erasure of Palestine's Ottoman Past</i>. California University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520259553" title="Special:BookSources/9780520259553"><bdi>9780520259553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Soldier%27s+Diary+and+the+Erasure+of+Palestine%27s+Ottoman+Past&rft.pub=California+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780520259553&rft.aulast=Tamari&rft.aufirst=Salim&rft.au=Turjman%2C+Ihsan+Salih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAref+al-Aref" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauber2013" class="citation book cs1">Tauber, Eliezer (2013) [1995 (Frank Cass Publ.)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVjbAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 95, 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135201258" title="Special:BookSources/9781135201258"><bdi>9781135201258</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Modern+Syria+and+Iraq&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95%2C+105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135201258&rft.aulast=Tauber&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVjbAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAref+al-Aref" class="Z3988"></span> Very limited access to the text on Google Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Wasserstein" title="Bernard Wasserstein">Wasserstein, Bernard</a> (1977). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Clipping the Claws of the Colonisers': Arab Officials in the Government of Palestine, 1917-48". <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>13</b> (2): 171–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263207708700343">10.1080/00263207708700343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Clipping+the+Claws+of+the+Colonisers%27%3A+Arab+Officials+in+the+Government+of+Palestine%2C+1917-48&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-194&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263207708700343&rft.aulast=Wasserstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAref+al-Aref" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mayors_of_Jerusalem" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_Jerusalem" title="Template:Mayors of Jerusalem"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayors_of_Jerusalem" title="Template talk:Mayors of Jerusalem"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors_of_Jerusalem" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors of Jerusalem"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayors_of_Jerusalem" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jerusalem" title="Mayor of Jerusalem">Mayors of Jerusalem</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><br />(1517–1917)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Agha_Duzdar" title="Ahmad Agha Duzdar">Ahmad Agha Duzdar</a> (1848–63 as Governor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelrahman_al-Dajani" title="Abdelrahman al-Dajani">Abdelrahman al-Dajani</a> (1863–67)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafadulo_Astiriyadis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafadulo Astiriyadis (page does not exist)">Rafadulo Astiriyadis</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelrahman_al-Dajani" title="Abdelrahman al-Dajani">Abdelrahman al-Dajani</a> (1867–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Faidallah_al-Alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa Faidallah al-Alami">Musa Faidallah al-Alami</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Salam_al-Husayni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Salam al-Husayni (page does not exist)">Abd al-Salam al-Husayni</a> (1869–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousef_al-Khalidi" title="Yousef al-Khalidi">Yousef al-Khalidi</a> (1870–76)</li> <li><i>Triumvirate</i> (1876–77)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shahada_al-Alami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahada al-Alami (page does not exist)">Shahada al-Alami</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafadulo_Astiriyadis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafadulo Astiriyadis (page does not exist)">Rafadulo Astiriyadis</a> (1877–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousef_al-Khalidi" title="Yousef al-Khalidi">Yousef al-Khalidi</a> (1878–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Faidi_al-Alami" title="Musa Faidi al-Alami">Musa Faidi al-Alami</a> (1879–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_al-Husayni" title="Salim al-Husayni">Salim al-Husayni</a> (1882–97)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaseen_al-Khalidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaseen al-Khalidi (page does not exist)">Yaseen al-Khalidi</a> (1897–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yussef_Diya%27uddin_Al-Khalidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yussef Diya'uddin Al-Khalidi">Yussef Diya'uddin Al-Khalidi</a> (1899–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faidi_al-Alami" title="Faidi al-Alami">Faidi al-Alami</a> (1906–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_al-Husayni" title="Hussein al-Husayni">Hussein al-Husayni</a> (1909–17)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a><br />(1917–1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Dajani" title="Aref al-Dajani">Aref al-Dajani</a> (1917–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Husayni" title="Musa al-Husayni">Musa al-Husayni</a> (1918–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghib_al-Nashashibi" title="Raghib al-Nashashibi">Raghib al-Nashashibi</a> (1920–34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Khalidi" title="Hussein Khalidi">Hussein Khalidi</a> (1934–37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auster" title="Daniel Auster">Daniel Auster</a> (1937–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_al-Khalidi" title="Mustafa al-Khalidi">Mustafa al-Khalidi</a> (1938–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auster" title="Daniel Auster">Daniel Auster</a> (1944–45)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><br />(1948–1967)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Khatib" title="Anwar Khatib">Anwar Khatib</a> (1948–50)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aref al-Aref</a> (1950–51)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Atallah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannah Atallah (page does not exist)">Hannah Atallah</a> (1951–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Wa%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Wa'ari">Omar Wa'ari</a> (1952–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhi_al-Khatib" title="Ruhi al-Khatib">Ruhi al-Khatib</a> (1957–67)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><br />(1948–1967)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auster" title="Daniel Auster">Daniel Auster</a> (1949–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Zalman_Shragai" title="Shlomo Zalman Shragai">Zalman Shragai</a> (1951–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Kariv" title="Yitzhak Kariv">Yitzhak Kariv</a> (1952–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershon_Agron" title="Gershon Agron">Gershon Agron</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Ish-Shalom" title="Mordechai Ish-Shalom">Mordechai Ish-Shalom</a> (1959–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Kollek" title="Teddy Kollek">Teddy Kollek</a> (1965–67)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a><br />(titular since 1967)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruhi_al-Khatib" title="Ruhi al-Khatib">Ruhi al-Khatib</a> (1967–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Majaj" title="Amin al-Majaj">Amin al-Majaj</a> (1994–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Ghul" title="Zaki al-Ghul">Zaki al-Ghul</a> (1999–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a><br />(since 1967)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Kollek" title="Teddy Kollek">Teddy Kollek</a> (1967–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> (1993–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Lupolianski" title="Uri Lupolianski">Uri Lupolianski</a> (2003–08)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Barkat" title="Nir Barkat">Nir Barkat</a> (2008–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lion" title="Moshe Lion">Moshe Lion</a> (since 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640881#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640881#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640881#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000098804613">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13554616g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074515691">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvp7z03g6nrl5">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007256737705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/125977026">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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