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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bathers_at_Asnières" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathers_at_Asnières"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Bathers at Asnières</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathers_at_Asnières-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later career and personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Colour theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colour_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colour theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colour_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Contemporary ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_of_colour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_of_colour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Language of colour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_of_colour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Drawings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Georges Seurat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="جورج سورا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج سورا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pierre_Seurat" title="Georges Pierre Seurat – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Georges Pierre Seurat" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorj-Pyer_S%C3%B6ra" title="Jorj-Pyer Söra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jorj-Pyer Söra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pierre_Seurat" title="Georges Pierre Seurat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Georges Pierre Seurat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6-%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жорж-П’ер Сёра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жорж-П’ер Сёра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6-%D0%9F%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жорж-П’ер Сэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жорж-П’ер Сэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жорж Сьора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жорж Сьора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жорж Сёра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Жорж Сёра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B6_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Ζωρζ Σερά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωρζ Σερά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pierre_Seurat" title="Georges Pierre Seurat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georges Pierre Seurat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%DA%98_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ژرژ سورا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرژ سورا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC_%EC%87%A0%EB%9D%BC" title="조르주 쇠라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조르주 쇠라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AA_%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Ժորժ Սյորա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժորժ Սյորա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="जार्ज सोरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जार्ज सोरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pierre_Seurat" title="Georges Pierre Seurat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georges Pierre Seurat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%96%27_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%94" title="ז'ורז' סרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'ורז' סרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9F_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ჟორჟ სერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟორჟ სერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Seurat" title="Georgius Seurat – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Seurat" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDor%C5%BEs_Ser%C4%81" title="Žoržs Serā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žoržs Serā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жорж Пјер Сера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жорж Пјер Сера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9F_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ჟორჟ სერა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟორჟ სერა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="جورج سورا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج سورا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%DA%98_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ژرژ سورا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ژرژ سورا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9" title="ジョルジュ・スーラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョルジュ・スーラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جارج سیورات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج سیورات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6" title="Сёра, Жорж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сёра, Жорж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6-%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жорж-Пјер Сера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жорж-Пјер Сера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="யோர்ச் சோரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோர்ச் சோரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8C-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ฌอร์ฌ-ปีแยร์ เซอรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฌอร์ฌ-ปีแยร์ เซอรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жорж Сера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жорж Сера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Georges Seurat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%A7%80%E6%8B%89" title="乔治·秀拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔治·秀拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Seurat" redirects here. For the surname and other people with it, see <a href="/wiki/Seurat_(surname)" title="Seurat (surname)">Seurat (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Georges Seurat</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georges_Seurat_1888.jpg/220px-Georges_Seurat_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georges_Seurat_1888.jpg/330px-Georges_Seurat_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georges_Seurat_1888.jpg/440px-Georges_Seurat_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1778" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seurat in 1888</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Georges-Pierre Seurat</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-12-02</span>)</span>2 December 1859<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1891<span style="display:none">(1891-03-29)</span> (aged 31)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Painting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Bathers_at_Asni%C3%A8res" title="Bathers at Asnières">Bathers at Asnières</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Georges_Seurat" title="List of paintings by Georges Seurat">List of paintings</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data">Madeleine Knobloch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seurat,_Georges_1859-1891_05_Signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seurat%2C_Georges_1859-1891_05_Signature.jpg/150px-Seurat%2C_Georges_1859-1891_05_Signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seurat%2C_Georges_1859-1891_05_Signature.jpg/225px-Seurat%2C_Georges_1859-1891_05_Signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Seurat%2C_Georges_1859-1891_05_Signature.jpg/300px-Seurat%2C_Georges_1859-1891_05_Signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Georges Pierre Seurat</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SUR</span>-ah, -⁠ə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">suu-<span style="font-size:90%">RAH</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɔʁʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>pjɛʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>sœʁa]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was a French <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionist">post-Impressionist</a> artist. He devised the painting techniques known as <a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">chromoluminarism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">pointillism</a> and used <a href="/wiki/Cont%C3%A9" title="Conté">conté crayon</a> for drawings on paper with a rough surface. </p><p>Seurat's artistic personality combined qualities that are usually thought of as opposed and incompatible: on the one hand, his extreme and delicate sensibility, on the other, a passion for logical abstraction and an almost mathematical precision of mind.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His large-scale work <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> (1884–1886) altered the direction of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> by initiating <a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a>, and is one of the icons of <a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">late 19th-century painting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat,_1889-90,_Le_Chahut,_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg/238px-Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg/357px-Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg/476px-Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Le_Chahut%2C_Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="4349" /></a><figcaption>Georges Seurat, 1889–90, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chahut" title="Le Chahut">Le Chahut</a></i>, oil on canvas, 170 x 141 cm, <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller_Museum" title="Kröller-Müller Museum">Kröller-Müller Museum</a>, Otterlo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_education">Family and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seurat was born on 2 December 1859 in Paris, at 60 rue de Bondy (now rue René Boulanger). The Seurat family moved to 136 boulevard de Magenta (now 110 boulevard de Magenta) in 1862 or 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-kmmbio_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmmbio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Antoine Chrysostome Seurat, originally from <a href="/wiki/Champagne,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne, France">Champagne</a>, was a former legal official who had become wealthy from speculating in property, and his mother, Ernestine Faivre, was from Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199111_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georges had a brother, Émile Augustin, and a sister, Marie-Berthe, both older. His father lived in <a href="/wiki/Le_Raincy" title="Le Raincy">Le Raincy</a> and visited his wife and children once a week at boulevard de Magenta.<sup id="cite_ref-Seurat:_p._17_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seurat:_p._17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Georges Seurat first studied art at the École Municipale de Sculpture et Dessin, near his family's home in the boulevard Magenta, which was run by the sculptor Justin Lequien.<sup id="cite_ref-techbull_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techbull-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199112_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, he moved on to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a> where he was taught by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Lehmann" title="Henri Lehmann">Henri Lehmann</a>, and followed a conventional academic training, drawing from casts of antique sculpture and copying drawings by old masters.<sup id="cite_ref-techbull_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techbull-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seurat's studies resulted in a well-considered and fertile theory of contrasts: a theory to which all his work was thereafter subjected.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His formal artistic education came to an end in November 1879, when he left the École des Beaux-Arts for a year of military service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199112_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a year at the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Naval_Training_Centre" title="Brest Naval Training Centre">Brest Military Academy</a>, he returned to Paris where he shared a studio with his friend <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Aman-Jean" title="Edmond Aman-Jean">Aman-Jean</a>, while also renting a small apartment at 16 rue de Chabrol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199111_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next two years, he worked at mastering the art of monochrome drawing. His first exhibited work, shown at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon de Paris">Salon</a>, of 1883, was a Conté crayon drawing of Aman-Jean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199148_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199148-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also studied the works of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> carefully, making notes on his use of color.<sup id="cite_ref-techbull_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techbull-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathers_at_Asnières"><span id="Bathers_at_Asni.C3.A8res"></span><i>Bathers at Asnières</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bathers at Asnières"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baigneurs_a_Asnieres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Baigneurs_a_Asnieres.jpg/280px-Baigneurs_a_Asnieres.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Baigneurs_a_Asnieres.jpg/420px-Baigneurs_a_Asnieres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Baigneurs_a_Asnieres.jpg/560px-Baigneurs_a_Asnieres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6367" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bathers_at_Asni%C3%A8res" title="Bathers at Asnières">Bathers at Asnières</a></i>, 1884, oil on canvas, 201 × 301 cm, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>He spent 1883 working on his first major painting – a large canvas titled <i><a href="/wiki/Bathers_at_Asni%C3%A8res" title="Bathers at Asnières">Bathers at Asnières</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991148_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991148-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a monumental work showing young men relaxing by the Seine in a working-class suburb of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991150_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991150-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although influenced in its use of color and light tone by Impressionism, the painting with its smooth, simplified textures and carefully outlined, rather sculptural figures, shows the continuing impact of his neoclassical training; the critic <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alexis" title="Paul Alexis">Paul Alexis</a> described it as a "faux <a href="/wiki/Puvis_de_Chavannes" class="mw-redirect" title="Puvis de Chavannes">Puvis de Chavannes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991147–48_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991147–48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seurat also departed from the Impressionist ideal by preparing for the work with a number of drawings and oil sketches before starting on the canvas in his studio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991147–48_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991147–48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Bathers at Asnières</i> was rejected by the Paris Salon, and instead he showed it at the Groupe des Artistes Indépendants in May 1884. Soon, however, disillusioned by the poor organization of the Indépendants, Seurat and some other artists he had met through the group – including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Angrand" title="Charles Angrand">Charles Angrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dubois-Pillet" title="Albert Dubois-Pillet">Albert Dubois-Pillet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a> – set up a new organization, the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Société des Artistes Indépendants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991148_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991148-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seurat's new ideas on <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">pointillism</a> were to have an especially strong influence on Signac, who subsequently painted in the same idiom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte"><i>A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte,_Georges_Seurat,_1884.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte%2C_Georges_Seurat%2C_1884.png/280px-A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte%2C_Georges_Seurat%2C_1884.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte%2C_Georges_Seurat%2C_1884.png/420px-A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte%2C_Georges_Seurat%2C_1884.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte%2C_Georges_Seurat%2C_1884.png/560px-A_Sunday_on_La_Grande_Jatte%2C_Georges_Seurat%2C_1884.png 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i>, 1884–1886, oil on canvas, 207.5 × 308.1 cm, <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In summer 1884, Seurat began work on <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i>. </p><p>The painting shows members of each of the social classes participating in various park activities. The tiny juxtaposed dots of multi-colored paint allow the viewer's eye to blend colors optically, rather than having the colors physically blended on the canvas. It took Seurat two years to complete this 10-foot-wide (3.0 m) painting, much of which he spent in the park sketching in preparation for the work. There are about 60 studies for the large painting, including a smaller version, <i>Study for A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</i> (1884–1885), which is now in the collection of <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art Institute of Chicago">The Art Institute of Chicago</a>. The full work is also part of the permanent collection of the Art Institute of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painting was the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/James_Lapine" title="James Lapine">James Lapine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a>'s musical <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_George" title="Sunday in the Park with George">Sunday in the Park with George</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and played a significant symbolic role in <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(filmmaker)" title="John Hughes (filmmaker)">John Hughes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off" title="Ferris Bueller's Day Off">Ferris Bueller's Day Off</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_career_and_personal_life">Later career and personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later career and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat,_1889-90,_Jeune_femme_se_poudrant_(Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself),_oil_on_canvas,_95.5_x_79.5_cm,_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Jeune_femme_se_poudrant_%28Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_95.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art.jpg/220px-Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Jeune_femme_se_poudrant_%28Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_95.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Jeune_femme_se_poudrant_%28Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_95.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art.jpg/330px-Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Jeune_femme_se_poudrant_%28Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_95.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Jeune_femme_se_poudrant_%28Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_95.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art.jpg/440px-Georges_Seurat%2C_1889-90%2C_Jeune_femme_se_poudrant_%28Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_95.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself_(Seurat)" title="Young Woman Powdering Herself (Seurat)">Jeune femme se poudrant</a></i> (<i>Young Woman Powdering Herself</i>), 1888–1890, oil on canvas, 95.5 x 79.5 cm, <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld Institute of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seurat concealed his relationship with Madeleine Knobloch (or Madeleine Knoblock, 1868–1903), an artist's model whom he portrayed in his painting <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself_(Seurat)" title="Young Woman Powdering Herself (Seurat)">Jeune femme se poudrant</a></i>. In 1889, she moved in with Seurat in his studio on the seventh floor of 128 bis <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_de_Clichy" title="Boulevard de Clichy">Boulevard de Clichy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kmm1822_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmm1822-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Madeleine became pregnant, the couple moved to a studio at 39 passage de l'Élysée-des-Beaux-Arts (now rue André Antoine). There she gave birth to their son, who was named Pierre-Georges, on 16 February 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-kmm1822_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmm1822-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seurat spent the summer of 1890 on the coast at <a href="/wiki/Gravelines" title="Gravelines">Gravelines</a>, where he painted four canvases including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Channel_of_Gravelines,_Petit_Fort_Philippe" title="The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe">The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe</a></i>, as well as eight oil panels, and made a few drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991360_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991360-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seurat died in Paris in his parents' home on 29 March 1891 at the age of 31.<sup id="cite_ref-kmmbio_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmmbio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of his death is uncertain, and has been variously attributed to a form of <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, infectious angina, and <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>. His son died two weeks later from the same disease.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last ambitious work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Circus_(Seurat_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Circus (Seurat painting)">The Circus</a></i>, was left unfinished at the time of his death. </p><p>On 30 March 1891 a funeral Mass was held in the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Vincent-de-Paul,_Paris" title="Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris">Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kmmbio_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmmbio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seurat was interred 31 March 1891 at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Cimetière du Père-Lachaise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seurat:_p._17_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seurat:_p._17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of Seurat's death, Madeleine was pregnant with a second child who died during or shortly after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colour_theory">Colour theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colour theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_ideas">Contemporary ideas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seurat-La_Parade_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seurat-La_Parade_detail.jpg/170px-Seurat-La_Parade_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seurat-La_Parade_detail.jpg/255px-Seurat-La_Parade_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seurat-La_Parade_detail.jpg/340px-Seurat-La_Parade_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Detail from <i><a href="/wiki/Parade_de_cirque" title="Parade de cirque">Circus Sideshow (Parade de Cirque)</a></i> (1889) showing pointillism and color theory</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th century, scientist-writers such as <a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Rood" title="Ogden Rood">Ogden Rood</a> and David Sutter wrote treatises on colour, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical</a> effects and <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>. They adapted the scientific research of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> into a form accessible to laypeople.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists followed new discoveries in perception with great interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chevreul was perhaps the most important influence on artists at the time; his great contribution was producing a colour wheel of primary and intermediary hues. Chevreul was a French <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> who restored <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestries</a>. During his restorations he noticed that the only way to restore a section properly was to take into account the influence of the colours around the missing <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>; he could not produce the right hue unless he recognized the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>. Chevreul discovered that two colours juxtaposed, slightly overlapping or very close together, would have the effect of another colour when seen from a distance. The discovery of this phenomenon became the basis for the pointillist technique of the Neo-Impressionist painters.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chevreul also realized that the "halo" that one sees after looking at a colour is the opposing colour (also known as <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complementary color</a>). For example: After looking at a red object, one may see a cyan echo/halo of the original object. This complementary colour (as an example, cyan for red) is due to <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinal</a> persistence. Neo-Impressionist painters interested in the interplay of colours made extensive use of complementary colors in their paintings. In his works, Chevreul advised artists to think and paint not just the colour of the central object, but to add colours and make appropriate adjustments to achieve a harmony among colours. It seems that the harmony Chevreul wrote about is what Seurat came to call "emotion".<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not clear whether Seurat read all of Chevreul's book on colour contrast, published in 1859, but he did copy out several paragraphs from the chapter on painting, and he had read <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blanc" title="Charles Blanc">Charles Blanc</a>'s <i>Grammaire des arts du dessin</i> (1867),<sup id="cite_ref-techbull_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techbull-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which cites Chevreul's work. Blanc's book was directed at artists and art connoisseurs. Because of colour's emotional significance to him, he made explicit recommendations that were close to the theories later adopted by the Neo-Impressionists. He said that colour should not be based on the "judgment of taste", but rather it should be close to what we experience in reality. Blanc did not want artists to use equal intensities of colour, but to consciously plan and understand the role of each hue in creating a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Chevreul based his theories on Newton's thoughts on the mixing of light, Ogden Rood based his writings on the work of Helmholtz. He analyzed the effects of mixing and juxtaposing material pigments. Rood valued as <a href="/wiki/Primary_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colors">primary colors</a> red, green and blue-violet. Like Chevreul, he said that if two colours are placed next to each other, from a distance they look like a third distinctive colour. He also pointed out that the juxtaposition of primary hues next to each other would create a far more intense and pleasing colour, when perceived by the eye and mind, than the corresponding color made simply by mixing paint. Rood advised artists to be aware of the difference between additive and subtractive qualities of colour, since material pigments and optical pigments (light) do not mix in the same way: </p> <ul><li>Material pigments: Red + Yellow + Blue = Black ( <a href="/wiki/CMY_color_model" class="mw-redirect" title="CMY color model">Magenta, Yellow and Cyan</a> give a true black when mixed; Red, Yellow and Blue generally do not.)</li> <li>Optical / Light : Red + Green + Blue = White</li></ul> <p>Seurat was also influenced by Sutter's <i>Phenomena of Vision</i> (1880), in which he wrote that "the laws of harmony can be learned as one learns the laws of harmony and music".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He heard lectures in the 1880s by the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_(librarian)" title="Charles Henry (librarian)">Charles Henry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>, who discussed the <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotional</a> properties and symbolic meaning of lines and colour. There remains controversy over the extent to which Henry's ideas were adopted by Seurat.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_of_colour">Language of colour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language of colour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georges_Seurat_019.jpg/220px-Georges_Seurat_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georges_Seurat_019.jpg/330px-Georges_Seurat_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Georges_Seurat_019.jpg/440px-Georges_Seurat_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Circus_(Seurat_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Circus (Seurat painting)">The Circus</a></i>, 1891, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Seurat took to heart the colour theorists' notion of a scientific approach to painting. He believed that a painter could use colour to create harmony and emotion in art in the same way that a musician uses <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> and variation to create harmony in music. He theorized that the scientific application of colour was like any other natural law, and he was driven to prove this conjecture. He thought that the knowledge of perception and optical laws could be used to create a new language of art based on its own set of <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">heuristics</a> and he set out to show this language using lines, colour intensity and colour schema. Seurat called this language <a href="/wiki/Chromoluminarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromoluminarism">Chromoluminarism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter to the writer Maurice Beaubourg in 1890 he wrote: "Art is Harmony. Harmony is the analogy of the contrary and of similar elements of tone, of colour and of line. In tone, lighter against darker. In colour, the complementary, red-green, orange-blue, yellow-violet. In line, those that form a right-angle. The frame is in a harmony that opposes those of the tones, colours and lines of the picture, these aspects are considered according to their dominance and under the influence of light, in gay, calm or sad combinations".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seurat's theories can be summarized as follows: The emotion of gaiety can be achieved by the domination of luminous hues, by the predominance of warm colours, and by the use of lines directed upward. Calm is achieved through an equivalence/balance of the use of the light and the dark, by the balance of warm and cold colours, and by lines that are horizontal. Sadness is achieved by using dark and cold colours and by lines pointing downward.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Georges_Seurat_066.jpg/280px-Georges_Seurat_066.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Georges_Seurat_066.jpg/420px-Georges_Seurat_066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Georges_Seurat_066.jpg/560px-Georges_Seurat_066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3875" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Parade_de_cirque" title="Parade de cirque">Circus Sideshow (Parade de Cirque)</a></i>, 1887–88, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <p>Where the dialectic nature of <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>'s work had been greatly influential during the highly expressionistic phase of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">proto-Cubism</a>, between 1908 and 1910, the work of Seurat, with its flatter, more linear structures, would capture the attention of the <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubists</a> from 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittelmann_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittelmann-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seurat in his few years of activity, was able, with his observations on irradiation and the effects of contrast, to create afresh without any guiding tradition, to complete an esthetic system with a new technical method perfectly adapted to its expression.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"With the advent of monochromatic Cubism in 1910–1911," writes art historian Robert Herbert, "questions of form displaced color in the artists' attention, and for these Seurat was more relevant. Thanks to several exhibitions, his paintings and drawings were easily seen in Paris, and reproductions of his major compositions circulated widely among the Cubists. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chahut" title="Le Chahut">The Chahut</a></i> [Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo] was called by André Salmon 'one of the great icons of the new devotion', and both it and the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Circus_(Seurat_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Circus (Seurat painting)">Cirque (Circus)</a></i>, Musée d'Orsay, Paris, according to <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a>, 'almost belong to Synthetic Cubism'."<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept was well established among the French artists that painting could be expressed mathematically, in terms of both color and form; and this mathematical expression resulted in an independent and compelling "objective truth", perhaps more so than the objective truth of the object represented.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittelmann_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittelmann-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, the Neo-Impressionists had succeeded in establishing an objective scientific basis in the domain of color (Seurat addresses both problems in <i>Circus</i> and <i>Dancers</i>). Soon, the Cubists were to do so in both the domain of form and dynamics; <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a> would do so with color too.<sup id="cite_ref-Mittelmann_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mittelmann-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 December 2021, Google honored Seurat with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> on his 162nd birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-GoogleDoodle_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleDoodle-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paintings">Paintings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Georges_Seurat" title="List of paintings by Georges Seurat">List of paintings by Georges Seurat</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_-_Landscape_at_Saint-Ouen_PC_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seurat, 1879–80, Landscape at Saint-Ouen, oil on panel, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Seurat, 1879–80, Landscape at Saint-Ouen, oil on panel, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Georges_Seurat_-_Landscape_at_Saint-Ouen_PC_7.jpg/180px-Georges_Seurat_-_Landscape_at_Saint-Ouen_PC_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Georges_Seurat_-_Landscape_at_Saint-Ouen_PC_7.jpg/270px-Georges_Seurat_-_Landscape_at_Saint-Ouen_PC_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Georges_Seurat_-_Landscape_at_Saint-Ouen_PC_7.jpg/360px-Georges_Seurat_-_Landscape_at_Saint-Ouen_PC_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3646" data-file-height="2402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seurat, 1879–80, <i>Landscape at Saint-Ouen</i>, oil on panel, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat,_c.1879-81,_Vase_of_Flowers,_oil_on_canvas,_46.3_x_38.5_cm,_Fogg_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seurat, 1879, Flowers in a vase, oil on canvas, Fogg Museum"><img alt="Seurat, 1879, Flowers in a vase, oil on canvas, Fogg Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Georges_Seurat%2C_c.1879-81%2C_Vase_of_Flowers%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_46.3_x_38.5_cm%2C_Fogg_Museum.jpg/149px-Georges_Seurat%2C_c.1879-81%2C_Vase_of_Flowers%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_46.3_x_38.5_cm%2C_Fogg_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Georges_Seurat%2C_c.1879-81%2C_Vase_of_Flowers%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_46.3_x_38.5_cm%2C_Fogg_Museum.jpg/223px-Georges_Seurat%2C_c.1879-81%2C_Vase_of_Flowers%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_46.3_x_38.5_cm%2C_Fogg_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Georges_Seurat%2C_c.1879-81%2C_Vase_of_Flowers%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_46.3_x_38.5_cm%2C_Fogg_Museum.jpg/297px-Georges_Seurat%2C_c.1879-81%2C_Vase_of_Flowers%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_46.3_x_38.5_cm%2C_Fogg_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seurat, 1879, <i>Flowers in a vase</i>, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Fogg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Museum">Fogg Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seurat, 1881, Overgrown slope, oil on canvas, Dallas Museum of Art"><img alt="Seurat, 1881, Overgrown slope, oil on canvas, Dallas Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Georges_Seurat_010.jpg/180px-Georges_Seurat_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Georges_Seurat_010.jpg/270px-Georges_Seurat_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Georges_Seurat_010.jpg/360px-Georges_Seurat_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seurat, 1881, <i>Overgrown slope</i>, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Suburbs, 1882–83, Musée d'art moderne de Troyes"><img alt="The Suburbs, 1882–83, Musée d'art moderne de Troyes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Georges_Seurat_007.jpg/180px-Georges_Seurat_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Georges_Seurat_007.jpg/270px-Georges_Seurat_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Georges_Seurat_007.jpg/360px-Georges_Seurat_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1009" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Suburbs</i>, 1882–83, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_moderne_de_Troyes" title="Musée d'art moderne de Troyes">Musée d'art moderne de Troyes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seurat_Pescatori.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fishing in The Seine, 1883, Musée d'art moderne de Troyes"><img alt="Fishing in The Seine, 1883, Musée d'art moderne de Troyes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seurat_Pescatori.jpg/180px-Seurat_Pescatori.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seurat_Pescatori.jpg/270px-Seurat_Pescatori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seurat_Pescatori.jpg/360px-Seurat_Pescatori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Fishing in The Seine</i>, 1883, Musée d'art moderne de Troyes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_048.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Laborers 1883, National Gallery of Art Washington, DC."><img alt="The Laborers 1883, National Gallery of Art Washington, DC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Georges_Seurat_048.jpg/180px-Georges_Seurat_048.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Georges_Seurat_048.jpg/270px-Georges_Seurat_048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Georges_Seurat_048.jpg/360px-Georges_Seurat_048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1247" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Laborers</i> 1883, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> Washington, DC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_034.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Study for A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884–85, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago"><img alt="Study for A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884–85, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Georges_Seurat_034.jpg/180px-Georges_Seurat_034.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Georges_Seurat_034.jpg/270px-Georges_Seurat_034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Georges_Seurat_034.jpg/360px-Georges_Seurat_034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5910" data-file-height="4001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Study for <a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a>,</i> 1884–85, <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, Chicago</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_-_View_of_Fort_Samson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Fort Samson 1885, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg"><img alt="View of Fort Samson 1885, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Georges_Seurat_-_View_of_Fort_Samson.jpg/180px-Georges_Seurat_-_View_of_Fort_Samson.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Georges_Seurat_-_View_of_Fort_Samson.jpg/270px-Georges_Seurat_-_View_of_Fort_Samson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Georges_Seurat_-_View_of_Fort_Samson.jpg/360px-Georges_Seurat_-_View_of_Fort_Samson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>View of Fort Samson</i> 1885, <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, St. Petersburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_026.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Seine and la Grande Jatte – Springtime 1888, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium"><img alt="The Seine and la Grande Jatte – Springtime 1888, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_Seurat_026.jpg/180px-Georges_Seurat_026.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_Seurat_026.jpg/270px-Georges_Seurat_026.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Georges_Seurat_026.jpg/360px-Georges_Seurat_026.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Seine and la Grande Jatte – Springtime</i> 1888, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_-_Les_Poseuses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Models (Les Poseuses), 1886–1888, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia"><img alt="Models (Les Poseuses), 1886–1888, Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Georges_Seurat_-_Les_Poseuses.jpg/180px-Georges_Seurat_-_Les_Poseuses.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Georges_Seurat_-_Les_Poseuses.jpg/270px-Georges_Seurat_-_Les_Poseuses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Georges_Seurat_-_Les_Poseuses.jpg/360px-Georges_Seurat_-_Les_Poseuses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Models_(painting)" title="Models (painting)">Models</a></i> (<i>Les Poseuses</i>), 1886–1888, <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Foundation" title="Barnes Foundation">Barnes Foundation</a>, Philadelphia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray_Weather,_Grand_Jatte_(1888)_-_Georges_Seurat_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gray weather, Grande Jatte, 1888, Philadelphia Museum of Art"><img alt="Gray weather, Grande Jatte, 1888, Philadelphia Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray_Weather%2C_Grand_Jatte_%281888%29_-_Georges_Seurat_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/180px-Gray_Weather%2C_Grand_Jatte_%281888%29_-_Georges_Seurat_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray_Weather%2C_Grand_Jatte_%281888%29_-_Georges_Seurat_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/270px-Gray_Weather%2C_Grand_Jatte_%281888%29_-_Georges_Seurat_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray_Weather%2C_Grand_Jatte_%281888%29_-_Georges_Seurat_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/360px-Gray_Weather%2C_Grand_Jatte_%281888%29_-_Georges_Seurat_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5850" data-file-height="4806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gray weather, Grande Jatte,</i> 1888, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_043.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Eiffel Tower 1889, California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco"><img alt="The Eiffel Tower 1889, California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San Francisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Georges_Seurat_043.jpg/114px-Georges_Seurat_043.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Georges_Seurat_043.jpg/172px-Georges_Seurat_043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Georges_Seurat_043.jpg/229px-Georges_Seurat_043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="3071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a></i> 1889, <a href="/wiki/California_Palace_of_the_Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="California Palace of the Legion of Honor">California Palace of the Legion of Honor</a>, San Francisco</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drawings">Drawings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat,_Seated_Nude,_Study_for_Une_Baignade,_1883,_Scottish_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated Nude, Study for Une Baignade, 1883, Scottish National Gallery"><img alt="Seated Nude, Study for Une Baignade, 1883, Scottish National Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Georges_Seurat%2C_Seated_Nude%2C_Study_for_Une_Baignade%2C_1883%2C_Scottish_National_Gallery.jpg/142px-Georges_Seurat%2C_Seated_Nude%2C_Study_for_Une_Baignade%2C_1883%2C_Scottish_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Georges_Seurat%2C_Seated_Nude%2C_Study_for_Une_Baignade%2C_1883%2C_Scottish_National_Gallery.jpg/213px-Georges_Seurat%2C_Seated_Nude%2C_Study_for_Une_Baignade%2C_1883%2C_Scottish_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Georges_Seurat%2C_Seated_Nude%2C_Study_for_Une_Baignade%2C_1883%2C_Scottish_National_Gallery.jpg/284px-Georges_Seurat%2C_Seated_Nude%2C_Study_for_Une_Baignade%2C_1883%2C_Scottish_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Seated Nude, Study for Une Baignade</i>, 1883, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">Scottish National Gallery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seurat_L%27Echo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="L'Écho, study for Une Baignade, Asnières (Bathing Place, Asnières), 1883–84, Yale University Art Gallery"><img alt="L'Écho, study for Une Baignade, Asnières (Bathing Place, Asnières), 1883–84, Yale University Art Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seurat_L%27Echo.jpg/139px-Seurat_L%27Echo.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seurat_L%27Echo.jpg/209px-Seurat_L%27Echo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Seurat_L%27Echo.jpg/279px-Seurat_L%27Echo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>L'Écho, study for Une Baignade, Asnières (Bathing Place, Asnières)</i>, 1883–84, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Yale University Art Gallery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GUGG_Child_in_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Child in White, 1884–85, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum"><img alt="Child in White, 1884–85, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GUGG_Child_in_White.jpg/151px-GUGG_Child_in_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GUGG_Child_in_White.jpg/227px-GUGG_Child_in_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GUGG_Child_in_White.jpg/302px-GUGG_Child_in_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="2999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Child in White,</i> 1884–85, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seurat_Joueur_de_trombone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joueur de trombone (Study for Parade de cirque), 1887, private collection"><img alt="Joueur de trombone (Study for Parade de cirque), 1887, private collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seurat_Joueur_de_trombone.jpg/140px-Seurat_Joueur_de_trombone.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seurat_Joueur_de_trombone.jpg/209px-Seurat_Joueur_de_trombone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seurat_Joueur_de_trombone.jpg/279px-Seurat_Joueur_de_trombone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Joueur de trombone</i> (<i>Study for <a href="/wiki/Parade_de_cirque" title="Parade de cirque">Parade de cirque</a>)</i>, 1887, private collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat,_Study_after_%22The_Models%22,_1888,_NGA_74269.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Study after "The Models", 1888, National Gallery of Art"><img alt="Study after "The Models", 1888, National Gallery of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Georges_Seurat%2C_Study_after_%22The_Models%22%2C_1888%2C_NGA_74269.jpg/114px-Georges_Seurat%2C_Study_after_%22The_Models%22%2C_1888%2C_NGA_74269.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Georges_Seurat%2C_Study_after_%22The_Models%22%2C_1888%2C_NGA_74269.jpg/171px-Georges_Seurat%2C_Study_after_%22The_Models%22%2C_1888%2C_NGA_74269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Georges_Seurat%2C_Study_after_%22The_Models%22%2C_1888%2C_NGA_74269.jpg/228px-Georges_Seurat%2C_Study_after_%22The_Models%22%2C_1888%2C_NGA_74269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Study after "The Models"</i>, 1888, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_d%27Edmond_Aman-Jean_par_Georges_Seurat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Portrait_d%27Edmond_Aman-Jean_par_Georges_Seurat.jpg/220px-Portrait_d%27Edmond_Aman-Jean_par_Georges_Seurat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Portrait_d%27Edmond_Aman-Jean_par_Georges_Seurat.jpg/330px-Portrait_d%27Edmond_Aman-Jean_par_Georges_Seurat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Portrait_d%27Edmond_Aman-Jean_par_Georges_Seurat.jpg/440px-Portrait_d%27Edmond_Aman-Jean_par_Georges_Seurat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Aman-Jean" title="Edmond Aman-Jean">Edmond Aman-Jean</a>, shown at the 1883 Salon</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1883 until his death, Seurat exhibited his work at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_(Paris)" title="Salon (Paris)">Salon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Ind%C3%A9pendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon des Indépendants">Salon des Indépendants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_XX" title="Les XX">Les XX</a> in Brussels, the eighth Impressionist exhibition, and other exhibitions in France and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-kmmexh_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmmexh-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Salon, Paris, 1 May–20 June 1883<br />The Salon showed Seurat's drawing of <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Aman-Jean" title="Edmond Aman-Jean">Edmond Aman-Jean</a>.</li> <li>Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 15 May–30 June 1884<br />Seurat showed <i><a href="/wiki/Une_Baignade,_Asni%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Une Baignade, Asnières">Une Baignade, Asnières</a></i>, after the official Salon had rejected it. Seurat's debut as a painter.</li> <li>Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 10 December 1884 – 17 January 1885</li> <li><i>Works in Oil and Pastel by the Impressionists of Paris</i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Art_Association" title="American Art Association">American Art Association</a>, New York, April and May 1886.<br />Organised by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Durand-Ruel" title="Paul Durand-Ruel">Paul Durand-Ruel</a>.</li> <li>Impressionist exhibition, Paris, 15 May–15 June 1886<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Un_dimanche_apr%C3%A8s-midi_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%8Ele_de_la_Grande_Jatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte">Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte</a></i> shown for the first time.</li> <li>Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 21 August–21 September 1886</li> <li><i>Les impressionnistes</i>, Palais du Cours Saint-André, Nantes, 10 October 1886 – 15 January 1887</li> <li>Galerie Martinet, Paris, December 1886 – January 1887</li> <li>Les XX, Brussels, February 1887</li> <li>Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 26 March–3 May 1887</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Libre" title="Théâtre Libre">Théâtre Libre</a>, Paris, November 1887 – January 1888<br />Works by Seurat, Signac and van Gogh.</li> <li><i>Exposition de Janvier</i>, La Revue indépendante, Paris, January 1888</li> <li><i>Exposition de Février</i>, La Revue indépendante, Paris, February 1888</li> <li>Hôtel Drouot, Paris, 1–3 March 1888 (sales exhibition)</li> <li>Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 22 March–3 May 1888</li> <li>Tweede Jaarlijksche Tentoonstelling der Nederlandsche Etsclub, <a href="/wiki/Arti_et_Amicitiae" title="Arti et Amicitiae">Arti et Amicitiae</a>, Amsterdam, June 1888<br />Drawing <i>Au café concert</i>, lent by <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(art_dealer)" title="Theo van Gogh (art dealer)">Theo van Gogh</a>.</li> <li>Les XX, Brussels, February 1889</li> <li>Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 3 September–4 October 1889</li> <li>Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 20 March–27 April 1890<br />Showed <i>Le Chahut</i>, <i>Jeune femme se poudrant</i> and 9 other works.</li> <li>Les XX, Brussels, 7 February–8 March 1891<br />Showed <i>Le Chahut</i> and 6 other paintings.</li> <li>Salon des Indépendants, Paris, 20 March–27 April 1891<br />Showed <i>Le Cirque</i> and four paintings from Gravelines.</li></ul> <p>Posthumous exhibitions: </p> <ul><li>Solomon R. Guggenheim Collection of Non-Objective Paintings, South Carolina, 1938, Gibbes Memorial Art Gallery<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202101437/https://www.lexico.com/definition/seurat,_georges_pierre">"Seurat, Georges Pierre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seurat&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DSeurat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Seurat">"Seurat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Seurat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FSeurat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Seurat". <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seurat&rft.btitle=Random+House+Webster%27s+Unabridged+Dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry, Roger</a> Essay, 'The Dial', Camden, New Jersey, September 1926</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180604141611/http://www.artic.edu/aic/exhibitions/seurat/seurat_themes.html">"Art Institute of Chicago"</a>. Artic.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artic.edu/aic/exhibitions/seurat/seurat_themes.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+Institute+of+Chicago&rft.pub=Artic.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Faic%2Fexhibitions%2Fseurat%2Fseurat_themes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kmmbio-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kmmbio_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kmmbio_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kmmbio_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#kmm">Seurat</a>: p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199111-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199111_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–1891199111_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991">Georges Seurat, 1859–1891 1991</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seurat:_p._17-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seurat:_p._17_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seurat:_p._17_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#kmm">Seurat</a>: p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techbull-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-techbull_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-techbull_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-techbull_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-techbull_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby,_JoStonor,_KateBurnstock,_AvivaGrout,_Rachel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby, Jo; Stonor, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Burnstock" title="Aviva Burnstock">Burnstock, Aviva</a>; Grout, Rachel; Roy, Ashok; White, Raymond (2003). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theatreinchicago.com&rft.atitle=Sunday+in+the+Park+with+George+%E2%80%93+Chicago+Shakespeare+Theater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatreinchicago.com%2Fsunday-in-the-park-with-george%2F5772%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gans, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/mcdonald-lupone-cerveris-sunday-in-the-park-with-george-begins-sept-3-com-121614#">"McDonald-LuPone-Cerveris <i>Sunday in the Park with George</i> Begins Sept. 3"</a> Playbill.com, 3 September 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newlinetheatre.com/sundaypage.html">"New Line Theatre 2003–2004 – Sunday in the Park with George"</a>. <i>Newlinetheatre.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newlinetheatre.com&rft.atitle=New+Line+Theatre+2003%E2%80%932004+%E2%80%93+Sunday+in+the+Park+with+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newlinetheatre.com%2Fsundaypage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudkis2011" class="citation news cs1">Judkis, Maura (16 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/arts-post/post/john-hughes-video-explains-ferris-bueller-scene-at-art-institute/2011/11/16/gIQAZBAERN_blog.html">"John Hughes video explains 'Ferris Bueller' scene at Art Institute"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=John+Hughes+video+explains+%27Ferris+Bueller%27+scene+at+Art+Institute&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft.aulast=Judkis&rft.aufirst=Maura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Farts-post%2Fpost%2Fjohn-hughes-video-explains-ferris-bueller-scene-at-art-institute%2F2011%2F11%2F16%2FgIQAZBAERN_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kmm1822-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kmm1822_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kmm1822_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#kmm">Seurat</a>: pp. 18–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991360-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991360_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991">Georges Seurat, 1859–1891 1991</a>, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no01/04-0269.htm">"<i>Death of Seurat</i>, CDC"</a>. Cdc.gov. 14 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+of+Seurat%2C+CDC&rft.pub=Cdc.gov&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncidod%2FEID%2Fvol11no01%2F04-0269.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#kmm">Seurat</a>: p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Herbert-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Herbert_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert, Robert L., <i>Neo-impressionism</i>, New York, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hunter_(art_historian)" title="Sam Hunter (art historian)">Hunter, Sam</a> (1992). "Georges Seurat". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernartpaintin00hunt"><i>Modern Art</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams, Inc.">Harry N. Abrams</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernartpaintin00hunt/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810936096" title="Special:BookSources/9780810936096"><bdi>9780810936096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Georges+Seurat&rft.btitle=Modern+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780810936096&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernartpaintin00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuhrbergHonnefFrickeSchneckenburger2000" class="citation book cs1">Ruhrberg, Karl; Honnef, Klaus; Fricke, Christiane; Schneckenburger, Manfred (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=069rL6vA1BAC&pg=PA13"><i><span></span></i>Art of the 20th Century<i>, Karl Ruhrberg</i></a>. Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783822859070" title="Special:BookSources/9783822859070"><bdi>9783822859070</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+20th+Century%2C+Karl+Ruhrberg&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9783822859070&rft.aulast=Ruhrberg&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Honnef%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Fricke%2C+Christiane&rft.au=Schneckenburger%2C+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D069rL6vA1BAC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to the writer Maurice Beaubourg, 28 August 1890, <i>Seurat</i> Phaidon Press, London, 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mittelmann-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mittelmann_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mittelmann_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mittelmann_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cubism-coldcreation.blogspot.com/">Alex Mittelmann, <i>State of the Modern Art World, The Essence of Cubism and its Evolution in Time</i>, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry, Roger</a> Essay in <a href="/wiki/The_Dial" title="The Dial">The Dial</a>, Camden, New Jersey, September 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoogleDoodle-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoogleDoodle_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/georges-seurats-162nd-birthday/">"Georges Seurat's 162nd Birthday"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>. 2 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Georges+Seurat%27s+162nd+Birthday&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fgeorges-seurats-162nd-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK2021" class="citation news cs1">K, Disha (2 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2021/12/02/georges-seurat/">"Who was Georges Seurat? Google Doodle honours Frenchman's birthday"</a>. <i>HITC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HITC&rft.atitle=Who+was+Georges+Seurat%3F+Google+Doodle+honours+Frenchman%27s+birthday&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft.aulast=K&rft.aufirst=Disha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitc.com%2Fen-gb%2F2021%2F12%2F02%2Fgeorges-seurat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusil2021" class="citation news cs1">Musil, Steven (2 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/google-doodle-goes-neo-impressionist-to-celebrate-artist-georges-seurats-162nd-birthday/">"Google Doodle goes neo-impressionist to celebrate the anniversary of artist Georges Seurat's 162nd birthday"</a>. <i>CNET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Google+Doodle+goes+neo-impressionist+to+celebrate+the+anniversary+of+artist+Georges+Seurat%27s+162nd+birthday&rft.date=2021-12-02&rft.aulast=Musil&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fgoogle-doodle-goes-neo-impressionist-to-celebrate-artist-georges-seurats-162nd-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kmmexh-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kmmexh_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Works exhibited by Georges Seurat. In <a href="#kmm">Seurat</a>, pp. 121–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/publications/from-the-archives/items/view/321">"Guggenheim Museum"</a>. <i>guggenheim.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guggenheim.org&rft.atitle=Guggenheim+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guggenheim.org%2Fnew-york%2Fexhibitions%2Fpublications%2Ffrom-the-archives%2Fitems%2Fview%2F321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorges_Seurat,_1859–18911991" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/73155"><i>Georges Seurat, 1859–1891</i></a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870996184" title="Special:BookSources/9780870996184"><bdi>9780870996184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georges+Seurat%2C+1859%E2%80%931891&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780870996184&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F73155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="kmm" class="citation book cs1">Jooren, Marieke; Veldink, Suzanne; Berger, Helewise (2014). <i>Seurat</i>. Kröller-Müller Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789073313286" title="Special:BookSources/9789073313286"><bdi>9789073313286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seurat&rft.pub=Kr%C3%B6ller-M%C3%BCller+Museum&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789073313286&rft.aulast=Jooren&rft.aufirst=Marieke&rft.au=Veldink%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Berger%2C+Helewise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Cachin" title="Françoise Cachin">Cachin, Françoise</a>, <i>Seurat: Le rêve de l'art-science</i>, collection "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Découvertes Gallimard</a>" (nº 108). Paris: Gallimard/Réunion des musées nationaux, 1991</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverdell,_William_R.1998" class="citation book cs1">Everdell, William R. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstmodernsprof00ever"><i><span></span></i>The First Moderns<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-22480-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-22480-5"><bdi>0-226-22480-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Moderns&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-226-22480-5&rft.au=Everdell%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstmodernsprof00ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorges+Seurat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fénéon, Félix, <i>Oeuvres-plus-que-complètes</i>, ed., J. U. Halperin, 2v, Geneva: Droz, 1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry Roger</a> Essay, '<a href="/wiki/The_Dial" title="The Dial">The Dial</a>' Camden, NJ Sept. 1926</li> <li>Gage, John T., "The Technique of Seurat: A Reappraisal," <i>Art Bulletin</i> 69:3 (87 September)</li> <li>Halperin, Joan Ungersma, <i>Félix Fénéon: Aesthete and Anarchist in Fin-de-Siècle Paris</i>, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988</li> <li>Homer, William Innes, <i>Seurat and the Science of Painting</i>, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964</li> <li>Lövgren, Sven, <i>The Genesis of Modernism: Seurat, Gauguin, Van Gogh & French Symbolism in the 1880s</i>, 2nd ed., Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1971</li> <li>Rewald, John, <i>Cézanne</i>, new ed., NY: Abrams, 1986</li> <li>Rewald, <i>Seurat</i>, NY: Abrams, 1990</li> <li>Rewald, <i>Studies in Impressionism</i>, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 1986</li> <li>Rewald, <i>Post-Impressionism</i>, 3rd ed., revised, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 1978</li> <li>Rewald, <i>Studies in Post-Impressionism</i>, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 1986</li> <li>Rich, Daniel Catton, <i>Seurat and the Evolution of La Grande Jatte</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1935), NY: Greenwood Press, 1969</li> <li>Russell, John, <i>Seurat</i>, (1965) London: Thames & Hudson, 1985</li> <li>Seurat, Georges, <i>Seurat: Correspondences, témoignages, notes inédites, critiques</i>, ed., Hélène Seyrès, Paris: Acropole, 1991 (NYU ND 553.S5A3)</li> <li>Seurat, ed., <a href="/wiki/Norma_Broude" title="Norma Broude">Norma Broude</a>, <i>Seurat in Perspective</i>, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978</li> <li>Smith, Paul, <i>Seurat and the Avant-Garde</i>, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Seurat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georges_Seurat" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Georges Seurat">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photo.rmn.fr/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2CO5PCXEAADDE&SMLS=1&RW=1224&RH=593">Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Elysées</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/index-of-works/resultat-collection.html?no_cache=1&zsz=1&zs_r_2_z=3&zs_r_2_w=Seurat%2C%20Georges&zs_ah=oeuvre&zs_rf=mos_a&zs_mf=21&zs_send_x=1&zs_liste_only=1">Seurat, Georges, Musée d'Orsay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401131559/https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/collections/index-of-works/resultat-collection.html?no_cache=1&zsz=1&zs_r_2_z=3&zs_r_2_w=Seurat%2C%20Georges&zs_ah=oeuvre&zs_rf=mos_a&zs_mf=21&zs_send_x=1&zs_liste_only=1">Archived</a> 1 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3ADE%3AI%3A5%7CG%3AHO%3AE%3A1&page_number=5&template_id=1&sort_order=1"><i>Port-en-Bessin, Entrance to the Harbor</i></a> in the MoMA Online Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2007/seurat/">George Seurat: The Drawings</a> in the MoMA Online Collection (requires Flash)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgesseurat.net">www.GeorgesSeurat.net</a> Analysis of 100 Famous Georges Seurat Paintings</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Georges_Seurat" title="Template:Georges Seurat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georges_Seurat" title="Template talk:Georges Seurat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georges_Seurat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georges Seurat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georges_Seurat34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georges Seurat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Georges_Seurat" title="List of paintings by Georges Seurat">List of paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bathers_at_Asni%C3%A8res" title="Bathers at Asnières">Bathers at Asnières</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> (1884–1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Models_(painting)" title="Models (painting)">Models</a></i> (1884–1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parade_de_cirque" title="Parade de cirque">Parade de cirque</a></i> (1887–1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself_(Seurat)" title="Young Woman Powdering Herself (Seurat)">Young Woman Powdering Herself</a></i> (1889–1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Chahut" title="Le Chahut">Le Chahut</a></i> (1889–1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Channel_of_Gravelines,_Petit_Fort_Philippe" title="The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe">The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort Philippe</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Circus_(Seurat)" title="The Circus (Seurat)">The Circus</a></i> (1890–1891)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Société des Artistes Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_in_the_Park_with_George" title="Sunday in the Park with George">Sunday in the Park with George</a></i> (1984 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiary_Park" title="Topiary Park">Topiary Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-Impressionism172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:brown; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Impressionism" title="Template:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Impressionism" title="Template talk:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Impressionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Impressionism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-Impressionism172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism"><span style="color:white;">Post-Impressionism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">19th-century <br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuno_Amiet" title="Cuno Amiet">Cuno Amiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Angrand" title="Charles Angrand">Charles Angrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bernard" title="Émile Bernard">Émile Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Borgeaud" title="Marius Borgeaud">Marius Borgeaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross" title="Henri-Edmond Cross">Henri-Edmond Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Denis" title="Maurice Denis">Maurice Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dufr%C3%A9noy" title="Georges Dufrénoy">Georges Dufrénoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Petitjean" title="Hippolyte Petitjean">Hippolyte Petitjean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ranson" title="Paul Ranson">Paul Ranson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Odilon Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Sch%C3%BCtzenberger" title="René Schützenberger">René Schützenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rusier" title="Paul Sérusier">Paul Sérusier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georges Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Laval" title="Charles Laval">Charles Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lemmen" title="Georges Lemmen">Georges Lemmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Luce" title="Maximilien Luce">Maximilien Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_van_Rysselberghe" title="Théo van Rysselberghe">Théo van Rysselberghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vallotton" title="Félix Vallotton">Félix Vallotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Édouard Vuillard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">20th-century <br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Georges Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Camoin" title="Charles Camoin">Charles Camoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schmidt-Rottluff" title="Karl Schmidt-Rottluff">Karl Schmidt-Rottluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Lewitska" title="Sonia Lewitska">Sonia Lewitska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Ottmann" title="Henri Ottmann">Henry Ottmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Francis Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Antoine_Pinchon" title="Robert Antoine Pinchon">Robert Antoine Pinchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Tirman" title="Henriette Tirman">Henriette Tirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand_(painter)" title="Jean Marchand (painter)">Jean Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othon_Friesz" title="Othon Friesz">Othon Friesz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Artistes_Ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Société des Artistes Indépendants">Artistes Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_XX" title="Les XX">Les XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Volpini_Exhibition,_1889" title="The Volpini Exhibition, 1889">Volpini Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Barc_de_Boutteville" title="Le Barc de Boutteville">Le Barc de Boutteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Esth%C3%A9tique" title="La Libre Esthétique">La Libre Esthétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard" title="Ambroise Vollard">Ambroise Vollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Ind%C3%A9pendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon des Indépendants">Salon des Indépendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Cent" title="Salon des Cent">Salon des Cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Tuileries" title="Salon des Tuileries">Salon des Tuileries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_F%C3%A9n%C3%A9on" title="Félix Fénéon">Félix Fénéon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Aurier" title="Albert Aurier">Albert Aurier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:brown; color:white;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></b> →</div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34013#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1372" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34013#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1372" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34013#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24608076">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118613502">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79129009">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119245567">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119245567">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35766760">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500008873">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/72100">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/12cf0fc6-caca-44d9-aad5-13edae9a4ef9">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1077915">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118613502.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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