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id="toc-Offers_as_evidence_of_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offers_as_evidence_of_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Offers as evidence of value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offers_as_evidence_of_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Acceptance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Acceptance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Acceptance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Test_of_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test_of_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Test of acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Test_of_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_of_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_of_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rules of acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_of_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communication_of_acceptance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_of_acceptance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Communication of acceptance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_of_acceptance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-offers_and_correspondence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-offers_and_correspondence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Counter-offers and correspondence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-offers_and_correspondence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Battle of the forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postal_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postal_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Postal Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postal_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Knowledge_of_the_offer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_of_the_offer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Knowledge of the offer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_of_the_offer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection_of_an_offer_or_lapse_of_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_of_an_offer_or_lapse_of_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rejection of an offer or lapse of time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_of_an_offer_or_lapse_of_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_offeror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_offeror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Death of offeror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_offeror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_of_contract_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_of_contract_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Time of contract formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_of_contract_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="الإيجاب والقبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإيجاب والقبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Акцептиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акцептиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oferta" title="Oferta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oferta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annahme_(Recht)" title="Annahme (Recht) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Annahme (Recht)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הצעה וקיבול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצעה וקיבול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Оферта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оферта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Оферта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оферта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oferta" title="Oferta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oferta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रस्ताव र स्वीकृति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रस्ताव र स्वीकृति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oferta" title="Oferta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oferta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptare" title="Acceptare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acceptare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Оферта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оферта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement" title="Agreement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Agreement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accept_(juridik)" title="Accept (juridik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Accept (juridik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Оферта – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оферта" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-offer&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offer">Counter-offer</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Components of a legally-binding contract</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Contract_Flat_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/150px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/225px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Contract_Flat_Icon.svg/300px-Contract_Flat_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Formation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">Capacity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Offer and acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeting_of_the_minds" title="Meeting of the minds">Meeting of the minds</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_principle_(law)" title="Abstraction principle (law)">Abstraction principle</a><sup><small>4,5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_rule" title="Posting rule">Posting rule</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_image_rule" title="Mirror image rule">Mirror image rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_treat" title="Invitation to treat">Invitation to treat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firm_offer" title="Firm offer">Firm offer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">Consideration</a><sup><small>1,4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied-in-fact_contract" title="Implied-in-fact contract">Implication-in-fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_contract" title="Collateral contract">Collateral contract</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defences</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)" title="Mistake (contract law)">Mistake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duress_(contract_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress (contract law)">Threats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">unequal bargaining power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_agreement" title="Illegal agreement">Illegality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">public policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unconscionability" title="Unconscionability">Unconscionability</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culpa_in_contrahendo" title="Culpa in contrahendo">Culpa in contrahendo</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frustration_of_purpose" title="Frustration of purpose">Frustration of purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibility_of_performance" title="Impossibility of performance">Impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impracticability" title="Impracticability">Impracticability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract#Hardship" title="Contract">Hardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set-off_(law)" title="Set-off (law)">Set-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_promise" title="Illusory promise">Illusory promise</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non_est_factum" title="Non est factum">Non est factum</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_hands" title="Clean hands">Unclean hands</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accord_and_satisfaction" title="Accord and satisfaction">Accord and satisfaction</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exculpatory_clause" title="Exculpatory clause">Exculpatory clause</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Interpretation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule" title="Parol evidence rule">Parol evidence</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_form_contract" title="Standard form contract">Contract of adhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_clause" title="Integration clause">Integration clause</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contra_proferentem" title="Contra proferentem">Contra proferentem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law_clause" title="Choice of law clause">Choice of law clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">Forum selection clause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Choice_of_Court_Convention" title="Hague Choice of Court Convention">Hague Choice of Court Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Recognition_and_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Arbitral_Awards" title="Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards">New York Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCITRAL_Model_Law_on_International_Commercial_Arbitration" title="UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration">UNCITRAL Model Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">Mediation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Mediation_Convention" title="Singapore Mediation Convention">Singapore Mediation Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">Enforcement of foreign judgments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Judgments_Convention" title="Hague Judgments Convention">Hague Judgments Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Rights of third parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">Privity of contract</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_(law)" title="Delegation (law)">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novation" title="Novation">Novation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_beneficiary" title="Third-party beneficiary">Third-party beneficiary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">Breach of contract</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_repudiation" title="Anticipatory repudiation">Anticipatory repudiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_(law)" title="Cover (law)">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_clause" title="Exclusion clause">Exclusion clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_breach" title="Efficient breach">Efficient breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviation_(law)" title="Deviation (law)">Deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_breach" title="Fundamental breach">Fundamental breach</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Remedies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Specific_performance" title="Specific performance">Specific performance</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Money damages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidated_damages" title="Liquidated damages">Liquidated, stipulated</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Penal_damages" title="Penal damages">penal damages</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">Rescission</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">Quasi-contractual obligations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">Promissory estoppel</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_meruit" title="Quantum meruit">Quantum meruit</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">Unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">Restitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negotiorum_gestio" title="Negotiorum gestio">Negotiorum gestio</a></i><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Duties of parties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_of_honest_contractual_performance" title="Canadian contract law">Duty of honest contractual performance</a> (or doctrine of abuse of rights)<sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith_(law)" title="Good faith (law)">Duty of good faith</a> (also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)<sup><small>7</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract_A_and_Contract_B_in_Canadian_contract_law" title="Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law">Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas of law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_contract_laws" title="Conflict of contract laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By jurisdiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contract_law" title="Australian contract law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">China (mainland)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_contract_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irish contract law (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Contract_Act,_1872" title="Indian Contract Act, 1872">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_law_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Contract law in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_contract_law" title="Scots contract law">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Notes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>1 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions</li> <li>2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions</li> <li>3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions</li> <li>4 Specific to the German <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> and other civil codes based on the <a href="/wiki/Pandectist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandectist">pandectist</a> tradition</li> <li>5 Explicitly rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_International_Commercial_Contracts" title="Principles of International Commercial Contracts">UNIDROIT Principles</a> of International Commercial Contracts</li> <li>6 Specific to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law" title="Canadian contract law">Canadian contract law</a> both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces</li> <li>7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_contract_law#Duty_to_negotiate_in_good_faith" title="Canadian contract law">contractual and pre-contractual negotiation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Contract_law" title="Template:Contract law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Contract_law" title="Template talk:Contract law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Contract_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Contract law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Offer and acceptance</b> are generally recognized as essential requirements for the formation of a contract (together with other requirements such as <a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">consideration</a> and legal <a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">capacity</a>). Analysis of their operation is a traditional approach in <a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract law</a>. This classical approach to contract formation has been modified by developments in the law of <a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">estoppel</a>, misleading conduct, <a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">misrepresentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">unjust enrichment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Power_of_acceptance" title="Power of acceptance">power of acceptance</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offer">Offer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Offer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Treitel" title="Guenter Treitel">Treitel</a> defines an offer as "an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed", the "offeree".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An offer is a statement of the terms on which the offeror is willing to be bound. </p><p>The expression of an offer may take different forms, and which form is acceptable varies by jurisdiction. Offers may be presented in a letter, newspaper advertisement, fax, email verbally or even conduct, as long as it communicates the basis on which the offeror is prepared to contract. Traditionally the common law treated advertisements as being unable to contain offers, but that view is less forceful in jurisdictions today.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether the two parties have reached agreement on the terms or whether a valid offer has been made is a legal question. In some jurisdictions, courts use criteria known as 'the objective test', which was explained in the leading English case of <i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith v. Hughes">Smith v. Hughes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ermogenous_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ermogenous-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Smith v. Hughes, the court emphasised that the important thing in determining whether there has been a valid offer is not the party's own (subjective) intentions but how a reasonable person would view the situation. The objective test has largely been superseded in the UK by the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Regime" title="Brussels Regime">Brussels Regime</a> in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Rome_I_Regulation" title="Rome I Regulation">Rome I Regulation</a>. </p><p>An offer can be the basis of a binding contract only if it contains the key terms of the contract. For example, in some jurisdictions, a minimum requirement for sale of goods contracts is the following four terms: delivery date, price, terms of payment that includes the date of payment, and a detailed description of the item on offer including a fair description of the condition or type of service. Other jurisdictions vary or eliminate these requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless the minimum requirements are met, an offer of sale is not classified by the courts as a legal offer but is instead seen as an <a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">advertisement</a>. </p><p>In line with the definition from <a href="/wiki/Guenter_Treitel" title="Guenter Treitel">Treitel</a> above, to invite acceptance an offer must be <i>serious</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, an obvious joke cannot become the basis of an offer because the potential offeror lacks actual intent to enter into an exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in the famous case of <a href="/wiki/Leonard_v._Pepsico,_Inc." title="Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.">Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.</a>, depiction of a military aircraft offered in exchange for "Pepsi Points" was interpreted by a court as a joke. Despite having clear terms (7,000,000 Pepsi Points in exchange for one aircraft), the humorous elements of the commercial rendered that portion of the advertisement a joke rather than a serious offer. </p><p>Whether a potential offer is serious is evaluated under an objective standard, independent of the subjective intent of the one making or accepting the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <a href="/wiki/Lucy_v._Zehmer" title="Lucy v. Zehmer">Lucy v. Zehmer</a>, what one party believed were jests about selling a farm turned into a binding contract, based on the court's evaluation of the circumstance from the perspective of a reasonable observer. Similarly, in the case of <i>Berry v. Gulf Coast Wings Inc.</i>, one party's offer of a "Toyota" for the winner of a contest was interpreted as requiring the offeror to provide a vehicle to the winner rather than a "Toy Yoda" doll from <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a>, despite the assertion that the contest was based on a joke.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unilateral_contract">Unilateral contract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unilateral contract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral contract">unilateral contract</a> is created when someone offers to do something "in return for" the performance of the <i>act</i> stipulated in the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-Woollen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woollen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a unilateral contract, acceptance may not have to be communicated and can be accepted through conduct by performing the act.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbolic_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbolic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the person performing the act must do it in reliance on the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-R_v_Clarke_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_v_Clarke-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A unilateral contract differs from a <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral contract">bilateral contract</a>, where there is an exchange of <i>promises</i> between two parties. For example, if one party promises to buy a car and the other party promises to sell a car, that is a bilateral contract. </p><p>The formation of a unilateral contract can be demonstrated in the English case <i><a href="/wiki/Carlill_v_Carbolic_Smoke_Ball_Co" title="Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co">Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbolic_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbolic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to guarantee the effectiveness of the Smoke Ball remedy, the company offered a reward of 100 pounds to anyone who used the remedy and contracted the flu. Once aware of the offer, Carlill accepted the offer when she purchased the Smoke Ball remedy and completed the prescribed course. Upon contracting the flu, she became eligible for the reward. Therefore, the company's offer to pay 100 pounds "in return for" the use of the Smoke Ball remedy and guarantee not to contract the flu was performed by Carlill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invitations_to_treat">Invitations to treat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Invitations to treat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_treat" title="Invitation to treat">invitation to treat</a> is not an offer but only an indication of a person's willingness to negotiate toward a contract. It is a pre-offer communication. In the UK case <i><a href="/wiki/Harvey_v._Facey" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey v. Facey">Harvey v. Facey</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an indication by the owner of property that he or she might be interested in selling at a certain price, for example, has been regarded as an invitation to treat. Similarly in the English case <i><a href="/wiki/Gibson_v_Manchester_City_Council" title="Gibson v Manchester City Council">Gibson v Manchester City Council</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the words "may be prepared to sell" were held to be a notification of price and therefore not a distinct offer, though in another case concerning the same change of policy (Manchester City Council underwent a change of political control and stopped the sale of council houses to their tenants) <i>Storer v. Manchester City Council</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the court held that an agreement was completed by the tenant's signing and returning the agreement to purchase, as the language of the agreement had been sufficiently explicit and the signature on behalf of the council a mere formality to be completed. Statements of invitation are only intended to solicit offers from people and are not intended to result in any immediate binding obligation. The courts have tended to take a consistent approach to the identification of invitations to treat, as compared with offer and acceptance, in common transactions. The display of goods for sale, whether in a shop window or on the shelves of a self-service store, is ordinarily treated as an invitation to treat and not an offer.<sup id="cite_ref-Pharma_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pharma-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The holding of a public <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auction</a> will also usually be regarded as an invitation to treat. Auctions are, however, a special case generally. The rule is that the bidder is making an offer to buy and the auctioneer accepts this in whatever manner is customary, usually the fall of the hammer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bidder may withdraw his or her bid at any time before the fall of the hammer, but any bid in any event lapses as an offer on the making of a higher bid, so that if a higher bid is made, then withdrawn before the fall of the hammer, the auctioneer cannot then purport to accept the previous highest bid. If an auction is without reserve then, whilst there is no contract of sale between the owner of the goods and the highest bidder (because the placing of goods in the auction is an invitation to treat), there is a collateral contract between the auctioneer and the highest bidder that the auction will be held without reserve (i.e., that the highest bid, however low, will be accepted).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> provides that in an auction without reserve the goods may not be withdrawn once they have been put up.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revocation_of_offer">Revocation of offer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revocation of offer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An offeror may revoke an offer before it has been accepted, but the revocation must be communicated to the offeree (although not necessarily by the offeror<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). If the offer was made to the entire world, such as in Carlill's case,<sup id="cite_ref-Carbolic_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbolic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the revocation must take a form that is similar to the offer. However, an offer may not be revoked if it has been encapsulated in an <a href="/wiki/Option_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Option (law)">option</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Option_contract" title="Option contract">option contract</a>), or if it is a "<a href="/wiki/Firm_offer" title="Firm offer">firm offer</a>" in which case it is irrevocable for the period specified by the offeror. For example, in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> allows merchants (e.g., those who deal in the type of goods at issue) to create firm offers for up to three months without <a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">consideration</a>, through a signed writing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the offer is one that leads to a unilateral contract, the offer generally cannot be revoked once the offeree has begun performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offers_as_evidence_of_value">Offers as evidence of value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Offers as evidence of value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unaccepted offers to purchase are generally not recognised by courts for the purpose of proving the value of the proposed purchase. In the US case of Sharp v. United States (1903), a <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> landowner, Sharp, argued that the value of his land which had been taken by the government for fortification and defence purposes had been underestimated, and he sought to put forward examples of "different offers he had received to purchase the property for hotel, residential, or amusement purposes, or for a ferry, or a railroad terminal, or to lease the property for hotel purposes". The trial court (the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States District Court for the District of New Jersey">District Court of New Jersey</a>), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> all affirmed that such evidence was to be rejected, citing evidence from a number of previous cases <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had established the same principle.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offers to purchase are considered to suffer "inherent unreliability for this purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acceptance">Acceptance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A promise or act on the part of an offeree indicating a willingness to be bound by the terms and conditions contained in an offer. Also, the acknowledgment of the drawee that binds the drawee to the terms of a draft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Test_of_acceptance">Test of acceptance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Test of acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acceptance is judged by an objective standard, based on the conduct of the offeree.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Some have argued that the old common law rule used a subjective perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this <a href="/wiki/Meeting_of_the_minds" title="Meeting of the minds">meeting of the minds</a> theory of contract, a party could resist a claim of breach by proving that he had not be <i>intended</i> to be bound by the agreement. This is unsatisfactory, as one party has no way to know another's undisclosed intentions. One party can only act upon what the other party reveals objectively (<i>Lucy V Zehmer</i>, 196 Va 493 84 S.E. 2d 516) to be his intent. Hence, an actual meeting of the minds is not required. Indeed, it has been argued that the "meeting of the minds" idea is entirely a modern error: 19th century judges spoke of "consensus ad idem" which modern teachers have wrongly translated as "meeting of minds" but actually means "agreement to the [same] thing".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>The requirement of an objective perspective is important in cases where a party claims that an offer was not accepted and seeks to take advantage of the performance of the other party. Here, we can apply the test of whether a reasonable bystander (a "fly on the wall") would have perceived that the party has impliedly accepted the offer by conduct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_of_acceptance">Rules of acceptance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rules of acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common law contracts are accepted under a "mirror image" rule.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this rule, an acceptance must be an absolute and unqualified acceptance of all the terms of the offer. If there is any variation, even on an unimportant point, between the offer and the terms of its acceptance, there is no contract. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> provides for acceptance even when terms of the acceptance differ from terms of the offer. This might occur, for example, when a buyer's "Terms and Conditions" differ from a seller's "Terms and Conditions" yet both parties behave as if a contract exists. In this case, a complex series of rules known as "Battle of the Forms" evaluates what is included in the contract.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules might require, for instance, that conflicting terms in the offer and acceptance are "knocked out" and replaced by default language provided in the Code.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An acceptance is only contractually valid if the proposal to which response is made is an offer capable of acceptance. In an <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Appeal Court</a> ruling in 2020, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Chadwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Chadwick">Sir John Chadwick</a>, judge, accepted the argument put by the appellant in the case, drawing: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a distinction between the court's task when seeking to ascertain the parties' intention under the terms of a contract which both accept has been made and the court's task when seeking to determine whether or not a contract has been made at all. In the former case the question is "what did the parties intend by the words used in the agreement which they made": in the latter, the questions are (i) "was there an [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] proposal (or "offer") made by one party which was capable of being accepted by the other" and, if so, (ii) "was that proposal accepted by the party to whom it was made".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communication_of_acceptance">Communication of acceptance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Communication of acceptance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several rules dealing with the communication of acceptance: </p> <ul><li>The acceptance must be communicated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theisger LJ said in Household Fire and Carriage that "an acceptance which remains in the breast of the acceptor without being actually and by legal implication communicated to the offeror, is no binding acceptance".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to acceptance, an offer may be withdrawn.</li> <li>As acceptance must be communicated, the offeror cannot include an Acceptance by Silence clause. This was affirmed in <i><a href="/wiki/Felthouse_v_Bindley" title="Felthouse v Bindley">Felthouse v Bindley</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Felthouse_v_Bindley_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felthouse_v_Bindley-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> here an uncle made an offer to buy his nephew's horse, saying that if he did not hear anything else he would "consider the horse mine". This did not stand up in court, and it was decided there could not be acceptance by silence.</li> <li>An exception exists in the case of unilateral contracts, in which the offeror makes an offer to the world which can be accepted by some act. A classic instance of this is the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Carlill_v._Carbolic_Smoke_Ball_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co">Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co</a>.</i> [1893] 2 Q.B. 484 in which an offer was made to pay £100 to anyone who having bought the offeror's product and used it in accordance with the instructions nonetheless contracted influenza. The plaintiff who was Mrs Carlill bought the smoke ball and used it according to the instructions but she contracted influenza. She sued the Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. for £100. The court held that the inconvenience she went through by performing the act amounted to acceptance and therefore ordered £100 to be given to Mrs. Carlill. Her actions accepted the offer - there was no need to communicate acceptance. Typical cases of unilateral offers are advertisements of rewards (e.g., for the return of a lost dog).</li> <li>An offer can only be accepted by the offeree, that is, the person to whom the offer is made.</li> <li>An offeree is not usually bound if another person accepts the offer on their behalf without his authorization, the exceptions to which are found in the law of agency, where an agent may have apparent or ostensible authority, or the usual authority of an agent in the particular market, even if the principal did not realize what the extent of this authority was, and someone on whose behalf an offer has been purportedly accepted may also ratify the contract within a reasonable time, binding both parties: see <a href="/wiki/Agent_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent (law)">agent (law)</a>.</li> <li>It may be implied from the construction of the contract that the offeror has dispensed with the requirement of communication of acceptance (called waiver of communication - which is generally implied in unilateral contracts).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If the offer specifies a method of acceptance (such as by <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">post</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a>), acceptance must be by a method that is no less effective from the offeror's point of view than the method specified. The exact method prescribed may have to be used in some cases but probably only where the offeror has used very explicit words such as "by registered post, and by that method only".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>However, acceptance may be inferred from conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Counter-offers_and_correspondence">Counter-offers and correspondence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Counter-offers and correspondence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "mirror image rule" states that if you are to accept an offer, you must accept an offer <i>exactly</i>, without modifications; if you change the offer in any way, this is a counter-offer that kills the original offer and the original offer cannot be accepted at a future time.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a mere request for information about the terms of the offer is not a counter-offer and leaves the offer intact.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be possible to draft an enquiry such that it adds to the terms of the contract while keeping the original offer alive. </p><p>Under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Section. 2-207(1), a definite expression of acceptance or a written confirmation of an informal agreement may constitute a valid acceptance even if it states terms additional to or different from the offer or informal agreement. The additional or different terms are treated as proposals for addition into the contract under UCC Sec. 2-207(2). Between merchants, such terms become part of the contract unless: </p> <ul><li>a) the offer expressly limits acceptance to the terms of the offer,</li> <li>b) material alteration of the contract results,</li> <li>c) notification of objection to the additional/different terms are given in a reasonable time after notice of them is received.</li></ul> <p>Material is defined as anything that may cause undue hardship/surprise, or is a significant element of the contract. </p><p>If there is no contract under 2-207(1), then under UCC Sec. 2-207(3), conduct by the parties that recognize there is a contract may be sufficient to establish a contract. The terms for this contract include only those that the parties agree on and the rest via gap fillers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_forms">Battle of the forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of the forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often when two <a href="/wiki/Company_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (law)">companies</a> deal with each other in the course of business, they will use <a href="/wiki/Standard_form_contract" title="Standard form contract">standard form contracts</a>. Often these standard forms contain terms which conflict (e.g. both parties include a liability waiver in their form). The 'battle of the forms' refers to the resulting legal dispute arising where both parties accept that a legally binding contract exists, but disagree about whose standard terms apply. Such disputes may be resolved by reference to the 'last document rule', i.e. whichever business sent the last document, or 'fired the last shot' (often the seller's delivery note) is held to have issued the final offer and the buyer's organisation is held to have accepted the offer by signing the delivery note or simply accepting and using the delivered goods. </p><p>In U.S. law, this principle is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Last_shot" title="Last shot">last shot rule</a>. </p><p>Under English law, the question was raised in <i><a href="/wiki/Butler_Machine_Tool_Co._Ltd._v._Ex-Cell-o_Corp._Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Butler Machine Tool Co. Ltd. v. Ex-Cell-o Corp. Ltd.">Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as to which of the standard form contracts prevailed in the transaction. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Denning,_Baron_Denning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Denning, Baron Denning">Lord Denning MR</a> preferred the view that the documents were to be considered as a whole, and the important factor was finding the decisive document; on the other hand, Lawton and Bridge <a href="/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Justice of Appeal">LJJ</a> preferred traditional offer-acceptance analysis, and considered that the last counter-offer prior to the beginning of performance voided all preceding offers. The absence of any additional counter-offer or refusal by the other party is understood as an implied acceptance. </p><p>In <i>Leicester Circuits Ltd. v. Coates Brothers plc</i> (2002) and <i>GHSP Incorporated v AB Electronic Ltd</i> (2010) the English High Court has found that companies may have not agreed on any terms, and so the 'last document rule' may not apply. In the GHSP case, there was no situation where one company could have been said to have accepted the other's standard terms, as they remained in unresolved dispute. The court held that neither party's terms applied and therefore the contract was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Implied_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied terms">implied terms</a> of the UK <a href="/wiki/Sale_of_Goods_Act_1979" title="Sale of Goods Act 1979">Sale of Goods Act 1979</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postal_Rule">Postal Rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Postal Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mailbox_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mailbox rule">Mailbox rule</a></div> <p>As a rule of convenience, if the offer is accepted by post, the contract comes into existence at the moment that the acceptance was posted.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rule only applies when, impliedly or explicitly, the parties have post in contemplation as a means of acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It excludes contracts involving land, letters incorrectly addressed and instantaneous modes of communication. The relevance of this early 19th century rule to modern conditions, when many quicker means of communication are available has been questioned, but the rule remains good law for the time being. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Knowledge_of_the_offer">Knowledge of the offer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Knowledge of the offer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australian law, there is a requirement that an acceptance is made in reliance or pursuance of an offer.<sup id="cite_ref-R_v_Clarke_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_v_Clarke-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejection_of_an_offer_or_lapse_of_time">Rejection of an offer or lapse of time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rejection of an offer or lapse of time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An offer can be terminated on the grounds of rejection by the offeree, that is if the offeree does not accept the terms of the offer or makes a counter-offer as referred to above. </p><p>Also, upon making an offer, an offeror may include the period in which the offer will be available. If the offeree fails to accept the offer within this specific period, then the offer will be deemed as terminated. An offer may also be revoked by operation of law, if an unreasonable amount of time has passed between offer and acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_of_offeror">Death of offeror</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death of offeror"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally death (or incapacity) of the offeror terminates the offer. This does not apply to option contracts, in which the there's a possibility in which the next of <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">kin</a> or an assigned friend of the offeror can take his or her place after death. </p><p>The offer cannot be accepted if the offeree knows of the death of the offeror.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases where the offeree accepts in ignorance of the death, the contract may still be valid, although this proposition depends on the nature of the offer. If the contract involves some characteristic personal to the offeror, the offer is destroyed by the death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time_of_contract_formation">Time of contract formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Time of contract formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A contract will be formed (assuming the other requirements for a legally binding contract are met) when the parties give objective manifestation of an intent to form the contract. </p><p>Because offer and acceptance are necessarily intertwined, in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (US), offer and acceptance are analyzed together as subelements of a single element, known either as consent of the parties or mutual assent.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a>, offer and acceptance are not essential, and the timing of contract formation need not be clear for a contract to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have pointed out that many contracts are not in fact formed by offer and acceptance, and they have critiqued and reanalyzed the doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Acceptance" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Acceptance">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica definition of Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_conditions_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille des conditions générales">Bataille des conditions générales</a> (The Battle of the Forms in France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_v_Nickerson" title="Harris v Nickerson">Harris v Nickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_in_fact_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Implied in fact contract">Implied in fact contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_shot" title="Last shot">Last shot</a> rule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposal_(business)" title="Proposal (business)">Proposal (business)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v_Forfar_Potato_Co" title="Wolf v Forfar Potato Co">Wolf v Forfar Potato Co</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Offer_and_acceptance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTreitel,_GH" class="citation book cs1">Treitel, GH. <i>The Law of Contract</i> (10th ed.). 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Hughes</a></i> (1871) LR 6 QB 597</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ermogenous-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ermogenous_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermogenous_v_Greek_Orthodox_Community_of_SA_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc (page does not exist)">Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2002/8.html">[2002] HCA 8</a>, (2002) 209 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/2/2-204">Uniform Commercial Code</a> (2-305 to 2-310). 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Uniform Law Commission. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Uniform+Commercial+Code&rft.pub=Uniform+Law+Commission&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fucc%2F2%2F2-204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffer+and+acceptance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayern2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bayern, Shawn J. (2015). "Offer and Acceptance in Modern Contract Law: A Needless Concept". <i>California Law Review</i>. <b>103</b>: 67–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Offer+and+Acceptance+in+Modern+Contract+Law%3A+A+Needless+Concept&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=67-102&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bayern&rft.aufirst=Shawn+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffer+and+acceptance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_contract_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Template:United States contract case law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Template talk:United States contract case law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_contract_case_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States contract case law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_contract_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">United States contract law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contract formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Offer and acceptance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Leonard_v._Pepsico,_Inc." title="Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.">Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_v._Tropicana_Hotel_%26_Casino" title="Gottlieb v. Tropicana Hotel & Casino">Gottlieb v. Tropicana Hotel & Casino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Wholesale_Grocery_Co._v._Weber_Packing_Corp." title="Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp.">Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ever-Tite_Roofing_Corp._v._Green" title="Ever-Tite Roofing Corp. v. Green">Ever-Tite Roofing Corp. v. Green</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lefkowitz_v._Great_Minneapolis_Surplus_Store,_Inc" title="Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc">Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Implied-in-fact_contract" title="Implied-in-fact contract">Implied-in-fact contract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_%26_Ohio_Railroad_Co._v._United_States" title="Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. United States">Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mailbox rule">Mailbox rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ellefson_v._Megadeth,_Inc." title="Ellefson v. Megadeth, Inc.">Ellefson v. Megadeth, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink wrap contract">Shrinkwrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clickwrap" title="Clickwrap">Clickwrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Browsewrap" title="Browsewrap">Browsewrap</a> agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Specht_v._Netscape_Communications_Corp." title="Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp.">Specht v. Netscape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster_Corp._v._Tickets.com,_Inc." title="Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.">Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nguyen_v._Barnes_%26_Noble,_Inc." title="Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.">Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ProCD,_Inc._v._Zeidenberg" title="ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg">ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Zappos.com,_Inc.,_Customer_Data_Security_Breach_Litigation" title="In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation">In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cartridge_Remanufacturers_Ass%27n_Inc._v._Lexmark_International_Inc." title="Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.">Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Step-Saver_Data_Systems,_Inc._v._Wyse_Technology" title="Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology">Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Baystate_Technologies,_Inc." title="Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.">Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bragg_v._Linden_Research,_Inc." title="Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.">Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consideration_under_American_law" title="Consideration under American law">Consideration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamer_v._Sidway" title="Hamer v. Sidway">Hamer v. Sidway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon" title="Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon">Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirksey_v._Kirksey" title="Kirksey v. Kirksey">Kirksey v. Kirksey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_v._Murray" title="Angel v. Murray">Angel v. Murray</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_v._Trustees_of_Boston_Univ." title="King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.">King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Marine_Construction_Co._v._United_States_District_Court" title="Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court">Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salsbury_v._Northwestern_Bell_Telephone_Co." title="Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.">Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Substantial_performance" title="Substantial performance">Substantial performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_v._Zehmer" title="Lucy v. Zehmer">Lucy v. Zehmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_%26_Youngs,_Inc._v._Kent" title="Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent">Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">Privity</a> & <a href="/wiki/Third-party_beneficiary" title="Third-party beneficiary">3rd parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Cicco_v._Schweizer" title="De Cicco v. Schweizer">De Cicco v. Schweizer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_v._Buick_Motor_Co." title="MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.">MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Implied_warranty" title="Implied warranty">Implied warranty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caveat_emptor" title="Caveat emptor">caveat emptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_v._McGee" title="Hawkins v. McGee">Hawkins v. McGee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seixas_and_Seixas_v._Woods" title="Seixas and Seixas v. Woods">Seixas and Seixas v. Woods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henningsen_v._Bloomfield_Motors,_Inc." title="Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.">Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._L._Christian_and_Associates_v._United_States" title="G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States">G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Bridge_Co._v._Hamilton" title="Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton">Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense against formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illusory_promise" title="Illusory promise">Illusory promise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Amway_Corp." title="Morrison v. Amway Corp.">Morrison v. Amway Corp.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Blockbuster,_Inc." title="Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.">Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Douglas_v._U.S._District_Court_ex_rel_Talk_America" title="Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America">Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McMichael_v._Price" title="McMichael v. Price">McMichael v. Price</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_frauds" title="Statute of frauds">Statute of frauds</a> (written) & <a href="/wiki/Parol_evidence_rule" title="Parol evidence rule">Parol evidence</a> (unwritten & informal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffaloe_v._Hart" title="Buffaloe v. Hart">Buffaloe v. Hart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foman_v._Davis" title="Foman v. Davis">Foman v. Davis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscionable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconscionable">Unconscionable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Walker-Thomas_Furniture_Co." title="Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.">Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchwald_v._Paramount" title="Buchwald v. Paramount">Buchwald v. Paramount</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelling Contract</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)" title="Mistake (contract law)">Mistake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_v._Walker" title="Sherwood v. Walker">Sherwood v. Walker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenawee_County_Board_of_Health_v._Messerly" title="Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly">Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illegality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_v._Martin" title="Stoddard v. Martin">Stoddard v. Martin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SCO_Group,_Inc._v._DaimlerChrysler_Corp." title="SCO Group, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.">SCO Group, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">Misrepresentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Spearin" title="United States v. Spearin">United States v. Spearin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helene_Curtis_Industries,_Inc._v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States">Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States </a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laidlaw_v._Organ" title="Laidlaw v. Organ">Laidlaw v. Organ</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Bolles" title="Smith v. Bolles">Smith v. Bolles</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasi-contract" title="Quasi-contract">Quasi-contract</a> obligation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Promissory_estoppel" class="mw-redirect" title="Promissory estoppel">Promissory estoppel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drennan_v._Star_Paving_Co." title="Drennan v. Star Paving Co.">Drennan v. 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