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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History in the Levant</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_in_the_Levant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History in the Levant subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_in_the_Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attitude_towards_conflict_between_Jews_and_Palestinian_Arabs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_towards_conflict_between_Jews_and_Palestinian_Arabs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Attitude towards conflict between Jews and Palestinian Arabs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_towards_conflict_between_Jews_and_Palestinian_Arabs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Druze_volunteers_to_fight_in_the_1948_Arab–Israeli_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Druze_volunteers_to_fight_in_the_1948_Arab–Israeli_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arrival of Druze volunteers to fight in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Druze_volunteers_to_fight_in_the_1948_Arab–Israeli_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educational_prospects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_prospects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Educational prospects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_prospects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_Druze_in_the_Israeli-occupied_Golan_Heights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_Druze_in_the_Israeli-occupied_Golan_Heights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Status of Druze in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_Druze_in_the_Israeli-occupied_Golan_Heights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religiosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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id="toc-Druze_pro-Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze_pro-Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Druze pro-Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze_pro-Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercommunal_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercommunal_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Intercommunal relationships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intercommunal_relationships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intercommunal relationships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intercommunal_relationships-sublist" 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Druze in Israel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael%C5%A1t%C3%AD_Dr%C3%BAzov%C3%A9" title="Izraelští Drúzové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izraelští Drúzové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دروز اسرائیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دروز اسرائیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_di_Israel" title="Druze di Israel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Druze di Israel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusi_in_Israele" title="Drusi in Israele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Drusi in Israele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="דרוזים בישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרוזים בישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="اسرائیل وچ دروز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسرائیل وچ دروز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Друзы в Израиле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Друзы в Израиле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="اسرائیل میں دروز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at [[:ar:الدروز في إسرائيل]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ar|الدروز في إسرائيل}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Druze_in_Israel" title="Talk:Druze in Israel">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Israeli Druze</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">الدروز الإسرائيليون</span>‎</span></span><br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דְּרוּזִים יִשְׂרְאֵלִים</span>‎</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Scouts near <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> marching to the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a> (2006)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <b>143,000</b></span> (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-CBS13_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">119,400</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,602</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a> (native)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Israeli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian Arabs</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Druze" title="Category:Druze">a series</a> on </span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:165%;"><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Druze Star"><img alt="The Druze Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/110px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/165px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/220px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Al-Muwahhidun</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahl_at-Tawhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl at-Tawhid">Ahl at-Tawhid</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Druze" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Esotericism" title="Druze">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">Divine Call</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Druze pillars</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu'ayb">Shu'ayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darazi" title="Al-Darazi">Al-Darazi</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_al-Tanukhi" title="Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi">Al-Tanukhi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (<i>Rasa'il al-Hikma</i>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Druze">Mount Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Shu'ayb">Shrine of Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy days</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyara_(Druze)" title="Ziyara (Druze)">Ziyara</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">1838 Druze Revolt</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhidin" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhidin">Jaysh al-Muwahhidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Druze communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syrian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanese Druze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Jordanian Druze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Persecution of Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Religious_symbol" title="Druze">Religious symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Druze" title="Template:Druze"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druze" title="Template talk:Druze"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druze" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druze"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Israeli Druze</b> or <b>Druze Israelis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الدروز الإسرائيليون</span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">דְּרוּזִים יִשְׂרְאֵלִים</span>) are an ethnoreligious minority among the <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They maintain <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic culture">culture</a> as integral parts of their identity, and Arabic is their primary language.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nili2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nili2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, there were 143,000 <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze people</a> living within Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Israeli-occupied Golan Heights</a>, comprising 1.6% of the total population of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS13_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the majority of Israeli Druze are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">northern Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Carmel</a> and the Golan areas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a>, Druze people were not recognized as a religious community, and were discriminated against by the local judicial system.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, the Israeli government designated Druze Israelis as a distinct religious community at the request of Druze communal leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jewish majority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassian minority</a>, the Druze minority is required by law to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>, and members of the community have also attained top positions in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israeli politics</a> and public service. As is the case for the Circassian community, only men from the community are drafted, while women are exempted; in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a>, for whom military service is also mandatory <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_IDF" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the IDF">for women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theisraelproject1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theisraelproject1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Druzism, the Druze ethnic religion, developed out of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, but the Druze do not consider themselves Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Arab_America_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_America-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Entrepreneurship_and_Religion_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entrepreneurship_and_Religion-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Incorporated-1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Incorporated-1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Druze Israelis are native <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Arabic</a>-speakers; a 2017 poll conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> reported that the majority of Israel's Druze also ethnically self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel has the world's third-largest Druze population, after <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Druze" title="Lebanese Druze">Lebanon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Druzes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Druzes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDana2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCdqdruzepopulationlebanonpgPA99_99]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDana2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCdqdruzepopulationlebanonpgPA99_99]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survey data suggests that Israeli Druze prioritize their identity first as Druze (religiously), second as Arabs (culturally and ethnically), and third as Israelis (citizenship-wise).<sup id="cite_ref-Nili2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nili2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small minority of them identify as <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, distinguishing them from the majority of other <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a>, who predominantly identify as Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-Nili2019_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nili2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_development">Religious development</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Jethro shrine and temple of Druze in <a href="/wiki/Hittin" title="Hittin">Hittin</a>, northern Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>The Druze religion branched off from the religion of Islam, and is now considered its own religion separate from Islam. The religion was created in the 10th and 11th centuries in Egypt, with aspects of Hindu and Greek philosophy incorporated into the tenets of Islam. Conversions are not permitted in the Druze religion, because they believe that the first generation after the establishment of the Druze religion had an opportunity then to join the religion, and everyone alive today is reincarnated from that generation. Much like the Abrahamic faiths, the Druze religion is monotheistic, and recognizes many prophets, including <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana_2008_17-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana_2008_17-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohammed, <a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a> and Moses. Their most respected prophet in their religion is <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jethro (Bible)">Jethro</a>, Moses' father-in-law.<sup id="cite_ref-ifcj.org_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifcj.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> is the foundational text of the Druze faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Izzeddin1993_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izzeddin1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Druze faith incorporates elements of Islam's <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismailism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-farhad_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farhad-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Quilliam_1999_42_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quilliam_1999_42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Encyclopaedia_Britannica-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kamlesh_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamlesh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Quilliam_1999_42_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quilliam_1999_42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Encyclopaedia_Britannica-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kamlesh_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamlesh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other philosophies and beliefs, creating a distinct and secretive theology known to interpret esoterically religious scriptures, and to highlight the role of the mind and truthfulness.<sup id="cite_ref-kamlesh_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamlesh-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Druze community, there are two different sub-groups. There is the al-Juhhal, or the Ignorant, and al-Uqqal, the Knowledgeable. The al-Juhhal group does not have the permission to view the holy texts, and they do not attend religious meetings. About 80% of the Druze people fall into this category of the Ignorant. The al-Uqqal must follow ascetic rulings including following a dress code. The most powerful 5% of the Knowledgeable group are where the spiritual leaders of the religion come from. As for important rules that the Druze must follow, they are not allowed to drink alcohol, eat pork, or smoke tobacco, similarly to the dietary laws in Islam. Polygamy is prohibited, and men and women are viewed as equals. Many of the Druze living in Israel fully participate in Israeli society, and many of them serve in the Israeli Defense Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-ifcj.org_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifcj.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Druze revere the father-in-law of Moses, <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jethro (Bible)">Jethro</a> or <i>Reuel</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Kenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenite">Kenite</a> shepherd and priest of <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, Moses' father-in-law is initially referred to as "Reuel" (Exodus 2:18) but then as "Jethro" (Exodus 3:1). According to the biblical narrative, Jethro joined and assisted the Israelites in the desert during <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>, accepted monotheism, but ultimately rejoined his own people. The <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">tomb of Jethro</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> is the most important religious site for the Druze community and they gather there every April.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_of_Noahide_Code_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_of_Noahide_Code-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amin_Tarif" title="Amin Tarif">Amin Tarif</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a>, or spiritual leader, of the Druze in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> from 1928 and then <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> until his death in 1993. He was highly esteemed and regarded by many within the community as the preeminent spiritual authority in the Druze world.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2004, the current spiritual leader, Sheikh Muwaffak Tarīf, called on all non-Jews in Israel to observe the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Noahide_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Noahide Laws">Seven Noahide Laws</a>, as laid down in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and expounded upon in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> tradition. The mayor of the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilean</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a> also signed the document.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_of_Noahide_Code_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_of_Noahide_Code-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration includes the commitment to make a "... better humane world based on the Seven Noahide Commandments and the values they represent commanded by the Creator to all mankind through Moses on Mount Sinai".<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_of_Noahide_Code_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_of_Noahide_Code-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_the_Levant">History in the Levant</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm/250px--Channel_2_-_Druze.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="Channel_2_-_Druze.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Channel_2_-_Druze.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm/Channel_2_-_Druze.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video clips from the archive of Israel's <a href="/wiki/Channel_2_(Israel)" title="Channel 2 (Israel)">Channel 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_News_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli News Company">news company</a> showing Israeli Druze. The flags shown are the <a href="/wiki/Druze_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze flag">Druze flags</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Druze (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">درزي</span>, <i>Derzī</i> or <i>Durzī</i>, <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دروز</span></span>, <i>Durūz</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">דְּרוּזִים</span>, <i>Druzim</i>; they call themselves <b>al-Muwaḥḥidīn</b>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Monotheists</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">esoteric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> religious community found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. The religion incorporates elements of Isma'ilism, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, and other philosophies. The Druze call themselves <i>Ahl al-<a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i> – 'People of Unitarianism or Monotheism' – or <i>al-Muwaḥḥidūn</i>, 'Unitarians, Monotheists'. <a href="/wiki/Amin_Tarif" title="Amin Tarif">Amin Tarif</a> was the preeminent religious leader of the community until his death in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> has been characterized by intense persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a>. Although the faith originally developed out of <a href="/wiki/Ismaili_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili Islam">Ismaili Islam</a>, most Druze do not identify as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Arab_America_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab_America-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they do not accept the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">five pillars of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goren_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goren-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The persecution of the Druze included <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>, demolishing Druze prayer houses and holy places and <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion</a> to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those were no ordinary killings in the Druze's narrative, they were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between the Druze and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> has been controversial,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish">Anti-Jewish</a> (antisemitic) bias material is contained in the Druze literature such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a></i>; for example, in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism, <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably written sometime between AD 1027 and AD 1042, accused Jews of killing the sacred prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>, a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">traveler</a> from the 12th century, pointed out that the Druze maintained good commercial relations with the Jews nearby, and, according to him, this was because the Druze liked the Jewish people.<sup id="cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the Jews and Druze lived isolated from each other, except in few mixed towns such as <a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Qamar" title="Deir al-Qamar">Deir al-Qamar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David2010_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conflict between Druze and Jews occurs during the <a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze power struggle (1658–67)">Druze power struggle</a> in Mount Lebanon, Jewish settlements of Galilee such as <a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">Safad</a> and <a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Tiberias" title="1660 destruction of Tiberias">Tiberias</a> were destroyed by the Druze in 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-rappel_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rappel-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnay,_Y_1992_p._149_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnay,_Y_1992_p._149-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">Druze revolt</a> against the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">Jewish community in Safad was attacked</a> by Druze rebels in early July 1838. The violence against the Jews included plundering their homes and desecrating their synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieber1992_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieber1992-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finkelstein1960_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein1960-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Florence2004_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florence2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Druze in Israel live in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. The Druze settlement on Mount Carmel is relatively recent, although the precise timeline remains uncertain. Scholars acknowledge one tradition suggesting they settled at <a href="/wiki/Isfiya" title="Isfiya">Isfiya</a>, following the downfall of the Lebanon-centered House Ma'an. <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a>'s populace comprised refugees from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> who arrived during the early 19th century.<i><sup id="cite_ref-:03_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">1922 census of Palestine</a> lists 7,028 Druze in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> (11 in Southern District, eight in Jerusalem-Jaffa, three in Samaria, and 7,006 in Northern District).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1931 census shows an increase with 9,148 Druze (four in Southern District, 28 in Jerusalem District, and 9,116 in Northern District).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_towards_conflict_between_Jews_and_Palestinian_Arabs">Attitude towards conflict between Jews and Palestinian Arabs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Druze in Mandatory Palestine">Druze in Mandatory Palestine</a></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">establishment of the State of Israel</a> in 1948, the Druze lived in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>, either in exclusively Druze villages or in villages mixed with <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christians</a>, where they had coexisted for centuries. Historically, the relationship between the Druze and their Christian neighbors was better compared to their relationship with their Muslim neighbors, especially <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a>, in neighboring villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006180_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006180-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, in villages partly inhabited by Druze, Christians were generally exempt from expulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006180,_187_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006180,_187-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the establishment of the State of Israel, Muslim refugees from neighboring villages that had been displaced during the war settled in mixed Druze-Christian villages such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Snan" title="Abu Snan">Abu Snan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006187_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006187-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine</a>, the Druze in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> were under pressure from both the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> leadership and from the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a>, and found it difficult to form an opinion about the conflict between the Jews and the Palestinian Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noble Druze men from nearby countries visited Druze villages in Palestine and preached neutrality. During the early days of the conflict, a meeting of all the noblemen from all the Druze villages was conducted in <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a>, where they all agreed not to take part in the riots instigated by the Arab Higher Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was backed by Druze leaders in <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a>. In the Druze community, there were opposing trends: In mixed Druze and Muslim villages such as <a href="/wiki/Isfiya" title="Isfiya">Isfiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a>, where there were old sectarian disputes between Druze and Muslims shaped local dynamics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Druze villages near <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> and the Jewish settlement in the western <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, the local Druze leaders tended to prefer the Jews in the conflict; at the Druze villages deep in Arab areas, the local leaders were more careful with support of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yanuh-Jat" title="Yanuh-Jat">Yanuh and Jat</a> were among several Druze villages located in the military zone of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> (ALA) of <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josh_Palmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josh Palmon (page does not exist)">Josh Palmon</a> was tasked by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a> to manage the relationship with the Druze. He initially led a preventive approach with the Druze, aimed at making sure the Druze will not join the Arab Higher Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelber2004_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelber2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF022334.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF022334.jpeg/220px-%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF022334.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF022334.jpeg/330px-%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF022334.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF022334.jpeg/440px-%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA-JNF022334.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Druze family in Palestine making bread (1920)</figcaption></figure> <p>The contacts between the Druze and the Jewish leadership were made through <a href="/wiki/Labib_Hussein_Abu_Rokan" title="Labib Hussein Abu Rokan">Labib Hussein Abu Rokan</a> from Isfya and <a href="/wiki/Salah-Hassan_Hanifes" title="Salah-Hassan Hanifes">Salah-Hassan Hanifes</a> from Shefa-'Amr (both became members of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> after Israel's establishment). Hanifas managed to bring the Druze village <a href="/wiki/Yarka" title="Yarka">Yarka</a> to co-operate with the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelber2004_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelber2004-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Druze_volunteers_to_fight_in_the_1948_Arab–Israeli_War"><span id="Arrival_of_Druze_volunteers_to_fight_in_the_1948_Arab.E2.80.93Israeli_War"></span>Arrival of Druze volunteers to fight in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War</h3></div> <p>During the war, Druze volunteers arrived to Mandatory Palestine in order to help defend the Druze villages there. When the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> (ALA) was created by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakib_Wahhab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakib Wahhab (page does not exist)">Shakib Wahhab</a>, a Syrian–Druze military commander resigned from the Syrian army and established a Druze battalion for the ALA, collecting Druze volunteers who joined mostly due to economic reasons from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. Wahhab brought around 500 men and arrived to Shefa-'Amr in Palestine, where he established his command on 30 March 1948. The commander of the ALA, <a href="/wiki/Fawzi_al-Qawuqji" title="Fawzi al-Qawuqji">Fawzi al-Qawuqji</a>, planned to deploy the Druze battalion in the northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> under his command, but the military committee of the Arab League decided to establish a separate command for the Druze for the region near the city of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. Wahhab traveled through the western Galilee region and sent men to the Druze villages of the Carmel. As the Druze volunteers arrived, there were attempts to talk with the volunteers, due to fear local Druze will join them. Najib Mansour, the head of Isfiya, met with agents of the Hagannah in Haifa to discuss the arrival of Wahhab. Mansour did not agree to the demand that the local Druze would forcibly oppose the volunteers, and instead proposed the Jews bribe Wahhab to abandon his command.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_in_Israel_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Druze_in_Israel_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Druze_in_Israel_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Druze_in_Israel_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Druze_in_Israel_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Druze_in_Israel_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Druze_in_Israel_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption>Druze in Israel population pyramid in 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg/200px-Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg/300px-Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg/400px-Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>Druze families in <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> in Israel have a low <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility-rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> census in 2020, the Druze make up about 7.6% of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Druze population in Israel was approximately 145,000.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2019, approximately 81% of the Israeli Druze population lived in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a> and 19% lived in the <a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a>, and the largest population of Druze were <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yirka" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirka">Yirka</a>, also called Yarka. </p><p>The Israeli Druze population growth rate of 1.4%, which is lower than the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslim population</a> growth rate (2.5%) and the total population growth (1.7%), but higher than the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Christian">Arab Christian</a> population growth rate (1.0%). At the end of 2017, the average age of the Israeli Druze was 27.9.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 26.3% of the Israeli Druze population are under 14 years old and about 6.1% of the Israeli Druze are 65 years and over. Since the year 2000, the Israeli Druze community has witnessed a significant decrease in <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility-rate</a> and a significant increase in life expectancy.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fertility rate for Israeli Druze in 2017 is 2.1 children per woman, while the fertility rate among <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jewish</a> women (3.2) and Muslim women (3.4) and the fertility rate among <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israeli Christian</a> women (1.9).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daliyat_al-Karmel_-_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C_(6156326162).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Daliyat_al-Karmel_-_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C_%286156326162%29.jpg/220px-Daliyat_al-Karmel_-_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C_%286156326162%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Daliyat_al-Karmel_-_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C_%286156326162%29.jpg/330px-Daliyat_al-Karmel_-_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C_%286156326162%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Daliyat_al-Karmel_-_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C_%286156326162%29.jpg/440px-Daliyat_al-Karmel_-_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C_%286156326162%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a>: the largest Druze town in Israel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_17800_Cities_in_Israel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PikiWiki_Israel_17800_Cities_in_Israel.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_17800_Cities_in_Israel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PikiWiki_Israel_17800_Cities_in_Israel.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_17800_Cities_in_Israel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/PikiWiki_Israel_17800_Cities_in_Israel.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_17800_Cities_in_Israel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a>: the second largest Druze town in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Druze in Israel live in a handful of sectarian villages and several mixed-religion <a href="/wiki/Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Arab localities in Israel">Arab localities</a> in pre-1967 Israel (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>) and on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. The population figures are as follows (absolute figures and percentage of overall population):<sup id="cite_ref-CBS13_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><big>Settlements in Israel and the Golan Heights with significant Druze populations</big> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)"><big>Northern District</big></a> <p><small>(not including Golan Subdistrict)</small> </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District"><big>Haifa District</big></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights"><big>Golan Subdistrict</big></a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><small>(sub-section of <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a>)</small> </p> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarka" title="Yarka">Yarka</a> (16,400 – 97.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a> (12,900 – 57.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jann" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Jann">Beit Jann</a> (11,700 – 99.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisra-Sumei" title="Kisra-Sumei">Kisra-Sumei</a> (8,100 – 95%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanuh-Jat" title="Yanuh-Jat">Yanuh-Jat</a> (6,500 – 100%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julis" title="Julis">Julis</a> (6,300 – 100%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurfeish" title="Hurfeish">Hurfeish</a> (6,000 – 96.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a> (5,700 – 13.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a> (4,500 – 78%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajur" title="Sajur">Sajur</a> (4,148 – 100%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Snan" title="Abu Snan">Abu Snan</a> (4,100 – 30%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a> (2,400 – 31%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Asad" title="Ein al-Asad">Ein al-Asad</a> (871 – 100%)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a> (16,700 – 97%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfiya" title="Isfiya">Isfiya</a> (9,200 – 76%)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a> (10,930 – 100%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buq%27ata" title="Buq'ata">Buq'ata</a> (6,485 – 100%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ade" title="Mas'ade">Mas'ade</a> (3,592 – 100%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Qiniyye" title="Ein Qiniyye">Ein Qiniyye</a> (2,033 – 100%)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Arabic language in Israel</a></div> <p>The Druze citizens of Israel are Arabic in language and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic culture">culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brockman_2011_259_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockman_2011_259-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their mother tongue is the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>. The Druze Arabic dialect, especially in the villages, is often different from the other <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">regional Arabic dialects</a>. Druze Arabic dialect is distinguished from others by retention of the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistically speaking, Israeli Druze are fluently bilingual, speaking both a Central Northern Levantine Arabic dialect and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockman_2011_259_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockman_2011_259-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Druze Arab homes and towns in Israel, the primary language spoken is Arabic, while some Hebrew words have entered the colloquial Arabic dialect. They often use <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew characters</a> to write their Arabic dialect online.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economic_status">Socio-economic status</h3></div> <p>A study published by the Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in 2017 found that Druze population has the second highest achievements in the Arab sector on all indices: <a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">bagrut</a> scores, rates of college graduates, and fields of employment. The Israeli Arab Christian population has the highest achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Educational_prospects">Educational prospects</h4></div> <p>According to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> census in 2020, 79.9% of Druze in Israel were entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Bagrut_certificate" title="Bagrut certificate">matriculation certificate</a>, which was higher than the number of Muslims (60.3%), but was lower than the Christians (83.6%) and Jews (80.2%) with a <a href="/wiki/Bagrut_certificate" title="Bagrut certificate">matriculation certificate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> census in 2020, 15.3% of Druze in Israel have a <a href="/wiki/College_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="College degree">college degree</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was lower than the number of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christians</a> (70.9%),<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but similar to the number of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslim</a> (10%) with a degree.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_Druze_in_the_Israeli-occupied_Golan_Heights">Status of Druze in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights#Since_the_1981_Israeli_annexation" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights § Since the 1981 Israeli annexation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Druze in Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majdal_Shams_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Majdal_Shams_12.jpg/220px-Majdal_Shams_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Majdal_Shams_12.jpg/330px-Majdal_Shams_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Majdal_Shams_12.jpg/440px-Majdal_Shams_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a>: the largest Druze town in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are four remaining Druze villages in the Israeli-annexed portion of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>—<a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mas%27ade" title="Mas'ade">Mas'ade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buq%27ata" title="Buq'ata">Buq'ata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ein_Qiniyye" title="Ein Qiniyye">Ein Qiniyye</a>—in which 23,000 Druze live.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Druze residents of the Golan Heights consider themselves to be Syrians and refuse to take Israeli citizenship, instead holding Israeli <a href="/wiki/Permanent_resident" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent resident">permanent resident</a> status, and in place of an Israeli passport use an Israeli-issued <a href="/wiki/Travel_document#Laissez-passer_and_emergency_passports" title="Travel document">laissez-passer</a> document for travelling abroad, on which the citizenship paragraph is left empty.<sup id="cite_ref-dissent_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissent-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> and the Syrian regime's massacres of Druze minorities have shifted their loyalty toward Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 2020s, there was a significant increase in applications for <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israeli citizenship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the adoption of the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law" title="Golan Heights Law">Golan Heights Law</a>, the territory has been under <a href="/wiki/Israeli_law" title="Israeli law">Israeli civil law</a>, and incorporated into the Israeli system of <a href="/wiki/Local_council_(Israel)" title="Local council (Israel)">local councils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MFA_Law_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MFA_Law-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the annexation of the Golan Heights in 1981, the Israeli government offered <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli citizenship">citizenship</a> to all non-Israelis living in the territory,<sup id="cite_ref-dissent_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissent-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but (as of 2011), less than 10% of the local Druze accepted it.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, however, due to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, dozens of young Druze have applied for <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli citizenship">Israeli citizenship</a>—a much larger number than in previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2017, nearly 5,500 out of 26,500 residents had applied for and received an Israeli passport since 1981. The yearly number of applications steadily rose, with 183 applying in 2016, compared to only five in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of mid 2022, 4,303 Druze citizens of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> have been granted Israeli citizenship, or, 20% of the total Druze residents in the Golan Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Syrian uprising">2011 Syrian uprising</a>, Druze in the Golan Heights held several rallies in support of Syrian leader <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public support for the Assad government has historically been high among Golan Druze, and Syria has secured agreements with the Israeli government to permit Golan Druze to conduct trade across the border with Syria. Some tensions have recently arisen in the community due to differing stances on the Syrian Civil War, although open public support for the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> has been relatively uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2009_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2009 Israeli legislative election">2009 elections</a>, 1,193 residents of the <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Ghajar" title="Ghajar">Ghajar</a> and 809 residents of the Druze villages were eligible to vote, out of approximately 1,200 Ghajar residents and 12,600 Druze village residents who were of voting age.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Israel does not recognize the Syrian citizenship of Golan Druze, they are defined in Israeli records as "residents of the Golan Heights".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those who apply for Israeli citizenship are entitled to vote in Israeli elections, run for <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, and receive an Israeli passport.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Residents of <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a> and the other Golan Druze villages are not drafted into the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theisraelproject1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theisraelproject1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2022 report, the Druze population in the Golan Heights is increasingly seeking Israeli citizenship. A record number of citizenship requests have been filed, with many preferring not to discuss this publicly due to community pressure and potential repercussions. Statistics reveal a sharp increase in citizenship requests, from 75–85 annually in 2017–2018 to 239 in 2021. In 2022, around 4,300 of the 21,000 Druze residents (approximately 20%) of the Golan Heights held Israeli citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamas' <a href="/wiki/October_7_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="October 7 attack">October 7 attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">its escalation to the northern front</a> has led to increased integration of the Druze communities in the Golan with Israeli authorities. In November 2023, Majdal Shams Mayor Dolan Abu Saleh discussed the formation of the town's first IDF-trained guard squadron, calling it a milestone in the increasing "cooperation and harmony with IDF forces in the Golan villages".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religiosity">Religiosity</h2></div> <p>According to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey conducted in 2015, Druze in Israel are generally more religious than <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a>, but less than <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Christians">Israeli Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslims</a>. Around half (49%) say <a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">religion is very important</a> in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew1_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one third (26%) pray daily and 25% report that they attend prayer-houses of the Druze (<i>khalwat</i>) at least once a week.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew1_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli Druze also are more probably than Jews and less likely than Christians and Muslims to participate in weekly worship services.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew1_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all (99%) Israeli Druze believe in <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, of whom 84% say they are absolutely certain.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew1_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a> survey conducted in 2015, 43% of Druze in Israel identified as traditional, 36% identified as not religious at all, 14% identified as religious, 7% identified as very religious.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h3></div> <p>According to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey conducted in 2015, the majority of Druzes are not comfortable with their child marrying outside of the faith, Druze are about equally uncomfortable with the prospect of a child of theirs marrying a Jew (87%), Muslim (85%) or Christian (87%).<sup id="cite_ref-Pew3_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew3-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians and Druze also are more probably than Jews to say a good <a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious education</a> is important for their children.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity">Identity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb</a>, an annual festival held at the <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">tomb of Prophet Shuayb</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey conducted in 2015, Druze in Israel are less probably than Christians or Muslims to say they are proud of their identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew4_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 90% say they have a strong sense of belonging to the Druze community.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew4_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two thirds (64%) believe that they have a special responsibility to help fellow members of their religious group who are in need around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew4_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of Druze identity varies among Druze well. Druze in Israel are about evenly divided among those who say their identity is mainly a matter of religion (18%),<sup id="cite_ref-Pew4_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those who say being Druze is mainly about <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestry</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> (47%) and those who say their identity is characterized by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestry</a>/<a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> (34%).<sup id="cite_ref-Pew4_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew4-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:350px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDD"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Self Identification of young Druze, 2008</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Druze Israelis</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:94%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">94%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:teal; width:6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Israeli Druze do not consider themselves Muslim, and see their faith as a separate and independent religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiryis-1969-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While compared to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Christians">Israeli Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslims</a>, Druze place less emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a> and self-identify more as <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israeli</a>. However, they were less ready for personal relationships with <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israeli Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_Democracy_Israeli_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index_Democracy_Israeli-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars maintain that Israel has tried to separate the Druze from other Arab communities, and that the effort has influenced the way Israel's Druze perceive their modern identity.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a survey conducted in 2008 by Dr. Yusuf Hassan of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> 94% of Druze respondents identified as "Druze-Israelis" in the religious and national context,<sup id="cite_ref-Walla!_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walla!-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ynet_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynet-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a 2017 Pew Research Center poll reported that while 99% of Muslims and 96% of Christians identified as ethnically Arab, a smaller share of Druze, 71%, identified likewise. Other Druze respondents identify their ethnicity as "Druze" or "Druze-Arab".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a> survey conducted in 2015, around 54% of Druze respondents said that religious identity (the Druze identity) is the most important identity for them, followed by Israeli identity (37%) and <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a> (5%).<sup id="cite_ref-Index_Democracy_Israeli_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index_Democracy_Israeli-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_service_and_Israeli_politics">Military service and Israeli politics</h3></div> <p>Druze citizens are prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">politics</a>. The bond between Jewish and Druze soldiers is commonly known by the term "<a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">a covenant of blood</a>" (Hebrew: ברית דמים, <i>brit damim</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Israel's establishment, the government mandated conscription for male Druze. From 1954 to 1956, the Druze community staged a resistance movement against this policy, known as the "conscription movement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amin_Tarif" title="Amin Tarif">Amin Tarif</a>, the spiritual leader leader of the Druze community in Israel at the time, vehemently opposed compulsory military service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, he threatened <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> for any Druze volunteering in the Israeli army and mobilized Druze women to resist conscription for their children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheikh Tarif also refused to sanction marriages involving soldiers, viewing conscription as a threat to the community's reputation and values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the contrary, another faction within the Druze community advocated for full cooperation with Israelis, including endorsing conscription. Notable leaders of this stance were <a href="/wiki/Salah-Hassan_Hanifes" title="Salah-Hassan Hanifes">Salah-Hassan Hanifes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labib_Hussein_Abu_Rokan" title="Labib Hussein Abu Rokan">Labib Hussein Abu Rokan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli government successfully exploited divisions among the Druze regarding conscription, particularly in 1954, when news of Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a>'s crackdown on <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a> and his son reached the Druze communities in As-Suwayda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five Druze lawmakers were elected to serve in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2009 Israeli legislative election">18th Knesset</a>, a disproportionately large number considering their population.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reda_Mansour" title="Reda Mansour">Reda Mansour</a>, a Druze poet, historian, and diplomat, explained: "We are the only non-Jewish minority that is drafted into the military, and we have an even higher percentage in the combat units and as officers than the Jewish members themselves. So we are considered a very nationalistic, patriotic community."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Druze_pro-Zionism">Druze pro-Zionism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Druze_%22Herev%22_Battalion_Training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Druze_%22Herev%22_Battalion_Training.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Druze_%22Herev%22_Battalion_Training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Druze_%22Herev%22_Battalion_Training.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Druze_%22Herev%22_Battalion_Training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Druze_%22Herev%22_Battalion_Training.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Druze_%22Herev%22_Battalion_Training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers from the Druze "Herev" Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Amal_Nasser_el-Din" title="Amal Nasser el-Din">Amal Nasser el-Din</a> founded the Zionist Druze Circle,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a group whose aim was to encourage the Druze to support the state of Israel fully and unreservedly.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, thousands of Israeli Druze belong to Druze Zionist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Eli_Ashkenazi_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eli_Ashkenazi-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2007, Nabiah A-Din, mayor of <a href="/wiki/Kisra-Sumei" title="Kisra-Sumei">Kisra-Sumei</a>, rejected the "multi-cultural" Israeli constitution proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Israeli Arab</a> organization <a href="/wiki/Adalah_%E2%80%93_The_Legal_Center_for_Arab_Minority_Rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel">Adalah</a>: "The state of Israel is a Jewish state as well as a democratic state that espouses equality and elections. We invalidate and reject everything that the Adalah organization is requesting", he said. According to A-din, the fate of the Druze and the <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians in Israel</a> is intertwined with that of the state. "This is a blood pact, and a pact of the living. We are unwilling to support a substantial alteration to the nature of this state, to which we tied our destinies prior to its establishment", he said.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druze_in_Israel&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were 7,000 registered members in the Druze Zionist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Eli_Ashkenazi_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eli_Ashkenazi-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the movement held a Druze Zionist youth conference with 1,700 participants.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druzememorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Druzememorial.jpg/220px-Druzememorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Druzememorial.jpg/330px-Druzememorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Druzememorial.jpg/440px-Druzememorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Memorial of fallen Druze IDF soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_Al-Karmel" class="mw-redirect" title="Daliyat Al-Karmel">Daliyat Al-Karmel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a survey conducted in 2008 by Dr. Yusuf Hassan of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> found that out of 764 Druze participants, more than 94% identify as "Druze-Israelis" in the religious and national context.<sup id="cite_ref-Walla!_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walla!-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ynet_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynet-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 June 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> reported that a growing number of Israeli Druze were joining elite units of the military, leaving the official Druze battalion, <i>Herev</i>, under-staffed. This trend has led to calls for its disbandment. </p><p>On May 15, 2015, it was announced that the Druze battalion <i>Herev</i> would be shut down, thereby allowing Druze soldiers to integrate into the rest of the IDF, a wish that was relayed to IDF senior staff by leaders in the Druze community as well as former <i>Herev</i> battalion commanders. After the July 2015 Draft, the IDF no longer listed the Druze unit as an option. By September 2015, the battalion had been disbanded, and its soldiers joined to other units.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Druze also serve in elite units of the IDF such as the <a href="/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal" title="Sayeret Matkal">Sayeret Matkal</a>, and there are three Druze combat pilots serving in the Israeli Air Force.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intercommunal_relationships">Intercommunal relationships</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Jewish_Israelis">Relationship with Jewish Israelis</h3></div> <p>In 1948, many Druze volunteered for the Israeli army and no Druze villages were destroyed or permanently abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-IDMC_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDMC-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">state of Israel</a>, the Druze have demonstrated solidarity with Israel and distanced themselves from Arab and Islamic radicalism.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli Druze citizens serve in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christian_Arabs_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christian_Arabs-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish-Druze partnership was often referred to as "a covenant of blood" (Hebrew: ברית דמים, <i>brit damim</i>) in recognition of the common military yoke carried by the two peoples for the security of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1957, the Israeli government formally recognized the Druze as a separate religious community,<sup id="cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiryis-1969-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are defined as a distinct ethnic group in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Israeli Ministry of Interior's</a> census registration.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiryis-1969-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> categorizes Druze as Arabs in their census.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Israeli Druze</a> do not consider themselves Muslim, and see their faith as a separate and independent religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiryis-1969-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While compared to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Christians">Israeli Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslims</a>, Druze place less emphasis on their <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a> and self-identify more as <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israeli</a>. However, they were less ready for personal relationships with <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israeli Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_Democracy_Israeli_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index_Democracy_Israeli-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A trend Ibrahim attributes to cultural differences between Jews and Druze.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim_2000_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_2000-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Christian_Israelis">Relationship with Christian Israelis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_and_Druze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Christian_and_Druze.jpg/220px-Christian_and_Druze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Christian_and_Druze.jpg/330px-Christian_and_Druze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Christian_and_Druze.jpg/440px-Christian_and_Druze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Druze and Christian clerics in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between the Druze and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christians in Israel</a> has been characterized by <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and peaceful <a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">coexistence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they lives in peace and friendship together.<sup id="cite_ref-Volk_2010_95_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volk_2010_95-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of rare clashes, including acts of violence by the Druze against Christians in 2005 in the <a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">town of Maghar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGahern_2013-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Druze and Christians in Israel celebrate each other's births, weddings, funerals, and celebrations such as the Christian festival of Mar Ilyas (<a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Saint Elias</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmermann_2014_84_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmermann_2014_84-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Druze and Muslims attend <a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian schools</a> in Israel, because <a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian schools</a> are high-performing and among the best schools in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGahern_2013-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interaction between Christians (members of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a>, and other churches) and the Unitarian Druze resulted in the establishment and existence of mixed villages and towns in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> portion of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGahern_2013-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes <a href="/wiki/Abu_Snan" title="Abu Snan">Abu Snan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ein_Qiniyye" title="Ein Qiniyye">Ein Qiniyye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurfeish" title="Hurfeish">Hurfeish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfiya" title="Isfiya">Isfiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisra-Sumei" title="Kisra-Sumei">Kisra-Sumei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGahern_2013-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where more than 82,000 Druze and 30,000 Christians live in these mixed villages and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGahern_2013-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Israel's occupation, Christians accounted for 12% of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, and they tend to have a high presentation in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> professions.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadwa_N._Kirrish_1992_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadwa_N._Kirrish_1992-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli Druze and Muslims have comparable socio-economic standards when compared to their wealthier and more educated <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israeli Christian</a> counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite rare exceptions of sectarian incidents between the more privileged Christian community and the Druze, scholar Ibtisam Ibrahim's research reveals that most Druze interviewees view their relationship with the Christian community more positively than with the Muslim community.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim_2000_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim_2000-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahuzat_Naftali" title="Ahuzat Naftali">Ahuzat Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDF_Sword_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="IDF Sword Battalion">IDF Sword Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Druze" title="List of Israeli Druze">List of Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams_attack" title="Majdal Shams attack">Majdal Shams attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Negev Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion in Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CBS13-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS13_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS13_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS13_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/122/11_19_122b.pdf">"The Druze population in Israel – a collection of data on the occasion of the Prophet Shuaib holiday"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CBS – Israel</i>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+%E2%80%93+Israel&rft.atitle=The+Druze+population+in+Israel+%E2%80%93+a+collection+of+data+on+the+occasion+of+the+Prophet+Shuaib+holiday&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F122%2F11_19_122b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/21/5-facts-about-israeli-druze-a-unique-religious-and-ethnic-group/">"5 facts about Israeli Druze, a unique religious and ethnic group"</a>. 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+facts+about+Israeli+Druze%2C+a+unique+religious+and+ethnic+group&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F03%2F21%2F5-facts-about-israeli-druze-a-unique-religious-and-ethnic-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert (2011). <i>Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-654-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-654-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-654-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places%2C+2nd+Edition+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-654-6&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nili2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nili2019_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nili2019_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nili2019_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNili2019" class="citation book cs1">Nili, Shmuel (2019). <i>The People's Duty: Collective Agency and the Morality of Public Policy</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108480925" title="Special:BookSources/9781108480925"><bdi>9781108480925</bdi></a>. <q>Druze are Arab by language, culture, and custom... Survey data has long suggested that Israeli Druze identify themselves first and foremost identity as Druze (in terms of their religion), secondarily as Arabs (in terms of their of their culture), and thirdly as Israeli (in terms of citizenship).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Duty%3A+Collective+Agency+and+the+Morality+of+Public+Policy&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781108480925&rft.aulast=Nili&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Naim_Aridi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dr. Naim Aridi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/druze.html">"The Druze in Israel: History & Overview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Druze+in+Israel%3A+History+%26+Overview&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.au=Dr.+Naim+Aridi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FSociety_%26_Culture%2Fdruze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan_Sommer2023" class="citation news cs1">Kaplan Sommer, Allison (11 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-06-11/ty-article/.premium/the-druze-community-in-israel-explained/00000188-8c42-d3c4-afec-9ed397020000">"The Druze Community in Israel, Explained"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Druze+Community+in+Israel%2C+Explained&rft.date=2023-06-11&rft.aulast=Kaplan+Sommer&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhaaretz-explains%2F2023-06-11%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fthe-druze-community-in-israel-explained%2F00000188-8c42-d3c4-afec-9ed397020000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAharon_Layish1982" class="citation book cs1">Aharon Layish (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egO_eoxqj3gC&q=discrimination+against+druze+before+establishment+of+israel&pg=PA12"><i>Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights</i></a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">E. J. Brill</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06412-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06412-5"><bdi>90-04-06412-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage%2C+Divorce%2C+and+Succession+in+the+Druze+Family%3A+A+Study+Based+on+Decisions+of+Druze+Arbitrators+and+Religious+Courts+in+Israel+and+the+Golan+Heights&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=90-04-06412-5&rft.au=Aharon+Layish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegO_eoxqj3gC%26q%3Ddiscrimination%2Bagainst%2Bdruze%2Bbefore%2Bestablishment%2Bof%2Bisrael%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhair_Abbas2011" class="citation book cs1">Khair Abbas, Randa (2011). <i>The Israeli Druze Community in Transition</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527567399" title="Special:BookSources/9781527567399"><bdi>9781527567399</bdi></a>. <q>In 1957, the Druze were declared a religious community in Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Druze+Community+in+Transition&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781527567399&rft.aulast=Khair+Abbas&rft.aufirst=Randa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2015" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Hillel (2015). <i>Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967</i>. University of California Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520944886" title="Special:BookSources/9780520944886"><bdi>9780520944886</bdi></a>. <q>In 1957, the Druze were recognized as a distinct religious confession.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Arabs%3A+The+Israeli+Security+Agencies+and+the+Israeli+Arabs%2C+1948%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780520944886&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theisraelproject1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theisraelproject1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theisraelproject1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ewJXKcOUJlIaG&b=7721235&ct=11546191#.TvwjLdXLa0M">Religious Freedoms: Druze</a>. Theisraelproject.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914091649/http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ewJXKcOUJlIaG&b=7721235&ct=11546191%23.TvwjLdXLa0M#.TvwjLdXLa0M">Archived</a> 14 September 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arab_America-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arab_America_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arab_America_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/">"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are"</a>. <i>Arab America</i>. 8 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+America&rft.atitle=Are+the+Druze+People+Arabs+or+Muslims%3F+Deciphering+Who+They+Are&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabamerica.com%2Fare-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Entrepreneurship_and_Religion-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Entrepreneurship_and_Religion_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéo-Paul_Dana2010" class="citation book cs1">Léo-Paul Dana (1 January 2010). <i>Entrepreneurship and Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-632-9"><bdi>978-1-84980-632-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurship+and+Religion&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84980-632-9&rft.au=L%C3%A9o-Paul+Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Incorporated-1996-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Incorporated-1996_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Lewis2002" class="citation book cs1">James Lewis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1615927387"><i>The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions</i></a>. Prometheus Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cults%2C+Sects%2C+and+New+Religions&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.au=James+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1615927387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_McLaurin1979" class="citation book cs1">De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). <i>The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East</i>. Michigan University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030525964" title="Special:BookSources/9780030525964"><bdi>9780030525964</bdi></a>. <q>Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Role+of+Minority+Groups+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Michigan+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780030525964&rft.aulast=De+McLaurin&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fisraels-religiously-divided-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Druzes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Druzes_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060617214607/http://druzestudies.org/druzes.html"><i>Druzes</i></a>, Institute of Druze Studies, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://druzestudies.org/druzes.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Druzes&rft.pub=Institute+of+Druze+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdruzestudies.org%2Fdruzes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDana2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCdqdruzepopulationlebanonpgPA99_99]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDana2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCdqdruzepopulationlebanonpgPA99_99]_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDana2003">Dana 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCWIsyZJxUC&dq=druze+population+lebanon&pg=PA99">99</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1928" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip K. (1928). <i>The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings</i>. Library of Alexandria. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781465546623" title="Special:BookSources/9781465546623"><bdi>9781465546623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+People+and+Religion%3A+With+Extracts+from+Their+Sacred+Writings&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=9781465546623&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dana_2008_17-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana2008" class="citation book cs1">Dana, Nissim (2008). <i>The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status</i>. Michigan University press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903900369" title="Special:BookSources/9781903900369"><bdi>9781903900369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Faith%2C+Leadership%2C+Identity+and+Status&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Michigan+University+press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781903900369&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ifcj.org-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ifcj.org_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ifcj.org_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Druze Religion". International Fellowship of Christians and Jews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ifcj.org/learn/inside-israel/people-society/religions-of-israel/druze-religion.html">http://www.ifcj.org/learn/inside-israel/people-society/religions-of-israel/druze-religion.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116021525/http://www.ifcj.org/learn/inside-israel/people-society/religions-of-israel/druze-religion.html">Archived</a> 16 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izzeddin1993-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Izzeddin1993_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNejla_M._Abu_Izzeddin1993" class="citation book cs1">Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BprjrZzee5EC&pg=PA108"><i>The Druzes: a new study of their history, faith, and society</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 108–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09705-6"><bdi>978-90-04-09705-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707072331/http://books.google.com/books?id=BprjrZzee5EC&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes%3A+a+new+study+of+their+history%2C+faith%2C+and+society&rft.pages=108-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09705-6&rft.au=Nejla+M.+Abu+Izzeddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBprjrZzee5EC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farhad-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-farhad_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2013" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2 December 2013). <i>A History of Shi'i Islam</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-524-9"><bdi>978-0-85773-524-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-524-9&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quilliam_1999_42-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quilliam_1999_42_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quilliam_1999_42_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilliam1999" class="citation book cs1">Quilliam, Neil (1999). <i>Syria and the New World Order</i>. Michigan University press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863722493" title="Special:BookSources/9780863722493"><bdi>9780863722493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+the+New+World+Order&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Michigan+University+press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780863722493&rft.aulast=Quilliam&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_Encyclopaedia_Britannica-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The New Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1992. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852295533" title="Special:BookSources/9780852295533"><bdi>9780852295533</bdi></a>. <q>Druze religious beliefs developed out of Isma'ill teachings. Various Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, Neoplatonic, and Iranian elements, however, are combined under a doctrine of strict monotheism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780852295533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Donna (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-w6GfokajcC&pg=PA296"><i>The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86972-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86972-8"><bdi>978-0-684-86972-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israelis%3A+Ordinary+People+in+an+Extraordinary+Land&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86972-8&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-w6GfokajcC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kamlesh-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamlesh_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamlesh_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamlesh_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2010" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Kamlesh (2010). <i>History of Ancient India</i>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-4910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-4910-8"><bdi>978-81-207-4910-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-207-4910-8&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Kamlesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-w6GfokajcC&dq=druze+hindu+reincarnation&pg=PA296">The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320170229/https://books.google.com/books?id=b-w6GfokajcC&pg=PA296&dq=druze+hindu+reincarnation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwilq8DV-tvKAhWXBY4KHeEtAosQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=druze%20hindu%20reincarnation&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Donna Rosenthal, Simon and Schuster, 2003, p. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, <i>Understanding the Bible</i>. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institute_of_Noahide_Code-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_of_Noahide_Code_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_of_Noahide_Code_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institute_of_Noahide_Code_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808173922/http://noahide.org/article.asp?Level=128&Parent=342">"Islam Religious Leader Commits to Noahide "Seven Laws of Noah"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Institute of Noahide Code. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noahide.org/article.asp?Level=128&Parent=342">the original</a> on 8 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+Religious+Leader+Commits+to+Noahide+%22Seven+Laws+of+Noah%22&rft.pub=Institute+of+Noahide+Code&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noahide.org%2Farticle.asp%3FLevel%3D128%26Parent%3D342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana2003" class="citation book cs1">Dana, Nissim (2003). <i>The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Academic_Press" title="Sussex Academic Press">Sussex Academic Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903900369" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903900369"><bdi>978-1903900369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Faith%2C+Leadership%2C+Identity+and+Status&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1903900369&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPace1993" class="citation news cs1">Pace, Eric (5 October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/05/obituaries/sheik-amin-tarif-arab-druse-leader-in-israel-dies-at-95.html">"Sheik Amin Tarif, Arab Druse Leader In Israel, Dies at 95"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sheik+Amin+Tarif%2C+Arab+Druse+Leader+In+Israel%2C+Dies+at+95&rft.date=1993-10-05&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F10%2F05%2Fobituaries%2Fsheik-amin-tarif-arab-druse-leader-in-israel-dies-at-95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd2015" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy (2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Druzes</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442246171" title="Special:BookSources/9781442246171"><bdi>9781442246171</bdi></a>. <q>Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous relationship between Muslims and Druzes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442246171&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Zartman2020" class="citation book cs1">K. Zartman, Jonathan (2020). <i>Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440865039" title="Special:BookSources/9781440865039"><bdi>9781440865039</bdi></a>. <q>Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered more.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+the+Modern+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Civil+War%2C+Revolutions%2C+and+Regime+Change&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781440865039&rft.aulast=K.+Zartman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayiš1982" class="citation book cs1">Layiš, Aharôn (1982). <i>Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights</i>. BRILL. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004064126" title="Special:BookSources/9789004064126"><bdi>9789004064126</bdi></a>. <q>the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage%2C+Divorce%2C+and+Succession+in+the+Druze+Family%3A+A+Study+Based+on+Decisions+of+Druze+Arbitrators+and+Religious+Courts+in+Israel+and+the+Golan+Heights&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9789004064126&rft.aulast=Layi%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Ahar%C3%B4n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Stewart2008" class="citation book cs1">J. Stewart, Dona (2008). <i>The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives</i>. Routledge. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135980795" title="Special:BookSources/9781135980795"><bdi>9781135980795</bdi></a>. <q>Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically, they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today%3A+Political%2C+Geographical+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135980795&rft.aulast=J.+Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazbeck_Haddad2014" class="citation book cs1">Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). <i>The Oxford Handbook of American Islam</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199862634" title="Special:BookSources/9780199862634"><bdi>9780199862634</bdi></a>. <q>While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+American+Islam&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199862634&rft.aulast=Yazbeck+Haddad&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_McLaurin1979" class="citation book cs1">De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). <i>The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East</i>. Michigan University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030525964" title="Special:BookSources/9780030525964"><bdi>9780030525964</bdi></a>. <q>Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Role+of+Minority+Groups+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Michigan+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780030525964&rft.aulast=De+McLaurin&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2000" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, L. (2000). <i>The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49</i>. Springer. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230595989" title="Special:BookSources/9780230595989"><bdi>9780230595989</bdi></a>. <q>With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the <i>mihna</i>) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+between+Palestine+and+Israel+1947%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780230595989&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Tucker2019" class="citation book cs1">C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). <i>Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440853531" title="Special:BookSources/9781440853531"><bdi>9781440853531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Conflicts+from+Ancient+Egypt+to+the+21st+Century%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pages=364-366&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440853531&rft.aulast=C.+Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taraze Fawaz, Leila. <i>An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860</i>. p.63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goren-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goren_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goren, Haim. <i>Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East.</i> p.95-96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Tucker2019" class="citation book cs1">C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). <i>Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440853531" title="Special:BookSources/9781440853531"><bdi>9781440853531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Conflicts+from+Ancient+Egypt+to+the+21st+Century%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440853531&rft.aulast=C.+Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabad2017" class="citation book cs1">Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). <i>Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317096726" title="Special:BookSources/9781317096726"><bdi>9781317096726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Minorities%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317096726&rft.aulast=Zabad&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2011" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, L. (2011). <i>The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49</i>. Springer. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230595989" title="Special:BookSources/9780230595989"><bdi>9780230595989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+between+Palestine+and+Israel+1947%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230595989&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettler2014" class="citation book cs1">Nettler, Ronald (2014). <i>Muslim-Jewish Encounters</i>. Routledge. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134408542" title="Special:BookSources/9781134408542"><bdi>9781134408542</bdi></a>. <q>...One example of Druze anti—Jewish bias is contained in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism, Baha al-Din</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim-Jewish+Encounters&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781134408542&rft.aulast=Nettler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Rogan2011" class="citation book cs1">L. Rogan, Eugene (2011). <i>The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521794763" title="Special:BookSources/9780521794763"><bdi>9780521794763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Palestine%3A+Rewriting+the+History+of+1948&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521794763&rft.aulast=L.+Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine2_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine2_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Rogan2011" class="citation book cs1">L. Rogan, Eugene (2011). <i>The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521794763" title="Special:BookSources/9780521794763"><bdi>9780521794763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Palestine%3A+Rewriting+the+History+of+1948&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521794763&rft.aulast=L.+Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David2010-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David2010_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_David2010" class="citation book cs1">Abraham David (24 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA27"><i>To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5643-9"><bdi>978-0-8173-5643-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Come+to+the+Land%3A+Immigration+and+Settlement+in+16th-Century+Eretz-Israel&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5643-9&rft.au=Abraham+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqqy4wqVbSUkC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rappel-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rappel_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel Rappel. <i>History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882</i> (1980), Vol.2, p.531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnay,_Y_1992_p._149-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnay,_Y_1992_p._149_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnay, Y. The Jews in Palestine in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0572-7">978-0-8173-0572-7</a> p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieber1992-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lieber1992_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman_Lieber1992" class="citation book cs1">Sherman Lieber (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticsmissionar0000lieb"><i>Mystics and missionaries: the Jews in Palestine, 1799–1840</i></a></span>. University of Utah Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticsmissionar0000lieb/page/334">334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-391-4"><bdi>978-0-87480-391-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Druze and local Muslims vandalised the Jewish quarter. During three days, though they enacted a replay of the 1834 plunder, looting homes and desecrating synagogues — but no deaths were reported. What could not be stolen was smashed and burned. Jews caught outdoors were robbed and beaten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystics+and+missionaries%3A+the+Jews+in+Palestine%2C+1799%E2%80%931840&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-391-4&rft.au=Sherman+Lieber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysticsmissionar0000lieb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein1960-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein1960_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Finkelstein1960" class="citation book cs1">Louis Finkelstein (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=838GAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Jews: their history, culture, and religion</i></a>. Harper. p. 679. <q>In the summer of 1838 the Druses revolted against Ibrahim Pasha, and once more the Jews were the scapegoat. The Moslems joined the Druses in repeating the slaughter and plunder of 1834.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews%3A+their+history%2C+culture%2C+and+religion&rft.pages=679&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Louis+Finkelstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D838GAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Florence2004-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Florence2004_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Florence2004" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Florence (18 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJDLrLlWg18C&pg=PA47"><i>Blood libel: the Damascus affair of 1840</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20280-4"><bdi>978-0-299-20280-4</bdi></a>. <q>There had been pogroms against the Jews in Safed in 1834 and 1838.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+libel%3A+the+Damascus+affair+of+1840&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2004-10-18&rft.isbn=978-0-299-20280-4&rft.au=Ronald+Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJDLrLlWg18C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grossman, David (2004). <i>Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine: Distribution and Population Density during the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods</i> (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magness Press, Jerusalem. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-493-184-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-493-184-7"><bdi>978-965-493-184-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Demography+and+Early+Jewish+Settlement+in+Palestine%3A+Distribution+and+Population+Density+during+the+Late+Ottoman+and+Early+Mandate+Periods&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=The+Hebrew+University+Magness+Press%2C+Jerusalem&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-965-493-184-7&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922"><i>Palestine Census ( 1922)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Census+%28+1922%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPalestineCensus1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/palestine-census-1931"><i>Palestine Census 1931</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Census+1931&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestine-census-1931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006180-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006180_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappé2006">Pappé 2006</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006180,_187-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006180,_187_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappé2006">Pappé 2006</a>, p. 180, 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006187-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006187_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappé2006">Pappé 2006</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006115_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappé2006">Pappé 2006</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelber2004-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gelber2004_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gelber2004_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, <i>Independence Versus Nakba</i>; Kinneret–Zmora-Bitan–Dvir Publishing, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-517-190-6" title="Special:BookSources/965-517-190-6">965-517-190-6</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a> 2004, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/122/11_19_122b.pdf">The Druze Population of Israel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/122/11_19_122b.pdf">"The Druze population in Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 24 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+population+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F122%2F11_19_122b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/122/11_19_122b.pdf">"The Druze population in Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 24 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+population+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F122%2F11_19_122b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Should be updated to a link to "Golan Subdistrict" article once that article is created and written in English</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockman_2011_259-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockman_2011_259_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockman_2011_259_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert (2011). <i>Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598846546" title="Special:BookSources/9781598846546"><bdi>9781598846546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places%2C+2nd+Edition+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781598846546&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamy_Swayd2015" class="citation book cs1">Samy Swayd (10 March 2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Druzes</i> (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4617-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-4617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4617-1&rft.au=Samy+Swayd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaash, Amir (2016). "Colloquial Arabic written in Hebrew characters on Israeli websites by Druzes (and other non-Jews)". <i>Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam</i> (43–44): 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705105228/http://taubcenter.org.il/wp-content/files_mf/arabisraelisinhighereducation.pdf">"Education and Employment Among Young Arab Israelis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Taub Center for Social Policy Studies</i>. 13 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taubcenter.org.il/wp-content/files_mf/arabisraelisinhighereducation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taub+Center+for+Social+Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=Education+and+Employment+Among+Young+Arab+Israelis&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaubcenter.org.il%2Fwp-content%2Ffiles_mf%2Farabisraelisinhighereducation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2020/230/11_20_230e.pdf">"The Moslem population of Israel: Data on the Occasion of Eid al-Adha (The Feast of the Sacrifice)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moslem+population+of+Israel%3A+Data+on+the+Occasion+of+Eid+al-Adha+%28The+Feast+of+the+Sacrifice%29&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2020%2F230%2F11_20_230e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2020/230/11_20_230e.pdf">"The Moslem population of Israel: Data on the Occasion of Eid al-Adha (The Feast of the Sacrifice)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moslem+population+of+Israel%3A+Data+on+the+Occasion+of+Eid+al-Adha+%28The+Feast+of+the+Sacrifice%29&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2020%2F230%2F11_20_230e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/400/11_19_400b.pdf">"The Christian population in Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 24 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Christian+population+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F400%2F11_19_400b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/122/11_19_122b.pdf">"The Druze population in Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 24 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+population+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F122%2F11_19_122b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2018/2.%20shnatonpopulation/st02_17.pdf">"LOCALITIES(1) AND POPULATION, BY POPULATION GROUP, DISTRICT, SUB-DISTRICT AND NATURAL REGION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CBS Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics</i>. 31 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Israeli+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=LOCALITIES%281%29+AND+POPULATION%2C+BY+POPULATION+GROUP%2C+DISTRICT%2C+SUB-DISTRICT+AND+NATURAL+REGION&rft.date=2017-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fpublications%2Fdoclib%2F2018%2F2.%2520shnatonpopulation%2Fst02_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelhem2019" class="citation web cs1">Melhem, Ahmad (11 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/04/israel-settlements-golan-heights-trump-syrians.html">"Trump paves way for Israel to expand settlements in Golan"</a>. <i>Al-Monitor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Trump+paves+way+for+Israel+to+expand+settlements+in+Golan&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft.aulast=Melhem&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2019%2F04%2Fisrael-settlements-golan-heights-trump-syrians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2019" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (23 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/world/middleeast/netanyahu-golan-heights-trump.html">"Netanyahu Seeks to Name a Golan Heights Settlement for President Trump"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+Seeks+to+Name+a+Golan+Heights+Settlement+for+President+Trump&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fnetanyahu-golan-heights-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dissent-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dissent_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dissent_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMort2012" class="citation news cs1">Mort, Jo-Ann (13 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/daydream-believers-a-saturday-in-majdal-shams-on-the-golan-heights">"Daydream Believers: A Saturday in Majdal Shams on the Golan Heights"</a>. New York: Dissent Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>...still consider themselves citizens of Syria today... Since the Israelis annexed the Golan in 1981, the Syrian Druze have been eligible for Israeli citizenship, but most reject it and instead have permanent resident status and a , with their citizenship line empty, except for a line of stars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daydream+Believers%3A+A+Saturday+in+Majdal+Shams+on+the+Golan+Heights&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft.aulast=Mort&rft.aufirst=Jo-Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Fonline_articles%2Fdaydream-believers-a-saturday-in-majdal-shams-on-the-golan-heights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoresh2024" class="citation news cs1">Horesh, Hadar (29 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themarker.com/realestate/2024-07-28/ty-article/.premium/00000190-f929-d53b-a1b6-fb3909ae0000">"למדינה היו תוכניות גדולות לעיירה מג'דל שמס - המלחמה טרפה את הקלפים"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marker" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marker">The Marker</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Marker&rft.atitle=%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95+%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%9E%D7%92%27%D7%93%D7%9C+%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A1+-+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft.aulast=Horesh&rft.aufirst=Hadar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themarker.com%2Frealestate%2F2024-07-28%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2F00000190-f929-d53b-a1b6-fb3909ae0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan_Sommer2023" class="citation news cs1">Kaplan Sommer, Allison (11 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-06-11/ty-article/.premium/the-druze-community-in-israel-explained/00000188-8c42-d3c4-afec-9ed397020000">"The Druze Community in Israel, Explained"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Druze+Community+in+Israel%2C+Explained&rft.date=2023-06-11&rft.aulast=Kaplan+Sommer&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhaaretz-explains%2F2023-06-11%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fthe-druze-community-in-israel-explained%2F00000188-8c42-d3c4-afec-9ed397020000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA_Law-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MFA_Law_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Golan+Heights+Law.htm">Golan Heights Law</a>, MFA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Wilson2006" class="citation news cs1">Scott Wilson (30 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/29/AR2006102900926.html">"Golan Heights Land, Lifestyle Lure Settlers"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Golan+Heights+Land%2C+Lifestyle+Lure+Settlers&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.au=Scott+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F10%2F29%2FAR2006102900926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Kershner2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Kershner" title="Isabel Kershner">Isabel Kershner</a> (22 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/world/middleeast/22golan.html?_r=1">"In the Golan Heights, Anxious Eyes Look East"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+Golan+Heights%2C+Anxious+Eyes+Look+East&rft.date=2011-05-22&rft.au=Isabel+Kershner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F22%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F22golan.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlan_Ben_Zion2012" class="citation news cs1">Ilan Ben Zion (5 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/with-syria-ablaze-dozens-of-golan-heights-druze-seek-israeli-citizenship/">"With Syria ablaze, dozens of Golan Heights Druze seek Israeli citizenship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=With+Syria+ablaze%2C+dozens+of+Golan+Heights+Druze+seek+Israeli+citizenship&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.au=Ilan+Ben+Zion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fwith-syria-ablaze-dozens-of-golan-heights-druze-seek-israeli-citizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/an-israeli-ethnic-minority-swears-allegiance-to-syria-but-that-s-changing-1.5453460">"This Ethnic Minority in Israel Still Swears Allegiance to Syria. But for Many Young People That's Changing"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=This+Ethnic+Minority+in+Israel+Still+Swears+Allegiance+to+Syria.+But+for+Many+Young+People+That%27s+Changing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fan-israeli-ethnic-minority-swears-allegiance-to-syria-but-that-s-changing-1.5453460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shomrim.news/eng/druze-gloan">"Shomrim - The Changing Face of the Golan: Record Number of Druze Requesting Israeli Citizenship"</a>. <i>www.shomrim.news</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shomrim.news&rft.atitle=Shomrim+-+The+Changing+Face+of+the+Golan%3A+Record+Number+of+Druze+Requesting+Israeli+Citizenship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shomrim.news%2Feng%2Fdruze-gloan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuis_Ramirez2011" class="citation news cs1">Luis Ramirez (2 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Israeli-Druze-Keep-An-Eye-Across-Fence-as-Syria-Upheaval-Unfolds-121127329.html">"Israeli Druze Keep An Eye Across Fence as Syria Upheaval Unfolds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israeli+Druze+Keep+An+Eye+Across+Fence+as+Syria+Upheaval+Unfolds&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft.au=Luis+Ramirez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2FIsraeli-Druze-Keep-An-Eye-Across-Fence-as-Syria-Upheaval-Unfolds-121127329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratford2012" class="citation news cs1">Stratford, Charles (28 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/09/20129287535962927.html">"Golan's Druze divided over Syria unrest"</a>. Majdal Shams: <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Golan%27s+Druze+divided+over+Syria+unrest&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft.aulast=Stratford&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2012%2F09%2F20129287535962927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/elections18/heb/results/data/kalpiot.csv">"Results of the elections for the 18th Knesset"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(csv)</span> (in Hebrew). Central Elections Committee.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+of+the+elections+for+the+18th+Knesset&rft.pub=Central+Elections+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Felections18%2Fheb%2Fresults%2Fdata%2Fkalpiot.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span> (eligible voters in column D). For age structure, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2007/excel/p_libud.xls">CBS.gov.il publications</a>. For population, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuv2008/bycode.xls">CBS.gov.il Ishuvim</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121034856/http://cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuv2008/bycode.xls">Archived</a> 21 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shomrim.news/eng/druze-gloan">"Shomrim - The Changing Face of the Golan: Record Number of Druze Requesting Israeli Citizenship"</a>. <i>www.shomrim.news</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shomrim.news&rft.atitle=Shomrim+-+The+Changing+Face+of+the+Golan%3A+Record+Number+of+Druze+Requesting+Israeli+Citizenship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shomrim.news%2Feng%2Fdruze-gloan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew1-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/religious-commitment/">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Religious commitment"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society%3A+Religious+commitment&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Freligious-commitment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idi.org.il/media/8292/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%93-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA-2016-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D.pdf">"Israel of Citizens Arab of Attitudes: Index Democracy Israeli"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Israel Democracy Institute. 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+of+Citizens+Arab+of+Attitudes%3A+Index+Democracy+Israeli&rft.pub=Israel+Democracy+Institute&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idi.org.il%2Fmedia%2F8292%2F%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2593-%25D7%2594%25D7%2593%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%2594-%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA-2016-%25D7%25A2%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2590%25D7%2596%25D7%25A8%25D7%2597%25D7%2599-%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C-%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%259D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew3-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew3_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/intergroup-marriage-and-friendship/">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Inter group marriage and friendship"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society%3A+Inter+group+marriage+and+friendship&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fintergroup-marriage-and-friendship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/03/Israel-Survey-Full-Report.pdf">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2016%2F03%2FIsrael-Survey-Full-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew4-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew4_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew4_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew4_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew4_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew4_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/identity/">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society: Identity"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society%3A+Identity&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fidentity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jiryis-1969-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_96-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabri_Jiryis1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabri_Jiryis" title="Sabri Jiryis">Sabri Jiryis</a> (1969) [second impression]. <i>The Arabs in Israel</i>. The Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-377-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-377-2"><bdi>978-0-85345-377-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-377-2&rft.au=Sabri+Jiryis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Index_Democracy_Israeli-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Index_Democracy_Israeli_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Index_Democracy_Israeli_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Index_Democracy_Israeli_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idi.org.il/media/8292/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%93-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA-2016-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D.pdf">Israel of Citizens Arab of Attitudes: Index Democracy Israeli 2016 The</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro1999" class="citation book cs1">Firro, Kais (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owhg2R8Ndy8C&pg=PA9"><i>The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 9, 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11251-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11251-0"><bdi>90-04-11251-0</bdi></a>. <q>(a) Druze ethnicity and ethnic issues still are instruments in the hands of Israel government officials as well as interested parties among the Druze elite. And, of course, with an ethnie as pronounced as that of the Druze, there was from the start a ready "core" that could be made use of and a plethora of "givens" in which to embed new "invented traditions". (b) The timing of the articles just when the process of separating the Druze from the other Arabs in Israel was in full swing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes+in+the+Jewish+State%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pages=9%2C+171&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11251-0&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dowhg2R8Ndy8C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingrod1985" class="citation book cs1">Weingrod, Alex (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIYlFNR7hUcC&pg=PA259"><i>Studies in Israeli Ethnicity: After the Ingathering</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 259–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88124-007-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88124-007-2"><bdi>978-2-88124-007-2</bdi></a>. <q>This subdivision of the Arab population enables the administration to relate to the non-Jewish minority in Israel as if it lacks any overall Arab identity, and specifically to the Druze as if they are at once Arabs and non-Arabs. An analysis of this situation which sees Druze ethnicity simply as an internally generated product of Druze history and culture, or as a product of some independent Druze strategy, and which ignores the nature of the Israeli State, is bound to obscure the latter's manipulative role in the generation of political consciousness." Jonathan Oppenheimer, "The Druze in Israel as Arabs and non-Arabs:Manipulation of Categories of Identity in a non-Civil State,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Israeli+Ethnicity%3A+After+the+Ingathering&rft.pages=259-279&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-2-88124-007-2&rft.aulast=Weingrod&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIYlFNR7hUcC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walla!-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walla!_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walla!_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShtern2008" class="citation news cs1">Shtern, Yoav (4 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828113051/http://news.walla.co.il/item/1243983">"רה"מ לדרוזים: לא עוד ברית דמים, אלא ברית חיים [PM to Druze: No more blood pact, but life pact]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Walla!" class="mw-redirect" title="Walla!">Walla!</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.walla.co.il/item/1243983">the original</a> on 28 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Walla%21&rft.atitle=%D7%A8%D7%94%22%D7%9E+%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D%2C+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%5BPM+to+Druze%3A+No+more+blood+pact%2C+but+life+pact%5D&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft.aulast=Shtern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.walla.co.il%2Fitem%2F1243983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ynet-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3514638,00.html">"Study: 94% of Druze in Israel define themselves as Druze-Israeli"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a></i>. 4 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=Study%3A+94%25+of+Druze+in+Israel+define+themselves+as+Druze-Israeli&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3514638%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>Virtually all Muslims (99%) and Christians (96%) surveyed in Israel identify as Arab. A somewhat smaller share of Druze (71%) say they are ethnically Arab. Other Druze respondents identify their ethnicity as "Other," "Druze" or "Druze-Arab."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fisraels-religiously-divided-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro2006" class="citation news cs1">Firro, Kais (15 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210256/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/">"Druze Herev Battalion Fights 32 Days With No Casualties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnn.com/news.php3?id=110102">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Druze+Herev+Battalion+Fights+32+Days+With+No+Casualties&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnn.com%2Fnews.php3%3Fid%3D110102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé2006277_104-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappé2006">Pappé 2006</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2011" class="citation news cs1">Stern, Yoav (3 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/elections-2009-druze-likely-to-comprise-5-of-next-knesset-despite-small-population-1.266977">"Elections 2009 / Druze likely to comprise 5% of next Knesset, despite small population"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Elections+2009+%2F+Druze+likely+to+comprise+5%25+of+next+Knesset%2C+despite+small+population&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Felections-2009-druze-likely-to-comprise-5-of-next-knesset-despite-small-population-1.266977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2008" class="citation news cs1">Christensen, John (15 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123121/http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2008/11/15/mansour.html">"Consul General is an Arab Who Represents Israel Well"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Journal-Constitution">Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2008/11/15/mansour.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Consul+General+is+an+Arab+Who+Represents+Israel+Well&rft.date=2008-11-15&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fservices%2Fcontent%2Fprintedition%2F2008%2F11%2F15%2Fmansour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKais_Firro1999" class="citation book cs1">Kais Firro (1999). <i>The Druzes in the Jewish state: a brief history</i>. Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic Pub</a>. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004112513" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004112513"><bdi>978-9004112513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes+in+the+Jewish+state%3A+a+brief+history&rft.series=Social%2C+Economic+and+Political+Studies+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9004112513&rft.au=Kais+Firro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordechai_Nisan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Nisan" title="Mordechai Nisan">Mordechai Nisan</a> (2002). <i>Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786413751" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786413751"><bdi>978-0786413751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+the+Middle+East%3A+a+history+of+struggle+and+self-expression&rft.pages=109&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0786413751&rft.au=Mordechai+Nisan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_M._Landau1993" class="citation book cs1">Jacob M. Landau (1993). <i>The Arab minority in Israel, 1967–1991: political aspects</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198277125" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198277125"><bdi>978-0198277125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+minority+in+Israel%2C+1967%E2%80%931991%3A+political+aspects&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0198277125&rft.au=Jacob+M.+Landau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eli_Ashkenazi-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eli_Ashkenazi_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eli_Ashkenazi_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEli_Ashkenazi2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eli Ashkenazi (3 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1054873"><bdi lang="he">הרצל והתקווה בחגיגות 30 לתנועה הדרוזית הציונית</bdi></a> [Herzl and hope in celebrating 30 (years of the) Druze Zionist movement]. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA+30+%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft.au=Eli+Ashkenazi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fmisc%2F1.1054873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2007" class="citation news cs1">Stern, Yoav (1 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/druze-circassian-forum-israel-should-remain-a-jewish-state-1.214417">"Druze, Circassian forum: Israel should remain a Jewish state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Druze%2C+Circassian+forum%3A+Israel+should+remain+a+Jewish+state&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdruze-circassian-forum-israel-should-remain-a-jewish-state-1.214417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamar_Odeh2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Samar Odeh (9 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135621/http://radiohaifa.mediacast.co.il/article.aspx?id=5252"><bdi lang="he">הציונות הדרוזית היא אהבת מדינת ישראל והתרומה למדינת ישראל</bdi></a> [Druze Zionism is the love of the state of Israel and contribution to the state of Israel] (in Hebrew). Radio Haifa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiohaifa.mediacast.co.il/article.aspx?id=5252">the original</a> on 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%90+%D7%90%D7%94%D7%91%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.date=2009-12-09&rft.au=Samar+Odeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiohaifa.mediacast.co.il%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D5252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaakov_Lappin2015" class="citation news cs1">Yaakov Lappin (15 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/To-promote-integration-IDF-shuts-down-Druse-battalion-403420">"To promote integration, IDF shuts down Druse battalion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=To+promote+integration%2C+IDF+shuts+down+Druse+battalion&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft.au=Yaakov+Lappin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FTo-promote-integration-IDF-shuts-down-Druse-battalion-403420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[56 years of Druze soldiers serving in the IDF] Rotem Pesso, 03/05/2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDMC-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IDMC_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903022121/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/%28httpEnvelopes%29/F11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276?OpenDocument">"Internal Displacement Monitoring Center – Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 3 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internal+Displacement+Monitoring+Center+%E2%80%93+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internal-displacement.org%2Fidmc%2Fwebsite%2Fcountries.nsf%2F%28httpEnvelopes%29%2FF11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/the_middle_east_journal/v064/64.4.nisan.pdf">"The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship, and Patriotism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+Israel%3A+Questions+of+Identity%2C+Citizenship%2C+and+Patriotism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Furi%3D%2Fjournals%2Fthe_middle_east_journal%2Fv064%2F64.4.nisan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian_Arabs-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christian_Arabs_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2005" class="citation news cs1">Stern, Yoav (23 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210000545/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=555549">"Christian Arabs / Second in a series – Israel's Christian Arabs don't want to fight to fit in"</a>. Haaretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=555549">the original</a> on 10 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Christian+Arabs+%2F+Second+in+a+series+%E2%80%93+Israel%27s+Christian+Arabs+don%27t+want+to+fight+to+fit+in&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D555549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro2006" class="citation news cs1">Firro, Kais (15 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210256/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/">"Druze Herev Battalion Fights 32 Days With No Casualties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnn.com/news.php3?id=110102">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Druze+Herev+Battalion+Fights+32+Days+With+No+Casualties&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnn.com%2Fnews.php3%3Fid%3D110102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisan2015" class="citation book cs1">Nisan, Mordechai (2015). <i>Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed</i>. McFarland. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786451333" title="Special:BookSources/9780786451333"><bdi>9780786451333</bdi></a>. <q>This Jewish-Druze partnership was often referred to as a "covenant of blood," in recognition of the common military yoke carried by the two peoples for the security of the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+the+Middle+East%3A+A+History+of+Struggle+and+Self-Expression%2C+2d+ed.&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780786451333&rft.aulast=Nisan&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasisWeisburd2015" class="citation book cs1">Hasis, Badi; Weisburd, David (2015). <i>Policing in Israel: Studying Crime Control, Community, and Counterterrorism</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498722575" title="Special:BookSources/9781498722575"><bdi>9781498722575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+in+Israel%3A+Studying+Crime+Control%2C+Community%2C+and+Counterterrorism&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781498722575&rft.aulast=Hasis&rft.aufirst=Badi&rft.au=Weisburd%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim_2000-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim_2000_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim_2000_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2000" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, Ibtisam (2000). <i>Israel's "ethnic Project" in the City of Shafa-amr: Particularization of Identity Along Religious Lines</i>. University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 170-175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789651905889" title="Special:BookSources/9789651905889"><bdi>9789651905889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+%22ethnic+Project%22+in+the+City+of+Shafa-amr%3A+Particularization+of+Identity+Along+Religious+Lines&rft.pages=170-175&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789651905889&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Ibtisam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavron2008" class="citation book cs1">Gavron, Daniel (2008). <i>Holy Land Mosaic: Stories of Cooperation and Coexistence Between Israelis and Palestinians</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742540132" title="Special:BookSources/9780742540132"><bdi>9780742540132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Land+Mosaic%3A+Stories+of+Cooperation+and+Coexistence+Between+Israelis+and+Palestinians&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780742540132&rft.aulast=Gavron&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volk_2010_95-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volk_2010_95_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolk2010" class="citation book cs1">Volk, Lucia (2010). <i>Memorials and Martyrs in Modern Lebanon</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253004925" title="Special:BookSources/9780253004925"><bdi>9780253004925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+and+Martyrs+in+Modern+Lebanon&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780253004925&rft.aulast=Volk&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz.com-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4744244">Druze-Christian Clashes Cool Off in Maghar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGahern_2013-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGahern_2013_125-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGahern2013" class="citation book cs1">McGahern, Una (2013). <i>Palestinian Christians in Israel: State Attitudes towards Non-Muslims in a Jewish State</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136656804" title="Special:BookSources/9781136656804"><bdi>9781136656804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Christians+in+Israel%3A+State+Attitudes+towards+Non-Muslims+in+a+Jewish+State&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136656804&rft.aulast=McGahern&rft.aufirst=Una&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmermann_2014_84-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmermann_2014_84_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann2014" class="citation book cs1">Zimmermann, Jens (2014). <i>Christians and the Middle East Conflict</i>. Routledge. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317801115" title="Special:BookSources/9781317801115"><bdi>9781317801115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+the+Middle+East+Conflict&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317801115&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadwa_N._Kirrish_1992-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fadwa_N._Kirrish_1992_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fadwa N. Kirrish, "Druze Ethnicity in the Golan Heights: The Interface of Religion and Politics," Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 13.1 (1992), 122–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStierKhattabMiaari2023" class="citation book cs1">Stier, Haya; Khattab, Nabil; Miaari, Sami (15 August 2023). <i>Socioeconomic Inequality in Israel: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis</i>. USA. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503636132" title="Special:BookSources/9781503636132"><bdi>9781503636132</bdi></a>. <q>Christians have, on average, higher educational achievements, marry at an older age, have fewer children, and enjoy larger income... Druze and Muslims share many cultural patterns, and they have a similar socioeconomic standing, but while Druze males have to serve in the military, Muslim men (as well as Christian) do not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socioeconomic+Inequality+in+Israel%3A+A+Theoretical+and+Empirical+Analysis&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2023-08-15&rft.isbn=9781503636132&rft.aulast=Stier&rft.aufirst=Haya&rft.au=Khattab%2C+Nabil&rft.au=Miaari%2C+Sami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordechai_Nisan2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Nisan" title="Mordechai Nisan">Mordechai Nisan</a> (Autumn 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/the_middle_east_journal/v064/64.4.nisan.html">"The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship, and Patriotism"</a>. <i>The Middle East Journal</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 575–596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3751%2F64.4.14">10.3751/64.4.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144704071">144704071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Druze+in+Israel%3A+Questions+of+Identity%2C+Citizenship%2C+and+Patriotism&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=575-596&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3751%2F64.4.14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144704071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Mordechai+Nisan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fthe_middle_east_journal%2Fv064%2F64.4.nisan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé2006" class="citation book cs1">Pappé, Ilan (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethniccleansingo00papp"><i>The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine</i></a></span>. Oneworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-555-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-555-4"><bdi>978-1-85168-555-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Palestine&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-555-4&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethniccleansingo00papp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze+in+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Druze" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Druze_footer" title="Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druze_footer" title="Template talk:Druze footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druze_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Druze" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Al-Muwahhidūn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muwahhid_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhid Muslim">Mowahhid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahl_at-Tawh%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl at-Tawhīd">Ahl at-Tawhīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">Divine call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Esotericism" title="Druze">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Druze" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Durzi pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Druze Star"><img alt="The Druze Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/110px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/165px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/220px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_al-Tanukhi" title="Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi">Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">Muhammad al-Darazī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (<i>Rasa'il al-Hikma</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Khalwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Khalwa (page does not exist)">Druze Khalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat al-Bayada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khidr_Festival" title="Al-Khidr Festival">Al-Khidr Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid Al Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292%E2%80%931305)" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">1838 Druze Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Druze in Mandatory Palestine">Druze in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhideen">Jaysh al-Muwahhideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prophets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationship with<br /> other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite-Druze_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maronite-Druze dualism (page does not exist)">Maronite-Druze dualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Druze">Islam and Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Druze">Judaism and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze Zionist movement">Druze Zionism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Druze communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syrian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanese Druze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Jordanian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Location" title="Druze">Druze diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_Jawad_Walieddine" title="Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine">Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Atrash" title="Al-Atrash">Al-Atrash clan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din_dynasty" title="Alam al-Din dynasty">Alam al-Din dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Tarif" title="Amin Tarif">Amin Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Arabic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Arabic dialect (page does not exist)">Druze Arabic dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze cuisine">Druze cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumblatt_family" title="Jumblatt family">Jumblatt family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Druze" title="List of Israeli Druze">List of Israeli Druze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Arslan" title="Majid Arslan">Majid Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowafaq_Tarif" title="Mowafaq Tarif">Mowafaq Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Persecution of Druze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Druze" title="Category:Druze">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_citizens_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_citizens_of_Israel_footer" title="Template:Arab citizens of Israel footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_citizens_of_Israel_footer" title="Template talk:Arab citizens of Israel footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_citizens_of_Israel_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab citizens of Israel footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_citizens_of_Israel" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nakba" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nakba">al-Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_land_and_property_laws" title="Israeli land and property laws">Israeli land and property laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Day" title="Land Day">Land Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Pitchforks" title="Night of the Pitchforks">Night of the Pitchforks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2000_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2000 riots">October 2000 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious Groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Israel">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Druzism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_citizens_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian citizens of Israel">Palestinian citizens of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Arab Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel#Settled" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Madani and Fellahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Israel" title="Lebanese people in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Arab areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Arab localities in Israel">Arab localities in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">Triangle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Ara" title="Wadi Ara">Wadi Ara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab-Israeli_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab-Israeli culture (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Dawn_in_the_Negev" title="A New Dawn in the Negev">A New Dawn in the Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(legal_center)" title="Adalah (legal center)">Adalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Midan_Theater" title="Al-Midan Theater">Al-Midan Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tufula_Center" title="Al-Tufula Center">Al-Tufula Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_and_Druze_Scouts_Movement" title="Arab and Druze Scouts Movement">Arab and Druze Scouts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Colony,_Haifa" title="German Colony, Haifa">German colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami,_Jaffa" title="Ajami, Jaffa">Ajami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Arab_Center" title="Jewish-Arab Center">Jewish-Arab Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Yasif" class="mw-redirect" title="Kfar Yasif">Kfar Yasif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_(Israeli_newspaper)" title="Al-Madina (Israeli newspaper)">Al-Madina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_(Israeli_newspaper)" title="Al-Ittihad (Israeli newspaper)">Al-Ittihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_33_(Israel)" title="Channel 33 (Israel)">Channel 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I24NEWS" class="mw-redirect" title="I24NEWS">I24NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kul_al-Arab" title="Kul al-Arab">Kul al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makan_33" title="Makan 33">Makan 33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_(film)" title="Ajami (film)">Ajami (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Orchestra_of_Nazareth" title="Arab Orchestra of Nazareth">Arab Orchestra of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Labor" title="Arab Labor">Arab Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Trumpet_in_the_Wadi" title="A Trumpet in the Wadi">A Trumpet in the Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_a_Disappearance" title="Chronicle of a Disappearance">Chronicle of a Disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Arabs_(novel)" title="Dancing Arabs (novel)">Dancing Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Intervention_(2002_film)" title="Divine Intervention (2002 film)">Divine Intervention (2002 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Between_(2016_film)" title="In Between (2016 film)">In Between (2016 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Syrian_Bride" title="The Syrian Bride">The Syrian Bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Time_That_Remains" title="The Time That Remains">The Time That Remains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_satellite_lists" title="Arab satellite lists">Arab satellite lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Development" title="Agriculture and Development">Agriculture and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Party_(Israel)" title="Arab Democratic Party (Israel)">Arab Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_List_for_Bedouin_and_Villagers" title="Arab List for Bedouin and Villagers">Arab List for Bedouin and Villagers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_National_Party" title="Arab National Party">Arab National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_(political_party)" title="Balad (political party)">Balad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_Olam" title="Brit Olam">Brit Olam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_and_Brotherhood" title="Cooperation and Brotherhood">Cooperation and Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_and_Development" title="Cooperation and Development">Cooperation and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27am_Workers_Party" title="Da'am Workers Party">Da'am Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_List_for_Israeli_Arabs" title="Democratic List for Israeli Arabs">Democratic List for Israeli Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_List_of_Nazareth" title="Democratic List of Nazareth">Democratic List of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadash" title="Hadash">Hadash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihud_Bnei_HaBrit" title="Ihud Bnei HaBrit">Ihud Bnei HaBrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_in_Israel" title="Islamic Movement in Israel">Islamic Movement in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Arab_Brotherhood" title="Jewish–Arab Brotherhood">Jewish–Arab Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_List" title="Joint List">Joint List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_Bloc" title="Popular Arab Bloc">Popular Arab Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Development" title="Progress and Development">Progress and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Work" title="Progress and Work">Progress and Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_National_Alliance" title="Progressive National Alliance">Progressive National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27al" title="Ta'al">Ta'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List_(1977)" title="United Arab List (1977)">United Arab List (1977)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beitar_al-Amal_Nazareth_F.C." title="Beitar al-Amal Nazareth F.C.">Beitar al-Amal Nazareth F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Sakhnin_F.C." title="Bnei Sakhnin F.C.">Bnei Sakhnin F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnot_Sakhnin_F.C." title="Bnot Sakhnin F.C.">Bnot Sakhnin F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.C._al-Nahda_Nazareth" title="F.C. al-Nahda Nazareth">F.C. al-Nahda Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.C._Bnei_M.M.B.E._HaGolan_VeHaGalil" title="F.C. Bnei M.M.B.E. HaGolan VeHaGalil">F.C. Bnei M.M.B.E. HaGolan VeHaGalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.C._Tzeirei_Rahat" title="F.C. Tzeirei Rahat">F.C. Tzeirei Rahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapoel_al-Ittihad_Nazareth_F.C." title="Hapoel al-Ittihad Nazareth F.C.">Hapoel al-Ittihad Nazareth F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Rahat_F.C." title="Hapoel Rahat F.C.">Hapoel Rahat F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Ahva_Yarka_F.C." title="Maccabi Ahva Yarka F.C.">Maccabi Ahva Yarka F.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Israel_Bank" title="Arab Israel Bank">Arab Israel Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Arabic language in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_threat" title="Demographic threat">Demographic threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Follow-Up_Committee_for_Arab_Citizens_of_Israel" title="High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel">High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Arab_Scouts_Association" title="Israel Arab Scouts Association">Israel Arab Scouts Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_Arab_Warriors" title="Israel's Arab Warriors">Israel's Arab Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze_Faction" title="Israeli Druze Faction">Israeli Druze Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="List of Arab citizens of Israel">List of Arab citizens of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Arab_Muslims" title="List of Israeli Arab Muslims">List of Israeli Arab Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Arab_Christians" title="List of Israeli Arab Christians">List of Israeli Arab Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Druze" title="List of Israeli Druze">List of Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka">Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_Vision_of_the_Palestinian_Arabs_in_Israel" title="The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel">The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsofen" title="Tsofen">Tsofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_Bedouin_villages_in_Israel" title="Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel">Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/16px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/24px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Category:Arab citizens of Israel">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Template:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israelis by religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Israel">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Druzism</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahai_faith_in_israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahai faith in israel">Bahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Israel" title="Hinduism in Israel">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Israel">Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ashkenazi Jews in Israel">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Romanian Jews in Israel">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mizrahi Jews in Israel">Mizrahim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bukharan Jews in Israel">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Georgian Jews in Israel">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iraqi Jews in Israel">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iranian Jews in Israel">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Kurdish Jews in Israel">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Moroccan Jews in Israel">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mountain Jews in Israel">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews_in_Israel" title="Yemenite Jews in Israel">Yemenite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bulgarian Jews in Israel">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Moroccan Jews in Israel">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Turkish Jews in Israel">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism#Karaites_today" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Indian Jews in Israel">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Menashe" title="Bnei Menashe">Bnei Menashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Ephraim" title="Bene Ephraim">Bene Ephraim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Arab Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel#Settled" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Madani and Fellahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin#Israel" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_Bedouin" title="Galilee Bedouin">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Negev</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Druze</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Israel" title="Lebanese people in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Semitic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans_in_Israel" title="Arameans in Israel">Arameans</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other non-Semitic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Israel" title="Dutch people in Israel">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Israel" title="Indians in Israel">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Israel" title="Russians in Israel">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushnak" title="Bushnak">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_refugees_in_Israel" title="Vietnamese refugees in Israel">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem">African-American Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Israel" title="Filipinos in Israel">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Israel" title="Greeks in Israel">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Israel" title="Kurds in Israel">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_workers_in_Israel" title="Palestinian workers in Israel">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Israel" title="Doms in Israel">Doms (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Druze have a <i>status aparte</i> from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957.</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Arameans have a <i>status aparte</i> from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Israel" title="Template:Religion in Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Israel" title="Template talk:Religion in Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion in Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sepharadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masortim" title="Masortim">Masortim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Amman" title="Armenian Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Amman">Armenian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Territory_of_Jerusalem" title="Chaldean Catholic Territory of Jerusalem">Chaldean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Haifa_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li>Melkite Greek Catholic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka">Akka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarchal_Dependent_Territory_of_Jerusalem" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchal Dependent Territory of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem">Syriac Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel#Eastern_Orthodox" title="Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Israel" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Israel">Russian Orthodox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel#Oriental_Orthodox" title="Christianity in Israel">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark,_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Saint Mark, Jerusalem">Syriac Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem">Coptic Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidane_Mehret_Church,_Jerusalem" title="Kidane Mehret Church, Jerusalem">Ethiopian Tewahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel#Protestants" title="Christianity in Israel">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christian_movement" title="Hebrew Christian movement">Hebrew Christian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Jordan_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templers_(Radical_Pietist_sect)" title="Templers (Radical Pietist sect)">Templers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">The Church of Almighty God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">Black Hebrews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Israel" title="Hinduism in Israel">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Israel" title="Irreligion in Israel">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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