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<span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GT_abbreviation_in_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GT_abbreviation_in_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>GT</i> abbreviation in marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GT_abbreviation_in_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Championships_and_other_GT_racing_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Championships_and_other_GT_racing_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World Championships and other GT racing series</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_Championships_and_other_GT_racing_series-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World Championships and other GT racing series subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_Championships_and_other_GT_racing_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_World_Championship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_World_Championship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Current World Championship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_World_Championship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_World_Championships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_World_Championships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Former World Championships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_World_Championships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_GT_racing_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_GT_racing_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other GT racing series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_GT_racing_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_grand_tourers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_grand_tourers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples of grand tourers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_grand_tourers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_the_gran_turismo_car" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_the_gran_turismo_car"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolution of the <i>gran turismo</i> car</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_of_the_gran_turismo_car-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution of the <i>gran turismo</i> car subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_the_gran_turismo_car-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1929_Alfa_Romeo_6C_1750_GT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929_Alfa_Romeo_6C_1750_GT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1929 Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 GT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929_Alfa_Romeo_6C_1750_GT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1935_Fiat_508_Balilla_S_berlinetta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1935_Fiat_508_Balilla_S_berlinetta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1935 Fiat 508 Balilla S <i>berlinetta</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1935_Fiat_508_Balilla_S_berlinetta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947_Cisitalia_202_SC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947_Cisitalia_202_SC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>1947 Cisitalia 202 SC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947_Cisitalia_202_SC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947_Maserati_A6_1500" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947_Maserati_A6_1500"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>1947 Maserati A6 1500</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947_Maserati_A6_1500-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949_Ferrari_166_Inter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949_Ferrari_166_Inter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>1949 Ferrari 166 Inter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949_Ferrari_166_Inter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1951_Ferrari_212_Export" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1951_Ferrari_212_Export"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>1951 Ferrari 212 Export</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1951_Ferrari_212_Export-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1951_Lancia_Aurelia_B20_GT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1951_Lancia_Aurelia_B20_GT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>1951 Lancia Aurelia B20 GT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1951_Lancia_Aurelia_B20_GT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952_Fiat_8V_"Otto_Vu"_Zagato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952_Fiat_8V_"Otto_Vu"_Zagato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>1952 Fiat 8V "Otto Vu" Zagato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952_Fiat_8V_"Otto_Vu"_Zagato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1954_Mercedes-Benz_300SL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1954_Mercedes-Benz_300SL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>1954 Mercedes-Benz 300SL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1954_Mercedes-Benz_300SL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1956_Ferrari_250_GT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1956_Ferrari_250_GT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>1956 Ferrari 250 GT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1956_Ferrari_250_GT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impact of racing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_racing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact of racing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1937–1948_CSAI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1937–1948_CSAI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1937–1948 CSAI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1937–1948_CSAI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949_Coppa_Inter-Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949_Coppa_Inter-Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>1949 Coppa Inter-Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949_Coppa_Inter-Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950_Mille_Miglia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950_Mille_Miglia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>1950 Mille Miglia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950_Mille_Miglia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950_Coppa_Inter-Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950_Coppa_Inter-Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>1950 Coppa Inter-Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950_Coppa_Inter-Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950_Targa_Florio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950_Targa_Florio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>1950 Targa Florio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950_Targa_Florio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1951_Campionato_Gran_Turismo_Internazionale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1951_Campionato_Gran_Turismo_Internazionale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>1951 Campionato Gran Turismo Internazionale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1951_Campionato_Gran_Turismo_Internazionale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1954_FIA_Appendix_J" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1954_FIA_Appendix_J"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>1954 FIA Appendix J</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1954_FIA_Appendix_J-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1962–1965_International_Championship_for_GT_Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1962–1965_International_Championship_for_GT_Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>1962–1965 International Championship for GT Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1962–1965_International_Championship_for_GT_Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cobra_Ferrari_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cobra_Ferrari_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.1</span> <span>Cobra Ferrari wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cobra_Ferrari_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_grand_tourers_1946–1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_grand_tourers_1946–1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>British grand tourers 1946–1963</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_grand_tourers_1946–1963-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle British grand tourers 1946–1963 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_grand_tourers_1946–1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1946_Healey_Elliot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946_Healey_Elliot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>1946 Healey Elliot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946_Healey_Elliot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947_Bristol_400–406" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947_Bristol_400–406"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>1947 Bristol 400–406</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947_Bristol_400–406-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1953_Aston_Martin_DB2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1953_Aston_Martin_DB2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>1953 Aston Martin DB2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1953_Aston_Martin_DB2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grand tourer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سيارة سياحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيارة سياحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_turismu" title="Gran turismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran turismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turisme" title="Gran Turisme – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gran Turisme" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Гран туризмо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гран туризмо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(automobil)" title="Gran Turismo (automobil) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gran Turismo (automobil)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grand tourer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo" title="Gran Turismo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gran Turismo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_turismo_(autom%C3%B3vil)" title="Gran turismo (automóvil) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran turismo (automóvil)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT_automobil" title="GT automobil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GT automobil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خودروی جی‌تی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودروی جی‌تی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tourisme" title="Grand tourisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand tourisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_turismo" title="Gran turismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran turismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GT%EC%B9%B4" title="GT카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="GT카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grand tourer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(automobile)" title="Gran Turismo (automobile) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gran Turismo (automobile)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95" title="גראן טוריסמו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גראן טוריסמו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo" title="Gran Turismo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gran Turismo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_turismo_(auto)" title="Gran turismo (auto) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gran turismo (auto)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2" title="グランツーリスモ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グランツーリスモ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grand tourer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo" title="Gran Turismo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gran Turismo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grand tourer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_turismo_(automobilismo)" title="Gran turismo (automobilismo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gran turismo (automobilismo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Gran Turismo (авто) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Gran Turismo (авто)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand tourer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grand tourer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(autotyyppi)" title="Gran Turismo (autotyyppi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gran Turismo (autotyyppi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_turismo" title="Gran turismo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gran turismo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tourer" title="Grand Tourer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grand Tourer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Гран-турізмо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High-performance luxury car</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For similar terms, see <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grand Tour (disambiguation)">Grand Tour (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the early type of car without a fixed roof, see <a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring car</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">supercar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancia_Aurelia_GT_B20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lancia_Aurelia_GT_B20.jpg/250px-Lancia_Aurelia_GT_B20.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lancia_Aurelia_GT_B20.jpg/375px-Lancia_Aurelia_GT_B20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lancia_Aurelia_GT_B20.jpg/500px-Lancia_Aurelia_GT_B20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1951 <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Aurelia" title="Lancia Aurelia">Lancia Aurelia B20 GT</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1955_Mercedes-Benz_300SL_Gullwing_Coupe_34_right.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1955_Mercedes-Benz_300SL_Gullwing_Coupe_34_right.jpg/250px-1955_Mercedes-Benz_300SL_Gullwing_Coupe_34_right.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1955_Mercedes-Benz_300SL_Gullwing_Coupe_34_right.jpg/375px-1955_Mercedes-Benz_300SL_Gullwing_Coupe_34_right.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1955_Mercedes-Benz_300SL_Gullwing_Coupe_34_right.jpg/500px-1955_Mercedes-Benz_300SL_Gullwing_Coupe_34_right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1955 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL">Mercedes-Benz 300SL Gullwing</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1958_Maserati_3500_GT_coup%C3%A9_-_white_-_fvr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1958_Maserati_3500_GT_coup%C3%A9_-_white_-_fvr.jpg/250px-1958_Maserati_3500_GT_coup%C3%A9_-_white_-_fvr.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1958_Maserati_3500_GT_coup%C3%A9_-_white_-_fvr.jpg/375px-1958_Maserati_3500_GT_coup%C3%A9_-_white_-_fvr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1958_Maserati_3500_GT_coup%C3%A9_-_white_-_fvr.jpg/500px-1958_Maserati_3500_GT_coup%C3%A9_-_white_-_fvr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1960 <a href="/wiki/Maserati_3500_GT" title="Maserati 3500 GT">Maserati 3500 GT</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aston_Martin_DB5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aston_Martin_DB5.jpg/250px-Aston_Martin_DB5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aston_Martin_DB5.jpg/375px-Aston_Martin_DB5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Aston_Martin_DB5.jpg/500px-Aston_Martin_DB5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1963 <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB5" title="Aston Martin DB5">Aston Martin DB5</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>grand tourer</b> (<b>GT</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">car</a> that is designed for high speed and long-distance driving with performance and luxury.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common format is a <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">front-engine, rear-wheel-drive</a> two-door <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a> with either a two-seat or a <a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a> arrangement. Grand tourers are often the coupé derivative of <a href="/wiki/Luxury_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury vehicle">luxury</a> <a href="/wiki/Saloon_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saloon (car)">saloons</a> or sedans. Some models, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250_GT" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrari 250 GT">Ferrari 250 GT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_E-Type" title="Jaguar E-Type">Jaguar E-Type</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB5" title="Aston Martin DB5">Aston Martin DB5</a>, are considered classic examples of <i>gran turismo</i> cars. </p><p>The term is a near-<a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> phrase <i>gran turismo</i>, which became popular in the English language in the 1950s, evolving from fast <a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">touring cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streamliner" title="Streamliner">streamlined</a> closed sports cars during the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_in_Europe">Origin in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grand touring car concept originated in Europe in the early 1950s,<sup id="cite_ref-:27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially with the 1951 introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Aurelia" title="Lancia Aurelia">Lancia Aurelia B20 GT</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dawson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and features notable luminaries of Italian automotive history such as <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Jano" title="Vittorio Jano">Vittorio Jano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lurani" title="Giovanni Lurani">Johnny Lurani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsports</a> became important in the evolution of the grand touring concept, and grand touring entries are important in <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">endurance sports-car racing</a>. The grand touring definition implies material differences in performance, speed, comfort, and amenities between elite cars and those of ordinary motorists. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">post-war</a> United States, manufacturers were less inclined to adopt the "ethos of the GT car",<sup id="cite_ref-dawson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preferring to build cars "suited to their <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">long, straight, smooth roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">labor-saving lifestyles</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-dawson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with wide availability of powerful <a href="/wiki/Straight-six_engine" title="Straight-six engine">straight-six</a> and <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8 engines</a> in all price-ranges like the 1955–1965 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_300_letter_series" title="Chrysler 300 letter series">Chrysler 300</a>. Despite this, the United States, enjoying early <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">post-war economic expansion</a>, became the largest market for European grand-touring cars,<sup id="cite_ref-dawson_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supplying transportation for movie stars, celebrities and the <a href="/wiki/Jet_set" title="Jet set">jet set</a>; notably the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL">Mercedes-Benz 300 SL</a> (imported by <a href="/wiki/Max_Hoffman" title="Max Hoffman">Max Hoffman</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XK120" title="Jaguar XK120">Jaguar XK120</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">berlinettas</a></i> (imported by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Chinetti" title="Luigi Chinetti">Luigi Chinetti</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classic grand-touring cars from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">post-war era</a> especially, have since become valuable cars among wealthy collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within ten years, grand touring cars found success penetrating the new American <a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">personal luxury car</a> market.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>grand tourer</i>, <i>gran turismo</i>, <i>grande routière</i>, and <i>GT</i> are among the most misused terms in motoring.<sup id="cite_ref-dawson_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grand touring designation generally "means motoring at speed, in style, safety, and comfort".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Purists define <i>gran turismo</i> as the enjoyment, excitement and comfort of open-road touring."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sam Dawson, news editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_Cars_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Cars (magazine)">Classic Cars</a></i>, "the ideal is of a car with the ability to cross a continent at speed and in comfort yet provide driving thrills when demanded" and it should exhibit the following:<sup id="cite_ref-dawson_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The engines "should be able to cope with cruising comfortably at the upper limits on all continental roads without drawbacks or loss of usable power".</li> <li>"Ideally, the GT car should have been devised by its progenitors as a Grand Tourer, with all associated considerations in mind."</li> <li>"It should be able to transport at least two comfortably with their luggage and have room to spare — probably in the form of a two plus two seating arrangement."</li> <li>The design, both "inside and out, should be geared toward complete control by the driver".</li> <li>Its "chassis and <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a> provide suitable handling and roadholding on all routes" during travels.</li></ul> <p>Grand tourers emphasize comfort and handling over straight-out high performance or <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a>, spartan accommodations. In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports cars</a> (also a "much abused and confused term") are typically more "crude" compared to "sophisticated Grand Touring machinery".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the popularity of using GT for marketing purposes has meant that it has become a "much misused term, eventually signifying no more than a slightly tuned version of a family car with <a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloy wheels">trendy wheels</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Racing_stripe" title="Racing stripe">go-faster stripe</a> on the side".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, most GTs have been <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">front-engined with rear-wheel drive</a>, offering more cabin space than <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel_drive_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout">mid-mounted</a> engine layouts. Softer suspensions, greater storage, and more luxurious appointments add to their appeal. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaguar_E-Type_series_1_coup%C3%A9_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel drive coupe: 1964 Jaguar E-Type. Automotive designers call the position of the driver's hip close to the rear axle "close-coupled".[22]"><img alt="Front-engine, rear-wheel drive coupe: 1964 Jaguar E-Type. Automotive designers call the position of the driver's hip close to the rear axle "close-coupled".[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jaguar_E-Type_series_1_coup%C3%A9_1964.jpg/240px-Jaguar_E-Type_series_1_coup%C3%A9_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jaguar_E-Type_series_1_coup%C3%A9_1964.jpg/360px-Jaguar_E-Type_series_1_coup%C3%A9_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jaguar_E-Type_series_1_coup%C3%A9_1964.jpg/480px-Jaguar_E-Type_series_1_coup%C3%A9_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4489" data-file-height="2165" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front-engine, rear-wheel drive coupe: 1964 <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_E-Type" title="Jaguar E-Type">Jaguar E-Type</a>. <a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive designers</a> call the position of the driver's hip close to the rear axle "close-coupled".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaguar_XJ-S_rear_seats.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rear seats of a 1982 Jaguar XJ-S HE coupe, showing the 2+2 seating layout"><img alt="Rear seats of a 1982 Jaguar XJ-S HE coupe, showing the 2+2 seating layout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jaguar_XJ-S_rear_seats.jpg/240px-Jaguar_XJ-S_rear_seats.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jaguar_XJ-S_rear_seats.jpg/360px-Jaguar_XJ-S_rear_seats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jaguar_XJ-S_rear_seats.jpg/480px-Jaguar_XJ-S_rear_seats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rear seats of a 1982 <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XJ-S" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaguar XJ-S">Jaguar XJ-S</a> HE coupe, showing the 2+2 seating layout</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GT_abbreviation_in_marketing"><i>GT</i> abbreviation in marketing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: GT abbreviation in marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>GT</i> abbreviation—and variations thereof—are often used as model names. However, some cars with GT in the model name are not actually grand touring cars.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the many variations of GT are: </p> <ul><li>GTA: <i>Gran turismo alleggerita</i> - the Italian word for 'lightweight'. <i>GTAm</i> indicates a modified version. GTA is also sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">automatic transmission</a> models.</li> <li>GTB: <i>Gran turismo berlinetta</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GTC: Various uses including <i>gran turismo compressore</i> for <a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">supercharged</a> engines, <i>gran turismo <a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">cabriolet</a></i>, <i>gran turismo</i> compact, <i>gran turismo</i> crossover and <i>gran turismo corsa</i> - the Italian word for 'racing'.</li> <li>GTD: "<i>Gran turismo</i> diesel"</li> <li>GT/E: "<i>Gran turismo Einspritzung</i>" - the German word for '<a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GTE: "Grand touring <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">estate</a>"</li> <li>GTi or GTI: "Grand touring <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">injection</a>", mostly used for hot hatches following the introduction of the Volkswagen Golf GTi<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GTO: "<i>Gran turismo omologato</i>" - the Italian word for '<a href="/wiki/Homologation_(motorsport)" title="Homologation (motorsport)">homologation</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GTR or GT-R: "<i>Gran turismo</i> and racing"</li> <li>GTS: sometimes "<i>Gran turismo</i> spider" for <a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">convertible</a> models. However, GTS has also been used for <a href="/wiki/Saloon_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saloon (car)">saloons</a> and other body styles.</li> <li>GT-T: "<i>Gran turismo</i> <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbo</a>"</li> <li>GTV: "<i>Gran turismo veloce</i>" - the Italian word for 'fast'<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GTX: "Grand <i>tourisme</i> extreme"</li> <li>HGT: "High <i>gran turismo</i>"</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Cortina_GT_MkI_(1962-64)_arriving_at_Schaffen-Diest_(2014).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1962–1964 Ford Cortina GT: a sports saloon"><img alt="1962–1964 Ford Cortina GT: a sports saloon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ford_Cortina_GT_MkI_%281962-64%29_arriving_at_Schaffen-Diest_%282014%29.JPG/240px-Ford_Cortina_GT_MkI_%281962-64%29_arriving_at_Schaffen-Diest_%282014%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ford_Cortina_GT_MkI_%281962-64%29_arriving_at_Schaffen-Diest_%282014%29.JPG/360px-Ford_Cortina_GT_MkI_%281962-64%29_arriving_at_Schaffen-Diest_%282014%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ford_Cortina_GT_MkI_%281962-64%29_arriving_at_Schaffen-Diest_%282014%29.JPG/480px-Ford_Cortina_GT_MkI_%281962-64%29_arriving_at_Schaffen-Diest_%282014%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="1879" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1962–1964 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Cortina" title="Ford Cortina">Ford Cortina</a> GT: a <a href="/wiki/Sports_saloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports saloon">sports saloon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Golf_Mk_I_GTI_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1982 Volkswagen Golf GTI: a hot hatch"><img alt="1982 Volkswagen Golf GTI: a hot hatch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk_I_GTI_001.jpg/240px-Volkswagen_Golf_Mk_I_GTI_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk_I_GTI_001.jpg/360px-Volkswagen_Golf_Mk_I_GTI_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk_I_GTI_001.jpg/480px-Volkswagen_Golf_Mk_I_GTI_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1982 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a> GTI: a <a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">hot hatch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitsu-3000GTVR4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1990 Mitsubishi 3000GT GTO: a liftback coupé"><img alt="1990 Mitsubishi 3000GT GTO: a liftback coupé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mitsu-3000GTVR4.jpg/240px-Mitsu-3000GTVR4.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mitsu-3000GTVR4.jpg/360px-Mitsu-3000GTVR4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mitsu-3000GTVR4.jpg/480px-Mitsu-3000GTVR4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1990 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_3000GT" title="Mitsubishi 3000GT">Mitsubishi 3000GT</a> GTO: a <a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">liftback</a> <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_Skyline_R34_GT-R_N%C3%BCr_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1999 Nissan Skyline GT-R: a coupé"><img alt="1999 Nissan Skyline GT-R: a coupé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nissan_Skyline_R34_GT-R_N%C3%BCr_002.jpg/240px-Nissan_Skyline_R34_GT-R_N%C3%BCr_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nissan_Skyline_R34_GT-R_N%C3%BCr_002.jpg/360px-Nissan_Skyline_R34_GT-R_N%C3%BCr_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nissan_Skyline_R34_GT-R_N%C3%BCr_002.jpg/480px-Nissan_Skyline_R34_GT-R_N%C3%BCr_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1999 <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Skyline" title="Nissan Skyline">Nissan Skyline</a> GT-R: a <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_GTV6_(4641223647).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1980 Alfa Romeo Alfetta GTV6 2.5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alfa_Romeo_GTV6_%284641223647%29.jpg/240px-Alfa_Romeo_GTV6_%284641223647%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alfa_Romeo_GTV6_%284641223647%29.jpg/360px-Alfa_Romeo_GTV6_%284641223647%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Alfa_Romeo_GTV6_%284641223647%29.jpg/480px-Alfa_Romeo_GTV6_%284641223647%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1980 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Alfetta" title="Alfa Romeo Alfetta">Alfa Romeo Alfetta</a> GTV6 2.5</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opel_manta_gt-e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1975 Opel Manta GT/E: a five seater fastback"><img alt="1975 Opel Manta GT/E: a five seater fastback" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Opel_manta_gt-e.jpg/240px-Opel_manta_gt-e.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Opel_manta_gt-e.jpg/360px-Opel_manta_gt-e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Opel_manta_gt-e.jpg/480px-Opel_manta_gt-e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1975 <a href="/wiki/Opel_Manta" title="Opel Manta">Opel Manta</a> GT/E: a five seater <a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">fastback</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Championships_and_other_GT_racing_series">World Championships and other GT racing series</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World Championships and other GT racing series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_World_Championship">Current World Championship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current World Championship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIA_World_Endurance_Championship" title="FIA World Endurance Championship">FIA World Endurance Championship</a> – In operation since <a href="/wiki/2012_FIA_World_Endurance_Championship" title="2012 FIA World Endurance Championship">2012</a>, the current auto racing World Championship for both <a href="/wiki/Sports_prototype" title="Sports prototype">Sports prototypes</a> and GT cars organised by the <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Club_de_l%27Ouest" title="Automobile Club de l'Ouest">Automobile Club de l'Ouest</a> (ACO) and sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile</a> (FIA). The championship is considered a revival of the defunct <a href="/wiki/World_Sportscar_Championship" title="World Sportscar Championship">World Sportscar Championship</a> which ended in <a href="/wiki/1992_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1992 World Sportscar Championship">1992</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2012_FIA_World_Endurance_Championship" title="2012 FIA World Endurance Championship">2012</a>-<a href="/wiki/2016_FIA_World_Endurance_Championship" title="2016 FIA World Endurance Championship">2016</a> seasons the <i>World Cup for GT Manufacturer</i> was awarded to a winning manufacturer of GT cars, promoted to the <i>World GT Manufacturers' Championship</i> title since the <a href="/wiki/2017_FIA_World_Endurance_Championship" title="2017 FIA World Endurance Championship">2017</a> season. This title awarded to a winning manufacturer of GT cars was discontinued after the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIA_World_Endurance_Championship" title="2022 FIA World Endurance Championship">2022</a> season.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_World_Championships">Former World Championships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Former World Championships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Sportscar_Championship" title="World Sportscar Championship">World Sportscar Championship</a> – The first sports car racing world series run from <a href="/wiki/1953_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1953 World Sportscar Championship">1953</a> to <a href="/wiki/1992_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1992 World Sportscar Championship">1992</a>. Originally contested only by Sports prototypes, the series expanded to GT cars in the <a href="/wiki/1954_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1954 World Sportscar Championship">1954 season</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1954_Mille_Miglia" title="1954 Mille Miglia">1954</a> <a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a>, but from the <a href="/wiki/1985_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1985 World Sportscar Championship">1985</a> season until its end it was again restricted to Sports prototypes only. In <a href="/wiki/1962_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1962 World Sportscar Championship">1962</a>-<a href="/wiki/1984_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1984 World Sportscar Championship">1984</a> seasons (except of the <a href="/wiki/1982_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1982 World Sportscar Championship">1982</a> season) titles were awarded to manufacturers of GT cars alongside the manufacturers of Sports prototypes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIA_GT1_World_Championship" title="FIA GT1 World Championship">FIA GT1 World Championship</a> – A short-lived series for GT cars run from <a href="/wiki/2010_FIA_GT1_World_Championship" title="2010 FIA GT1 World Championship">2010</a> to <a href="/wiki/2012_FIA_GT1_World_Championship" title="2012 FIA GT1 World Championship">2012</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/SRO_Motorsports_Group" title="SRO Motorsports Group">Stéphane Ratel Organisation</a> (SRO) in an attempt to promote the <a href="/wiki/FIA_GT_Championship" title="FIA GT Championship">FIA GT Championship</a> to World Championship status.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_GT_racing_series">Other GT racing series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other GT racing series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several past and present motor racing series have used "GT" in their name. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LM_GTE" title="LM GTE">LM GTE</a> 1999–2023: A set of regulations for modified road cars, which is used for the <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> race and several related racing series. LM GTE was originally called 'GT class' and was also known as GT2 class from 2005 to 2010. Also known as GTLM in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GT_World_Challenge_Europe" title="GT World Challenge Europe">GT World Challenge Europe</a> 2013–present: A racing series for Group GT3 cars. The FIA GT Series replaced the <a href="/wiki/FIA_GT_Championship" title="FIA GT Championship">FIA GT Championship</a> (1997–2009) and the <a href="/wiki/FIA_GT1_World_Championship" title="FIA GT1 World Championship">FIA GT1 World Championship</a> (2010–2012).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GT4_European_Series" title="GT4 European Series">GT4 European Series</a> 2007–present: A European amateur racing series with the least powerful class of GT cars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSA_GT3_Cup_Challenge" title="IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge">IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge</a> 2005–present: A North American racing series for Porsche 911 GT3 Cup cars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIA_GT3_European_Championship" title="FIA GT3 European Championship">FIA GT3 European Championship</a> 2006–2012: A European amateur racing series for Group GT3 cars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_R#R-GT" title="Group R">FIA R-GT</a>: As part of its structure, the Group R regulations have a provision for GT cars, known as R-GT.</li></ul> <p>There have also been several classes of racing cars called GT. The <a href="/wiki/Group_GT3" title="Group GT3">Group GT3</a> regulations for modified road cars have been used for various racing series worldwide since 2006. The <a href="/wiki/Group_GT1" title="Group GT1">Group GT1</a> regulations were used for the fastest category of sports car racing from 1994 to 2001. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01-Porsche-GT3-FachAutotech.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porsche 911 GT3"><img alt="Porsche 911 GT3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/01-Porsche-GT3-FachAutotech.jpg/289px-01-Porsche-GT3-FachAutotech.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/01-Porsche-GT3-FachAutotech.jpg/433px-01-Porsche-GT3-FachAutotech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/01-Porsche-GT3-FachAutotech.jpg/577px-01-Porsche-GT3-FachAutotech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_GT3" title="Porsche 911 GT3">Porsche 911 GT3</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_GT1_Belgian_Racing_10_Silverstone_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ford GT1"><img alt="Ford GT1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ford_GT1_Belgian_Racing_10_Silverstone_2011.jpg/271px-Ford_GT1_Belgian_Racing_10_Silverstone_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ford_GT1_Belgian_Racing_10_Silverstone_2011.jpg/407px-Ford_GT1_Belgian_Racing_10_Silverstone_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ford_GT1_Belgian_Racing_10_Silverstone_2011.jpg/542px-Ford_GT1_Belgian_Racing_10_Silverstone_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ford_GT1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford GT1">Ford GT1</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andre_Lotterer_2010_Super_GT_Fuji_400km_qualify_Super_Lap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lexus SC430 GT500"><img alt="Lexus SC430 GT500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Andre_Lotterer_2010_Super_GT_Fuji_400km_qualify_Super_Lap.jpg/270px-Andre_Lotterer_2010_Super_GT_Fuji_400km_qualify_Super_Lap.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Andre_Lotterer_2010_Super_GT_Fuji_400km_qualify_Super_Lap.jpg/405px-Andre_Lotterer_2010_Super_GT_Fuji_400km_qualify_Super_Lap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Andre_Lotterer_2010_Super_GT_Fuji_400km_qualify_Super_Lap.jpg/540px-Andre_Lotterer_2010_Super_GT_Fuji_400km_qualify_Super_Lap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lexus_SC430" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexus SC430">Lexus SC430</a> GT500</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMS_DBR9_Orange.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aston Martin DBR9 GT1"><img alt="Aston Martin DBR9 GT1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BMS_DBR9_Orange.jpg/270px-BMS_DBR9_Orange.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BMS_DBR9_Orange.jpg/405px-BMS_DBR9_Orange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BMS_DBR9_Orange.jpg/540px-BMS_DBR9_Orange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DBR9" title="Aston Martin DBR9">Aston Martin DBR9</a> GT1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab93LeMans-rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saab 93 LeMans spec"><img alt="Saab 93 LeMans spec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saab93LeMans-rear.jpg/240px-Saab93LeMans-rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saab93LeMans-rear.jpg/360px-Saab93LeMans-rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saab93LeMans-rear.jpg/480px-Saab93LeMans-rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saab_93" title="Saab 93">Saab 93</a> LeMans spec</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_grand_tourers">Examples of grand tourers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples of grand tourers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_tourers" title="Category:Grand tourers">Category:Grand tourers</a></div> <p>The inclusion of "grand tourer", "<i>gran turismo</i>", "GT" or similar in the model name does not necessarily mean that the car is a grand tourer since several manufacturers have used the terms for the marketing of cars that are not grand tourers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_the_gran_turismo_car">Evolution of the <i>gran turismo</i> car</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolution of the gran turismo car"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grand touring car design evolved from <a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">vintage</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">pre-World War II</a> fast <a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">touring cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streamliner" title="Streamliner">streamlined</a> <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">closed</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports cars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy developed the first <i>gran turismo</i> cars. The small, light-weight, and <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupés</a>, named the "<a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a>", originated in the 1930s. A contemporary French concept, known as "<i>grande routière</i>", emphasized style, elegance, luxury, and gentlemanly transcontinental touring; the <i>grande routières</i> were often larger cars than the Italian <i>gran turismos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian designers saw that compared to <a href="/wiki/MG_T-type" title="MG T-type">traditional open two-seat sports car</a>, the increase in weight and frontal area of an enclosed cabin for the driver and mechanic could be offset by the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Streamliner" title="Streamliner">streamlining</a> to reduce <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic drag">drag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent <i>carrozzeria</i> (<a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">coachbuilders</a>) provided light and <a href="/wiki/Weymann_Fabric_Bodies" title="Weymann Fabric Bodies">flexible fabric coachwork</a> for powerful short-wheelbase fast-touring <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a> by manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring_Superleggera" title="Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera">Carrozzeria Touring of Milan</a> pioneered sophisticated <i><a href="/wiki/Superleggera" title="Superleggera">superleggera</a></i> (super light-weight) aluminum bodywork, allowing for even more aerodynamic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additional comfort of an enclosed cabin was beneficial for the <a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a> road race held in Italy's often wintry north.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1929_Alfa_Romeo_6C_1750_GT">1929 Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 GT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1929 Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 GT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first car to be named "<i>gran turismo</i>" was the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_6C" title="Alfa Romeo 6C">Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 Gran Turismo</a>, a sporting dual-purpose road/race chassis and engine specification that was available with a wide variety of body styles or <i><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">carrozzeria</a></i>. The influential Weymann fabric-bodied <i>berlinetta</i> version by Carrozzeria Touring, "an early example of what we generally perceive to be a GT car",<sup id="cite_ref-:32_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was winner of the <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan (car)">Vetture Chiuse</a> category at the 1931 Mille Miglia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An improved and <a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">supercharged</a> version, the 6C 1750 GTC <i>Gran Turismo Compressore</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:32_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> won the <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan (car)">Vetture a Guida Interna</a> category of the 1932 Mille Miglia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 was designed by Vittorio Jano,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would later be instrumental in the design of the 1951 Lancia Aurelia B20 GT.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1935_Fiat_508_Balilla_S_berlinetta">1935 Fiat 508 Balilla S <i>berlinetta</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1935 Fiat 508 Balilla S berlinetta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the basic <a href="/wiki/Fiat_508" title="Fiat 508">Fiat 508 Balilla</a> touring chassis came the SIATA<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fiat<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aerodynamic <i>gran turismo</i>-style <i>Berlinetta Mille Miglias</i> of 1933 and 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-:31_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siata" title="Siata">Siata</a> was a Turin, Italy-based Fiat tuner, typical of a popular class of Italian artisan manufacturers of small <i>gran turismo</i>, sports and racing cars—usually <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat Automobiles">Fiat</a> based—that came to be known in the 1970s as <i>Etceterini</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nardi_(carmaker)" title="Nardi (carmaker)">Nardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abarth" title="Abarth">Abarth</a>, Ermini and, in 1946, <a href="/wiki/Cisitalia" title="Cisitalia">Cisitalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fiat and SIATA <i>berlinettas</i>, influenced by the successful <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_6C" title="Alfa Romeo 6C">Alfa Romeo 6C GT/GTC coupés</a>, competed in the Mille Miglia endurance race and were significant among Weymann and Superleggera enclosed sporting cars appearing in the 1930s. They featured tuned Fiat engine and chassis, and bespoke <i>carrozzeria</i>, in common with the landmark post-war <a href="/wiki/Cisitalia" title="Cisitalia">Cisitalia 202 SC</a>, and are among the first <a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">small-displacement</a> <i>gran turismos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:31_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa-Romeo_6C-1750-GTC-Touring.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 GTC Berlinetta carrozzeriacc touring Mille Miglia 1932"><img alt="Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 GTC Berlinetta carrozzeriacc touring Mille Miglia 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alfa-Romeo_6C-1750-GTC-Touring.JPG/240px-Alfa-Romeo_6C-1750-GTC-Touring.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alfa-Romeo_6C-1750-GTC-Touring.JPG/360px-Alfa-Romeo_6C-1750-GTC-Touring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Alfa-Romeo_6C-1750-GTC-Touring.JPG/480px-Alfa-Romeo_6C-1750-GTC-Touring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_6C" title="Alfa Romeo 6C">Alfa Romeo 6C</a> 1750 GTC Berlinetta <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring_Superleggera" title="Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera"><i>carrozzeriacc touring</i></a> Mille Miglia 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_508-S-Balilla_BerlMM.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fiat 508 Balilla S berlinetta Mille Miglia 1935"><img alt="Fiat 508 Balilla S berlinetta Mille Miglia 1935" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fiat_508-S-Balilla_BerlMM.JPG/240px-Fiat_508-S-Balilla_BerlMM.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fiat_508-S-Balilla_BerlMM.JPG/360px-Fiat_508-S-Balilla_BerlMM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fiat_508-S-Balilla_BerlMM.JPG/480px-Fiat_508-S-Balilla_BerlMM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fiat_508" title="Fiat 508">Fiat 508</a> Balilla S <i>berlinetta</i> Mille Miglia 1935</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947_Cisitalia_202_SC">1947 Cisitalia 202 SC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1947 Cisitalia 202 SC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recognised motor race specifically for <i>gran turismo</i> cars was the 1949 Coppa Inter-Europa held at <a href="/wiki/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza" class="mw-redirect" title="Autodromo Nazionale Monza">Monza</a>. It was initially hoped by Italian motor industry observers<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the small and struggling Italian sports and racing car manufacturer, Cisitalia, would find in the 1949 Coppa Inter-Europa regulations (initially called <i>Turismo Veloce</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Fast Touring) a category for its <a href="/wiki/Cisitalia_202" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisitalia 202">Cisitalia Tipo 202 SC</a>—the road-going production <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a> version of Cisitalia's single-seat <a href="/wiki/Cisitalia_Grand_Prix" title="Cisitalia Grand Prix">D46</a> racing car and two-seat 202 open sports car. However, the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_1100" title="Fiat 1100">Fiat</a>-based 1100 cc <a href="/wiki/Four-cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-cylinder">four-cylinder</a> Cisitalia was no match on the race track for <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_166_Inter" title="Ferrari 166 Inter">Ferrari's new hand-built 2000 cc V12</a>, and Ferrari dominated, taking the first three places.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1100 cc class was hurriedly created, but not in time to save Cisitalia's business fortunes—the company's bankrupt owner <a href="/wiki/Piero_Dusio" title="Piero Dusio">Piero Dusio</a> had already decamped to Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cisitalia" title="Cisitalia">Cisitalia 202 SC</a> gained considerable fame for the outstanding design of its <a href="/wiki/Pinin_Farina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinin Farina">Pinin Farina</a> <a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">coachwork</a>, and is credited with greatly influencing the style of subsequent <i><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">berlinetta</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">fastback</a> <i>gran turismo</i> coupés. A Cisitalia 202 "GT" is exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947_Maserati_A6_1500">1947 Maserati A6 1500</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1947 Maserati A6 1500"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maserati_A6" title="Maserati A6">Maserati A6 1500</a> won the 1500 cc class at the 1949 Coppa-Europa. It was driven by <a href="/wiki/Franco_Bordoni" title="Franco Bordoni">Franco Bordoni</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">fighter ace</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> who had debuted as a <i><a href="/wiki/Racing_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing driver">pilota da corsa</a></i> at the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:112_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A6 1500 was the first road going production car to be offered by the <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a> factory, featuring a <a href="/wiki/Tubular_chassis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular chassis">tubular chassis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independent front suspension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">coil springs</a>, the 1500 cc <a href="/wiki/Six-cylinder_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-cylinder engine">six-cylinder</a> being derived from the Maserati brothers pre-war <i><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">voiturette</a></i> racing engines. The body of the A6 1500 was an elegant two-door fast-back coupé body, also by Pinin Farina.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisitalia_202_-_Mille_Miglia_2014_(16987804980).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cisitalia Tipo 202 SC coupé carrozzeria Pinin Farina 1947"><img alt="Cisitalia Tipo 202 SC coupé carrozzeria Pinin Farina 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cisitalia_202_-_Mille_Miglia_2014_%2816987804980%29.jpg/240px-Cisitalia_202_-_Mille_Miglia_2014_%2816987804980%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cisitalia_202_-_Mille_Miglia_2014_%2816987804980%29.jpg/360px-Cisitalia_202_-_Mille_Miglia_2014_%2816987804980%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cisitalia_202_-_Mille_Miglia_2014_%2816987804980%29.jpg/480px-Cisitalia_202_-_Mille_Miglia_2014_%2816987804980%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1185" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cisitalia_202" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisitalia 202">Cisitalia Tipo 202</a> SC coupé <i>carrozzeria</i> Pinin Farina 1947</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maserati_A6_1500_-_Museo_Enzo_Ferrari_-_fvr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maserati A6 1500 coupé carrozzeria Pinin Farina 1947"><img alt="Maserati A6 1500 coupé carrozzeria Pinin Farina 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Maserati_A6_1500_-_Museo_Enzo_Ferrari_-_fvr.jpg/240px-Maserati_A6_1500_-_Museo_Enzo_Ferrari_-_fvr.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Maserati_A6_1500_-_Museo_Enzo_Ferrari_-_fvr.jpg/360px-Maserati_A6_1500_-_Museo_Enzo_Ferrari_-_fvr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Maserati_A6_1500_-_Museo_Enzo_Ferrari_-_fvr.jpg/480px-Maserati_A6_1500_-_Museo_Enzo_Ferrari_-_fvr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4891" data-file-height="3103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maserati_A6" title="Maserati A6">Maserati A6</a> 1500 coupé <i>carrozzeria</i> Pinin Farina 1947</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1949_Ferrari_166_Inter">1949 Ferrari 166 Inter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1949 Ferrari 166 Inter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Scuderia Ferrari</a> had been the racing division of <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a> from 1929 until 1938, parted ways from Alfa Romeo in 1939: Enzo Ferrari's first car (itself an <i>Etceterini)</i> the Fiat-based <a href="/wiki/Auto_Avio_Costruzioni_815" title="Auto Avio Costruzioni 815">Auto Avio Costruzioni 815</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">racing sports car</a>, debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia. Two were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first car constructed in Ferrari's name, the V12 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_125_S" title="Ferrari 125 S">125 S</a>, also a racing sports car, debuted in 1947 at the <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> racing circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, only two were produced, but they rapidly evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_159_S" title="Ferrari 159 S">159</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_166_S" title="Ferrari 166 S">166</a> models, including the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_166_Inter" title="Ferrari 166 Inter">1949 Ferrari 166 Inter</a>, a road-going berlinetta coupé with coachwork by Carrozzeria Touring and other coachbuilders.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ferrari 166 'Inter' S coupé model won the 1949 Coppa Inter-Europa motor race. Regulations stipulated body form and dimensions but did not at this time specify a minimum production quantity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The car was driven by Bruno Sterzi, and is recognized as the first Ferrari <i>gran turismo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that race, the national governing body of Italian motorsport, CSAI (<i>Commissione Sportiva Automobilistica Italiana),</i> officially introduced a new class, called <i>Gran Turismo Internazionale</i>, for cars with production over thirty units per year,<sup id="cite_ref-Ottu_Vu_-_Fiat's_Masterpiece_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottu_Vu_-_Fiat's_Masterpiece-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby ruling out Ferrari's hand-built <i>berlinettas</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1951_Ferrari_212_Export">1951 Ferrari 212 Export</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1951 Ferrari 212 Export"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferrari's response for the new Italian <i>Gran Turismo Internazionale</i> championship in 1951 was the road/race <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_212_Export" title="Ferrari 212 Export">Ferrari 212</a>. Twenty-seven short-wheelbase competition versions called Export, some with increasingly popular <i>gran turismo</i>-style <i>berlinetta</i> coupé coachwork, were produced for enthusiasts (Ferrari called the first example 212 <i>MM</i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) while the road version was called <i>Inter</i>. The Ferrari 212 Export featured long-range fuel tanks, high compression pistons and triple <a href="/wiki/Weber_carburetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Weber carburetor">Weber 32 DCF carburettors</a>; power was 170 bhp from the 2600cc <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_Colombo_engine" title="Ferrari Colombo engine">Gioacchino Colombo-designed 'short-block' V12 engine</a>, evolved from the earlier Ferrari 166 (2000cc) and 195 (2300cc).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All versions came with the standard Ferrari five-speed non-synchromesh gearbox and hydraulic drum brakes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 1951 Ferraris shared a double tube frame chassis design evolved from the 166. <a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double-wishbone front suspension</a> with <a href="/wiki/Transverse_leaf_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse leaf spring">transverse leaf spring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">live rear axle</a> with <a href="/wiki/Semi-elliptic_leaf_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-elliptic leaf spring">semi-elliptic leaf springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radius_rod" title="Radius rod">radius rods</a> were employed.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ferrari 212 Export (212 MM) <i>gran turismo berlinetta</i> (chassis No. 0070M) debuted in first-place overall at the April 1951 Coppa Inter-Europa, driven by Luigi Villoresi,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in June (chassis no. 0092E) was first in the <i>gran turismo</i> category at the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_della_Toscana" title="Coppa della Toscana">Coppa della Toscana</a> driven by Milanese Ferrari concessionaire and proprietor of Scuderia Guastalla, Franco Cornacchia.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 212 Export continued to serve Ferrari well in the Sports and GT categories until replaced by the 225 S, and although it would later be overshadowed by the internationally famous <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250" title="Ferrari 250">250 GT</a>, the 212 Export was an important model in the successful line of Colombo-engined V12 GT cars that made Ferrari legendary.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1949_Ferrari_166_Inter_Coup%C3%A9_Touring_p2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferrari 166 Inter coupé carrozzeria touring 1949"><img alt="Ferrari 166 Inter coupé carrozzeria touring 1949" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1949_Ferrari_166_Inter_Coup%C3%A9_Touring_p2.JPG/240px-1949_Ferrari_166_Inter_Coup%C3%A9_Touring_p2.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1949_Ferrari_166_Inter_Coup%C3%A9_Touring_p2.JPG/359px-1949_Ferrari_166_Inter_Coup%C3%A9_Touring_p2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1949_Ferrari_166_Inter_Coup%C3%A9_Touring_p2.JPG/479px-1949_Ferrari_166_Inter_Coup%C3%A9_Touring_p2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ferrari_166_Inter" title="Ferrari 166 Inter">Ferrari 166 Inter</a> coupé <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring_Superleggera" title="Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera"><i>carrozzeria</i> touring</a> 1949</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ermini_1100_Berlinetta_Motto_-_MM_2014_-_(14013102437).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etceterini: Ermini 1100 berlinetta Motto 1950"><img alt="Etceterini: Ermini 1100 berlinetta Motto 1950" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ermini_1100_Berlinetta_Motto_-_MM_2014_-_%2814013102437%29.jpg/240px-Ermini_1100_Berlinetta_Motto_-_MM_2014_-_%2814013102437%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ermini_1100_Berlinetta_Motto_-_MM_2014_-_%2814013102437%29.jpg/360px-Ermini_1100_Berlinetta_Motto_-_MM_2014_-_%2814013102437%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ermini_1100_Berlinetta_Motto_-_MM_2014_-_%2814013102437%29.jpg/480px-Ermini_1100_Berlinetta_Motto_-_MM_2014_-_%2814013102437%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1036" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Etceterini</i>: Ermini 1100 <i>berlinetta</i> Motto 1950</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_Ferrari_212_Vignale_2_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferrari 212 Export Vignale coupé 1951"><img alt="Ferrari 212 Export Vignale coupé 1951" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Replica_of_Ferrari_212_Vignale_2_cropped.jpg/240px-Replica_of_Ferrari_212_Vignale_2_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Replica_of_Ferrari_212_Vignale_2_cropped.jpg/360px-Replica_of_Ferrari_212_Vignale_2_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Replica_of_Ferrari_212_Vignale_2_cropped.jpg/480px-Replica_of_Ferrari_212_Vignale_2_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="1635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ferrari_212_Export" title="Ferrari 212 Export">Ferrari 212 Export</a> <a href="/wiki/Vignale" title="Vignale">Vignale</a> coupé 1951</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1951_Lancia_Aurelia_B20_GT">1951 Lancia Aurelia B20 GT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1951 Lancia Aurelia B20 GT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1951 was the stunning debut of Lancia's <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Aurelia_B20" class="extiw" title="it:Lancia Aurelia B20">Aurelia B20 GT.</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lancia had begun production in 1950 of their technically advanced Aurelia saloon; the design had been overseen by Vittorio Jano.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Turin_Auto_Show" title="Turin Auto Show">Turin Motor Show</a>, the Pinin Farina-bodied <i>gran turismo</i> B20 coupé version was unveiled to an enthusiastic motoring public. Here, finally, according to historians Jonathan Wood<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sam Dawson,<sup id="cite_ref-dawson_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a fully realized production GT car, representing the starting point of the definitive grand tourer: </p> <blockquote><p>This outwardly conventional saloon bristled with innovation and ingenuity, in which the masterly hand of <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Jano" title="Vittorio Jano">Vittorio Jano</a> is apparent. In the B20 are elements of the Cistalia of 1947, coupés which Pinin undertook on a 6C Alfa Romeo and Maserati in 1948, along with the Fiat 1100 S coupé with its rear accommodation for children. The original Aurelia had been under-powered and, in 1951, the V6 was enlarged to 1991 cc, which was also extended to the coupé, though in 75 rather than 70 bhp form as the B20 was developed as a sporting model in its own right. In addition the B20 had a shorter wheelbase and a higher rear axle ratio, making it a 100 mph car. Lancia chose the <i>Gran Turismo</i> name for its new model and the suggestion could only have come from Vittorio Jano himself, for had he not been responsible for the original 1750 Alfa Romeo of the same name back in 1929?<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Four <i>semi-ufficiali</i> works B20 GTs, together with a number of privateer entrants, were sent to the Mille Miglia in April 1951, where the factory <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bracco" title="Giovanni Bracco">Bracco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Maglioli" title="Umberto Maglioli">Maglioli</a> car finished second overall, behind only a Ferrari sports racer of twice the engine capacity. Lancia Aurelias swept the GT 2.0 Liter division.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1951, Bracco was partnered with the "father of GT racing" himself, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lurani" title="Giovanni Lurani">Johnny Lurani</a>, to race a B20 GT at Le Mans, where they were victorious in the 2.0 liter sportscar division, placing a very creditable 12th overall. A 1–2 finish at the famous Coppa d'Oro delle Dolomiti,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among other victories including the 6 Ore di Pescara,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rounded out an astonishing debut racing season for this ground-breaking car, winning its division in the Italian GT Championship for Umberto Castiglioni in <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risultati_sportivi_della_Lancia_Aurelia" class="extiw" title="it:Risultati sportivi della Lancia Aurelia">1951</a>. Lancia B20 GTs would go on to win the over 2.0 liter Italian GT Championship in 1953, 1954 and 1955 with the <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Aurelia#Third_series" title="Lancia Aurelia">B20-2500</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancia_aurelia_b20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancia Aurelia B20 GT 1951"><img alt="Lancia Aurelia B20 GT 1951" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lancia_aurelia_b20.jpg/240px-Lancia_aurelia_b20.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lancia_aurelia_b20.jpg/360px-Lancia_aurelia_b20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lancia_aurelia_b20.jpg/480px-Lancia_aurelia_b20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lancia_Aurelia" title="Lancia Aurelia">Lancia Aurelia</a> B20 GT 1951</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5809_(5674066554).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5809_%285674066554%29.jpg/240px-Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5809_%285674066554%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5809_%285674066554%29.jpg/360px-Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5809_%285674066554%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5809_%285674066554%29.jpg/480px-Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5809_%285674066554%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5681_(5673932402).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5681_%285673932402%29.jpg/240px-Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5681_%285673932402%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5681_%285673932402%29.jpg/360px-Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5681_%285673932402%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5681_%285673932402%29.jpg/480px-Autoitalia_Brooklands_30th_April_2011_DSC_5681_%285673932402%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952_Fiat_8V_"Otto_Vu"_Zagato"><span id="1952_Fiat_8V_.22Otto_Vu.22_Zagato"></span>1952 Fiat 8V "Otto Vu" Zagato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1952 Fiat 8V "Otto Vu" Zagato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A surprise to the international press,<sup id="cite_ref-:102_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were not expecting a <i>gran turismo berlinetta</i> from Italy's largest manufacturer of everyday standard touring models, the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_8V" title="Fiat 8V">Fiat 8V "Otto Vu"</a> was unveiled at the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Motor Show">Geneva Salon</a> in March 1952 to international acclaim. Although not raced by the factory, the Otto Vu <i>was</i> raced by a number of private owners. Vincenzo Auricchio and Piero Bozzinio raced to fifth in the <i>gran turismo</i> category of the 1952 Mille Miglia, and Ovidio Capelli placed third in the GT 2000 cc class at the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_della_Toscana" title="Coppa della Toscana">Coppa della Toscana</a> in June, with a special race-spec lightweight <a href="/wiki/Zagato" title="Zagato">Zagato</a> coupe; the GT category overall at this event was won by Franco Cornacchia's Ferrari 212 Export (refer above).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capelli and the 8V Zagato topped this accomplishment by winning the GT category of the Pescara 12 Hours in August, ahead of two Lancias.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Fiat 8V garnered sufficient competition points over the season to become the national two-liter GT Champion (a feat it repeated every year until 1959). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elio_Zagato" title="Elio Zagato">Elio Zagato</a>, the coachbuilder's son,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was successful in competition with the Otto Vu in 1954 and 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attracting further customer interest and leading Zagato to eventually develop two different GT racing versions.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his passing in 2009, Elio Zagato was described as a leading figure of Italian GT racing and design: </p> <blockquote><p>Elio Zagato, who has died aged 88, was one of the leading figures of Italian Gran Turismo (GT) racing and car-body design. In the 1950s, driving a Zagato-bodied Fiat 8V, Elio emerged as the consummate gentleman racer in Italian GT championship events. Zagato, his father's firm, provided the lithe, lightweight aluminium bodies for many of the Lancias, Alfa Romeos, Abarths and Maseratis that dominated these meetings. Elio won 82 races out of the 150 he entered, and won four of the five championships he entered. Working with the chief stylist <a href="/wiki/Ercole_Spada" title="Ercole Spada">Ercole Spada</a>, Zagato produced some of the most beautiful GT designs of the era; spare and muscular cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_Zagato" title="Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato">Aston Martin DB4GTZ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Giulietta_(750/101)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfa Romeo Giulietta (750/101)">Alfa Romeo Junior TZ and SZ</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Flaminia" title="Lancia Flaminia">Lancia Flaminia Sport</a>. These were minimalist shapes bereft of superfluous trim that introduced phrases such as "double bubble" roof to the car body design language: twin shallow domes, devised by Elio, to give extra head room and strengthen the roof. For lightness, Zagato pioneered the use of Perspex and of aerodynamics, with trademark forms such as the split or stub tail. Indeed, Elio would take prototypes out on the <a href="/wiki/Autostrade_of_Italy" title="Autostrade of Italy">autostrada</a> covered in wool tufts in order to test <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">air flow</a> over the body.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 8V Otto Vu earned its name courtesy of its high-performance V8 engine (Ford having already trademarked "V8"). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_8V_Zagato_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fiat 8V Zagato"><img alt="Fiat 8V Zagato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fiat_8V_Zagato_rear.jpg/240px-Fiat_8V_Zagato_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fiat_8V_Zagato_rear.jpg/360px-Fiat_8V_Zagato_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fiat_8V_Zagato_rear.jpg/480px-Fiat_8V_Zagato_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fiat 8V Zagato</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_8V_Zagato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fiat_8V_Zagato.jpg/240px-Fiat_8V_Zagato.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fiat_8V_Zagato.jpg/360px-Fiat_8V_Zagato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Fiat_8V_Zagato.jpg/480px-Fiat_8V_Zagato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1954_Mercedes-Benz_300SL">1954 Mercedes-Benz 300SL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1954 Mercedes-Benz 300SL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> automotive industry was devastated by the second World War, but in the post-war period a small number of firms brought it to prominence again.<sup id="cite_ref-:28_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emergence of the classic <a href="/wiki/Porsche_356" title="Porsche 356">Porsche 356</a> is covered in the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a> article. In 1957 author John Stanford wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The post-war <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a> sports cars are in a way even more remarkable than those of <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>. The firm was particularly badly hit by the war and it was several years before anything but a nominal production of cars could be undertaken. In 1951 appeared the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W186" title="Mercedes-Benz W186">"300"</a>, a luxurious and fast touring car with a single-camshaft six-cylinder engine of 2996 c.c. and chassis derived from the pre-war cars with swing-axle rear suspension. The <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W188" title="Mercedes-Benz W188">"300S"</a> was a three-carburetor edition, but in 1952 great interest was aroused by the almost invincible performance in sports-car racing of a team of prototype cars of extremely advanced and interesting design. By 1954 these had undergone sufficient development to be placed on the market as the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL">"300SL"</a>, one of the costliest and most desirable cars of our time. The conventional chassis has been abandoned in favor of a complex structure of <a href="/wiki/Space_frame" title="Space frame">welded tubes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the coil spring suspension is retained, and exceptionally large brakes are fitted, inboard at the rear. The engine is sharply inclined to the near-side in the interests of a low bonnet-line, and with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a> produces 240 b.h.p. at 6,000 r.p.m. Claimed maximum speed is in excess of 160 m.p.h. and although the car is by no means small, <a href="/wiki/Dry_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry weight">dry weight</a> has been kept to 23 <a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">cwt</a>. The depth of the multi-tubular frame prevents the use of conventional side-hinged doors and these cars are fitted with the roof-hinged "gull-wing" doors which characterize an exceedingly handsome and practical car. An open touring version is available. In competition the "300SL" has become a powerful contender, and abetted by the success of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W196" title="Mercedes-Benz W196">Grand Prix cars</a> [and "<a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SLR" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR">300 SLR</a>"] has captured a substantial portion of the export market."<sup id="cite_ref-:28_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_(1240346857).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL"><img alt="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mercedes_%281240346857%29.jpg/240px-Mercedes_%281240346857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mercedes_%281240346857%29.jpg/360px-Mercedes_%281240346857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mercedes_%281240346857%29.jpg/480px-Mercedes_%281240346857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL">Mercedes-Benz 300 SL</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_300_SL_Gullwing_(4361015614)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL"><img alt="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL_Gullwing_%284361015614%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Mercedes-Benz_300_SL_Gullwing_%284361015614%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL_Gullwing_%284361015614%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Mercedes-Benz_300_SL_Gullwing_%284361015614%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL_Gullwing_%284361015614%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-Mercedes-Benz_300_SL_Gullwing_%284361015614%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3521" data-file-height="2402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercedes-Benz 300 SL</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1956_Ferrari_250_GT">1956 Ferrari 250 GT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1956 Ferrari 250 GT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The 250GT Ferrari must surely represent the ultimate in modern high-speed sporting travel, or GT competition, and holds today a position similar to the <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Type_57" title="Bugatti Type 57">Bugatti 57SC</a> of 1939. In 1962 the GTO Ferrari <i>coupés</i> had a remarkable season of successes in G.T. racing and have become the standard by which any competition <i>coupé</i> is measured, and by steady development [the Ferrari 250GT] has become one of the world's greatest cars.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Motor Sport</i>, March 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>1953 saw the first serious attempt to series produce the Ferrari motor car, two models of the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250" title="Ferrari 250">Type 250 Europa</a> being produced. The cars were an evolution of the previous models, available with either the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_Colombo_engine" title="Ferrari Colombo engine">Colombo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_Lampredi_engine" title="Ferrari Lampredi engine">Lampredi</a> versions of the 250 V12 engine, coil spring front suspension, an improved sports gearbox (four speeds) with <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">synchromesh</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">drum brakes</a> and luxurious outfitting. A few appeared in motorsports but did not initially threaten the international <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SL" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SL">Mercedes-Benz 300 SL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porsche_356" title="Porsche 356">Porsche 356</a> competition.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the Mille Miglia of 1956 the first of the lightweight grand touring <i>coupés,</i> driven by <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Gendebien" title="Olivier Gendebien">Gendebien</a>, battled with the Mercedes 300SL of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfons_von_Metternich-Winneburg" title="Paul Alfons von Metternich-Winneburg">Metternich</a> and Einsendel<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to come in fifth overall and first in G.T. over 2,000 c.c. The G.T. Ferrari had arrived! <i>Motor Sport</i>, March 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After its 1956 debut, the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250" title="Ferrari 250">250 GT</a> "went from strength to strength". Powered by the Colombo 250 engine, output was up to 240 b.h.p. at 7,000 r.p.m. A <a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">short-wheelbase</a> (SWB) version of the 250 chassis was employed for improved <a href="/wiki/Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">handling and road-holding</a> in corners, and top speed was up to 157 m.p.h.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957 Gendebien finished third overall in the Mille Miglia, and won the "index of performance". <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Portago" title="Alfonso de Portago">Alfonso de Portago</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> won the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_Automobile" title="Tour de France Automobile">Tour de France</a> and GT races at <a href="/wiki/Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Montlhéry">Montlhéry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipio_XIII" title="Municipio XIII">Castelfusano</a> in a lightweight <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Scaglietti" title="Carrozzeria Scaglietti">Carrozzeria Scaglietti</a> 250 GT. Gendebien became a <i>gran turismo</i> specialist in 250 GTs when he wasn't driving sports racing <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_TR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrari TR">Ferrari <i>Testa Rossas</i></a> ("Red Heads" for their red engine covers), achieving success in both the Giro Sicilia and Tour de France. </p><p>In 1958, sports racing <i>Testa Rossas</i> swept the <a href="/wiki/World_Sportscar_Championship" title="World Sportscar Championship">Manufacturer's Championship</a>, and in 1959 the T.R. engine was adapted to the 250 GT. The <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plugs</a> were relocated and each <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">cylinder</a> now had a separate <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head_porting" title="Cylinder head porting">intake port</a>. Larger <a href="/wiki/Weber_carburetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Weber carburetor">Weber twin-choke carburetors</a> were employed in a triple configuration (sports racing T.R.s employed six) and some special customer cars had three four-choke Webers (one <a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">choke</a> per cylinder). <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry-sump lubrication</a> was employed, and the <a href="/wiki/Valve_timing" title="Valve timing">camshaft valve timing</a> was only slightly less than the full-race <i>Testa Rossas</i>. G.T. power was up to 267 b.h.p. at 7,000 r.p.m. (240 b.h.p at 6,800 rpm for road versions). Experiments were conducted with Dunlop disc brakes, which were adopted in 1960, along with an even shorter wheelbase for <i>competizione</i> versions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, the definitive competition <i>gran turismo</i> was unveiled, the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250_GTO" title="Ferrari 250 GTO">250 GTO</a>. A full <i>Testa Rossa</i> engine was employed (albeit with black crinkle-finish engine covers) with six twin-choke Webers. Power was up to 300 b.h.p. at 7,400 r.p.m. and with a lightweight 2000 lb body and chassis: the car was an immediate winner.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Remarkable as it might be on the circuit, it is also a remarkable machine on the road. One American Ferrarist, who owned and raced many G.T. Ferraris, commented that the G.T.O. is an even more pleasant car on the road! He maintains that it is most tractable and overheating in traffic congestions is no problem. In its short lifetime the 250GTO has established an enviable record. It is also one of the most sought after competition cars as evidenced by recent European suggestions that "black market" G.T.O.s bring higher prices than new ones. The demand is greater than the supply.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Motor Sport</i>, March 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In November 2016, it was reported that a 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO was being offered for public sale—normally brokers negotiate deals between extremely wealthy collectors "behind closed doors". GTOs had previously been auctioned in 1990 and 2014. The 2017 sale was expected to reach US$56,000,000.00, the particular GTO concerned (the second of just thirty-six ever made) thus set to become the world's most expensive car.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrari_250_Europa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1953 Ferrari 250 Europa"><img alt="1953 Ferrari 250 Europa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ferrari_250_Europa.jpg/240px-Ferrari_250_Europa.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ferrari_250_Europa.jpg/360px-Ferrari_250_Europa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ferrari_250_Europa.jpg/480px-Ferrari_250_Europa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1953 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250" title="Ferrari 250">Ferrari 250</a> Europa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrari_250_GT_TdF_-_Villa_d%27Este_2014_-_(14466769370).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1957 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France Scaglietti"><img alt="1957 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France Scaglietti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferrari_250_GT_TdF_-_Villa_d%27Este_2014_-_%2814466769370%29.jpg/240px-Ferrari_250_GT_TdF_-_Villa_d%27Este_2014_-_%2814466769370%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferrari_250_GT_TdF_-_Villa_d%27Este_2014_-_%2814466769370%29.jpg/360px-Ferrari_250_GT_TdF_-_Villa_d%27Este_2014_-_%2814466769370%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferrari_250_GT_TdF_-_Villa_d%27Este_2014_-_%2814466769370%29.jpg/480px-Ferrari_250_GT_TdF_-_Villa_d%27Este_2014_-_%2814466769370%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1957 Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France Scaglietti</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1959 Ferrari 250 GT berlinetta SWB"><img alt="1959 Ferrari 250 GT berlinetta SWB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg/240px-Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg/360px-Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg/480px-Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1959 Ferrari 250 GT <i>berlinetta</i> SWB</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrari_250_GTO_at_concorso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1962 Ferrari 250 GTO"><img alt="1962 Ferrari 250 GTO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferrari_250_GTO_at_concorso.jpg/240px-Ferrari_250_GTO_at_concorso.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferrari_250_GTO_at_concorso.jpg/360px-Ferrari_250_GTO_at_concorso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferrari_250_GTO_at_concorso.jpg/480px-Ferrari_250_GTO_at_concorso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="2276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1962 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250_GTO" title="Ferrari 250 GTO">Ferrari 250 GTO</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_racing">Impact of racing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Impact of racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Italian <a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a> thousand-mile race, held from 1927 to 1957, was central to the evolution of the <i>gran turismo</i> concept. The event was one of the most important on the Italian motor-sport calendar and could attract up to five million spectators. Winning drivers such as <a href="/wiki/Tazio_Nuvolari" title="Tazio Nuvolari">Tazio Nuvolari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Caracciola" title="Rudolf Caracciola">Rudolf Caracciola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Moss" title="Stirling Moss">Stirling Moss</a>; and manufacturers such as Alfa Romeo, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, Ferrari and <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> would become household names.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Enzo Ferrari: </p> <blockquote><p>In my opinion, the Mille Miglia was an epoch-making event, which told a wonderful story. The Mille Miglia created our cars and the Italian car industry. The Mille Miglia permitted the birth of GT, or grand touring cars, which are now sold all over the world. The Mille Miglia proved that by racing over open roads for 1,000 miles, there were great technical lessons to be learned by the petrol and oil companies and by brake, clutch, transmission, electrical and lighting component manufacturers, fully justifying the old adage that motor racing improves the breed.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Mille Miglia is still celebrated today as one of the world's premier historic racing events.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A closed sports coupé almost prevailed at <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">Le Mans</a> in 1938, when a <i>carrozzeria</i> touring-bodied <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_8C" title="Alfa Romeo 8C">Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B</a>, driven by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sommer" title="Raymond Sommer">Raymond Sommer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clemente_Biondetti" title="Clemente Biondetti">Clemente Biondetti</a>, led the famous 24-hour race from the third lap until early Sunday afternoon, retiring only due to engine problems.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnny Lurani was impressed by the dominant performance at the Mille Miglia in 1940, by a <i>carrozzeria</i> touring-bodied <a href="/wiki/BMW_328" title="BMW 328">BMW 328</a> coupé, winning the event at over 100 mph average speed, driven by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Huschke_von_Hanstein" title="Fritz Huschke von Hanstein">Fritz Huschke von Hanstein</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_B%C3%A4umer" class="extiw" title="de:Walter Bäumer">Walter Bäumer</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The BMW team included a splendid aerodynamic <i>Berlinetta</i>, wind tunnel designed by German specialists, that was extremely fast at 135 mph... I couldn't believe the speeds these BMWs were capable of.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_8C_2900B_Berlinetta_Speciale_Le_Mans_Touring_1938_Museo_Storico_OCT_2015_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1938 Alfa Romeo 2900B carrozzeria touring Le Mans"><img alt="1938 Alfa Romeo 2900B carrozzeria touring Le Mans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alfa_Romeo_8C_2900B_Berlinetta_Speciale_Le_Mans_Touring_1938_Museo_Storico_OCT_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Alfa_Romeo_8C_2900B_Berlinetta_Speciale_Le_Mans_Touring_1938_Museo_Storico_OCT_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alfa_Romeo_8C_2900B_Berlinetta_Speciale_Le_Mans_Touring_1938_Museo_Storico_OCT_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Alfa_Romeo_8C_2900B_Berlinetta_Speciale_Le_Mans_Touring_1938_Museo_Storico_OCT_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alfa_Romeo_8C_2900B_Berlinetta_Speciale_Le_Mans_Touring_1938_Museo_Storico_OCT_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-Alfa_Romeo_8C_2900B_Berlinetta_Speciale_Le_Mans_Touring_1938_Museo_Storico_OCT_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1938 Alfa Romeo 2900B <i>carrozzeria</i> touring Le Mans</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_328_Mille_Miglia_Coupe_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1940 BMW 328 coupé carrozzeria touring Mille Miglia"><img alt="1940 BMW 328 coupé carrozzeria touring Mille Miglia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BMW_328_Mille_Miglia_Coupe_1940.jpg/240px-BMW_328_Mille_Miglia_Coupe_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BMW_328_Mille_Miglia_Coupe_1940.jpg/360px-BMW_328_Mille_Miglia_Coupe_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BMW_328_Mille_Miglia_Coupe_1940.jpg/480px-BMW_328_Mille_Miglia_Coupe_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1940 <a href="/wiki/BMW_328" title="BMW 328">BMW 328</a> coupé <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring_Superleggera" title="Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera"><i>carrozzeria</i> touring</a> Mille Miglia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1949-04-24_Mille_Miglia_Ferrari_166_sn003S_Bianchetti_Sala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1948 Ferrari 166 S No. 003S, berlinetta coachwork by Carrozzeria Allemano, at the 1949 Mille Miglia"><img alt="1948 Ferrari 166 S No. 003S, berlinetta coachwork by Carrozzeria Allemano, at the 1949 Mille Miglia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1949-04-24_Mille_Miglia_Ferrari_166_sn003S_Bianchetti_Sala.jpg/240px-1949-04-24_Mille_Miglia_Ferrari_166_sn003S_Bianchetti_Sala.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1949-04-24_Mille_Miglia_Ferrari_166_sn003S_Bianchetti_Sala.jpg/360px-1949-04-24_Mille_Miglia_Ferrari_166_sn003S_Bianchetti_Sala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1949-04-24_Mille_Miglia_Ferrari_166_sn003S_Bianchetti_Sala.jpg/480px-1949-04-24_Mille_Miglia_Ferrari_166_sn003S_Bianchetti_Sala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1948 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_166_S" title="Ferrari 166 S">Ferrari 166 S</a> No. 003S, <i>berlinetta</i> coachwork by <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Allemano" title="Carrozzeria Allemano">Carrozzeria Allemano</a>, at the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1950-06-04_Coppa_Toscana_Ferrari_166_sn0026M_Cornaccia_Del_Carlo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1950 Ferrari 195 S berlinetta by Carrozzeria Touring, at the Coppa della Toscana. Chassis No. 0026M. Outright winner of the 1950 Mille Miglia, driven by Gianni Marzotto in a double-breasted suit."><img alt="1950 Ferrari 195 S berlinetta by Carrozzeria Touring, at the Coppa della Toscana. Chassis No. 0026M. Outright winner of the 1950 Mille Miglia, driven by Gianni Marzotto in a double-breasted suit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1950-06-04_Coppa_Toscana_Ferrari_166_sn0026M_Cornaccia_Del_Carlo.jpg/240px-1950-06-04_Coppa_Toscana_Ferrari_166_sn0026M_Cornaccia_Del_Carlo.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1950-06-04_Coppa_Toscana_Ferrari_166_sn0026M_Cornaccia_Del_Carlo.jpg/360px-1950-06-04_Coppa_Toscana_Ferrari_166_sn0026M_Cornaccia_Del_Carlo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1950-06-04_Coppa_Toscana_Ferrari_166_sn0026M_Cornaccia_Del_Carlo.jpg/480px-1950-06-04_Coppa_Toscana_Ferrari_166_sn0026M_Cornaccia_Del_Carlo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1950 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_195_S" title="Ferrari 195 S">Ferrari 195 S</a> <i>berlinetta</i> by <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring_Superleggera" title="Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera">Carrozzeria Touring</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_della_Toscana" title="Coppa della Toscana">Coppa della Toscana</a>. Chassis No. 0026M. Outright winner of the 1950 Mille Miglia, driven by <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Marzotto" title="Gianni Marzotto">Gianni Marzotto</a> in a double-breasted suit.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1951-04-15_Coppa_Intereuropa_Monza_Ferrari_195_0083S_Cornacchia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1951 Ferrari 195 Inter coupé by Vignale. Chassis No. 0083S. At the Coppa Intereuropa at Monza."><img alt="1951 Ferrari 195 Inter coupé by Vignale. Chassis No. 0083S. At the Coppa Intereuropa at Monza." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1951-04-15_Coppa_Intereuropa_Monza_Ferrari_195_0083S_Cornacchia.jpg/240px-1951-04-15_Coppa_Intereuropa_Monza_Ferrari_195_0083S_Cornacchia.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1951-04-15_Coppa_Intereuropa_Monza_Ferrari_195_0083S_Cornacchia.jpg/360px-1951-04-15_Coppa_Intereuropa_Monza_Ferrari_195_0083S_Cornacchia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/1951-04-15_Coppa_Intereuropa_Monza_Ferrari_195_0083S_Cornacchia.jpg/480px-1951-04-15_Coppa_Intereuropa_Monza_Ferrari_195_0083S_Cornacchia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1951 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_195_Inter" title="Ferrari 195 Inter">Ferrari 195 Inter</a> coupé by <a href="/wiki/Vignale" title="Vignale">Vignale</a>. Chassis No. 0083S. At the Coppa Intereuropa at Monza.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937–1948_CSAI"><span id="1937.E2.80.931948_CSAI"></span>1937–1948 CSAI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1937–1948 CSAI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy's national governing body of motorsport was the <i>Commissione Sportiva Automobilistica Italiana</i> (CSAI).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lurani" title="Giovanni Lurani">Count Giovanni Lurani Cernuschi</a> (popularly known as Johnny Lurani) was a key commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a senior member of the world governing body, the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile</a></i> (FIA).<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lurani was instrumental in designing the regulations for the Italian 1937 <i>Turismo Nazionale</i> championship, whereby production vehicles approved by the CSAI were raced with the original chassis and engine layout as specified in the factory catalog and available for customers to buy;<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engines could be tuned and bored out, but the bodywork had to conform to regulations. The CSAI were concerned that FIA (known as AIACR at the time) '<a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">Annexe C</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-:21_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sports cars were becoming little more than thinly-disguised two-seat <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">Grand Prix</a> racers, far removed from the cars ordinary motorists could purchase from the manufacturers' catalogs.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CSAI was shut down by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> government under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> at the end of 1937, and replaced with a new organization called FASI.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Italian Fascists</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, sought control of motor racing as an important vehicle for national prestige and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FASI replaced <i>Turismo Nazionale</i> with the less strictly regulated <i>Sports Nazionale</i> championship, which ran in 1938 and 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Postwar, the CSAI was re-established and in 1947 Italian national championships were held for both <i>Sports Internazionale</i> (FIA Annexe C sports cars) and <i>Sports Nazionale</i>. <i>Sports Nazionale</i> was abolished in 1948, creating the opportunity for a new category in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1949_Coppa_Inter-Europa">1949 Coppa Inter-Europa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1949 Coppa Inter-Europa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">race</a> specifically for grand touring motor cars (at the time the regulations, designed by Johnny Lurani,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were actually called "<i>turismo veloce</i>", or 'fast touring')<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the 1949 <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Intereuropa" class="extiw" title="it:Coppa Intereuropa">Coppa Inter-Europa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held over three hours on 29 May, at the 6.3 kilometer <a href="/wiki/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza" class="mw-redirect" title="Autodromo Nazionale Monza">Autodromo Nazionale di Monza</a> (Italy).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was won by a limited production, V-12 engined, Ferrari 166 "inter", originally known as the "sport", with a coupé body by Carrozzeria Touring of Milan with the Superleggera system.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this race, governing body CSAI officially introduced a new category, called <i>Gran Turismo Internazionale</i>, for 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulations were drawn up by Johnny Lurani and fellow Italian motor racing journalist and organizer Corrado Filippini,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requiring for qualification the production of thirty models per year,<sup id="cite_ref-Ottu_Vu_-_Fiat's_Masterpiece_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottu_Vu_-_Fiat's_Masterpiece-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby ruling out, for the time being, Ferrari's hand-built <i>berlinettas</i>. Nonetheless, Ferrari 166 (including the upgraded MM - Mille Miglia - version) were produced and raced in sports car categories as both open <i>barchettas</i> and closed <i>berlinettas,</i> including winning the 1950 Mille Miglia outright.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950_Mille_Miglia">1950 Mille Miglia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1950 Mille Miglia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the third weekend of April 1950, it was the occasion of the annual Mille Miglia, one-thousand miles from Brescia to Rome and back over closed public roads, to include a <i>Gran Turismo Internazionale</i> category for the first time: twenty-four GT cars were entered, including <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_6C" title="Alfa Romeo 6C">Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 SS coupé touring</a>, Cisitalia 202B <i>berlinetta</i> and <a href="/wiki/Fiat_1100_(1937)" title="Fiat 1100 (1937)">Fiat 1100 S</a> coupé. The field was rounded out by a solitary Fiat-based <a href="/wiki/Siata_Daina" title="Siata Daina">Siata Daina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alfa Romeo took first place in the <i>Gran Turismo</i> <i>Internazionale</i> category (a creditable tenth overall) and also second place in category, followed by three Cisitalias. The overall race winning <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_195_S" title="Ferrari 195 S">Ferrari 195 S</a> was also a <i>gran turismo</i>-style coupé, but in the over 2,000 sports car class—in fact a special 166MM/195S <i>Berlinetta Le Mans</i>, chassis No. 0026MM, famously driven by <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Marzotto" title="Gianni Marzotto">Giannino Marzotto</a> in a double-breasted suit, "a fitting advertisement for his family's textile business".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:26_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:25_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950_Coppa_Inter-Europa">1950 Coppa Inter-Europa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1950 Coppa Inter-Europa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1950 Coppa Inter-Europa at Monza was held in March. Separate races were held for sports cars, and for <i>gran turismo</i> cars in four classes: 750, 1100, 1500, and over 1500. </p><p>Ferrari entered, and won, the Sports car 2000 class with a Ferrari 166 MM <i>berlinetta</i>, while an Alfa Romeo <i>Sperimentale</i> (over 2000 class) won the sports car race overall.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>gran turismo</i> race was contested by <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Aprilia" title="Lancia Aprilia">Lancia Aprilia</a>, Cisitalia 202B, <a href="/wiki/Automobili_Stanguellini" title="Automobili Stanguellini">Stanguellini GT 1100</a>, Fiat 500, Alfa Romeo 2500 and Fiat <a href="/wiki/Zagato" title="Zagato">Zagato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall winner was WWII fighter ace Franco Bordoni's Maserati A6 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950_Targa_Florio">1950 Targa Florio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1950 Targa Florio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Targa_Florio" title="Targa Florio">Targa Florio</a> in Sicily was held the first weekend of April, and featured a <i>Gran Turismo Internazionale</i> category for the first time, in two classes: 1500 and over 1500. Contested by Lancia Aprilia, Cisitalia 202, Fiat 1100, Maserati A6, and even a solitary British <a href="/wiki/Bristol_400" title="Bristol 400">Bristol 400</a> (based on the successful pre-war <a href="/wiki/BMW_328" title="BMW 328">BMW 328</a>), the <i>Gran Turismo Internazionale</i> category was won by Argentinian driver, <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Schwelm_Cruz" title="Adolfo Schwelm Cruz">Adolfo Schwelm Cruz</a>, in an Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 SS.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schwelm Cruz and Alfa Romeo repeated their success in the 1950 Targa Florio and Mille Miglia by winning the <i>gran turismo</i> category at the Coppa della Toscana in June.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Alfa Romeo 6C 2500, driven by Salvatore Amendola, was also victorious in the <i>gran turismo</i> category of the <a href="/wiki/Coppa_d%27_Oro_delle_Dolomiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Coppa d' Oro delle Dolomiti">Coppa d' Oro delle Dolomiti</a> in July, run through the <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomite Mountains</a>, starting and finishing in the town of <a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 took the <i>gran turismo</i> honours again at the Giro delle Calabria in August.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 was based on a pre-war design, and is considered by some to be the last of the classic Alfa Romeos.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1951_Campionato_Gran_Turismo_Internazionale">1951 Campionato Gran Turismo Internazionale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1951 Campionato Gran Turismo Internazionale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For 1951, the CSAI organized an Italian national championship for the <i>Gran Turismo Internazionale</i> category in four classes: 750, 1,500, 2,000, and over 2,000 cc. Interest was attracted from manufacturers such as Alfa Romeo, Lancia, Maserati, Ferrari, Fiat and SIATA. The championship was held over ten events, including all the classic long-distance road races (the Giro di Sicilia, the Mille Miglia, the Coppa della Toscana, the Giro dell'Umbria, the Coppa d' Oro delle Dolomiti, the Giro delle Calabrie and the Stella Alpina) as well as three circuit races (the Coppa Inter-Europa at Monza, the Circuito di Caracalla night-race in Rome, and the 6 Ore di Pescara).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_6C_2500_SS_-_MM_2014_-_(14055528997).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 SS Villa d'Este 1949"><img alt="Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 SS Villa d'Este 1949" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alfa_Romeo_6C_2500_SS_-_MM_2014_-_%2814055528997%29.jpg/240px-Alfa_Romeo_6C_2500_SS_-_MM_2014_-_%2814055528997%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alfa_Romeo_6C_2500_SS_-_MM_2014_-_%2814055528997%29.jpg/360px-Alfa_Romeo_6C_2500_SS_-_MM_2014_-_%2814055528997%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Alfa_Romeo_6C_2500_SS_-_MM_2014_-_%2814055528997%29.jpg/480px-Alfa_Romeo_6C_2500_SS_-_MM_2014_-_%2814055528997%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1043" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_6C" title="Alfa Romeo 6C">Alfa Romeo 6C</a> 2500 SS Villa d'Este 1949</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1949_Fiat_1100_S_Mille_Miglia_(10966804744).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fiat 1100 S coupé 1949"><img alt="Fiat 1100 S coupé 1949" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1949_Fiat_1100_S_Mille_Miglia_%2810966804744%29.jpg/240px-1949_Fiat_1100_S_Mille_Miglia_%2810966804744%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1949_Fiat_1100_S_Mille_Miglia_%2810966804744%29.jpg/360px-1949_Fiat_1100_S_Mille_Miglia_%2810966804744%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1949_Fiat_1100_S_Mille_Miglia_%2810966804744%29.jpg/480px-1949_Fiat_1100_S_Mille_Miglia_%2810966804744%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fiat 1100 S coupé 1949</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1949_Maserati_A6-1500GT_3C_Pinin_Farina_Competition_Berlinetta_-_rvl_(4637035235).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maserati A6 1500 Pinin Farina competition berlinetta 1949"><img alt="Maserati A6 1500 Pinin Farina competition berlinetta 1949" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1949_Maserati_A6-1500GT_3C_Pinin_Farina_Competition_Berlinetta_-_rvl_%284637035235%29.jpg/240px-1949_Maserati_A6-1500GT_3C_Pinin_Farina_Competition_Berlinetta_-_rvl_%284637035235%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1949_Maserati_A6-1500GT_3C_Pinin_Farina_Competition_Berlinetta_-_rvl_%284637035235%29.jpg/360px-1949_Maserati_A6-1500GT_3C_Pinin_Farina_Competition_Berlinetta_-_rvl_%284637035235%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1949_Maserati_A6-1500GT_3C_Pinin_Farina_Competition_Berlinetta_-_rvl_%284637035235%29.jpg/480px-1949_Maserati_A6-1500GT_3C_Pinin_Farina_Competition_Berlinetta_-_rvl_%284637035235%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maserati_A6" title="Maserati A6">Maserati A6</a> 1500 Pinin Farina competition <i>berlinetta</i> 1949</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1954_FIA_Appendix_J">1954 FIA Appendix J</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1954 FIA Appendix J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1954, internationally agreed motor-sport regulations existed only for racing cars and sports cars (FIA Appendix C).<sup id="cite_ref-:21_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a testy initial period,<sup id="cite_ref-:16_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the FIA introduced for the 1954 motor racing calendar new "Appendix J"<sup id="cite_ref-:15_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regulations covering production touring cars, tuned special touring cars, <i>gran turismo</i> cars, and production sports cars. This was the first officially sanctioned international recognition of the <i>gran turismo</i> category.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1954 <i>gran turismo</i> regulations stipulated cars for personal transport with closed bodywork built by the manufacturer of the chassis, although open bodies and special coachwork were admissible if listed in the official catalog of the manufacturer of the chassis and if the weight of the car was at least the same as the closed standard model. Minimum production was 100 cars during 12 months and cars needed to have only two seats.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Gran turismo</i> categories (under 1500 and over 1500) were first included in the <a href="/wiki/World_Sportscar_Championship" title="World Sportscar Championship">World Sportscar Championship</a> in round three of the <a href="/wiki/1954_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1954 World Sportscar Championship">1954 season</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1954_Mille_Miglia" title="1954 Mille Miglia">1954</a> <a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a> (the first placed GT car being the Lancia Aurelia B20 GT of Serafini and Mancini).<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GT entries would become a regular feature alongside their sports car brethren at international races from this time forward: GT cars raced in world championship rounds at the <a href="/wiki/Targa_Florio" title="Targa Florio">Targa Florio</a> from 1955, <a href="/wiki/6_Hours_of_N%C3%BCrburgring" title="6 Hours of Nürburgring">Nürburgring</a> from 1956, <a href="/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring" title="12 Hours of Sebring">Sebring</a> from 1957, <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> from <a href="/wiki/1959_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="1959 24 Hours of Le Mans">1959</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1000_km_Buenos_Aires" title="1000 km Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> from 1960 (from which year every round of the world championship included GT cars). In 1960 and 1961 an FIA <i>Coupé de Grand Tourisme</i> (Grand Touring Cup) was awarded.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1962_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1962 World Sportscar Championship">1962</a>-<a href="/wiki/1984_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1984 World Sportscar Championship">1984</a> seasons (except of the <a href="/wiki/1982_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1982 World Sportscar Championship">1982</a> season) <a href="/wiki/World_Sportscar_Championship" title="World Sportscar Championship">World Sportscar Championship</a> titles were awarded to <i>manufacturers</i> of GT cars alongside to <i>manufacturers</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sports_prototype" title="Sports prototype">Sports prototypes</a>. </p><p>The FIA grand touring category came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Group_3_(racing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 3 (racing)">Group 3</a>", and is defined in the 1961 Appendix J (English) regulation as: "Vehicles built in small series for customers who are looking for better performance and/or maximum comfort and are not particularly concerned about economy. Such cars shall conform to a model defined in a catalog and be offered to the customers by the regular Sales Department of the manufacturer."<sup id="cite_ref-:15_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:23NTBC_16_-_Ferrari.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta 1956 -1961"><img alt="Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta 1956 -1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/23NTBC_16_-_Ferrari.jpg/240px-23NTBC_16_-_Ferrari.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/23NTBC_16_-_Ferrari.jpg/360px-23NTBC_16_-_Ferrari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/23NTBC_16_-_Ferrari.jpg/480px-23NTBC_16_-_Ferrari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta 1956 -1961</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_LC22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aston Martin DB4 GT 1961"><img alt="Aston Martin DB4 GT 1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_LC22.jpg/240px-Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_LC22.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_LC22.jpg/360px-Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_LC22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_LC22.jpg/480px-Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_LC22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4692" data-file-height="2619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aston Martin DB4 GT 1961</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1961_Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_Zagato_-_fvr3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato 1961"><img alt="Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato 1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1961_Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_Zagato_-_fvr3.jpg/240px-1961_Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_Zagato_-_fvr3.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1961_Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_Zagato_-_fvr3.jpg/360px-1961_Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_Zagato_-_fvr3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/1961_Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_Zagato_-_fvr3.jpg/480px-1961_Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_Zagato_-_fvr3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB4_GT_Zagato" title="Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato">Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato</a> 1961</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaguar_E-type_Lightweight_Low_Drag_Coupe_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jaguar E-type lightweight low -drag coupe 1962"><img alt="Jaguar E-type lightweight low -drag coupe 1962" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jaguar_E-type_Lightweight_Low_Drag_Coupe_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg/240px-Jaguar_E-type_Lightweight_Low_Drag_Coupe_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jaguar_E-type_Lightweight_Low_Drag_Coupe_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg/360px-Jaguar_E-type_Lightweight_Low_Drag_Coupe_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Jaguar_E-type_Lightweight_Low_Drag_Coupe_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg/480px-Jaguar_E-type_Lightweight_Low_Drag_Coupe_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jaguar E-type lightweight low -drag coupe 1962</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1962–1965_International_Championship_for_GT_Manufacturers"><span id="1962.E2.80.931965_International_Championship_for_GT_Manufacturers"></span>1962–1965 International Championship for GT Manufacturers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1962–1965 International Championship for GT Manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1962 the FIA, addressing concerns to reduce the speeds attained in sports car racing following the disastrous accident at <a href="/wiki/1955_Le_Mans_disaster" title="1955 Le Mans disaster">Le Mans in 1955</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shifted focus from Appendix C sports cars to production based GT cars of Appendix J.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous World Sportscar Championship title was discontinued, being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/1962_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1962 World Sportscar Championship">International Championship for GT Manufacturers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> won by the Ferrari 250 GTO in <a href="/wiki/1962_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1962 World Sportscar Championship">1962</a>, <a href="/wiki/1963_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1963 World Sportscar Championship">1963</a> and <a href="/wiki/1964_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1964 World Sportscar Championship">1964</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cobra_Ferrari_wars">Cobra Ferrari wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cobra Ferrari wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The period 1963–1965 is famous for the "Cobra Ferrari wars",<sup id="cite_ref-:17_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a rivalry between American former-racing driver and Le Mans winner <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Shelby" title="Carroll Shelby">Carroll Shelby</a> (<a href="/wiki/1959_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="1959 24 Hours of Le Mans">Le Mans 1959</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DBR1" title="Aston Martin DBR1">Aston Martin DBR1/300</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:14_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a>, whose 250 GTs were the dominant grand touring cars of the time. Shelby retired from driving due to a heart condition,<sup id="cite_ref-:14_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> returning to California from Europe in 1959 with the idea to marry the <a href="/wiki/AC_Ace" title="AC Ace">AC Ace</a> sports car chassis with <a href="/wiki/Ford_Windsor_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Windsor engine">Ford's V-8 small-block</a> engine: the resulting <a href="/wiki/AC_Cobra" title="AC Cobra">Shelby AC Cobra</a> was a sales success.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shelby, like Enzo Ferrari, sold road cars to support his racing team, and like Ferrari the Cobra was a success on the track, at least on the short circuits common in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the longer tracks prevalent in Europe however, the Cobra's crude aerodynamics could not compete with the sleek 180 mph Ferrari 250 GTOs: even fitted with a removable roof the Cobra's top speed was 150 mph.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1963_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="1963 24 Hours of Le Mans">1963 24 Hours of Le Mans</a>, a Cobra placed seventh; Ferraris placed first to sixth.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelby team engineer <a href="/wiki/Pete_Brock" title="Pete Brock">Pete Brock</a><sup id="cite_ref-:14_135-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hand-designed a <a href="/wiki/Wunibald_Kamm" title="Wunibald Kamm">Kamm</a>-backed aerodynamic body for the Cobra, creating the <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Daytona" title="Shelby Daytona">Shelby Daytona coupe</a>, and a showdown with Ferrari was set.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In testing, the Shelby Daytona coupe attained a top speed of 196 mph,<sup id="cite_ref-:14_135-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went on to win the GT class at the 1964 24 Hours of Le Mans.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelby had beaten Ferrari on the biggest stage; however, the fast and reliable Ferrari 250 GTOs were again victorious in the <a href="/wiki/1964_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1964 World Sportscar Championship">1964 International Championship for GT Manufacturers</a>. The championship was controversial: Enzo Ferrari, with only a narrow points lead over Shelby, attempted to have the radical new <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">mid-engined</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_P" title="Ferrari P">Ferrari LM250</a> <a href="/wiki/Homologation" title="Homologation">homologated</a> for the final championship round at Monza in Italy. When the FIA turned Ferrari down, Ferrari withdrew. The race organizers Auto Club d'Italia, fearing a financial disaster from the withdrawal of the famous Italian team, canceled the event, and Ferrari was crowned world champion. In the aftermath, Ferrari declared he would never race GTs again, and for 1965 the <a href="/wiki/1966_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="1966 24 Hours of Le Mans">rivalry with Ferrari</a><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ford_GT40" title="Ford GT40">Ford GT40</a>, also mid-engined, in the sports car divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, with Shelby's race team now dedicated to the GT40, the Daytona coupes were entrusted to <a href="/wiki/Alan_Mann_Racing" title="Alan Mann Racing">Alan Mann Racing</a> in the United Kingdom, and easily won the <a href="/wiki/1965_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1965 World Sportscar Championship">GT world championship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1966, the FIA returned its <a href="/wiki/1966_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1966 World Sportscar Championship">world championship</a> focus to the sports car division, but GT entries remained an important feature of international sports car racing.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-08-07_1191_Oldtimer-GP_-_AC_Shelby_Cobra,_Bj._1964.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shelby AC Cobra hardtop 1964"><img alt="Shelby AC Cobra hardtop 1964" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2009-08-07_1191_Oldtimer-GP_-_AC_Shelby_Cobra%2C_Bj._1964.JPG/240px-2009-08-07_1191_Oldtimer-GP_-_AC_Shelby_Cobra%2C_Bj._1964.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2009-08-07_1191_Oldtimer-GP_-_AC_Shelby_Cobra%2C_Bj._1964.JPG/360px-2009-08-07_1191_Oldtimer-GP_-_AC_Shelby_Cobra%2C_Bj._1964.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2009-08-07_1191_Oldtimer-GP_-_AC_Shelby_Cobra%2C_Bj._1964.JPG/480px-2009-08-07_1191_Oldtimer-GP_-_AC_Shelby_Cobra%2C_Bj._1964.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shelby_AC_Cobra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelby AC Cobra">Shelby AC Cobra</a> hardtop 1964</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrari_1962_250_GTO_on_Pebble_Beach_Tour_d%27Elegance_2011_-Moto@Club4AG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferrari 250 GTO 1964"><img alt="Ferrari 250 GTO 1964" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ferrari_1962_250_GTO_on_Pebble_Beach_Tour_d%27Elegance_2011_-Moto%40Club4AG.jpg/240px-Ferrari_1962_250_GTO_on_Pebble_Beach_Tour_d%27Elegance_2011_-Moto%40Club4AG.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ferrari_1962_250_GTO_on_Pebble_Beach_Tour_d%27Elegance_2011_-Moto%40Club4AG.jpg/360px-Ferrari_1962_250_GTO_on_Pebble_Beach_Tour_d%27Elegance_2011_-Moto%40Club4AG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ferrari_1962_250_GTO_on_Pebble_Beach_Tour_d%27Elegance_2011_-Moto%40Club4AG.jpg/480px-Ferrari_1962_250_GTO_on_Pebble_Beach_Tour_d%27Elegance_2011_-Moto%40Club4AG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250_GTO" title="Ferrari 250 GTO">Ferrari 250 GTO</a> 1964</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carroll_Shelby_Museum._Las_Vegas._(31378809241).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shelby Daytona coupe 1964"><img alt="Shelby Daytona coupe 1964" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carroll_Shelby_Museum._Las_Vegas._%2831378809241%29.jpg/240px-Carroll_Shelby_Museum._Las_Vegas._%2831378809241%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carroll_Shelby_Museum._Las_Vegas._%2831378809241%29.jpg/360px-Carroll_Shelby_Museum._Las_Vegas._%2831378809241%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carroll_Shelby_Museum._Las_Vegas._%2831378809241%29.jpg/480px-Carroll_Shelby_Museum._Las_Vegas._%2831378809241%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3095" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Daytona" title="Shelby Daytona">Shelby Daytona</a> coupe 1964</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_grand_tourers_1946–1963"><span id="British_grand_tourers_1946.E2.80.931963"></span>British grand tourers 1946–1963</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: British grand tourers 1946–1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Italy was the home of the <i>gran turismo</i>, of all the other European nations that took the concept up, it was Britain that was most enthusiastic.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946_Healey_Elliot">1946 Healey Elliot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 1946 Healey Elliot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/Donald_Healey" title="Donald Healey">Donald Healey</a> turned to production of the small, light and inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Austin-Healey_100" title="Austin-Healey 100">Austin-Healey 100</a> sports car in 1952, he had brought to market a fast and aerodynamic 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-liter <a href="/wiki/Riley_Motor" title="Riley Motor">Riley</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Donald_Healey_Motor_Company" title="Donald Healey Motor Company">Healey</a> Elliot<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> closed saloon (named for the coach-builder). Claimed to be the fastest closed car of its day, only 101 were made before production was given over to the successful new <a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947_Bristol_400–406"><span id="1947_Bristol_400.E2.80.93406"></span>1947 Bristol 400–406</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 1947 Bristol 400–406"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately following the Second World War, H. J. Aldington,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pre-war <a href="/wiki/Frazer_Nash" title="Frazer Nash">Frazer Nash</a> manufacturer and BMW importer, sought out BMW's badly bombed Munich factory and there discovered the special-bodied open BMW 328, duly returning with it to Britain with a view to building Fraser Nash-BMWs with the aid of key former-BMW personnel. The <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aeroplane Company</a>, looking to enter the car sector, acquired a majority shareholding. There were government concerns about using German engineers, and in the end, only <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fiedler" title="Fritz Fiedler">Fritz Fiedler</a> was involved as consultant to <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cars" title="Bristol Cars">Bristol</a>'s own engineers. By the time the new car debuted at the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Motor Show">Geneva Motor Show</a>, it was known simply as the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_400" title="Bristol 400">Bristol 400</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_147-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bristol 400 was essentially a hand-built, to aircraft industry standards, <a href="/wiki/BMW_327" title="BMW 327">BMW 327</a> two-door coupe, mounted on a <a href="/wiki/BMW_326" title="BMW 326">BMW 326</a> chassis, powered by the legendary 2-liter <a href="/wiki/BMW_328" title="BMW 328">BMW 328</a> engine. It was fast, 90 mph, but expensive. The 1948 <a href="/wiki/Bristol_401" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol 401">401</a> featured an improved aerodynamic body in the lightweight <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring_Superleggera" title="Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera">Touring Superleggera</a> fashion; and the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Bristol_403" title="Bristol 403">403</a> boasted improved suspension, brakes, and gearbox, while power was boosted from 85 to 100 bhp. The 1954 short-chassis <a href="/wiki/Bristol_404_and_405" title="Bristol 404 and 405">404</a> had a completely new body, and top speed was up to 110 mph. The 1958 <a href="/wiki/Bristol_406" title="Bristol 406">406</a> was the last of the BMW-powered versions and was produced until 1961, after which they were superseded by a range of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_407" title="Bristol 407">automatic transmission equipped and Chrysler V8 powered Bristols</a>, with the engines rebuilt by Bristol engineers and fitted with high-lift camshafts and mechanical lifters.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_147-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1953_Aston_Martin_DB2">1953 Aston Martin DB2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 1953 Aston Martin DB2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(entrepreneur)" title="David Brown (entrepreneur)">David Brown</a> purchased the Aston Martin concern in 1947, and the company was effectively reborn for the post-war era. Unlike the Bristol, the <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB2" title="Aston Martin DB2">Aston Martin DB2</a> which debuted at the 1949 Motor Show (as a prototype Le Mans racer) was an all-British affair. The 2.6-liter twin overhead camshaft <a href="/wiki/Lagonda_straight-6_engine" title="Lagonda straight-6 engine">Lagonda engine</a> was designed by W. O. Bentley (Brown having also purchased the <a href="/wiki/Lagonda" title="Lagonda">Lagonda company</a>). Brown decided on a closed coupé body in the latest Italian tradition, rather than the traditional Aston Martin open two-seater sports car. The 1950 production DB2 was a styling triumph for designer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Feeley" title="Frank Feeley">Frank Feeley</a>, and Brown later recalled that many believed the car styled in Italy. The 105 bhp DB2 was a genuine 110 mph grand tourer; in 1951 came the more powerful optional 125 bhp "Vantage" version. In its original form, the DB2 was a two-seater; the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB2/4" title="Aston Martin DB2/4">DB2/4</a> added a 2+2 and hatchback arrangement and a 3-liter engine in 1954. A <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB2/4" title="Aston Martin DB2/4">Mark II</a> version with <a href="/wiki/Tickford" title="Tickford">Tickford</a> coachwork appeared in 1955 (Brown had purchased this company too). The <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB_Mark_III" title="Aston Martin DB Mark III">Mark III</a> version from 1957 to 1959 developed 162 bhp, and was available with 180 and 195 bhp high-output engine options.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_147-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Healey_Elliott_Saloon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1946–1950 Healey Elliott"><img alt="1946–1950 Healey Elliott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Healey_Elliott_Saloon.jpg/240px-Healey_Elliott_Saloon.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Healey_Elliott_Saloon.jpg/360px-Healey_Elliott_Saloon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Healey_Elliott_Saloon.jpg/480px-Healey_Elliott_Saloon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1946–1950 Healey Elliott</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1952_Bristol_401_in_Holland_Park,_Kensington,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1948–1953 Bristol 401"><img alt="1948–1953 Bristol 401" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1952_Bristol_401_in_Holland_Park%2C_Kensington%2C_London.JPG/240px-1952_Bristol_401_in_Holland_Park%2C_Kensington%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1952_Bristol_401_in_Holland_Park%2C_Kensington%2C_London.JPG/360px-1952_Bristol_401_in_Holland_Park%2C_Kensington%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1952_Bristol_401_in_Holland_Park%2C_Kensington%2C_London.JPG/480px-1952_Bristol_401_in_Holland_Park%2C_Kensington%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4326" data-file-height="3245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1948–1953 <a href="/wiki/Bristol_401" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol 401">Bristol 401</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AM_DB2_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1950-1953 Aston Martin DB2"><img alt="1950-1953 Aston Martin DB2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/AM_DB2_top.jpg/240px-AM_DB2_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/AM_DB2_top.jpg/360px-AM_DB2_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/AM_DB2_top.jpg/480px-AM_DB2_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="1590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1950-1953 <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB2" title="Aston Martin DB2">Aston Martin DB2</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:110_ans_de_l%27automobile_au_Grand_Palais_-_Aston_Martin_DB2_4_3.0-Litre_Sports_Saloon_-_1955_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1953–1957 Aston Martin DB2/4"><img alt="1953–1957 Aston Martin DB2/4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/110_ans_de_l%27automobile_au_Grand_Palais_-_Aston_Martin_DB2_4_3.0-Litre_Sports_Saloon_-_1955_-_001.jpg/240px-110_ans_de_l%27automobile_au_Grand_Palais_-_Aston_Martin_DB2_4_3.0-Litre_Sports_Saloon_-_1955_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/110_ans_de_l%27automobile_au_Grand_Palais_-_Aston_Martin_DB2_4_3.0-Litre_Sports_Saloon_-_1955_-_001.jpg/360px-110_ans_de_l%27automobile_au_Grand_Palais_-_Aston_Martin_DB2_4_3.0-Litre_Sports_Saloon_-_1955_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/110_ans_de_l%27automobile_au_Grand_Palais_-_Aston_Martin_DB2_4_3.0-Litre_Sports_Saloon_-_1955_-_001.jpg/480px-110_ans_de_l%27automobile_au_Grand_Palais_-_Aston_Martin_DB2_4_3.0-Litre_Sports_Saloon_-_1955_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1953–1957 <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB2/4" title="Aston Martin DB2/4">Aston Martin DB2/4</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9tromobile_2016_-_Aston_Martin_DB4_s%C3%A9rie_II_-_1960_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1958–1963 Aston Martin DB4"><img alt="1958–1963 Aston Martin DB4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/R%C3%A9tromobile_2016_-_Aston_Martin_DB4_s%C3%A9rie_II_-_1960_-_001.jpg/240px-R%C3%A9tromobile_2016_-_Aston_Martin_DB4_s%C3%A9rie_II_-_1960_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/R%C3%A9tromobile_2016_-_Aston_Martin_DB4_s%C3%A9rie_II_-_1960_-_001.jpg/360px-R%C3%A9tromobile_2016_-_Aston_Martin_DB4_s%C3%A9rie_II_-_1960_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/R%C3%A9tromobile_2016_-_Aston_Martin_DB4_s%C3%A9rie_II_-_1960_-_001.jpg/480px-R%C3%A9tromobile_2016_-_Aston_Martin_DB4_s%C3%A9rie_II_-_1960_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1958–1963 <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB4" title="Aston Martin DB4">Aston Martin DB4</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_(motorcycle)" title="Cruiser (motorcycle)">Cruiser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Touring_motorcycle" title="Touring motorcycle">Touring motorcycle</a> for the motorcycle equivalents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_racing_(motorsport)" title="Endurance racing (motorsport)">Endurance racing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_tourer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStanford1957" class="citation book cs1">Stanford, John (1957). <i>The Sports Car, Development and Design</i>. B. T. Batsford. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135518684" title="Special:BookSources/9781135518684"><bdi>9781135518684</bdi></a>. <q>A newer concept altogether is the modern <i>gran turismo</i> class, which was in effect unknown before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; sustained high-speed motoring from relatively modest engine size and compact closed coachwork</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sports+Car%2C+Development+and+Design&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=9781135518684&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1991" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Jonathan (1991). <i>Speed in Style: The Origins and Development of the Grand Touring Car</i>. Patrick Stephens. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852600808" title="Special:BookSources/9781852600808"><bdi>9781852600808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speed+in+Style%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Grand+Touring+Car&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781852600808&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dawson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawson_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawson_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawson_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawson_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2007" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Sam (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOjgktooGNMC"><i>GT: the world's best GT cars 1953–1973</i></a>. Veloce. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845840600" title="Special:BookSources/9781845840600"><bdi>9781845840600</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GT%3A+the+world%27s+best+GT+cars+1953%E2%80%931973&rft.pub=Veloce&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781845840600&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOjgktooGNMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, pp. 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/LWFWIW/focusLWFWIW.php?db2=LWF&db=ct&n=78">"Vittorio Jano"</a>. <i>The Motorsport Memorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Motorsport+Memorial&rft.atitle=Vittorio+Jano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorsportmemorial.org%2FLWFWIW%2FfocusLWFWIW.php%3Fdb2%3DLWF%26db%3Dct%26n%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotsford2015" class="citation news cs1">Botsford, Keith (24 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/features/opinion/keith-botsford/the-pride-and-passion-of-enzo-ferrari/">"The pride and passion of Enzo Ferrari: CAR+ archive, August 1977"</a>. <i>CAR Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CAR+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+pride+and+passion+of+Enzo+Ferrari%3A+CAR%2B+archive%2C+August+1977&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft.aulast=Botsford&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carmagazine.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fopinion%2Fkeith-botsford%2Fthe-pride-and-passion-of-enzo-ferrari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandprixhistory.org/fer_bio_main.htm">"Enzo Ferrari - Biography"</a>. <i>grand prix history</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grand+prix+history&rft.atitle=Enzo+Ferrari+-+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandprixhistory.org%2Ffer_bio_main.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva" class="citation web cs1">Silva, Allesandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507173501/http://historicracing.com/driver_az.cfm?type=drivers_alpha&tStartRow=1&AlphaIndex=L&driverID=7749">"Giovanni Lurani, obit"</a>. <i>historicracing.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TopSpeed.com&rft.atitle=1966-1967+Ferrari+275+Gran+Turismo+Berlinetta+Competizione+Scaglietti&rft.date=2014-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topspeed.com%2Fcars%2Fferrari%2F1966-ferrari-275-gran-turismo-berlinetta-competizione-scaglietti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.influx.co.uk/cars/audi-80-gt/">"Audi 80 GT: ringing the changes"</a>. <i>influx.co.uk</i>. 13 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=influx.co.uk&rft.atitle=Audi+80+GT%3A+ringing+the+changes&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.influx.co.uk%2Fcars%2Faudi-80-gt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkswagensantamonica.com/blog/what-does-golf-gti-stand-for/">"What Does Golf GTI Stand For?"</a>. <i>volkswagensantamonica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=volkswagensantamonica.com&rft.atitle=What+Does+Golf+GTI+Stand+For%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkswagensantamonica.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-does-golf-gti-stand-for%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorionline.com/2017/11/24/ferrari-250-gto-1962-gran-turismo-omologato-per-i-39-esemplari-della-rossa-piu-famosa/">"Ferrari 250 GTO (1962), "Gran Turismo Omologato" per i 39 esemplari della Rossa più famosa"</a>. <i>motorionline.com</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=motorionline.com&rft.atitle=Ferrari+250+GTO+%281962%29%2C+%22Gran+Turismo+Omologato%22+per+i+39+esemplari+della+Rossa+pi%C3%B9+famosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorionline.com%2F2017%2F11%2F24%2Fferrari-250-gto-1962-gran-turismo-omologato-per-i-39-esemplari-della-rossa-piu-famosa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/gran-turismo-omologato">"The definition of gran turismo omologato"</a>. <i>dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+gran+turismo+omologato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fgran-turismo-omologato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidsclassiccars.com/alfa-romeo/171049-1985-alfa-romeo-gtv6-gran-turismo-veloce.html">"1985 Alfa Romeo GTV6 Gran Turismo Veloce"</a>. <i>davidsclassiccars.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=davidsclassiccars.com&rft.atitle=1985+Alfa+Romeo+GTV6+Gran+Turismo+Veloce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdavidsclassiccars.com%2Falfa-romeo%2F171049-1985-alfa-romeo-gtv6-gran-turismo-veloce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This emphasis found favor with post-war British commentators as an English definition of the grand tourer. For reference see: <i>Les Grandes Routières: France's Classic Grand Tourers</i>, Stobbs, William, 1990; and <i>GT: The World's Best GT Cars 1953 to 1973</i>, Dawson, Sam, 2007. For examplars see: Bugatti Type 57S Aérolithe/Aéro Coupé/Atlantic, 1935–1938; and Talbot-Lago T26 Grand Sport, 1948–1951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.velocetoday.com/lifestyle/lifestyle_95.php">"VeloceToday – Online Magazine for Italian Car Enthusiasts!"</a>. <i>velocetoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=velocetoday.com&rft.atitle=VeloceToday+%E2%80%93+Online+Magazine+for+Italian+Car+Enthusiasts%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.velocetoday.com%2Flifestyle%2Flifestyle_95.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:30-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:30_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVack" class="citation web cs1">Vack, Pete. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.velocetoday.com/lifestyle/lifestyle_95.php">"The Development of the Grand Touring car"</a>. <i>Veloce Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veloce+Today&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Grand+Touring+car&rft.aulast=Vack&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.velocetoday.com%2Flifestyle%2Flifestyle_95.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipler2016" class="citation book cs1">Tipler, John (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIHDCwAAQBAJ&q=alfa+romeo+6c+1750+gt+berlinetta+touring&pg=PT58"><i>Alfa Romeo Berlinas</i></a>. Veloce Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845849641" title="Special:BookSources/9781845849641"><bdi>9781845849641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfa+Romeo+Berlinas&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft.isbn=9781845849641&rft.aulast=Tipler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIHDCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dalfa%2Bromeo%2B6c%2B1750%2Bgt%2Bberlinetta%2Btouring%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Mille_Miglia-1931-04-12.html">"Mille Miglia 1931"</a>. <i>Racing Sports Cars</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Racing+Sports+Cars&rft.atitle=Mille+Miglia+1931&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Frace%2FMille_Miglia-1931-04-12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Mille_Miglia-1932-04-10.html">"Mille Miglia 1932"</a>. <i>Racing Sports Cars</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Racing+Sports+Cars&rft.atitle=Mille+Miglia+1932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Frace%2FMille_Miglia-1932-04-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissen2005" class="citation web cs1">Melissen, Wouter (29 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/2275/Alfa-Romeo-6C-1500-Sports-Two-Seater.html">"1927 - 1929 Alfa Romeo 6C 1500 Sports Two Seater"</a>. <i>Ultimatecarpage.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ultimatecarpage.com&rft.atitle=1927+-+1929+Alfa+Romeo+6C+1500+Sports+Two+Seater&rft.date=2005-03-29&rft.aulast=Melissen&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimatecarpage.com%2Fcar%2F2275%2FAlfa-Romeo-6C-1500-Sports-Two-Seater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/october-2007/114/lancia-aurelia">"lancia-aurelia"</a>. <i>Motor Sport Magazine</i>. 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Motor+Sport+Magazine&rft.atitle=lancia-aurelia&rft.date=2014-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorsportmagazine.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2Foctober-2007%2F114%2Flancia-aurelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/suffix/Fiat/Siata%20Balilla/Berlinetta%20Ghia.html">"Fiat Siata Balilla Berlinetta Ghia - Racing Sports Cars"</a>. <i>racingsportscars.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=racingsportscars.com&rft.atitle=Fiat+Siata+Balilla+Berlinetta+Ghia+-+Racing+Sports+Cars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Fsuffix%2FFiat%2FSiata%2520Balilla%2FBerlinetta%2520Ghia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/suffix/Fiat/508CS%20MM/Berlinetta%20Ghia.html">"Fiat 508CS MM Berlinetta Ghia - Racing Sports Cars"</a>. <i>racingsportscars.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=racingsportscars.com&rft.atitle=Fiat+508CS+MM+Berlinetta+Ghia+-+Racing+Sports+Cars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Fsuffix%2FFiat%2F508CS%2520MM%2FBerlinetta%2520Ghia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:31_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:31_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVack" class="citation web cs1">Vack, Pete. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.velocetoday.com/cars/cars_108.php">"Balilla Berlinetta 'Mille Miglia'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Veloce Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veloce+Today&rft.atitle=Balilla+Berlinetta+%27Mille+Miglia%27&rft.aulast=Vack&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.velocetoday.com%2Fcars%2Fcars_108.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVack" class="citation web cs1">Vack, Pete. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.velocetoday.com/the-essential-etceterini/">"The Essential Etceterini"</a>. <i>Veloce Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veloce+Today&rft.atitle=The+Essential+Etceterini&rft.aulast=Vack&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.velocetoday.com%2Fthe-essential-etceterini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.velocetoday.com/fiat-508-balilla-mille-miglia-berlinetta/">"Fiat 508 Balilla Mille Miglia Berlinetta"</a>. <i>velocetoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Sport&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+250GT+Ferrari&rft.pages=174&rft.date=1963-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/driver/Wittigo-Einsiedel-D.html">"Wittigo Einsiedel (D) – Racing Sports Cars"</a>. <i>racingsportscars.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Story+of+the+Man+Known+as+Portago+%E2%80%93+Archived+Feature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caranddriver.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-real-story-of-the-man-known-as-portago-archived-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"The Development of the Ferrari 250 GT". <i>Motor Sport</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+Car+Trust&rft.atitle=Mille+Miglia&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassiccartrust.com%2Fmillemiglia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandclassictours.com/tours_mille_miglia_details_and_history.asp">"Mille Migllia: History"</a>. <i>Grand Classic Tours</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Classic+Tours&rft.atitle=Mille+Migllia%3A+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandclassictours.com%2Ftours_mille_miglia_details_and_history.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandprixhistory.org/miglia.htm">"Mille Miglia"</a>. <i>grandprixhistory.org</i>. November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grandprixhistory.org&rft.atitle=Mille+Miglia&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandprixhistory.org%2Fmiglia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicdriver.com/en/article/cars/was-mille-miglia-2015-relive-it-135-breathtaking-images">"This Was Mille Migla 2015"</a>. <i>Classic Driver</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+Driver&rft.atitle=This+Was+Mille+Migla+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicdriver.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcars%2Fwas-mille-miglia-2015-relive-it-135-breathtaking-images&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csai.aci.it/">"CSAI"</a>. <i>csai.aci.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=csai.aci.it&rft.atitle=CSAI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csai.aci.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021034743/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/dl.htm">"The Golden Era of GP Racing 1934–40"</a>. <i>kolumbus.fi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/dl.htm">the original</a> on 21 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kolumbus.fi&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Era+of+GP+Racing+1934%E2%80%9340&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kolumbus.fi%2Fleif.snellman%2Fdl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The concepts of production (or "touring") car racing and homologation (meaning "official approval") originate with the regulations for the inaugural <a href="/wiki/1923_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="1923 24 Hours of Le Mans">1923 24 Heures du Mans</a>, credited to: Charles Faroux, a motoring journalist for <i>La Vie Automobile;</i> Georges Durand, Secretary General of <i><a href="/wiki/Automobile_Club_de_l%27Ouest" title="Automobile Club de l'Ouest">l'Automobile Club de l'Ouest</a></i>; and Emile Coquille, Managing Director of the French branch of the <a href="/wiki/Rudge-Whitworth" title="Rudge-Whitworth">Rudge-Whitworth</a> detachable-wire-wheel company. The regulations required for each entry a formal document swearing thirty identical examples had been produced conforming strictly to the manufacturer's catalog, and conceiving "of a day-long touring car race featuring the cars, equipment, accessories, fuels and lubricants normal motorists could actually buy" and "presaging the entire Grand Touring concept".--<i>Le Mans: Before the 24</i> by Charles ("Chuck") Dressing, Radio Le Mans, Brumos Racing; originally published on www.speedvision.com in 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicdb.fia.com/regulations/period-appendix-c">"Regulations - Period Appendix C | FIA Historic Database"</a>. <i>historicdb.fia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historicdb.fia.com&rft.atitle=Regulations+-+Period+Appendix+C+%7C+FIA+Historic+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricdb.fia.com%2Fregulations%2Fperiod-appendix-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney" class="citation web cs1">McKinney, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forums.autosport.com/topic/36913-campionato-italiano-sport-1937-1965/?p=727413">"Campionato Italiano Sport 1937–1965"</a>. <i>Autosport</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>. <q>A federation of teams and drivers affiliated with the Italian Olympic Committee.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=8w.forix.com&rft.atitle=8W+%E2%80%93+When%3F+%E2%80%93+Racing+in+the+40s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F8w.forix.com%2F40s-nice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eu.eot.su/2015/11/05/the-rule-of-italian-fascism-political-formation-and-fascist-practices-part-ii/">"The rule of Italian fascism"</a>. <i>Essence of Time</i>. 5 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essence+of+Time&rft.atitle=The+rule+of+Italian+fascism&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feu.eot.su%2F2015%2F11%2F05%2Fthe-rule-of-italian-fascism-political-formation-and-fascist-practices-part-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandprixhistory.org/mille_miglia_history.htm">"Mille Miglia - History"</a>. <i>grandprixhistory.org</i>. November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grandprixhistory.org&rft.atitle=Mille+Miglia+-+History&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandprixhistory.org%2Fmille_miglia_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The nationalist Fascist government promoted Italian motorsport as one of the pillars of its sporting propaganda under Il Duce Benito Mussolini, who embraced motorsport as one of the most important activities of the new Fascist era."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2701.htm">--http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2701.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630064926/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2701.htm">Archived</a> 30 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The nationalist Fascist government promoted Italian motorsport as one of the pillars of its sporting propaganda under Il Duce Benito Mussolini, who embraced motorsport as one of the most important activities of the new Fascist era."--<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2701.htm">http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2701.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva" class="citation web cs1">Silva, Alessandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forums.autosport.com/topic/36913-campionato-italiano-sport-1937-1965/?p=727526">"Campionato Italiano Sport 1937–1965"</a>. <i>Autosport.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autosport.com&rft.atitle=Campionato+Italiano+Sport+1937%E2%80%931965&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforums.autosport.com%2Ftopic%2F36913-campionato-italiano-sport-1937-1965%2F%3Fp%3D727526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/championship/Italian%20Championship%20Sport.html">"Campionato Italiano Sport"</a>. <i>Racing Sports Cars</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Racing+Sports+Cars&rft.atitle=Campionato+Italiano+Sport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Fchampionship%2FItalian%2520Championship%2520Sport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://8w.forix.com/40s-nice.html">"8W – When? – Racing in the 40s"</a>. <i>8w.forix.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=8w.forix.com&rft.atitle=8W+%E2%80%93+When%3F+%E2%80%93+Racing+in+the+40s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F8w.forix.com%2F40s-nice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monzatoday.it/eventi/coppa-intereuropa.html">"Coppa Intereuropa in Autodromo nel weekend"</a>. <i>MonzaToday</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MonzaToday&rft.atitle=Coppa+Intereuropa+in+Autodromo+nel+weekend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monzatoday.it%2Feventi%2Fcoppa-intereuropa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsauto.it/racing-gare-sport/storiche-epoca/16-06-2016/monza-63-coppa-intereuropa-storica-programma-60851/">"Monza 63^ Coppa Intereuropa Storica"</a>. <i>newsauto.it</i>. 15 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsauto.it&rft.atitle=Monza+63%5E+Coppa+Intereuropa+Storica&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsauto.it%2Fracing-gare-sport%2Fstoriche-epoca%2F16-06-2016%2Fmonza-63-coppa-intereuropa-storica-programma-60851%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doubledeclutch.com/?m=201104">"April 2011"</a>. <i>doubledeclutch.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doubledeclutch.com&rft.atitle=April+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doubledeclutch.com%2F%3Fm%3D201104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motori.corriere.it/motori/attualita/15_giugno_18/a-monza-coppa-intereuropa-pista-bolidi-campioni-e48e497e-15b4-11e5-8c76-9bc6489a309c.shtml?refresh_ce-cp">"A Monza la coppa IntereuropaIn pista i bolidi dei campioni"</a> (in Italian). 18 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Monza+la+coppa+IntereuropaIn+pista+i+bolidi+dei+campioni&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotori.corriere.it%2Fmotori%2Fattualita%2F15_giugno_18%2Fa-monza-coppa-intereuropa-pista-bolidi-campioni-e48e497e-15b4-11e5-8c76-9bc6489a309c.shtml%3Frefresh_ce-cp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.automotivemasterpieces.com/1948ferrari166sportsn005s.html">"1948 Ferrari 166 Sport Sn005S"</a>. <i>automotivemasterpieces.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=automotivemasterpieces.com&rft.atitle=1948+Ferrari+166+Sport+Sn005S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.automotivemasterpieces.com%2F1948ferrari166sportsn005s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurami2010" class="citation book cs1">Curami, Andrea (2010). <i>Alfa Romeo & Mille Miglia</i>. Vimodrone (Milano): Giorgio Nada Editore. pp. 112, 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7911-504-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7911-504-9"><bdi>978-88-7911-504-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfa+Romeo+%26+Mille+Miglia&rft.place=Vimodrone+%28Milano%29&rft.pages=112%2C+115&rft.pub=Giorgio+Nada+Editore&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-7911-504-9&rft.aulast=Curami&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.velocetoday.com/racing/racing_19.php">"VeloceToday –"</a>. <i>velocetoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=velocetoday.com&rft.atitle=VeloceToday+%E2%80%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.velocetoday.com%2Fracing%2Fracing_19.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/results/Mille_Miglia-1950-04-23.html">"Mille Miglia 1950 Results"</a>. <i>Racing Sports Cars</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Racing+Sports+Cars&rft.atitle=Mille+Miglia+1950+Entry+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Fentry%2FMille_Miglia-1950-04-23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barchetta.cc/english/All.Ferraris/Detail/0026M.166MM.htm">"166 MM s/n 0026M"</a>. <i>barchetta.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Racing+Sports+Cars&rft.atitle=II.+Coppa+della+Toscana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Frace%2FCoppa_della_Toscana-1950-06-04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/race/Coppa_delle_Dolomiti-1950-07-16.html">"Coppa d'Oro delle Dolomiti"</a>. <i>Racing Sports Cars</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Racing+Sports+Cars&rft.atitle=Coppa+d%27Oro+delle+Dolomiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Frace%2FCoppa_delle_Dolomiti-1950-07-16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/results/Giro_delle_Calabria-1950-08-06.html">"Giro delle Calabria"</a>. <i>Racing Sports Cars</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Racing+Sports+Cars&rft.atitle=Giro+delle+Calabria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Fresults%2FGiro_delle_Calabria-1950-08-06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supercars.net/cars/2617.html">"1939 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Super Sport"</a>. <i>supercars.net</i>. 24 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vimodrone (Milan – Italy): Giorgio Nada Editore. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7911-320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7911-320-5"><bdi>978-88-7911-320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porsche+%26+Mille+Miglia&rft.place=Vimodrone+%28Milan+%E2%80%93+Italy%29&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Giorgio+Nada+Editore&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-88-7911-320-5&rft.aulast=Curami&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roadbookmagazine.ch/fr_FR/ottovu-fiat/">"OttoVu, le chef d'œuvre de Fiat"</a>. <i>RoadBook Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=argent.fia.com&rft.atitle=FIA+Historic+Appendicies+J+-+of+the+Period&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fargent.fia.com%2Fweb%2Ffia-public.nsf%2Fwhistj%3Fopen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicdb.fia.com/regulations/period-appendix-j">"Regulations - Period Appendix J | FIA Historic Database"</a>. <i>historicdb.fia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Veloce Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904788713" title="Special:BookSources/9781904788713"><bdi>9781904788713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfa+Romeo+Tipo33%3A+The+Development%2C+Racing%2C+and+Chassis+History&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2006-03-18&rft.isbn=9781904788713&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Collins%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxn6eOh525AYC%26q%3DFIA%2BCoup%25C3%25A9%2Bde%2BGrand%2BTourisme%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingsportscars.com/championship/FIA%20GT%20Cup.html">"FIA GT Cup – Championships – Racing Sports Cars"</a>. <i>racingsportscars.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=racingsportscars.com&rft.atitle=FIA+GT+Cup+%E2%80%93+Championships+%E2%80%93+Racing+Sports+Cars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingsportscars.com%2Fchampionship%2FFIA%2520GT%2520Cup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2016" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, John (2016). <i>Ferrari 250 GT, Tour de France</i>. Veloce Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845847-53-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845847-53-1"><bdi>978-1-845847-53-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferrari+250+GT%2C+Tour+de+France&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-845847-53-1&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicscars.com/wspr/results/wscc/tablemsmakes.html">"World Championship - final positions and tables"</a>. <i>classicscars.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teamdan.com&rft.atitle=World+Sports+Car+Championship&rft.aulast=Galpin&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teamdan.com%2Farchive%2Fgen%2Fwsc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+tourer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_135-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_135-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_135-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2006/04/the-cobra-ferrari-wars/">"The Cobra Ferrari Wars"</a>. <i>The Truth About Cars</i>. 22 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Class_of_Auto_racing" title="Template:Class of Auto racing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Class_of_Auto_racing" title="Template talk:Class of Auto racing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Formula Two">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Three" title="Formula Three">F3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_4" title="Formula 4">F4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_600" title="Formula 600">F600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_1000" title="Formula 1000">Formula 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Atlantic" title="Formula Atlantic">Formula Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Car_Challenge" title="Formula Car Challenge">Formula Car Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Continental" title="Formula Continental">Formula Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_E" title="Formula E">Formula E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_SCCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula SCCA">Formula Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Ford" title="Formula Ford">Formula Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Ford_1600" title="Formula Ford 1600">FF1600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Regional" title="Formula Regional">Formula Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB3_Championship" title="GB3 Championship">GB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Vee" title="Formula Vee">Formula Vee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_open-wheel_car_racing" title="American open-wheel car racing">IndyCar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Formula_Championship" title="Super Formula Championship">Super Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermodified_racing" title="Supermodified racing">Supermodified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOSS_GP" title="BOSS GP">BOSS GP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoposto_Racing_Club" title="Monoposto Racing Club">Monoposto Racing Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_de_V_Challenge_Monoplace" title="V de V Challenge Monoplace">V de V Challenge Monoplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_3000" title="Formula 3000">F3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_5000" title="Formula 5000">F5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_5000" title="Formula 5000">Formula A (SCCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Atlantic" title="Formula Atlantic">Formula B (SCCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_C_(SCCA)" title="Formula C (SCCA)">Formula C (SCCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Challenge_Japan" title="Formula Challenge Japan">FCJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Dream" title="Formula Dream">Formula Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Holden" title="Formula Holden">Formula Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5000" class="mw-redirect" title="S5000">S5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Junior" title="Formula Junior">Formula Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Libre" title="Formula Libre">Formula Libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Mondial" title="Formula Mondial">Formula Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Pacific" title="Formula Pacific">Formula Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Super_Vee" title="Formula Super Vee">Formula Super Vee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Formula" title="Australian National Formula">Australian National Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_Masters" title="Grand Prix Masters">Grand Prix Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">Grand Prix motor racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Series" title="Tasman Series">Tasman Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/One-Design" class="mw-redirect" title="One-Design">One-make</a> <br />formulae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Car_Challenge" title="Formula Car Challenge">Formula Car Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_SCCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula SCCA">Formula Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indy_NXT" title="Indy NXT">Indy NXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRF_Challenge" title="MRF Challenge">MRF Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spec_Racer_Ford" title="Spec Racer Ford">SRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USF_Pro_2000_Championship" title="USF Pro 2000 Championship">USF Pro 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USF2000_Championship" title="USF2000 Championship">USF2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USF_Juniors" title="USF Juniors">USF Juniors</a></li> <li>FIA Formula Championship <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIA_Formula_2_Championship" title="FIA Formula 2 Championship">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIA_Formula_3_Championship" title="FIA Formula 3 Championship">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A1_Grand_Prix" title="A1 Grand Prix">A1GP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAC_Formel_Masters" title="ADAC Formel Masters">ADAC Formel Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_GP" title="Auto GP">Auto GP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Pro_Series" title="Barber Pro Series">Barber Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Formula_Grand_Prix" title="China Formula Grand Prix">CFGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Acceleration_1" title="Formula Acceleration 1">FA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Asia" title="Formula Asia">Formula Asia</a></li> <li>Formula <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Abarth" title="Formula Abarth">Abarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Alfa" title="Formula Alfa">Alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_BMW" title="Formula BMW">BMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Chrysler_Euroseries" title="Formula Chrysler Euroseries">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_K%C3%B6nig" title="Formula König">König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_LGB" title="Formula LGB">LGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_LGB_Swift" title="Formula LGB Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_LGB_Hyundai" title="Formula LGB Hyundai">Hyundai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Lightning" title="Formula Lightning">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Maruti" title="Formula Maruti">Maruti</a></li> <li>Masters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Masters_China" title="Formula Masters China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Masters_Russia" title="Formula Masters Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Mazda" title="Formula Mazda">Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series_Formula_V8_3.5" title="World Series Formula V8 3.5">Nissan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFDA_Nations_Cup" title="EFDA Nations Cup">Opel/Vauxhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Palmer_Audi" title="Formula Palmer Audi">Palmer Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_RUS" title="Formula RUS">RUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Rolon" title="Formula Rolon">Rolon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Renault" title="Formula Renault">Formula Renault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Renault_Eurocup" title="Formula Renault Eurocup">2.0L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_Masters" title="Grand Prix Masters">Grand Prix Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP2_Series" title="GP2 Series">GP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP3_Series" title="GP3 Series">GP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Formula_Master" title="International Formula Master">International Formula Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Racing_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Racing Series">Toyota Racing Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5000_Australian_Drivers%27_Championship" title="S5000 Australian Drivers' Championship">S5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superleague_Formula" title="Superleague Formula">Superleague Formula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/One-Design" class="mw-redirect" title="One-Design">One-make</a> <br />spec racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Racing" title="Caterham Racing">Caterham Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrari_Challenge" title="Ferrari Challenge">Ferrari Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun_Cup" title="Fun Cup">Fun Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_Junior_Championship" title="Ginetta Junior Championship">Ginetta Junior Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini_Super_Trofeo" title="Lamborghini Super Trofeo">Lamborghini Super Trofeo</a></li> <li>Lotus Cup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda_MX-5_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazda MX-5 Cup">Mazda MX-5 Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Challenge_UK" title="Mini Challenge UK">Mini Challenge UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSA_Ford_Mustang_Challenge" title="IMSA Ford Mustang Challenge">Mustang Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_Cup" title="Porsche Carrera Cup">Porsche Carrera Cup</a></li> <li>Radical Cup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Clio_Cup" title="Renault Clio Cup">Renault Clio Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVR_Tuscan_Challenge" title="TVR Tuscan Challenge">TVR Tuscan Challenge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audi_R8_LMS_Cup" title="Audi R8 LMS Cup">Audi R8 LMS Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi_Sport_TT_Cup" title="Audi Sport TT Cup">Audi Sport TT Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Mini_Challenge" title="Australian Mini Challenge">Australian Mini Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_Asia_Cup" title="Aston Martin Asia Cup">Aston Martin Asia Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW_M1_Procar_Championship" title="BMW M1 Procar Championship">BMW M1 Procar Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Cup" title="Commodore Cup">Commodore Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Cup" title="Dacia Cup">Dacia Cup</a></li> <li>Dodge Viper Challenge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_GT4_Supercup" title="Ginetta GT4 Supercup">Ginetta GT4 Supercup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginetta_GT5_Challenge" title="Ginetta GT5 Challenge">Ginetta GT5 Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_I-Pace_eTrophy" title="Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy">Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocup_M%C3%A9gane_Trophy" title="Eurocup Mégane Trophy">Mégane Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault_Sport_Trophy" title="Renault Sport Trophy">Renault Sport Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAT_Leon_Supercopa" class="mw-redirect" title="SEAT Leon Supercopa">SEAT Leon Supercopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trofeo_Maserati" title="Trofeo Maserati">Trofeo Maserati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_TDI_Cup" title="Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup">Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco_R-Cup" title="Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup">Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">Karting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KF1" title="KF1">KF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF2" class="mw-redirect" title="KF2">KF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF3" class="mw-redirect" title="KF3">KF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZ1_(karting)" class="mw-redirect" title="KZ1 (karting)">KZ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZ2" title="KZ2">KZ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superkart" title="Superkart">Superkart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_go-kart" title="Electric go-kart">Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Touring <br />car racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship" title="British Touring Car Championship">BTCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Touring_Car" title="Next Generation Touring Car">NGTC (TCN-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCR_Touring_Car" title="TCR Touring Car">TCR (TCN-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Car_Pro_Series" title="Stock Car Pro Series">Stock Car Pro Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Series" title="Stock Series">Stock Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercars_Championship" title="Supercars Championship">Supercars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Race_V6" title="Top Race V6">Top Race V6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turismo_Nacional" title="Turismo Nacional">Turismo Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turismo_Nacional_BR" title="Turismo Nacional BR">Turismo Nacional BR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC2000_Championship" title="TC2000 Championship">TC2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_J_Touring_Cars" title="Appendix J Touring Cars">Appendix J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTC_Touring" title="BTC Touring">BTC-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_(motorsport)" title="Group 1 (motorsport)">Group 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_2_(motorsport)" title="Group 2 (motorsport)">Group 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_(motorsport)" title="Group 5 (motorsport)">Group 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_A" title="Group A">Group A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_C_(Australia)" title="Group C (Australia)">Group C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_E_Series_Production_Touring_Cars" title="Group E Series Production Touring Cars">Group E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Group F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Group G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Group H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_N" title="Group N">Group N</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_N_Touring_Cars" title="Group N Touring Cars">Aus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B#Group_S" title="Group B">Group S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_1_Touring_Cars" title="Class 1 Touring Cars">Class 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Touring" title="Super Touring">Class 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_2000" title="Super 2000">Super 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_2000" title="Diesel 2000">Diesel 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Meisterschaft" title="Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft">DTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIA_ETCR_%E2%80%93_eTouring_Car_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="FIA ETCR – eTouring Car World Cup">ETCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstars_Series" title="Superstars Series">Superstars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8Star_Series" title="V8Star Series">V8Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Touring_Car_Championship" title="World Touring Car Championship">WTCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Touring_Car_Cup" title="World Touring Car Cup">WTCR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">Stock <br />car racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series" title="ARCA Menards Series">ARCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Legacy_Series" title="Allison Legacy Series">Allison Legacy Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Sport_Compact" title="IMCA Sport Compact">IMCA Sport Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_model" title="Late model">Late model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_car_racing" title="Legends car racing">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_racing" title="Modified racing">Modifieds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series" title="NASCAR Cup Series">Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Xfinity_Series" title="NASCAR Xfinity Series">Xfinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Craftsman_Truck_Series" title="NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series">Truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Canada_Series" title="NASCAR Canada Series">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Whelen_Euro_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="NASCAR Whelen Euro Series">Whelen Euro Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Mexico_Series" title="NASCAR Mexico Series">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing#Super_Stock" title="Stock car racing">Super Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing#Street_Stock" title="Stock car racing">Street Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turismo_Carretera" title="Turismo Carretera">Turismo Carretera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASCAR_Racing_Series" title="ASCAR Racing Series">ASCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Stock_Car_Auto_Racing" title="Australian Stock Car Auto Racing">AUSCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Race_of_Champions" title="International Race of Champions">IROC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstar_Racing_Experience" title="Superstar Racing Experience">SRX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oval_track_racing" title="Oval track racing">Oval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BriSCA_Formula_1_Stock_Cars" title="BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars">BriSCA F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BriSCA_Formula_2_Stock_Cars" title="BriSCA Formula 2 Stock Cars">BriSCA F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_Hotstox" title="V8 Hotstox">V8 Hotstox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Rods_(oval_racing)" title="Hot Rods (oval racing)">Hot Rods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstocks" title="Superstocks">Superstocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstox" title="Superstox">Superstox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_car_racing" title="Sprint car racing">Sprint car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_car_racing" title="Midget car racing">Midget car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_midget_racing" title="Quarter midget racing">Quarter midget racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">Rallying</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groups_Rally" title="Groups Rally">Groups Rally</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally1" title="Group Rally1">Group Rally1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally2" title="Group Rally2">Group Rally2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally3" title="Group Rally3">Group Rally3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally4" title="Group Rally4">Group Rally4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Rally5" title="Group Rally5">Group Rally5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_R-GT" title="Group R-GT">Group R-GT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_(motorsport)" title="Group 1 (motorsport)">Group 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_2_(motorsport)" title="Group 2 (motorsport)">Group 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_(motorsport)" title="Group 4 (motorsport)">Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_A" title="Group A">Group A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B" title="Group B">Group B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B#Group_S" title="Group B">Group S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_N" title="Group N">Group N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_R" title="Group R">Group R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R5_(rallying)" title="R5 (rallying)">R5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_1600" title="Super 1600">Super 1600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_2000" title="Super 2000">Super 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rally_Car" title="World Rally Car">World Rally Car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_prototype" title="Sports prototype">Sports <br />prototypes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LMDh" title="LMDh">LMDh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Hypercar" title="Le Mans Hypercar">LMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype#LMP2" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype#LMP3" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clubman_(racing_car_class)" title="Clubman (racing car class)">Clubmans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daytona_Prototype" title="Daytona Prototype">DP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daytona_Prototype_International" title="Daytona Prototype International">DPi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_(motorsport)" title="Group 3 (motorsport)">Group 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_(motorsport)" title="Group 4 (motorsport)">Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_(motorsport)" title="Group 5 (motorsport)">Group 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_(motorsport)" title="Group 6 (motorsport)">Group 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_(motorsport)" title="Group 7 (motorsport)">Group 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_A_Sports_Cars" title="Group A Sports Cars">Group A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_C" title="Group C">Group C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_CN" title="Group CN">Group CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Grand_Champion_Series" title="Fuji Grand Champion Series">GC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Grand_Champion_Series" title="Fuji Grand Champion Series">GC-21</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSA_GTP" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSA GTP">IMSA GTP</a> (1981–1993 era)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype" title="Le Mans Prototype">LMP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Mans_Prototype_Challenge" title="Le Mans Prototype Challenge">LMPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_2000" title="Sports 2000">S2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand <br />touring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_GT3" title="Group GT3">GT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRO_GT2" title="SRO GT2">GT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRO_GT4" title="SRO GT4">GT4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_GT#GT500" title="Super GT">GT500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_GT#GT300" title="Super GT">GT300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Am_Series" title="Trans-Am Series">Trans-Am</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_(motorsport)" title="Group 3 (motorsport)">Group 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_(motorsport)" title="Group 4 (motorsport)">Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_(motorsport)" title="Group 5 (motorsport)">Group 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B" title="Group B">Group B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_D_Production_Sports_Cars" title="Group D Production Sports Cars">Group D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_GT1" title="Group GT1">GT1 (1993–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_GT1" title="Group GT1">GT1 (2000–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_GT1#GTS_"GT1"_(1999–2009)" title="Group GT1">GT2 (1993–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LM_GTE" title="LM GTE">GT2 (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GT3_(1998%E2%80%931999)" title="GT3 (1998–1999)">GT3 (1998–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LM_GTE" title="LM GTE">LM GTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSA_GT_Championship" title="IMSA GT Championship">IMSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_American_Grand_Touring" class="mw-redirect" title="All American Grand Touring">AAGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Touring_Over" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Touring Over">GTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Touring_Supreme" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Touring Supreme">GTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Touring_Under" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Touring Under">GTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Touring_Experimental" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Touring Experimental">GTX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_GT_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian GT Championship">Appendix K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">Drag <br />racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Top_Fuel" title="Top Fuel">Top Fuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragster_(car)" title="Dragster (car)">Dragster</a> (TF/D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funny_Car" title="Funny Car">Funny Car</a> (TF/FC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Alcohol" title="Top Alcohol">Top Alcohol</a> <ul><li>Dragster (TA/D)</li> <li>Funny Car (TA/FC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro Stock">Pro Stock</a> (PS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Modified" title="Pro Modified">Pro Modified</a> (Pro Mod)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasser_(car)" title="Gasser (car)">Gas</a></li> <li>Super Stock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Comp" title="Super Comp">Super Comp/Quick Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Doorslammer" title="Top Doorslammer">Top Doorslammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altered_(drag_racing)" title="Altered (drag racing)">Altered</a></li> <li>Competition</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Top_Gas" title="Top Gas">Top Gas</a></li> <li>Modified</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_FWD" title="Pro FWD">Pro FWD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Off-road_racing" title="Off-road racing">Off-road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baja_Bug" title="Baja Bug">Baja Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune_buggy" title="Dune buggy">Dune buggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallycross" title="Rallycross">Rallycross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocross" title="Autocross">Autocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_truck" title="Trophy truck">Trophy truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T1" title="Group T1">Group T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T2" title="Group T2">Group T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T3" title="Group T3">Group T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T4" title="Group T4">Group T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_T5" title="Group T5">Group T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truggy" title="Truggy">Truggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_by_Side_(UTV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Side by Side (UTV)">Side by Side (UTV)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Car_design561" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_configuration" title="Template talk:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_design561" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Individual_wheel_drive" title="Individual wheel drive">Individual wheel drive</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:EC_car_classification" title="Template:EC car classification">Template:EC car classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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